Publications

orchids (cymbidium spp., oncidium, and phalaenopsis).	recent advances in genetic engineering have made the transformation and regeneration of plants into a powerful tool for orchid improvement. this chapter presents a simple and reproducible agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol and molecular screening technique of transgenics for two orchid species, oncidium and phalaenopsis. the target tissues for gene transfer were protocorm-like bodies (plbs) derived from protocorms, into which constructed foreign genes were successfully in ...	2006	17033075
petunia (petunia hybrida).	petunia hybrida genetic transformation continues to be a valuable tool for genetic research into biochemical pathways and gene expression, as well as generating commercial products with varying floral colors. in this chapter, we describe a simple and reproducible genetic transformation protocol for generating transgenic petunia plants harboring a gene of interest and selectable marker. the system utilizes agrobacterium tumefaciens for transgene integration with plant recovery via shoot organogen ...	2006	17033076
rose (rosa hybrida l.).	although rose transformation is successful, it remains difficult to transform myriad rose species as well as different rose genotypes. in this protocol, a detailed description of rose transformation is presented. this protocol relied on agrobacterium-mediated transfer of embryogenic callus cultures. there are many critical steps that must be followed to achieve successful transformation; however, it is important to keep in mind that these apply to a selected number of genotypes, and as a differe ...	2006	17033077
ginseng (panax ginseng).	genetic transformation is an attractive way to improve panax ginseng c. a. meyer by introducing new genetic materials and altering metabolic pathways that regulating the production of secondary compounds. in p. ginseng, production of transgenic plants via agrobacterium tumefaciens is performed via somatic embryogenesis using cotyledon or embryogenic callus as explants. this chapter introduces the protocol of a. tumefaciens mediated-genetic transformation in p. ginseng.	2006	17033078
hemp (cannabis sativa l.).	hemp (cannabis sativa l.) suspension culture cells were transformed with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain eha101 carrying the binary plasmid pnov3635. the plasmid contains a phosphomannose isomerase (pmi) selectable marker gene. cells transformed with pmi are capable of metabolizing the selective agent, mannose, whereas cells not expressing the gene are incapable of using the carbon source and will stop growing. callus masses proliferating on selection were screened for pmi expression using a ch ...	2006	17033079
opium poppy (papaver somniferum).	the genetic transformation of opium poppy, papaver somniferum, offers the opportunity to study the mechanisms involved in the regulation of benzylisoquinoline and morphinan alkaloid biosynthesis. the development of an efficient transformation protocol for opium poppy has allowed us to transform a range of genotypes from all around the world, including previously recalcitrant high-yielding commercial australian cultivars. the method involves agrobacterium tumefaciens infection of hypocotyl explan ...	2006	17033080
actinomycetes (streptomyces lividans).	agrobacterium tumefaciens is best known for its ability to transform plants by delivering the t-dna that is processed and transferred from the resident ti plasmid to the recipient plant cells. less well known is the capacity of this gram-negative bacterium to transfer its t-dna into fungi and actinomycetes. procedures are described on the use of the promiscuous t-dna transfer system of a. tumefaciens to transform members of the actinomycetes. integration of the t-dna derivatives into the strepto ...	2006	17033081
filamentous fungi (magnaporthe grisea and fusarium oxysporum).	a better understanding of fungal biology will facilitate judicious use of beneficial fungi and will also advance our efforts to control pathogenic fungi. molecular studies of fungal biology have been greatly aided by transformation-mediated mutagenesis techniques. transformation via nonhomologous integration of plasmid dna bearing a selectable marker (e.g., antibiotic resistance gene) has been widely used for the random insertional mutagenesis of fungi - as an alternative to chemical and radiati ...	2006	17033082
green alga (chlamydomonas reinhardtii).	this protocol describes the agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated nuclear transformation of a microalgae chlamydomonas reinhardtii, using a gene construct carrying the genes coding for beta-glucuronidase (gus), green fluorescent protein (gfp), and hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt). the transformation frequency with this protocol as revealed by hygromycin resistance was many fold higher (about 50-fold) than that of the commonly used glass bead method of transformation. the simplicity of agrobacter ...	2006	17033083
mammalian cells.	agrobacterium most likely can transform virtually all known plant species, and experimental protocols for agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of yet more plant species, ecotypes, and cultivars are published almost on a daily basis. interestingly, the agrobacterium host range is not limited to the plant kingdom, and it has been shown to transform many species of fungi and even prokaryotes. the ability of agrobacterium to genetically transform hela cells further widens the range of poten ...	2006	17033084
mushroom (agaricus bisporus).	we have devised an easy and effective genetic transformation method for the preeminent edible mushroom, agaricus bisporus. our method exploits the t-dna transfer mechanism in agrobacterium tumefaciens and relies on the reproductive fruiting body as the recipient tissue. the use of fruiting body explants, particularly the gill, provided high-frequency transformation, overcoming the inefficacy of agrobacterium-based methods targeting fungal spores or vegetative mycelium. the protocol entails incub ...	2006	17033085
yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae).	the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the best characterized eukaryotic organisms. this species has enabled a detailed study of the (genetic) requirements for agrobacterium-mediated dna transformation. for instance research with this yeast has led to the recognition that the transforming dna molecules integrate into the eukaryotic chromosomes either by homologous recombination, which is the preferred pathway in s. cerevisiae, or by nonhomologous end-joining. based on the protocol for agro ...	2006	17033086
[physiological and agrochemical properties of different symbiotic genotypes of pea (pisum sativum l.)].	physiological characters of symbiotic mutants of pea were studied: nodulation, activities of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, chlorophyll content in leaves and their water-holding capacity, biomass accumulation, and nitrogen forms. the parameters reflecting the genotype state of the macrosymbiont under soil conditions considerably varied. supernodulation mutants stood out against symbiotic pea genotypes by high contents of chlorophyll and nonprotein nitrogen compounds, high nitrogenase activit ...	2006	17168465
bacterial evolution by intelligent design.	in a process called quorum sensing, bacteria produce and secrete certain signaling compounds (called autoinducers) that bind to receptors on other bacteria and activate transcription of certain genes. a clever genetic selection yields a new quorum-sensing transcriptional regulator that marches to the beat of a different drummer.	2006	17168520
the innate immunity of maize and the dynamic chemical strategies regulating two-component signal transduction in agrobacterium tumefaciens.	the naturally occurring 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxybenzoxazin-3-one (hdmboa), essentially the sole component of maize seedling organic exudate, was shown to be a potent inhibitor of the vira-virg two-component system which mediates host recognition and activates virulence gene transcription in the soil pathogen agrobacterium tumefaciens. the hydrolytic lability of hdmboa creates a steady-state zone of inhibition circumscribing the young maize seedling. we now show that rather than the hdmboa natural ...	2006	17163664
agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation of the phaseolus spp.: a tool for functional genomics.	a fast, reproducible, and efficient transformation procedure employing agrobacterium rhizogenes was developed for phaseolus vulgaris l. wild accessions, landraces, and cultivars and for three other species belonging to the genus phaseolus: p. coccineus, p. lunatus, and p. acutifolius. induced hairy roots are robust and grow quickly. the transformation frequency is between 75 and 90% based on the 35-s promoter-driven green fluorescent protein and beta-glucuronidase expression reporter constructs. ...	2006	17153923
identification of symbiotically defective mutants of lotus japonicus affected in infection thread growth.	during the symbiotic interaction between legumes and rhizobia, the host cell plasma membrane and associated plant cell wall invaginate to form a tunnel-like infection thread, a structure in which bacteria divide to reach the plant root cortex. we isolated four lotus japonicus mutants that make infection pockets in root hairs but form very few infection threads after inoculation with mesorhizobium loti. the few infection threads that did initiate in the mutants usually did not progress further th ...	2006	17153928
an in-built proteinase inhibitor system for the protection of recombinant proteins recovered from transgenic plants.	proteolytic degradation represents a significant barrier to the efficient production of several recombinant proteins in plants, both in vivo during their expression and in vitro during their recovery from source tissues. here, we describe a strategy to protect recombinant proteins during the recovery process, based on the coexpression of a heterologous proteinase inhibitor acting as a 'mouse trap' against the host proteases during extraction. after confirming the importance of trypsin- and chymo ...	2006	17147641
[induction of hairy roots and anthraquinone production in rheum palmatum].	to study the induction of hairy roots and anthraquinone production in rheum palmatum.	2006	17144464
[progress on agrobacterium-mediated transformation of banana].	the development of improved musa by conventional breeding remains to be a difficult endeavor because of the long generation times, various levels of ploidy, sterility of most edible cultivars and limited genetic variability. therefore, genetic engineering may offer an alternative method for crop enhancement. the transformation system mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens has been used successfully to transform banana during the past 10 years. this article reviews recent progresses on transformat ...	2006	17138552
the agrobacterium vire3 effector protein: a potential plant transcriptional activator.	during the infection of plants, agrobacterium tumefaciens introduces several virulence proteins including vire2, virf, vird5 and vire3 into plant cells in addition to the t-dna. here, we report that double mutation of virf and vire3 leads to strongly diminished tumor formation on tobacco, tomato and sunflower. the vire3 protein is translated from a polycistronic mrna containing the vire1, vire2 and vire3 genes, in agrobacterium. the vire3 protein has nuclear localization sequences, which suggest ...	2006	17130174
a cdpk isoform participates in the regulation of nodule number in medicago truncatula.	medicago spp. are able to develop root nodules via symbiotic interaction with sinorhizobium meliloti. calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) are involved in various signalling pathways in plants, and we found that expression of mtcpk3, a cdpk isoform present in roots of the model legume medicago truncatula, is regulated during the nodulation process. early inductions were detected 15 min and 3-4 days post-inoculation (dpi). the very early induction of cpk3 messengers was also present in inocu ...	2006	17132148
agrobacterium-mediated transformation of yellow lupin to generate callus tissue producing hbv surface antigen in a long-term culture.	the idea of an oral vaccine administered as a portion of plant tissue requires a high level of antigen production. an improved protocol for the induction of transgenic yellow lupin calli or tumours, reaching 44% of transformation rate, is presented here. it has been developed by using the nptii marker gene and the uida reporter gene as well as various agrobacterium strains and plant explants. this method of seedling and hypocotyl transformation was applied to raise calli or tumours producing a s ...	2006	17132895
characterization of the glyoxalase i gene from the vascular wilt fungus verticillium dahliae.	a glyoxalase i gene homologue (vdglo1) was identified in the vascular wilt fungus verticillium dahliae by sequence tag analysis of genes expressed during resting structure development. the results of the current study show that the gene encodes a putative 345 amino acid protein with high similarity to glyoxalase i, which produces s-d-lactoylglutathione from the toxic metabolic by-product methylglyoxal (mg). disruption of the v. dahliae gene by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation re ...	2006	17110973
rhizobium giardinii is the microsymbiont of illinois bundleflower (desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macmillan) in midwestern prairies.	illinois bundleflower (desmanthus illinoensis (michx.) macmillan) has potential as a grain and forage legume for the american midwest. inoculant-quality rhizobia for this legume have been identified but not previously characterized. rhizobia trapped from 20 soils in the natural range of the illinois bundleflower had characteristics that placed them overwhelmingly within the species rhizobium giardinii, one of the few occasions this species has been recovered from legumes, raising questions on th ...	2006	17110983
effects of medium composition on production of 5-aminolevulinic acid by recombinant escherichia coli.	the recombinant escherichia coli bl21(de3) harboring hema from agrobacterium radiobacter, which was engineered in our previous work, was used for the extracellular production of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ala). the effects of various physiological factors, such as the concentrations of precursors (glycine, succinic acid and glucose) and the inhibitor 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase (levulinic acid), on the ala accumulation in the fermentation broth were investigated in both shake flasks and a jar ferm ...	2006	17116578
mechanisms of microbially enhanced fe acquisition in red clover (trifolium pratense l.).	soil microorganisms may play an important role in plant fe uptake from soils with low fe bioavailability, but there is little direct experimental evidence to date. we grew red clover, an fe-efficient leguminous plant, in a calcareous soil to investigate the role of soil microbial activity in plant fe uptake. compared with plants grown in non-sterlie (ns) grown plants, growth and fe content of the sterile(s) grown plants was significantly inhibited, but was improved by foliar application of fe ed ...	2006	17087472
both introns and long 3'-utrs operate as cis-acting elements to trigger nonsense-mediated decay in plants.	nonsense-mediated mrna decay (nmd) is a eukaryotic quality control mechanism that identifies and eliminates aberrant mrnas containing a premature termination codon (ptc). although, key trans-acting nmd factors, upf1, upf2 and upf3 are conserved in yeast and mammals, the cis-acting nmd elements are different. in yeast, short specific sequences or long 3'-untranslated regions (3'-utrs) render an mrna subject to nmd, while in mammals' 3'-utr located introns trigger nmd. plants also possess an nmd s ...	2006	17088291
toxicity of phenolic compounds extracted from bark residues of different ages.	in quebec, canada, industrial bark wastelands cover several hundred hectares of land. bark residue that has piled up for decades tends to remain free of vegetation for years. to assess the revegetation potential of such sites, we sought to determine those factors responsible for poor plant growth. phenolic compounds from fresh to 20-year-old bark residues were extracted with four solvents and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). we simulated solutions (mixtures of standar ...	2006	17089184
rnai-induced silencing of gene expression in strawberry fruit (fragaria x ananassa) by agroinfiltration: a rapid assay for gene function analysis.	intron-containing constructs encoding self-complementary 'hairpin' rna (ihprna) have the potential to efficiently silence genes in a range of plant species. in this study we demonstrate the silencing of a ripening-related chalcone synthase (chs) gene in strawberry fruits (fragaria x ananassa cv. elsanta) by a construct (ihprna) containing the partial sense and corresponding antisense sequences of chs separated by an intron obtained from a f. x ananassa quinone oxidoreductase gene. an agrobacteri ...	2006	17092319
nod factor enhances calcium uptake by soybean.	inoculation with rhizobia or application of nod factors (lipo-chitooligosaccharides, lcos) causes transient increases in cytosolic calcium concentration in root hairs of legume plants. we conducted experiments to evaluate whether application of lco and inoculation with rhizobia improved (45)cacl(2) uptake into soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) leaves. roots of soybean seedlings with one developing trifoliolate were immersed in murashige and skoog (ms) basal liquid medium containing treatment solu ...	2006	17092733
survival, nodulation and n2 fixation ability of root nodule bacteria under different nutritional regimes.	eleven strains of rhizobium and five strains of bradyrhizobium were examined for their viability as well nodulation and nitrogen fixation ability after storage under different conditions for two years. the storage conditions comprised lateritic soil, lateritic soil plus 1% mannitol, lateritic soil plus 0.1% yeast extract, lateritic soil plus 1% mannitol and 0.1% yeast extract, organic soil, organic soil plus 1% mannitol, organic soil plus 0.1% yeast extract, organic soil plus 1% mannitol and 0.1 ...	2006	17205715
adapting rice anther culture to gene transformation and rna interference.	anther culture offers a rapid method of generating homozygous lines for breeding program and genetic analysis. to produce homozygous transgenic lines of rice (oryza sativa l.) in one step, we developed an efficient protocol of anther-callus-based transformation mediated by agrobacterium after optimizing several factors influencing efficient transformation, including callus induction and agrobacterium density for co-cultivation. using this protocol, we obtained 145 independent green transformants ...	2006	17172048
an integrated view of gene expression and solute profiles of arabidopsis tumors: a genome-wide approach.	transformation of plant cells with t-dna of virulent agrobacteria is one of the most extreme triggers of developmental changes in higher plants. for rapid growth and development of resulting tumors, specific changes in the gene expression profile and metabolic adaptations are required. increased transport and metabolic fluxes are critical preconditions for growth and tumor development. a functional genomics approach, using the affymetrix whole genome microarray (approximately 22,800 genes), was ...	2006	17172353
phage typing of indigenous soybean-rhizobia and relationship of a phage group strains for their asymbiotic and symbiotic nitrogen fixation.	a total of 354 indigenous bradyrhizobia were isolated from soybean nodules collected from five major crop grown regions. host-specific 12 phages, each active on particular strains were selected. factors, which influence the interaction between the host and phage, were examined. four different types of plaques were detected. nearly 17% of isolates were found resistant to all phages. phage sensitivity patterns revealed a total of 32 distinct phage genotype groups. different set of phage combinatio ...	2006	17176675
genetic transformation of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) via infection of androgenetic pollen cultures with agrobacterium tumefaciens.	a novel genetic transformation method for barley (hordeum vulgare l.), based on infection of androgenetic pollen cultures with agrobacterium tumefaciens, is presented. winter-type barley cv. 'igri' was amenable to stable integration of transgenes mediated by a. tumefaciens strain lba4404 harbouring a vector system that confers hypervirulence, or by the non-hypervirulent strain gv3101 with a standard binary vector. the efficacy of gene transfer was substantially influenced by pollen pre-culture t ...	2006	17177801
analysis of calcium spiking using a cameleon calcium sensor reveals that nodulation gene expression is regulated by calcium spike number and the developmental status of the cell.	rhizobium-made nod factors induce rapid changes in both ca(2+) and gene expression. mutations and inhibitors that abolish nod-factor-induced ca(2+) spiking block gene induction, indicating a specific role for ca(2+) spiking in signal transduction. we used transgenic medicago truncatula expressing a "cameleon" ca(2+) sensor to assess the relationship between nod-factor-induced ca(2+) spiking and the activation of downstream gene expression. in contrast to enod11 induction, ca(2+) spiking is activ ...	2006	17227545
the fox hunting system: an alternative gain-of-function gene hunting technique.	we have developed a novel gain-of-function system that we have named the fox hunting system (full-length cdna over-expressing gene hunting system). we used normalized full-length cdna and introduced each cdna into arabidopsis by in planta transformation. about 10 000 independent full-length arabidopsis cdnas were expressed independently under the camv 35s promoter in arabidopsis. each transgenic arabidopsis contained on average 2.6 cdna clones and was monitored under various categories such as m ...	2006	17227551
effect of fungicide seed treatments on n2-fixation and nodulation in pea, pisum sativum l.		2006	17219311
instrumental analysis of bacterial cells using vibrational and emission mössbauer spectroscopic techniques.	in biosciences and biotechnology, the expanding application of physicochemical approaches using modern instrumental techniques is an efficient strategy to obtain valuable and often unique information at the molecular level. in this work, we applied a combination of vibrational (fourier transform infrared (ftir), ft-raman) spectroscopic techniques, useful in overall structural and compositional analysis of bacterial cells of the rhizobacterium azospirillum brasilense, with 57co emission mössbauer ...	2006	17723559
rapid, transient expression of fluorescent fusion proteins in tobacco plants and generation of stably transformed plants.	expression and tracking of fluorescent fusion proteins has revolutionized our understanding of basic concepts in cell biology. the protocol presented here has underpinned much of the in vivo results highlighting the dynamic nature of the plant secretory pathway. transient transformation of tobacco leaf epidermal cells is a relatively fast technique to assess expression of genes of interest. these cells can be used to generate stable plant lines using a more time-consuming, cell culture technique ...	2006	17487191
production of insoluble exopolysaccharide of agrobacterium sp. (atcc 31749 and ifo 13140).	agrobacterium isolated from soil samples produced two extracellular polysaccharides: succinoglycan, an acidic soluble polymer, and curdlan gum, a neutral, insoluble polymer. maize glucose, cassava glucose, and maize maltose were used in fermentation medium to produce insoluble polysaccharide. two agrobacterium sp. strains which were used (atcc 31749 and ifo 13140) in the production of insoluble exopolysaccharide presented equal or superior yields compared to the literature. the strain atcc 31749 ...	2006	18563660
delivery and expression of functional viral rna genomes in planta by agroinfiltration.	agroinfiltration is a simple, efficient, and powerful approach for transient expression of viral genes as well as dna-based expression of full-length rna genomes of plant viruses for studies leading to understanding of replication, movement, and assembly. most importantly, it results in synchronous delivery of agrobacterium transformants to a majority of cells encompassing the infiltrated area and is therefore ideal for examining the biological activities of viruses having multipartite genomes. ...	2006	18770582
[lipopolysaccharides of rhizobiaceae: structure and biosynthesis].	the lipopolysaccharides (lps) are major components of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria and, because of their location, are important mediators in the interaction between these bacteria and their environment and other organisms. the alpha-proteobacterial family rhizobiaceae includes the rhizobia and agrobacteria, microorganisms which establish symbiotic or parasitic relationships with plants. mutants deficient in lps biosynthesis show anomalous interactions with their hosts. the agron ...	2005	17061540
[evolution and phylogeny of rhizobia].	nitrogen fixation an ancient process that may is have originated in the archaean eon under the primitive atmosphere anoxygenic conditions. diazotrophy is an exclusive process of prokaryotes, only euryarchaeota and 6 of 54 bacteria phyla have diazotrophs lineages. some of them coevolved with flowering plants for the establishment of molecular bases of a mutualistic symbiosis relationship. in rhizobia, the nitrogen fixation occurs inside the nodules, special structures on the roots or stems of leg ...	2005	17061545
[temperature impact on localization of "free" phenolic compounds in the root tissues and deformation of root hairs in pea seedlings inoculated by rhizobium].	the study was focused on localization of "free" phenolic compounds in pea pisum sativum l. seedling roots grown at 22 and 8 degrees c 24 h after their inoculation with rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae bacteria. a comparison of phenolic compound distribution along the root in root tissues, and results of observation of root hair development on the root surface, response of root hairs to inoculation, manifesting itself in various deformation degree (bends, twists, ect.) enabled us to reveal diff ...	2005	16708844
response of root branching to abscisic acid is correlated with nodule formation both in legumes and nonlegumes.	legumes are unique among higher plants in forming a symbiosis with rhizobium. phylogenetic studies indicate this symbiosis may have evolved as many as three times within the fabaceae; alternatively, a predisposition for nodulation evolved early in the history of the legume lineage. we have identified a physiological trait-increased lateral root formation in response to abscisic acid (aba)- that marks all nodulating and non-nodulating legume species in our study set with the exception of chamaecr ...	2005	21646084
determinants of pseudomonas putida wcs358 involved in inducing systemic resistance in plants.	summary pseudomonas putida wcs358 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium originally isolated from the rhizosphere of potato. it can suppress soil-borne plant diseases by siderophore-mediated competition for iron, but it has also been reported to result in induced systemic resistance (isr) in arabidopsis thaliana. bacterial determinants of this strain involved in inducing systemic resistance in arabidopsis were investigated using a tn5 transposon mutant defective in biosynthesis of the fluore ...	2005	20565648
nod factors and a diffusible factor from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi stimulate lateral root formation in medicago truncatula via the dmi1/dmi2 signalling pathway.	legumes form two different types of intracellular root symbioses, with fungi and bacteria, resulting in arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrogen-fixing nodules, respectively. rhizobial signalling molecules, called nod factors, play a key role in establishing the rhizobium-legume association and genes have been identified in medicago truncatula that control a nod factor signalling pathway leading to nodulation. three of these genes, the so-called dmi1, dmi2 and dmi3 genes, are also required for formati ...	2005	16212600
hydrogenase genes are uncommon and highly conserved in rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae.	a screening for hydrogen uptake (hup) genes in rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae isolates from different locations within spain identified no hup+ strains, confirming the scarcity of the hup trait in r. leguminosarum. however, five new hup+ strains were isolated from ni-rich soils from italy and germany. the hup gene variability was studied in these strains and in six available strains isolated from north america. sequence analysis of three regions within the hup cluster showed an unusually hig ...	2005	16216440
isolation and characterization of a chitinase gene vch3 promoter from grapevine (vitis amurensis).	the 1216-bp 5' upstream region of the gene encoding a class iii chitinase vch3 was isolated from grapevine (vitis amurensis rupr.) by adaptor-pcr (genbank accession number af441123), and the transcriptional start site of the vch3 gene was identified by primer extension, which corresponds to the second a in the dna sequence 5'-atcaagcac-3'. sequence analysis revealed that the vch3 promoter sequence contains caat and tata motifs that are located at the -122 and -29 nucleotide upstream of the trans ...	2005	16222090
a family of promoter probe vectors incorporating autofluorescent and chromogenic reporter proteins for studying gene expression in gram-negative bacteria.	a series of promoter probe vectors for use in gram-negative bacteria has been made in two broad-host-range vectors, pot (pbbr replicon) and pjp2 (incp replicon). reporter fusions can be made to gfpuv, gfpmut3.1, unstable gfpmut3.1 variants (laa, lva, aav and asv), gfp+, dsred2, dsredt.3, dsredt.4, mrfp1, gusa or lacz. the two vector families, pot and pjp2, are compatible with one another and share the same polylinker for facile interchange of promoter regions. vectors based on pjp2 have the adva ...	2005	16207908
pesticide side effect on the symbiotic efficiency and nitrogenase activity of rhizobiaceae bacteria family.	the laboratory experiments tested the influence of selected pesticides on the symbiotic efficiency and nitrogenase activity of rhizobium leguminosarumin bv. trifolii kgl, sinorhizobiuni melilotii bp and badyrhizobium sp. ornithopus b bacteria entering into symbiosis with clover, lucerne and serradella, respectively. the results obtained indicate that the pesticides used in the experiments (funaben t seed dressing and pivot 100sl herbicide) caused reduced nitrogenase activity in active strains te ...	2005	16209094
inoculation with the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium azospirillum brasilense causes little disturbance in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of maize (zea mays).	inoculation with azospirillum brasilense exerts beneficial effects on plant growth and crop yields. in this study, a comparative analysis of maize (zea mays) root inoculated or not inoculated with a. brasilense strains was performed in two soils. colonization dynamics of the rhizobacteria were tracked in various root compartments using 16s rrna-targeted probes and 4',6'diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and the structure of bacterial populations in the same samples was analyzed by denaturing gra ...	2005	16211327
t-dna transfer from agrobacterium tumefaciens to the ectomycorrhizal fungus pisolithus microcarpus.	the model ectomycorrhizal fungus pisolithus microcarpus isolate 441 was transformed by using agrobacterium tumefaciens lba1100 and agl-1. the selection marker was the shble gene of streptoallotecius hidustanus, conferring resistance to phleomycin, under the control of the gpd gene promoter and terminator of schizophyllum commune. transformation resulted in phleomycin resistant clones which were confirmed by pcr to contain the resistance cassette. a. tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer would allow ...	2005	16178458
molecular characterization of marker-free transgenic lines of indica rice that accumulate carotenoids in seed endosperm.	a single agrobacterium strain harbouring two binary plasmids was successfully used for the first time to develop a marker-free transgenic rice of improved nutritional value. sixty-eight t0 co-transformants were obtained in three indica rice cultivars--two popular high-yielding bangladeshi varieties (br28 and br29), and one high-iron rice cultivar (ir68144). marker-free lines were obtained from 14 out of 24 selected co-transformants screened in the t1 generation. the accumulation of total caroten ...	2005	16179991
an abundance of nodulation factors.	in this issue of chemistry & biology, morón et al. [1] report that rhizobium tropici ciat899 produces different nod factors in response to flavonoid induction under differing environmental conditions. this unanticipated environmental dependence has implications for altering or potentially improving the host-bacteria interaction in bean nodulation.	2005	16183018
low ph changes the profile of nodulation factors produced by rhizobium tropici ciat899.	rhizobium tropici ciat899 has been cataloged as a nodulator of bean, a plant often growing in areas characterized by highly acidic soils. the purpose of this work was to explore the effects of acidity on the production of nod factors by this strain and their impact on the establishment of effective symbioses. we report that acidity increases rhizobial nod factors production, and we exhaustively study the nodulation factor structures produced under abiotic stress. significant differences were obs ...	2005	16183027
nod factors induce nod factor cleaving enzymes in pea roots. genetic and pharmacological approaches indicate different activation mechanisms.	establishment of symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia requires bacterial nod factors (nfs). the concentration of these lipochitooligosaccharides in the rhizosphere is influenced by plant enzymes. nfs induce on pea (pisum sativum) a particular extracellular nf hydrolase that releases lipodisaccharides from nfs from sinorhizobium meliloti. here, we investigated the ability of non-nodulating pea mutants to respond to nodrlv factors (nfs from rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae) with enhanced nf hyd ...	2005	16183850
rhizobial populations in soils from natural acacia senegal and acacia nilotica forests in mauritania and the senegal river valley.	eighty-two strains of rhizobia were isolated from soils taken from several sites in mauritania and senegal. these soil samples were collected from natural stands of acacia nilotica and acacia senegal. the soils from mauritania were less rich in native rhizobia than the soils from senegal. the strains were characterized using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and by sequencing the rdna 16s-23s intergenic spacer region (igs). they were sorted into seven igs groups. ...	2005	16184338
nucleolar localization of potato leafroll virus capsid proteins.	potato leafroll virus (plrv) encodes two capsid proteins, major protein (cp) and minor protein (p5), an extended version of the cp produced by occasional translational 'readthrough' of the cp gene. immunogold electron microscopy showed that plrv cp is located in the cytoplasm and also localized in the nucleus, preferentially targeting the nucleolus. the nucleolar localization of plrv cp was also confirmed when it was expressed as a fusion with green fluorescent protein (gfp) via an agrobacterium ...	2005	16186245
transgenic indica rice plants harboring a synthetic cry2a* gene of bacillus thuringiensis exhibit enhanced resistance against lepidopteran rice pests.	a novel synthetic cry2a* gene was introduced into the elite indica rice restorer line minghui 63 by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. a total of 102 independent transformants were obtained. among them, 71 transformants were positive cry2a* plants according to pcr analysis. four highly insect-resistant lines with single-copy insertion (designated as 2a-1, 2a-2, 2a-3, and 2a-4) were selected based on field assessment and southern blot analysis in the t(1) generation. all four transgenic lines ...	2005	16187120
agrobacterium tumefaciens oncogenic suppressors inhibit t-dna and vire2 protein substrate binding to the vird4 coupling protein.	agrobacterium tumefaciens uses a type iv secretion (t4s) system composed of virb proteins and vird4 to deliver oncogenic dna (t-dna) and protein substrates to susceptible plant cells during the course of infection. here, by use of the transfer dna immunoprecipitation (trip) assay, we present evidence that the mobilizable plasmid rsf1010 (incq) follows the same translocation pathway through the virb/d4 secretion channel as described previously for the t-dna. the rsf1010 transfer intermediate and ...	2005	16194240
gene products of the hupghij operon are involved in maturation of the iron-sulfur subunit of the [nife] hydrogenase from rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae.	in the present study, we investigate the functions of the hupghij operon in the synthesis of an active [nife] hydrogenase in the legume endosymbiont rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. these genes are clustered with 14 other genes including the hydrogenase structural genes hupsl. a set of isogenic mutants with in-frame deletions (deltahupg, deltahuph, deltahupi, and deltahupj) was generated and tested for hydrogenase activity in cultures grown at different oxygen concentrations (0.2 to 2.0%) and ...	2005	16199572
site-specific recombination in zea mays.	the elimination of marker genes after selection is recommended for the commercial use of genetically modified plants. we compared the applicability of the two site-specific recombination systems cre/lox and flp/frt for marker gene elimination in maize plants. the selection marker gene pat surrounded by two identically directed lox or frt sites was introduced into maize. sexual crossing with plants harboring the corresponding constitutively expressed recombinase led to the precise and complete ex ...	2005	16200415
use of nodulation pattern, stress tolerance, nodc gene amplification, rapd-pcr and rflp-16s rdna analysis to discriminate genotypes of rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae.	twenty-seven new rhizobium isolates were obtained from root nodules of wild and crop legumes belonging to the genera vicia, lathyrus and pisum from different agroecological areas in central and southern italy. a polyphasic approach including phenotypic and genotypic techniques was used to study their diversity and their relationships with other biovars and species of rhizobia. analysis of symbiotic properties and stress tolerance tests revealed that wild isolates showed a wide spectrum of nodula ...	2005	16156120
secondary transporters for nickel and cobalt ions: theme and variations.	nickel/cobalt transporters (nicots), a family of secondary metal transporters in prokaryotes and fungi, are characterized by an eight-transmembrane-domain (tmd) architecture and mediate high-affinity uptake of cobalt and/or nickel ions into the cells. one of the strongly conserved regions within the nicots is the signature sequence rha(v/f)dadhi within tmd ii. this stretch of amino acid residues plays an important role in the affinity, velocity and specificity of metal transport. some relatives ...	2005	16158232
structural characterization of a flavonoid-inducible pseudomonas aeruginosa a-band-like o antigen of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234, required for the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules.	rhizobium (sinorhizobium) sp. strain ngr234 contains three replicons, the smallest of which (pngr234a) carries most symbiotic genes, including those required for nodulation and lipo-chito-oligosaccharide (nod factor) biosynthesis. activation of nod gene expression depends on plant-derived flavonoids, nodd transcriptional activators, and nod box promoter elements. nod boxes nb6 and nb7 delimit six different types of genes, one of which (fixf) is essential for the formation of effective nodules on ...	2005	16159781
[isolation and biological characteristics of rhizobia strains from abrus cantoniensis].	the research aimed at studying the biological characteristics of rhizobia isolated from abrus cantoniensis.	2005	16161420
separation of some chiral flavonoids by microbial cyclosophoraoses and their sulfated derivatives in micellar electrokinetic chromatography.	neutral cyclosophoraoses (cys) and highly sulfated cyclosophoraoses (hs-cys) were successfully applied as chiral selectors with sds for the separation of some chiral flavonoids in mekc. hs-cys were synthesized by the chemical modification of a family of neutral cys isolated from a soil microorganism, rhizobium meliloti 2011. chiral catechin was separated with a resolution (r(s)) of 0.754 by neutral cys and sds. in the case of isosakuranetin and neohesperidin, resolution (r(s)) values of 1.483 an ...	2005	16167311
recent advances in studies on structure and symbiosis-related function of rhizobial k-antigens and lipopolysaccharides.	exopolysaccharides (epss) and k polysaccharides (k-antigens, capsular polysaccharides, or kpss) are important for the recognition of the symbiotic partner and the infection process, whereas lipopolysaccharides (lpss) may function at a later stage of symbiosis. recently, considerable progress has been made in the structural investigation of rhizobial k-antigens and lpss. this structural data, together with the availability of more and more mutant data, allows new insights into the structure-funct ...	2005	16167760
the effect of cellulose overproduction on binding and biofilm formation on roots by agrobacterium tumefaciens.	agrobacterium tumefaciens growing in liquid attaches to the surface of tomato and arabidopsis thaliana roots, forming a biofilm. the bacteria also colonize roots grown in sterile quartz sand. attachment, root colonization, and biofilm formation all were markedly reduced in cela and chvb mutants, deficient in production of cellulose and cyclic beta-(1,2)-d-glucans, respectively. we have identified two genes (celg and cell) in which mutations result in the overproduction of cellulose as judged by ...	2005	16167770
amplified fragment length polymorphism and metabolomic profiles of hairy roots of psoralea corylifolia l.	a reproducible protocol for establishment of hairy root cultures of psoralea corylifolia l. was developed using agrobacterium rhizogenes strain atcc 15834. the hairy root clones exhibited typical sigmoid growth curves. genomic and metabolomic profiles of hairy root clones along with that of untransformed control were analysed. hairy root clones, ps i and ps ii, showed significant differences in their amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) profiles as compared to that of control, besides e ...	2005	16169025
soca is a novel periplasmic binding protein for fructosyl amino acid.	bacterial periplasmic proteins (bpbps) undergo drastic conformational changes upon binding substrate, making them appealing as novel molecular recognition tools for biosensing. a putative bpbp-encoding gene, soca, belongs to the soc operon responsible for santhopine (fructosyl glutamine, fq) catabolism of agrobacterium tumefaciens. the soca gene was isolated and expressed in escherichia coli as a soluble 28.8kda periplasmic protein to investigate its properties as a potential bpbp for fructosyl ...	2005	16169524
transition to quorum sensing in an agrobacterium population: a stochastic model.	understanding of the intracellular molecular machinery that is responsible for the complex collective behavior of multicellular populations is an exigent problem of modern biology. quorum sensing, which allows bacteria to activate genetic programs cooperatively, provides an instructive and tractable example illuminating the causal relationships between the molecular organization of gene networks and the complex phenotypes they control. in this work we--to our knowledge for the first time--presen ...	2005	16170413
biogenesis, architecture, and function of bacterial type iv secretion systems.	type iv secretion (t4s) systems are ancestrally related to bacterial conjugation machines. these systems assemble as a translocation channel, and often also as a surface filament or protein adhesin, at the envelopes of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. these organelles mediate the transfer of dna and protein substrates to phylogenetically diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic target cells. many basic features of t4s are known, including structures of machine subunits, steps of machine assem ...	2005	16153176
major biocontrol of plant tumors targets trna synthetase.	crops can be devastated by pathogenic strains of agrobacterium tumefaciens that cause crown gall tumors. this devastation can be prevented by the nonpathogenic biocontrol agent a. radiobacter k84, which prevents disease by production of the "trojan horse" toxin agrocin 84, which is specifically imported into tumorgenic a. tumefaciens strains to cause cell death. we demonstrate that this biocontrol agent targets a. tumefaciens leucyl-trna synthetase (leurs), an essential enzyme for cell viability ...	2005	16141066
biochemical and structural studies of a-to-i editing by trna:a34 deaminases at the wobble position of transfer rna.	initial rna transcription produces several trnas (one in prokaryotes and plant chloroplasts and seven or eight in eukaryotes) that contain an adenosine (a) at the wobble position (position 34). however, in all cases, adenosine at position 34 is post-transcriptionally converted to inosine (i), producing mature trnas without adenosine at the wobble position. the enzymes responsible for this a-to-i conversion in trna are tada (acting as a homodimer) in prokaryotes and the heterodimeric adat2-adat3 ...	2005	16142903
chlorsulfuron resistant transgenic tobacco as a tool for broomrape control.	broomrape (orobanche ramosa l.) is the most important parasitic plant that infests tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.). chemical treatment of the soil is not effective and crop rotation is not acceptable to solve this problem because of the long viability period of orobanche seeds in the soil. application of systemic herbicides in the field with herbicide resistant tobacco could be a successful tool for broomrape control. several tobacco cultivars were transformed with a mutant ahas3r gene for resist ...	2005	16145835
[the study of transformation of tobacco with the stress responsible gene bors1 from brassica oleracea var. acephala].	transgenic tobacco plants expressing a stress responsive gene bors1, isolated from brassica oleracea var. acephala, under the control of the 35s promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus were produced. some plants were further used to test the effect of high level bors1 expression on drought stress resistance. the presence of transgene in putative transgenic plants was confirmed by pcr analysis. thirty-six among 130 transformants showed amplification of predicted fragment of bors1 while no amplif ...	2005	16108381
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is an acid-induced, chromosomally encoded virulence factor in agrobacterium tumefaciens.	the pcka gene, encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, catalyzes the reversible decarboxylation and phosphorylation of oxaloacetate to form phosphoenolpyruvate. located on the circular chromosome of agrobacterium, this locus is adjacent to the loci chvg and chvi, encoding a two-component regulatory system that has been shown to be important in virulence. using a reporter gene fusion, studies showed that the pcka gene is induced by acidic ph but not by acetosyringone. this acid induction is r ...	2005	16109945
evolution in action: following function in duplicated floral homeotic genes.	gene duplication plays a fundamental role in evolution by providing the genetic material from which novel functions can arise. newly duplicated genes can be maintained by subfunctionalization (the duplicated genes perform different aspects of the original gene's function) and/or neofunctionalization (one of the genes acquires a novel function). plena in antirrhinum and agamous in arabidopsis are the canonical c-function genes that are essential for the specification of reproductive organs. these ...	2005	16111944
effects of fly ash, pseudomonas striata and rhizobium on the reproduction of nematode meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and transpiration of pea.	glasshouse experiments were conducted twice to assess the ash amendments (0, 20, and 40% with soil), a phosphate solubilizing microorganism pseudomonas striata and a root-nodule bacterium rhizobium sp on the reproduction of root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and transpiration of pea. amendments of fly ash with soil had no effect on transpiration. however, m. incognita reduced the rate of transpiration from 1st week onward after inoculation while inoculation of rhizobium s ...	2005	16114471
organization and metabolism of plastids and mitochondria in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of medicago truncatula.	colonization of root cortical cells by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi leads to marked cytological changes of plastids and mitochondria. plastids in particular are forming tubular extensions partially connecting individual organelles in a network-like way. these cytological changes correspond to an increased need for plastid and mitochondrial products during establishment and functioning of the symbiosis. the analysis of metabolite and transcript levels in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots from ...	2005	16126866
[infrared spectra analysis of chromium cation biosorbed by biosorbent zl5-2].	biosorption of cr( vi) by the novel biosorbent zl5-2 produced by agrobacterium. sp was studied, and infrared spectra of native, absorbing and desorbing zl5-2 were compared. the initial ph was important for biosorption. the optimum effect on cr(vi) biosorption was acquired within initial ph 0.5-1.5, then with the ph increasing, the effect on cr6+ biosorption was reduced. the biosorption for cr(vi) was a quick process, only within 10 min 65.4% cr(vi) was biosorbed, and the biosorption was in equil ...	2005	16128069
multispecies and monoculture rhizoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) from the soil.	in this study, we investigated the potential of multispecies rhizoremediation and monoculture rhizoremediation in decontaminating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) contaminated soil plant-mediated pah dissipation was evaluated using monoplanted soil microcosms and soil microcosms vegetated with several different grass species (brachiaria serrata and eleusine corocana). the dissipation of naphthalene and fluorene was higher in the "multispecies" vegetated soil compared to the monoplanted and ...	2005	16128441
perchlorate and nitrate remediation efficiency and microbial diversity in a containerized wetland bioreactor.	we have developed a method to remove perchlorate (14-27 microg/l) and nitrate (48 mg/l) from contaminated groundwater using a wetland bioreactor. the bioreactor has operated continuously in a remote field location for more than 2 yr with a stable ecosystem of indigenous organisms. this study assesses the bioreactorfor long-term perchlorate and nitrate remediation by evaluating influent and effluent groundwater for oxidation-reduction conditions and nitrate and perchlorate concentrations. total c ...	2005	16128443
agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the ectomycorrhizal symbiont laccaria bicolor s238n.	the development of an efficient transformation system is required to alter the expression of symbiosis-regulated genes and to develop insertional mutagenesis in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete laccaria bicolor s238n. vegetative mycelium of this fungus was transformed by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. the selection marker was the hygromycin resistance gene of escherichia coli (hph) under the control of the gpd promoter from agaricus bisporus and the camv 35s terminator as par ...	2005	16133248
high efficiency inducible gene expression system based on activation of a chimeric transcription factor in transgenic pine.	inducible gene expression systems are needed in functional genomics of tree species. a glucocorticoid-inducible gene expression system was established in a gymnosperm species virginia pine (pinus virginiana mill.) through agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation. the results demonstrate that expression of the m-gfp5-er reporter gene was tightly controlled and 0.1 microm of the glucocorticoid hormone triamcinolone was able to induce m-gfp5-er expression in transgenic cells. diffe ...	2005	16133346
sinorhizobium fredii usda257 releases a 22-kda outer membrane protein (omp22) to the extracellular milieu when grown in calcium-limiting conditions.	calcium, which regulates a wide variety of cellular functions, plays an important role in rhizobium-legume interactions. we investigated the effect of calcium on surface appendages of sinorhizobium fredii usda257. cold-field emission scanning electron microscopy observation of usda257 grown in calcium-limiting conditions revealed cells with unusual shape and size. transmission electron microscopy observation revealed intact flagella were present only when usda257 cells were grown in calcium-suff ...	2005	16134893
unwounded plants elicit agrobacterium vir gene induction and t-dna transfer: transformed plant cells produce opines yet are tumour free.	agrobacterium tumefaciens is well known to cause crown gall tumours at plant wound sites and to benefit from this plant association by obtaining nutrients called opines that are produced by these tumours. tumourigenesis requires expression of the vir regulon in response to chemical signals that are thought to be released from wound sites. here, we examine chemical interactions between a. tumefaciens and unwounded plants. to determine whether unwounded plants can release significant amounts of vi ...	2005	16135221
the rhizobium etli biomny operon is involved in biotin transport.	because rhizobium etli ce3 is normally dependent on an external source of biotin and lacks orthodox biotin biosynthesis genes, we undertook an analysis of biotin uptake in this organism. by complementation of a sinorhizobium meliloti biom mutant we isolated an r. etli chromosomal region encoding homologs of the s. meliloti biomnb genes, whose products have been implicated in intracellular biotin retention in that organism. disruption of the r. etli biom resulted in a mutant which took up biotin ...	2005	16099603
nopp, a phosphorylated effector of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234, is a major determinant of nodulation of the tropical legumes flemingia congesta and tephrosia vogelii.	rhizobium sp. ngr234 nodulates many plants, some of which react to proteins secreted via a type three secretion system (t3ss) in a positive- (flemingia congesta, tephrosia vogelii) or negative- (crotalaria juncea, pachyrhizus tuberosus) manner. t3sss are devices that gram-negative bacteria use to inject effector proteins into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. the only two rhizobial t3ss effector proteins characterized to date are nopl and nopp of ngr234. nopl can be phosphorylated by plant kina ...	2005	16102002
novel gene functions required for melanization of the human pathogen cryptococcus neoformans.	the ability to produce melanin is a key virulence factor in many fungal pathogens including the human basidiomycete pathogen cryptococcus neoformans, a major cause of life-threatening infections among immunocompromised persons. despite the significance of melanin biosynthesis in virulence of c. neoformans, the cellular and molecular processes involved in this pathway have not yet been fully elucidated. here, we used agrobacterium to isolate insertional mutants and screened 12 000 mutants to unco ...	2005	16102007
[cultures of transgenic crown gall from panax quinquefolium and its total ginsenosides content].	it was clearly demonstrated that the t-dna of agrobacterium tumefaciens ti plastid was integrated into the crown gall of panax quinquefolium l. by the experiments of paper electrophoresis. the influences of cultural factors on the growth of the crown gall and the ginesnosides accumulation were reported. the results showed that ms medium was the best one for the growth of the crown gall. the growth and total ginsenoside content reached their maximum at 24th and 28th day, respectively.	2005	16107022
genetic diversity and phylogeny of rhizobia isolated from agroforestry legume species in southern ethiopia.	the genetic diversity within 195 rhizobial strains isolated from root nodules of 18 agroforestry species (15 woody and three herbaceous legumes) growing in diverse ecoclimatic zones in southern ethiopia was investigated by using pcr-rflp of the ribosomal operon [16s rrna gene, 23s rrna gene and the internal transcribed spacer (its) region between the 16s rrna and 23s rrna genes] and 16s rrna gene partial sequence (800 and 1350 bp) analyses. all of the isolates and the 28 reference strains could ...	2005	16014464
[production of transgenic sugarbeet plants (beta vulgaris l.) using agrobacterium rhizogenes].	normal phenotype sugarbeet plants transformed with agrobacterium rhizogenes were produced using direct regeneration from explants without hairy root phase. kanamycin resistant plants and ri-roots carrying the genes of neomycin phosphotransferase ii and b-glucuronidase have been obtained. integration of transgenes into sugarbeet genome was confirmed with gus-assay and pcr using primers for the introduced genes.	2005	16018172
[research on festuca arundinacea transformation mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens].	the embryo-derived calli from four types of tall fescues (festuca arundinacea schreb) were transformed with two agrobactrium tumefaciens strains agl1 and gv3101. agl1 harbors an intron-atnhx1 expression vector prok2u containing ubiqutin promoter and npt ii marker gene. gv3101 harbors an intron-atnhx1 expression vector prok2 containing 35s promoter and npt ii gene. after infection and co-culture with agl1 or gv3101, the embyogenic calli were selected with 50-150 mg/l paromomycine and 1126 resista ...	2005	16018184
[the analysis of rbcs gene function by post-transcription gene silencing in nicotiana benthamiana].	a system of virus-induced post-transcriptional gene silencing for studying rbcs gene function was established and optimized using tobacco rattle virus vector and nicotiana benthamiana as experimental materiaes. the following analyses were conducted: phenotypic characterization of rbcs gene silenced plants, transcription levels of rbcs gene by rt-pcr; protein levels of rbcs by the antibodies of rbcs and rbcl and photosynthetic pigments wntents in rbcs silenced plants by hplc method. the results s ...	2005	16018185
progress on molecular mechanism of t-dna transport and integration.	agrobacterium-mediated transformation is probably the most widely used method to introduce genes into plants. great progress has been made in recent years in studies on the mechanism of agrobacterium-mediated transformation. agrobacterium genetically transforms plants by transferring a portion of the resident ti-plasmid, the t-dna, to the plant. vird2 and vire2 accompany the t-dna into the plant cell. both proteins may aid in t-dna transfer, nuclear targeting and integration into the plant genom ...	2005	16018194