Publications

temporal shifts in the dominance of serotypes of shigella dysenteriae from 1999 to 2002 in dhaka, bangladesh.	a total of 358 shigella dysenteriae strains isolated from patients attending the dhaka treatment center of the international centre for diarrheal disease research, bangladesh, between the years 1999 and 2002 were included in this study. s. dysenteriae type 1, the dominant serotype in 1999 (76.4%), declined to 6.5% in 2002. on the other hand, s. dysenteriae types 2 to 12 were isolated with increasing frequencies of 19, 67, 73.5, and 87% in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively. of these, types ...	2003	14605138
duplex real-time sybr green pcr assays for detection of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in stools.	a duplex real-time sybr green lightcycler pcr (lc-pcr) assay with dna extraction using the qiaamp dna stool mini kit was evaluated with regard to detection of 8 of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in five stool specimens in 2 h or less. the protocol used the same lc-pcr with 20 pairs of specific primers. the products formed were identified based on a melting point temperature (t(m)) curve analysis. the 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens examined were enteroinvasive escherichi ...	2003	14605150
a simple method for semi-preparative-scale production and recovery of enterocin as-48 derived from enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens a-48-32.	production of enterocin as-48 by enterococcus faecalis a-48-32 was compared between standard and high-cell density batch fermentations. in high-cell density cultures, bacteriocin production was 2.47-fold higher, provided that the ph was controlled during the fermentation. a two-step procedure for recovery of milligram quantities of purified bacteriocin was developed, based on adsorption of the bacteriocin on carboxymethyl sephadex cm-25 followed by reversed-phase chromatography on a semi-prepara ...	2003	14607403
identification of foodborne bacteria by infrared spectroscopy using cellular fatty acid methyl esters.	identification of bacterial species by profiling fatty acid methyl esters (fames) has commonly been carried out by using a 20-min capillary gas chromatographic procedure followed by library matching of fame profiles using commercial midi databases and proprietary pattern recognition software. fast gc (5 min) fame procedures and mass spectrometric methodologies that require no lipid separation have also been reported. in this study, bacterial identification based on the rapid (2 min) infrared mea ...	2003	14607413
fitness cost of the green fluorescent protein in gastrointestinal bacteria.	there are surprisingly few studies that have successfully used the green fluorescent protein (gfp) as a quantitative reporter in selection experiments screening for inducible bacterial promoters. one explanation is that gfp expression may confer a fitness cost for bacteria. to test this possibility, we monitored the doubling time in enteric bacteria expressing gfp. four bacterial species, escherichia coli, enterohaemorrhagic e. coli, shigella flexneri, salmonella typhi, and vibrio cholerae, were ...	2003	14608419
shigella flexneri sepsis in an infant.	shigellosis continues to be an important public health problem in developed countries, since communication in the world village has become more frequent. in addition, this disease is difficult to be prevented because only a small number of bacteria are required to cause infection, and it has exhibited steady trends towards multiple drug resistance. this report describes a 7-month-old female infant with shigella flexneri sepsis presenting initially with a high fever, watery diarrhea, and dehydrat ...	2003	14609044
[co-expression of cfa/i and cs6 of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli ( etec ) in shigella flexneri 2a t32 derivative strain fwl01].	among the known colonization factors of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), cfa/i and cs6 (the common antigen in the cfa/iv fimbrial antigens ) are two of the most prevalent fimbriae found in clinical isolates but are never expressed by the same wild-type strains. in this study, cfa/i and cs6 of etec were co-expressed in shigella flexneri 2a t32 derivative strain fwl01 by using a host-plasmid lethal balancing system based on asd gene. the results indicate that the recombinant plasmid carryi ...	2003	14614538
modulation of gut physiology through enteric toxins.	diarrheal diseases caused by microorganisms and their toxins are a major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. acute diarrhea is mainly caused due to increased intestinal secretion, commonly as a result of infection with enterotoxin producing organisms (enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, vibrio cholera) or due to decreased intestinal absorption from infection with organisms that damage the intestinal epithelium (enteropathogenic e. coli sp., shigella sp., salmonella sp.) the stud ...	2003	14619951
cold shock induction of rnase r and its role in the maturation of the quality control mediator ssra/tmrna.	in this paper we show that rnase r is a cold shock protein that is induced seven- to eightfold by cold shock and that its expression is tightly regulated by temperature. transcriptional studies reveal that the rnr gene is co-transcribed with flanking genes as an operon induced under cold shock. the induction of rnase r levels is mainly a result of the stabilization of the rnr transcripts. the transient stability of the rnr transcripts is shown to be regulated by pnpase at the end of the acclimat ...	2003	14622421
characterization of antimicrobial resistance, plasmids, and gene cassettes in shigella spp. from patients in vietnam.	the objective of the study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance, plasmids and class 1 integrons in 150 shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in vietnam. most isolates were resistant to the majority of antimicrobial agents used for treatment in the isolation areas and 90% were resistant to three or more antibiotics. a total of 20 strains yielded class 1 integrons, which harbored oxa1, dfra, orff, and aada gene cassettes. the most common gene cassette, aada2, was always loca ...	2003	14633363
shiga toxins and apoptosis.	the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) cause bloody diarrheal diseases that may progress to life-threatening extraintestinal complications. although the s. dysenteriae and stec differ in the expression of a number of virulence determinants, they share the capacity to produce one or more potent cytotoxins, called shiga toxins (stxs). following the ingestion of the organisms, the expression of stxs is critical for the development of ...	2003	14638419
epidemiology of nalidixic acid resistance and tem-1- and tem-52-mediated ampicillin resistance of shigella sonnei isolates obtained in korea between 1980 and 2000.	the resistance to ampicillin and nalidixic acid in shigella sonnei isolates obtained in korea during the period 1998 to 2000 was characterized. recently (j. y. oh, h. s. yu, s. k. kim, s. y. seol, d. t. cho, and j. c. lee, j. clin. microbiol. 41:421-423, 2003) ampicillin and nalidixic acid resistance was found in 49 and 70%, respectively, of the 67 s. sonnei isolates obtained during this period. we analyzed 138 s. sonnei isolates collected during the same period. ampicillin and nalidixic acid re ...	2003	14638472
analysis of virulence and inflammatory potential of shigella flexneri purine biosynthesis mutants.	several shigella flexneri mutants with defects in aromatic amino acid and/or purine biosynthesis have been evaluated as vaccines in humans or in animal models. to be suitable as a vaccine, a mutant has to show virulence attenuation, minimal reactogenicity, and a good immunogenic potential in animal models. with this aim, we have constructed five s. flexneri 5 (wild-type strain m90t) mutants with inactivation of one or two of the loci purek, purhd, and guaba, governing early or late steps of puri ...	2003	14638790
characterization of an extracellular virulence factor made by group a streptococcus with homology to the listeria monocytogenes internalin family of proteins.	leucine-rich repeats (lrr) characterize a diverse array of proteins and function to provide a versatile framework for protein-protein interactions. importantly, each of the bacterial lrr proteins that have been well described, including those of listeria monocytogenes, yersinia pestis, and shigella flexneri, have been implicated in virulence. here we describe an 87.4-kda group a streptococcus (gas) protein (designated slr, for streptococcal leucine-rich) containing 10 1/2 sequential units of a 2 ...	2003	14638794
epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhea with emphasis on entamoeba histolytica infections in preschool children in an urban slum of dhaka, bangladesh.	the epidemiology, clinical features, nutritional status, and causative agents of diarrhea were studied in 289 bangladeshi children (147 boys and 142 girls) 2-5 years old. the use of improved diagnostic tests for amebiasis enabled for the first time analysis of the contribution of entamoeba histolytica to total diarrheal illness in this community setting. the average incidence rate of diarrhea was 1.8/child-year, and the average number of diarrheal days was 3.7 days/child-year over an average obs ...	2003	14640500
porin of shigella dysenteriae enhances mrna levels for toll-like receptor 2 and myd88, up-regulates cd80 of murine macrophage, and induces the release of interleukin-12.	sera of patients convalescing from shigellosis reacted strongly and specifically with the 38,000 da monomer of porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1. since human, the only natural host of s. dysenteriae type 1, recognized the protein through humoral immune response, it is of great significance to study the surface-exposed outer membrane antigen as an adjuvant. porin treatment of cd11b+ peritoneal cavity (perc) mphi of balb/c mouse was found to up-regulate cd80 on cell surface and had no effect on ...	2003	14642305
identification and characterization of simple sequence repeats in the genomes of shigella species.	a variety of simple sequence repeats (ssrs) have been identified in the genome of shigella flexneri serotype 2a (strain sf301), an enteric pathogen that causes bacillary dysentery in man. the distribution of ssrs, with unit length ranging from 1 to 9 nucleotides, was biased in different regions of the genome. the tri-, tetra- and hexanucleotide ssrs prevailed in the coding regions while the mono- and dinucleotide ssrs were more common in the noncoding regions. many intergenic ssrs are less than ...	2003	14644500
structural basis of peptide-carbohydrate mimicry in an antibody-combining site.	the structure of a complex between the fab fragment of the antibody (sya/j6) specific for the cell surface o-antigen polysaccharide of the pathogen shigella flexneri y and an octapeptide (met-asp-trp-asn-met-his-ala-ala), a functional mimic of the o-antigen, has been determined at 1.8-a resolution. comparison of the structure with that of the complex with the pentasaccharide antigen [-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->3)-beta-d-glcnac-(1-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->] reveal ...	2003	14645714
cadc is the preferential target of a convergent evolution driving enteroinvasive escherichia coli toward a lysine decarboxylase-defective phenotype.	enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec), like shigella, is the etiological agent of bacillary dysentery, a particularly severe syndrome in children in developing countries. all eiec strains share with shigella the inability to synthesize lysine decarboxylase (the ldc phenotype). the lack of this function is considered a pathoadaptive mutation whose emergence was necessary to obtain the full expression of invasiveness. cadaverine, the product of lysine decarboxylation, is a small polyamine which interferes ...	2003	14500464
icsa, a polarly localized autotransporter with an atypical signal peptide, uses the sec apparatus for secretion, although the sec apparatus is circumferentially distributed.	asymmetric localization of proteins is essential to many biological functions of bacteria. shigella icsa, an outer membrane protein, is localized to the old pole of the bacillus, where it mediates assembly of a polarized actin tail during infection of mammalian cells. actin tail assembly provides the propulsive force for intracellular movement and intercellular dissemination. localization of icsa to the pole is independent of the amino-terminal signal peptide (charles, m., perez, m., kobil, j.h. ...	2003	14507362
leitbakteria of microbial biofilm communities causing occlusion of biliary stents.	biliary stents inserted to relieve obstructive jaundice caused by biliary or pancreatic malignancies inevitably become occluded by microbial growth in the form of diverse microbial community biofilms. the scarce information available on these communities is based on cultivation methods, but such methods usually provide distorted overviews of community composition, so commonalities and differences in biliary stent communities are uncertain. we extracted dna and rna from the microbial communities ...	2003	14510839
[integrons and antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes in shigella flexneri strains ].	the resistance of shigella flexneri to antimicrobial agents can be associated to the presence of integrons that may contain and express antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes.	2003	14513692
ctx-m-3 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in a shigella sonnei clinical isolate: first report from turkey.	a shigella sonnei strain resistant to cefotaxime and aztreonam (but not ceftazidime) was isolated from the stool sample of a 7-y-old outpatient. double disk synergy test, isoelectric focusing, polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis confirmed that the isolate produced ctx-m-3, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl). this is the first report from turkey of shigella spp. producing an esbl, and of ctx-m type enzyme.	2003	14514153
activation of hila expression at low ph requires the signal sensor cpxa, but not the cognate response regulator cpxr, in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	a two-component regulatory system, cpxr-cpxa, plays an important role in the ph-dependent regulation of virf, a global activator for virulence determinants including invasion genes, in shigella sonnei. the authors examined whether the cpxr-cpxa homologues have some function in the expression of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion genes via the regulation of hila, an activator for these genes. in a salmonella cpxa mutant, the hila expression level was reduced to less than 10 % of tha ...	2003	14523114
[intercontinental spread of a trimethoprim-resistant strain of shigella flexneri].	in this study we characterize a trimethoprim-resistant strain of shigella flexneri recovered from stool samples of an international traveler after a trip to kenya, and analyze its epidemiological relationship with a set of strains having similar characteristics from tanzania.	2003	14525704
the shia protein encoded by the shigella flexneri shi-2 pathogenicity island attenuates inflammation.	shigella spp. are the aetiologic agents of dysentery, a severe diarrhoeal syndrome characterized by acute inflammation in the colon. the inflammatory response, which includes recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn), damages the colonic mucosa and exacerbates the infection. shigella encodes a pathogenicity island (pai), shi-2, which is localized in a region of the chromosome linked to the induction of inflammation. surprisingly, shi-2 deletion mutants induce a stronger inflammatory resp ...	2003	14531895
abl tyrosine kinases are required for infection by shigella flexneri.	infection by the opportunistic bacterial pathogen shigella flexneri stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of host cell proteins, but the kinases involved and their effects on the regulation of cell signaling pathways during bacterial entry remain largely undefined. here, we demonstrate a requirement for the abl family of tyrosine kinases during shigella internalization. family members abl and arg are catalytically activated upon shigella infection, accumulate at the site of bacterial entry, and ar ...	2003	14532119
etiology of acute diarrhea in adults in southwestern nigeria.	stool specimens from 113 adult outpatients with diarrhea in southwestern nigeria and 63 controls were examined for bacterial and parasitic enteric pathogens. enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) (p < 0.02), enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) (p < 0.02), and entamoeba histolytica (p < 0.0002) were significantly associated with diarrhea. salmonella, shigella, nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae, other categories of diarrheagenic e. coli, as well as a variety of helminths were recovered more frequently ...	2003	14532177
antimicrobial activity of some 2- and 3-pyridinyl-1h-benzimidazoles and their feiii, cuii, znii, and agi complexes.	2-(2-pyridinyl)- (li), 2-(6-methyl-2-pyridinyl)- (lii), 2-(6-methyl-2-pyridinyl)-5-methyl-(liii), 2-(3-pyridinyl)- (liv), 2-(3-pyridinyl)-5-methyl-1h-benzimidazoles (lv) and their complexes with fe(no3)3, cu(no3)2, zn(no3)2, and agno3 were synthesized and antibacterial activity of the compounds was tested toward staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri, proteus mirabilis and antifungal ...	2003	14533478
the evolutionary history of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli revised.	in shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec), the etiologic agents of shigellosis in humans, the determinants responsible for entry of bacteria into and dissemination within epithelial cells are encoded by a virulence plasmid. to understand the evolution of the association between the virulence plasmid and the chromosome, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using the sequences of four chromosomal genes (trpa, trpb, pabb, and putp) and three virulence plasmid genes (ipab, ipad, and ics ...	2003	14562958
[specific prophylaxis of shigellosis].	a high level of shigellosis morbidity requires new approaches to the control of bacterial dysentery. according to modern concepts, the outbreaks of shigella infections are linked both with less intensive epidemic control measures and the objective cyclic character of the epidemic process. in this connection great importance is attached to the development of vaccines for the immunization of high risk groups in territories with unfavorable epidemic conditions and in zones of military conflicts, as ...	2003	14565136
patterns and properties of haemagglutinins expressed by shigella serogroups in lagos, nigeria.	forty-five strains of shigella were screened for haemagglutinin production and broad-spectrum haemagglutination reaction. mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin (msha) was found in 22 strains [shigella flexneri (7), s. dysenteriae (7), s. sonnei (3), and s. boydii (5)]. eighteen strains harboured mannose-resistant haemagglutinin (mrha), and 8 strains were observed to be non-haemagglutinating to guinea pig erythrocyte. with the exception of human erythrocytes (o, a, b, and ab), the observed msha and mr ...	2003	13677435
prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of shigella species among patients with acute diarrhoea in karaj, tehran, iran.	the study was carried out to determine the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of shigella species among patients with acute diarrhoea in karaj, tehran, iran. the study included all acute diarrhoea patients who visited the hospitals and treatment centres of karaj during november 2001-october 2002. of 734 stool samples collected from patients with acute diarrhoea and analyzed for shigella spp., 123 (16.8%) yielded shigella spp. (7.5% shigella flexneri, 5.2% s. sonnei, 2.6% s. dysen ...	2003	13677436
methods for the identification of host receptors for shiga toxin.		2003	12375430
structure-function analysis of invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac) from shigella flexneri.	shigella flexneri causes a self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans, characterized by severe localized inflammation and ulceration of the colonic mucosa. shigellosis most often targets young children in underdeveloped countries. invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac) has been identified as the primary effector protein for shigella invasion of epithelial cells. although an initial model of ipac function has been developed, no detailed structural information is available that could assist in a better un ...	2003	12427760
the tailspike protein of shigella phage sf6. a structural homolog of salmonella phage p22 tailspike protein without sequence similarity in the beta-helix domain.	bacteriophage sf6 tailspike protein is functionally equivalent to the well characterized tailspike of salmonella phage p22, mediating attachment of the viral particle to host cell-surface polysaccharide. however, there is significant sequence similarity between the two 70-kda polypeptides only in the n-terminal putative capsid-binding domains. the major, central part of p22 tailspike protein, which forms a parallel beta-helix and is responsible for saccharide binding and hydrolysis, lacks detect ...	2003	12424253
identification of substrates and chaperone from the yersinia enterocolitica 1b ysa type iii secretion system.	all pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica strains carry the pyv plasmid encoding the ysc-yop type iii secretion (tts) system, which operates at 37 degrees c. in addition, biovar 1b y. enterocolitica strains possess a second, chromosomally encoded, tts system called ysa, which operates, at least in vitro, under low-temperature and high-salt (lths) conditions. six open reading frames, sycb, yspb, yspc, yspd, yspa, and acpy, neighbor the ysa genes encoding the ysa tts apparatus. here we show that yspa ...	2003	12496172
human lactoferrin impairs virulence of shigella flexneri.	lactoferrin is a glycoprotein present in most human mucosal secretions, including human milk. lactoferrin is bacteriostatic in low iron media and, in some settings, bactericidal. lactoferrin impairs ability of shigella flexneri serotype 5 strain m90t to invade hela cells. to determine the mechanism by which lactoferrin decreases invasiveness of shigella organisms, its effect on the major virulence proteins responsible for bacterial uptake by host cells was evaluated. lactoferrin induced degradat ...	2003	12508150
sporadic enteric reactive arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy: evidence for involvement of salmonella typhimurium.	to define the candidate bacterial trigger and cytokine profile of synovial fluid mononuclear cells (sfmc) in patients with sporadic enteric reactive arthritis (rea) and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (uspa).	2003	12508398
flagella and motility in actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.	actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has been considered nonmotile and nonflagellate. in this work, it is demonstrated that a. pleuropneumoniae produces flagella composed of a 65-kda protein with an n-terminal amino acid sequence that shows 100% identity with those of escherichia coli, salmonella, and shigella flagellins. the dna sequence obtained through pcr of the flic gene in a. pleuropneumoniae showed considerable identity (93%) in its 5' and 3' ends with the dna sequences of corresponding genes ...	2003	12511514
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of provisional serotype shigella flexneri 1c and clonal relationships with 1a and 1b strains isolated in bangladesh.	the serotypes of 144 strains of shigella flexneri serotype 1 (serotypes 1a, 1b, and 1c) isolated from patients attending the dhaka treatment center of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, between 1997 and 2001 were serologically confirmed by using commercially available antisera and a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for s. flexneri group and type factor antigen (masf). among serotype 1 isolates, the prevalence of provisional serotype s. flexneri 1c increa ...	2003	12517835
changes in patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility and integron carriage among shigella sonnei isolates from southwestern korea during epidemic periods.	shigella sonnei isolates from southwestern korea during the epidemic periods of 1998 to 2000 were genetically related. the antimicrobial susceptibilities of the outbreak-related isolates changed annually. all isolates carried class 2 integrons, and the outbreak-related isolates from 1999 also carried class 1 integrons. the antimicrobial susceptibilities of s. sonnei isolates are readily changed by antibiotic selective pressures, and integrons are responsible for resistance to antimicrobial agent ...	2003	12517883
[simultaneous expression of cs3 colonization factor antigen and lt-b/st fusion enterotoxin antigen of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli by attenuated shigella flexneri 2a].	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) causes watery dehydrating diarrhea in infants in developing countries, and is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea. it has been known that the colonazition factor antigens (cfas) and enterotoxins are important virulence factors of etec, and these two kinds of proteins should be included in any effective vaccine against etec. in this study, a host-plasmid lethal balancing system was constructed based on asd gene in an avirulent strain of s.flexneri ...	2003	12518227
putrescine or a combination of methionine and arginine restores virulence gene expression in a trna modification-deficient mutant of shigella flexneri: a possible role in adaptation of virulence.	the wild-type strain ysh6000 of shigella flexneri growing in minimal medium contains the modified nucleoside epoxy-q (oq) in a subset of trnas. this nucleoside is lacking in trna from a tgt mutant of this bacterium. when these bacteria are growing in minimal medium, the expression of virulence genes is 10-fold lower in the tgt mutant than in the wild type, although only a twofold reduction in the expression of these virulence factors is observed in broth. such a strong media-dependant expression ...	2003	12519201
the magnificent seven.		2003	12526849
nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (mdp) detection.	nod2 activates the nf-kappab pathway following intracellular stimulation by bacterial products. recently, mutations in nod2 have been shown to be associated with crohn's disease, suggesting a role for bacteria-host interactions in the etiology of this disorder. we show here that nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through the recognition of muramyl dipeptide (mdp), the minimal bioactive peptidoglycan motif common to all bacteria. moreover, the 3020insc frameshift mutation, the most frequen ...	2003	12527755
fate of physical, chemical, and microbial contaminants in domestic wastewater following treatment by small constructed wetlands.	in order to evaluate the efficacy of constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater for small communities located in rural areas, small-scale wetland mesocosms (400 l each) containing two treatment designs (a mixture of typha, scirpus, and juncus species; control without vegetation) were planted into two depths (45 or 60 cm) with pea gravel. each mesocosm received 19 l/day of primary-treated domestic sewage. mesocosms were monitored (inflow and outflow samples) on a monthly basis over ...	2003	12531275
immunogenicity of an hiv-1 gag dna vaccine carried by attenuated shigella.	the use of live attenuated invasive bacteria as a carrier for dna-based vaccines has been reported recently. in this study, we used a shigella flexneri serotype 2a rfbf mutant for immunization of a dna vaccine coding for hiv-1 sf2 gag. the recombinant bacterial vector delivered gag dna to mammalian cells in vitro resulting in gag protein expression, and was found to have a low level of pathogenicity among a number of shigella cell spread defective mutants tested. intranasal immunization of mice ...	2003	12531333
immune responses elicited against multiple enterotoxigenic escherichia coli fimbriae and mutant lt expressed in attenuated shigella vaccine strains.	shigella and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) continue to be important causes of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries and are major etiologic agents of traveler's diarrhea. since attenuated strains of shigella have been developed as live oral vaccines against shigellosis, we have adapted these attenuated shigella strains to serve as carriers of etec antigens, thereby constituting a hybrid vaccine. since protective immunity against etec is largely directe ...	2003	12531629
a new escherichia coli metabolic competency: growth on fatty acids by a novel anaerobic beta-oxidation pathway.	escherichia coli uses fatty acids as a sole carbon and energy source during aerobic growth by means of the enzymes encoded by the fad regulon. we report that this bacterium can also grow on fatty acids under anaerobic conditions provided that a terminal respiratory electron acceptor such as nitrate is available. this anaerobic utilization pathway is distinct from the well-studied aerobic pathway in that (i). it proceeds normally in mutant strains lacking various enzymes of the aerobic pathway; ( ...	2003	12535077
an extended role for the nucleoid structuring protein h-ns in the virulence gene regulatory cascade of shigella flexneri.	the h-ns nucleoid structuring protein has been shown previously to play a negative role in controlling virulence gene expression in shigella flexneri by repressing transcription of the virf and virb regulatory genes and the virf-dependent icsa structural gene under non-permissive growth conditions. here, we show that h-ns also acts at the promoters of the virb-dependent structural genes in the regulatory cascade. h-ns protein binds to the promoter regions in vivo and in vitro. the promoters were ...	2003	12535079
rational design and synthesis of peptide ligands for an anti-carbohydrate antibody and their immunochemical characterization.	molecular mimics of carbohydrates present an alternative source of compounds to target pathways involving protein-carbohydrate interactions. certain peptides act as molecular mimics of carbohydrates in binding to anti-carbohydrate antibodies. a series of potential peptide ligands for the anti-carbohydrate antibody sya/j6, directed against shigella flexneri y, was designed by molecular modeling based on a crystal structure of the antibody complex with a carbohydrate-mimetic peptide. these octapep ...	2003	12538009
male-specific coliphages as an additional fecal contamination indicator for screening fresh carrots.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of male-specific (f+) coliphages as a fecal-contamination indicator for fresh carrots. the prevalence of specific pathogens and indicator organisms on the surface of carrots obtained from a farm, truck, and processing shed was studied. twenty-five carrot samples collected from each of these locations were washed, and aliquots of the wash were analyzed for the presence of f+ coliphages, escherichia coli, salmonella, and shigella. additional ...	2003	12540186
molecular epidemiology of the srl pathogenicity island.	the shigella resistance locus (srl), which is carried on the srl pathogenicity island (pai) in shigella flexneri 2a ysh6000, mediates resistance to the antibiotics streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. in the present study, we investigated the distribution and structural variation of the srl and the srl pai in 71 shigella isolates and 28 other enteric pathogens by pcr and southern analysis. the srl and srl-related loci, although absent from the other enteric pathogens eval ...	2003	12543684
analysis of vir protein translocation from agrobacterium tumefaciens using saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model: evidence for transport of a novel effector protein vire3.	agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease on a variety of plants. during the infection process agrobacterium transfers a nucleoprotein complex, the vird2 t-complex, and at least two vir proteins, vire2 and virf, into the plant cell via the virb/vird4 type iv secretion system. recently, we found that t-dna could also be transferred from agrobacterium to saccharomyces cerevisiae. here, we describe a novel method to also detect trans-kingdom vir protein transfer from agrobacterium to yeas ...	2003	12560481
growing antimicrobial resistance of shigella isolates.	appropriate antibiotic treatment of shigellosis depends on identifying resistance patterns. by studying shigella isolates in central israel from 1998 to 2000, and comparing with the period 1991-1992, we identified a significantly increased resistance to tetracycline (from 23% to 87%, p < 0.00001), high resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (94%) and ampicillin (85%) and emerging resistance to quinolones (0.5-2%). these data mandate local monitoring of resistance and its consideration in em ...	2003	12562716
infectious diarrhea in the southeastern united states, 1998-2000.		2003	12567315
helical structure of the needle of the type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri.	gram-negative bacteria commonly interact with animal and plant hosts using type iii secretion systems (ttsss) for translocation of proteins into eukaryotic cells during infection. 10 of the 25 ttss-encoding genes are homologous to components of the bacterial flagellar basal body, which the ttss needle complex morphologically resembles. this indicates a common ancestry, although no ttss sequence homologues for the genes encoding the flagellum are found. we here present an approximately 16-a struc ...	2003	12571230
bacterial-enterocyte crosstalk: cellular mechanisms in health and disease.		2003	12548051
bordetella type iii secretion induces caspase 1-independent necrosis.	the bordetella bronchiseptica type iii (tiii) secretion system induces cytotoxicity in infected macrophages and epithelial cells. in this report we characterize the cell death phenotype and compare it to the tiii-dependent cytotoxicity induced by yersinia enterocolitica and shigella flexneri. bordetella bronchiseptica strain rb58 was able to induce cell death in j774a.1 macrophages with the same efficiency as shigella and yersinia, but only b. bronchiseptica was able to kill epithelial cells in ...	2003	12580948
short and long term mortality associated with foodborne bacterial gastrointestinal infections: registry based study.	to determine the excess mortality associated with infections with salmonella, campylobacter, yersinia enterocolitica, and shigella and to examine the effect of pre-existing illness.	2003	12586666
a novel modeling protocol for protein receptors guided by bound-ligand conformation.	a novel protocol for protein homology modeling is described, in which uncertainty in protein structure is resolved by applying the criterion that the protein must bind to a complementary ligand. a diverse library of protein models is created and then screened by docking with ligands of known conformation. the more accurate protein models form higher-quality docked complexes, and the quality of the fit is used to select the best models. the effectiveness of this technique with both natural and un ...	2003	12590571
structural characterization of the n terminus of ipac from shigella flexneri.	the primary effector for shigella invasion of epithelial cells is ipac, which is secreted via a type iii secretion system. we recently reported that the ipac n terminus is required for type iii secretion and possibly other functions. in this study, mutagenesis was used to identify an n-terminal secretion signal and to determine the functional importance of the rest of the ipac n terminus. the 15 n-terminal amino acids target ipac for secretion by shigella flexneri, and placing additional amino a ...	2003	12595440
genetic characterization and immunogenicity of coli surface antigen 4 from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli when it is expressed in a shigella live-vector strain.	the genes that encode the enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) cs4 fimbriae, csaa, -b, -c, -e, and -d', were isolated from strain e11881a. the csa operon encodes a 17-kda major fimbrial subunit (csab), a 40-kda tip-associated protein (csae), a 27-kda chaperone-like protein (csaa), a 97-kda usher-like protein (csac), and a deleted regulatory protein (csad'). the predicted amino acid sequences of the cs4 proteins are highly homologous to structural and assembly proteins of other etec fimbriae, ...	2003	12595452
effects of ectopically expressed neuronal wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein domains on rickettsia rickettsii actin-based motility.	neuronal wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) and the actin-related protein 2/3 (arp2/3) complex have emerged as critical host proteins that regulate pathogen actin-based motility. actin tail formation and motility in listeria monocytogenes require the arp2/3 complex but bypasses n-wasp signaling. motility of shigella flexneri and vaccinia virus requires both n-wasp and the arp2/3 complex. functional roles for these cytoskeletal regulatory proteins in actin-based motility of rickettsia rick ...	2003	12595475
regulation of salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide o antigen chain length is required for virulence; identification of fepe as a second wzz.	wzz proteins regulate the degree of polymerization of the o antigen (oag) subunits in lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthesis. although the pathogenic relevance of oag is well recognized, the significance of oag chain length regulation is not well defined. in this report, salmonella typhimurium was shown to possess two functional wzz genes resulting in a bimodal oag length distribution. in addition to the previously described wzzst that results in long (l) modal length lps with 16-35 oag repeat un ...	2003	12603743
dual infection by dengue virus and shigella sonnei in patient returning from india.		2003	12604005
in vitro susceptibilities of shigella flexneri and streptococcus pyogenes to inner gel of aloe barbadensis miller.	aloe barbadensis miller (or aloe vera) has widespread use in health products, and despite numerous reports on the whole plant, little work has been performed on the inner gel, which has been used extensively in these products. this report describes the in vitro susceptibilities of two bacteria to this component.	2003	12604556
[genome-wide non-sequencing strategies for bacterial genome comparison: the necessity and an analysis of the variable bacterial world].	a tremendous success in bacterial genome sequencing has been achieved during the recent years; it resulted in making available, for analysis, multiple sequences of different bacterial genomes, including such pathogens as causative agents of syphilis, typhus, and tuberculosis as well as such organisms like archaebacterias living under extreme conditions. a comparative analysis of bacterial genomes leads to conclusions, which have a general biological value, and, in particular, to the conclusions ...	2003	12608079
the use of transepithelial models to examine host-pathogen interactions.	many pathogens must overcome an epithelial barrier in order to establish an infection. unsurprisingly, such pathogens have evolved different mechanisms to overcome this obstacle, targeting specific epithelial structures or functions. these include disruption of epithelial barrier function, transcytosing from the apical to the basolateral membrane domain or inducing cell movement such as neutrophil recruitment. when studying these processes in vivo, animal models often fail to mimic the disease o ...	2003	12615224
histopathological study of rabbit intestinal mucosa infected with a hybrid strain of shigella dysenteriae 1 carrying lps biosynthesis genes of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the rfb gene cluster and the rfc gene of salmonella enterica were introduced earlier into an invasive shigella dysenteriae 1 strain by triparental cross. antiserum was raised in rabbit against lipopolysaccharide isolated from the hybrid strain. both the hybrid and the invasive s. dysenteriae 1 strain were found to have a titer of 1:2560 while for s. enterica, it was 1:640. ligated ileal loops were prepared in rabbit, which were inoculated with 10(8) cfu ml(-1) each of the hybrid strain, and inva ...	2003	12620623
genome sequence of vibrio parahaemolyticus: a pathogenic mechanism distinct from that of v cholerae.	vibrio parahaemolyticus, a gram-negative marine bacterium, is a worldwide cause of food-borne gastroenteritis. v parahaemolyticus strains of a few specific serotypes, probably derived from a common clonal ancestor, have lately caused a pandemic of gastroenteritis. the organism is phylogenetically close to v cholerae, the causative agent of cholera.	2003	12620739
shigella dysenteriae type 1 with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.		2003	12620764
stx1c is the most common shiga toxin 1 subtype among shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli isolates from sheep but not among isolates from cattle.	unlike shiga toxin 2 (stx(2)) genes, most nucleotide sequences of shiga toxin 1 (stx(1)) genes from shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), shigella dysenteriae, and several bacteriophages (h19b, 933j, and h30) are highly conserved. consequently, there has been little incentive to investigate variants of stx(1) among stec isolates derived from human or animal sources. however stx(1ox3), originally identified in an ox3:h8 isolate from a healthy sheep in germany, differs from other stx(1) s ...	2003	12624011
epidemiology of tetracycline resistance determinants in shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli: characterization and dissemination of tet(a)-1.	to make a comprehensive study of tetracycline resistance determinant distribution in the genus shigella, a collection of 577 clinical isolates of shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) from a variety of geographical locations was screened to identify tetracycline-resistant strains. the 459 tetracycline-resistant isolates identified were then screened by pcr analysis to determine the distribution in these strains of tetracycline efflux resistance determinants belonging to classe ...	2003	12624025
role of bacteria and hla-b27 in the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis.	strictly speaking, "reactive arthritis" is a conventional term with no study-verified definition. this review will focus on the type of arthritis that is induced by the following species: chlamydia, shigella, salmonella, yersinia, and campylobacter. the types of arthritis caused by these pathogens share a clinical pattern that is common in the spondyloarthropathies, especially undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy and reiter's syndrome. all these diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis, must a ...	2003	12635498
dissemination of pheu- and phev-located genomic islands among enteropathogenic (epec) and enterohemorrhagic (ehec) e. coli and their possible role in the horizontal transfer of the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee).	we have recently shown that the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) of the bovine enterohemorrhagic e. coli rw1374 (o103:h2) resides within a large pathogenicity island (pai), integrated in the vicinity of the phenylalanine trna gene phev. here we describe an additional, but lee-negative genomic island in rw1374 in the vicinity of another phenylalanine trna gene, pheu, the sequence of which is identical to phev. these two genomic islands revealed identity of the left, but a relative variability ...	2003	12635929
comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility between invasive and non-invasive shigella organisms.	antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for ten strains of shigella spp. comparing invasive (invasion plasmid containing) and non-invasive members of each strain. the activity of the antimicrobial agents could be classified into three types from the differences between the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) for the invasive and non-invasive shigellae. for type 1, there was no difference between the mic (an mic gap) for invasive and non-invasive organisms. for type 2, the mic for the inva ...	2003	12636989
scope of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea and microbial assessment of quality of river water sources in rural venda communities in south africa.	the microbial quality of several, usually untreated, surface domestic water sources, used by rural communities in the venda region of south africa, was assessed to gauge their fitness for human consumption and to highlight the possible impact of waterborne diseases. the water sources studied were six points on the levubu river and the rivers mutale, ngwedi, tshinane, makonde, mutshindudi and mudaswali. total and faecal coliform, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphage counts were used ...	2003	12639006
bacterial hemorrhagic enterocolitis.	bacterial diarrhea can be classified into two clinical entities, noninflammatory diarrhea and inflammatory diarrhea syndromes. the latter type of diarrhea is characterized by bloody and puruloid mucus stool, and is often accompanied by fever, tenesmus, and severe abdominal pain. pathogenic bacteria causing the inflammatory diarrhea syndrome include salmonella, vibrio, shigella, enteroinvasive and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, campylobacter, yersinia, chlamydia, and clostridium difficile. t ...	2003	12640523
prevalence of bacterial faecal pathogens in separated and unseparated stored pig slurry.	to examine the prevalence and diversity of bacterial faecal pathogens in unseparated slurry, separated solids and liquid fractions from a commercial pig farm.	2003	12641712
multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1: forerunners of a new epidemic strain in eastern india?		2003	12643845
synthesis of the pentasaccharide related to the repeating unit of the antigen from shigella dysenteriae type 4 in the form of its methyl ester 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl glycoside.	starting from d-mannose, d-glucose and l-fucose, the pentasaccharide derivative methyl 2,3,4-tri-o-benzyl-alpha-l-fucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2-o-acetyl-4,6-o-benzylidene-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2-o-acetyl-6-o-benzyl-4-o-(2,3,4-tri-o-benzyl-alpha-l-fucopyranosyl)-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2,3-di-o-benzyl-beta-d-glucopyranosid]uronate was synthesized. this compound with two alpha-mannopyranosyl units was transformed, via walden inversion and subsequent deprotection, ...	2003	12644371
three-way interactions among the sfh, stpa and h-ns nucleoid-structuring proteins of shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t.	shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t has been found to express sfh, a new member of the h-ns-like family of nucleoid-structuring proteins. with h-ns and its paralogue, stpa, this brings to three the number of these proteins expressed in this bacterium. this raises the possibility that three-way interactions may occur in s. flexneri among these proteins and between the proteins and each other's genes. such three-way interactions among h-ns-like proteins have not been described previously. the expres ...	2003	12787365
arthritis associated with enteric infection.	reactive arthritis is classically seen following infection with enteric pathogens such as yersinia, salmonella, campylobacter and shigella. inflammatory arthritis has also been described following other enteric infection with organisms such as clostridium difficile, brucella and giardia. furthermore, arthritis is seen in whipple's disease, caused by the actinomycete tropheryma whippelii. this chapter reviews the current understanding of these conditions (with the exception of brucella, which is ...	2003	12787523
prevalence and molecular diversity of phs-2 plasmids, marker for arthritogenicity, among clinical escherichia coli shigella isolates.	reactive arthritis can occur after numerous bacterial infections, including bacillary dysentery caused by escherichia coli shigella. a major risk factor for the disease is the hla b27 phenotype in the human host. by comparison between plasmid profiles of arthritogenic vs. nonarthritogenic shigella strains, the phs-2 plasmid has been previously associated with the arthritogenic capacity of shigella isolates. however, the prevalence of this plasmid in the various shigella biotypes and serotypes is ...	2003	12787734
prevalence of enteroaggregative escherichia coli among children with and without diarrhea in switzerland.	in a prospective study between july 1999 and september 2000, stool specimens of children below the age of 16 years with (n = 187) and without (n = 137) diarrhea were tested for the presence of enterovirulent bacteria by standard culture methods and by pcr. targets for the pcr were the plasmid pcvd432 for enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec), the verotoxin 1 and verotoxin 2 genes for enterohemorrhagic e. coli, ipah for enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) and shigella spp., genes coding for heat-st ...	2003	12791838
canadian integrated surveillance report: salmonella, campylobacter, pathogenic e. coli and shigella, from 1996 to 1999.		2003	12793118
sharing shigella: risk factors for a multicommunity outbreak of shigellosis.		2003	12796243
protective efficacy of oral immunization with heat-killed shigella flexneri 2a in animal model: study of cross protection, immune response and antigenic recognition.	oral immunization of rabbits with four doses of 10(11) heat-killed shigella flexneri 2a showed 100% protection against challenge with virulent s. flexneri 2a. after orally immunizing guinea pigs with four doses of heat-killed s. flexneri 2a 100% protection could be shown against ocular challenge with the same virulent s. flexneri 2a strain but this conferred no protection against challenge with shigella dysenteriae type 1. in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunoblot experiments b ...	2003	12798648
identification of ranbmp interacting with shigella flexneri ipac invasin by two-hybrid system of yeast.	bacillary dysentery caused by shigella flexneri is still a threat to human health. of four invasion plasmid antigen proteins (ipaa,b,c and d), ipac plays an important role in the pathogenicity of this pathogen. the purpose of this study was to investigate the proteins interacting with ipac in the host cell during the pathogenic process of this disease.	2003	12800254
the escherichia fergusonii iucabcd iuta genes are located within a larger chromosomal region similar to pathogenicity islands.	three strains of escherichia fergusonii (ef873, ef1496, ef939) of 50 strains tested produced the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin. screening of a cosmid library of the strain ef873 chromosomal dna (in aerobactin nonproducing escherichia coli vcs257) for aerobactin production identified iucabcd and iuta gene orthologues. the predicted iucabcd and iuta proteins showed 59-65% identity to the corresponding proteins of shigella flexneri and e. coli. aerobactin molecules synthesized by e. fergusonii ...	2003	12800494
decontamination of seeds for seed sprout production by high hydrostatic pressure.	garden cress, sesame, radish, and mustard seeds immersed in water were treated with high pressure (250, 300, 350, and 400 mpa) for 15 min at 20 degrees c. after treatment, percentages of seeds germinating on water agar were recorded for up to 11 days. of the seeds tested, radish seeds were found to be the most pressure sensitive, with seeds treated at 250 mpa reaching 100% germination 9 days later than untreated control seeds did. garden cress seeds, on the other hand, were the most pressure res ...	2003	12800989
enteric illness in ontario, canada, from 1997 to 2001.	enteric illness is a common problem worldwide. in ontario (population of 11.4 million, 2001 census of canada), laboratory-confirmed cases of "reportable" enteric diseases are reported to local health units. public health staff members investigate these illnesses and subsequently report details to the ministry of health and long-term care through an electronic reporting system. from 1997 to 2001, 44,451 sporadic cases of illness attributable to eight enteric pathogens (campylobacter, salmonella, ...	2003	12800994
health status of a population of nutria (myocastor coypus) living in a protected area in italy.	ninety trapped nutria (myocastor coypus) from a protected area of piedmont (italy), including the po river, were examined for the prevalence for lesions in major viscera, selected serum antibodies and enteric bacteria. coccidial lesions in the liver included cholangitis, calcification and necrosis. renal lesions were nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis and a single case of renal adenocarcinoma. the lungs had a 41.1% prevalence of nonsuppurative interstitial pneumonia. ten of 87 sera (11.5%) ha ...	2003	12801459
antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three mentha species essential oils.	the present study describes the antimicrobial activity and free radical scavenging capacity (rsc) of essential oils from mentha aquatica l., mentha longifolia l., and mentha piperita l. the chemical profile of each essential oil was determined by gc-ms and tlc. all essential oils exhibited very strong antibacterial activity, in particularly against esherichia coli strains. the most powerful was m. piperita essential oil, especially towards multiresistant strain of shigella sonei and micrococcus ...	2003	12802721
in vitro dna-binding properties of virb, the shigella flexneri virulence regulatory protein.	the dna-binding activity of the shigella flexneri virb transcription factor was studied in vitro. the protein was found to bind non-specifically to dna, but showed preferential binding to virb-dependent promoter sequences. dna binding was contingent on the presence of an intact helix-turn-helix motif. while high molecular mass protein-dna complexes were formed in both specific and non-specific interactions with dna, mutant derivatives of virb lacking a leucine zipper domain or a carboxyl-termina ...	2003	12804772
a role for vasp in rhoa-diaphanous signalling to actin dynamics and srf activity.	vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (vasp) is involved in multiple actin-mediated processes, including regulation of serum response factor (srf) activity. we used the srf transcriptional assay to define functional domains in vasp and to show that they coincide with those required for f-actin accumulation, as determined by a quantitative facs assay. we identified inactive vasp mutants that can interfere both with f-actin assembly and with srf activation by wild-type vasp. these vasp mutants als ...	2003	12805219
escherichia albertii sp. nov., a diarrhoeagenic species isolated from stool specimens of bangladeshi children.	the taxonomic position of a group of five d-sorbitol- and lactose-negative enterobacterial isolates recovered from diarrhoeal stools of children at the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b), was investigated by dna-dna hybridization, phenotypic characterization and 16s rdna sequencing. these strains were originally identified as 'hafnia alvei-like' with the api 20e system but, in fact, show more phenotypic and genotypic resemblance to members of the genus esc ...	2003	12807204
the invasive phenotype of shigella flexneri directs a distinct gene expression pattern in the human intestinal epithelial cell line caco-2.	invasion of the human colonic epithelium by shigella flexneri causes inflammation that disrupts the intestinal barrier. invaded intestinal epithelial cells are the major source of mediators recruiting the inflammatory infiltrate. to better characterize the global response of intestinal epithelial cells to shigella invasion, caco-2 cells were infected by an invasive isolate of s. flexneri 5a, and their transcriptome was analyzed by affymetrix (santa clara, ca) microarrays (12,000 genes) and compa ...	2003	12813033