Publications

in vitro studies of haemolysis by leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and ballum.	washed and unwashed red blood cells (rbc) from young calves, adult cattle, hamsters and humans were incubated with leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and ballum. washed cells suspended in saline were always haemolysed while unwashed cells and those which were washed and resuspended in plasma were never haemolysed, despite the presence of large numbers of organisms within the culture supernatant. pomona produced greater haemolysis of cattle and human rbc than did ballum, but with hamster rbc ...	1986	3739212
isolation of leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava from sows in iowa.	leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava was recovered from 2 of 10 sows examined from an iowa slaughterhouse. isolations were made from the kidney and genital tract of each sow. serovar bratislava is not included in vaccines because it has not been previously isolated in the united states.	1986	3740615
problems associated with the serological diagnosis of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in bovine populations.	data combining sequential bacteriology and serology from a longitudinal study of a dairy herd were used to demonstrate the limitations of serology as a diagnostic method in cross-sectional sampling of bovine populations. whole-herd point serological prevalences showed considerable variation over a two-year sampling period (38.8 to 76.2 per cent), and this was mainly due to varying age-specific prevalence. owing to the rapid decline in titres and the varying persistence of infection, point serolo ...	1986	3750784
isolation of leptospires from the genital tracts of iowa cows.	leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was recovered from 5 of 11 nonpregnant cows chosen at random from an iowa slaughterhouse. isolations were made from the kidney in each instance, the genital tract of 3 cows: uterus from 1 cow, oviduct of another, and oviduct and uterus of a 3rd cow.	1986	3752677
gellan gum as a substitute for agar in leptospiral media.	an albumin polysorbate semisolid medium (ellinghausen mccullough johnson harris medium) gelled with gellan gum (gelrite; kelco div., merck & co., inc.) compared favorably with conventional agar media for the cultivation of both pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires. the gellan gum medium supported the growth of all 18 leptospiral strains studied which included an array of serovars with various fastidious growth characteristics. gellan gum medium was also used advantageously as a long-term maint ...	1986	3754265
morphological changes in red blood cells of calves caused by leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.	haemoglobinaemia is seen in certain hosts infected by certain serovars of leptospira interrogans, but is absent from other serovar-host associations. comparisons were made between calves infected with serovar pomona and those receiving a crude "toxin" prepared from the same organism. red blood cells from "toxin"-injected calves showed discocyte-echinocyte transformation and contained portions of cytoplasm segregated within vacuoles. these animals showed increased sequestration of rbcs within the ...	1986	3760264
pathogenesis and red blood cell destruction in haemoglobinaemic leptospirosis.	sequential morphological changes were seen in rbcs, spleen and liver from hamsters during the development of haemoglobinaemia following infection with leptospira interrogans serovar ballum. spleens from pre-haemoglobinaemic hamsters showed sequestration of rbcs and erythrophagocytosis but to a lesser degree than was seen in the haemoglobinaemic hamsters. erythrophagocytosis and rbc sequestration were also seen in the liver, particularly in the haemoglobinaemic animals. none of these changes was ...	1986	3760265
heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharide banding patterns in leptospira spp.	strains of leptospira interrogans and leptospira biflexa, examined by electrophoresis after whole cell lysis and protein digestion, revealed the presence of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and an heterogeneous lipopolysaccharide electrophoretic banding pattern, which was characteristic of the species.	1986	3760822
the susceptibility of a strain of leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae to amoxycillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline.	the failure of prophylactic penicillin to prevent a laboratory acquired case of icterohaemorrhagiae leptospirosis prompted determination of the mic and mbc of amoxycillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline for the infecting strain. amoxycillin followed by erythromycin were the most effective, with mbcs of 0.5 mg/l after 7 days exposure and 0.1 mg/l after 21 days exposure respectively. leptospires grew in the presence of high concentrations of tetracycline hy ...	1986	3765950
the first isolation of leptospira interrogans serogroup ballum serovar castellonis in chile.		1986	3776382
development of an improved selective medium for isolation of leptospires from clinical material.	standard albumin-tween 80 medium (emjh) for growth of leptospires was modified by the addition of six antibiotics to produce a superior, selective medium for primary isolation of leptospires of serovars hardjo and pomona of leptospira interrogans from clinical material.	1986	3788051
what is the correct specific epithet for pathogenic leptospirae?	the underlying documentation of the first descriptions of members of the genus leptospira is carefully revised. stimson's publication of? spirochaeta interrogans (1907) is to be inadequate and not suitable to be recognized as the first valid description of a new genus being only a description of a spirochete-like microorganism without any documentation. the naming of the species of pathogenic leptospira interrogans is therefore not in confirmity with the requirements of the international code of ...	1986	3788349
storage of pathogenic leptospires in liquid nitrogen.	the virulence and viability of various serovars of leptospira interrogans were successfully preserved by storage in liquid nitrogen. dimethyl sulphoxide at a final concentration of 2.5% (v/v) was added as cryoprotectant to a culture of leptospires grown in ellinghausen-mccullough-johnson-harris medium. ampoules were cooled at a controlled rate of 1 degree-3 degrees c/min to -70 degrees c, then transferred to the liquid phase of a liquid nitrogen storage unit. glycerol was discounted as a cryopro ...	1986	3804861
[weil's syndrome caused by leptospira interrogans serogroup australis serotype bratislava].		1986	3809808
penicillins, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines in treatment of hamsters with fatal leptospirosis.	a predictable 6- to 7-day course of a fatal leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae infection in experimentally infected mature 110- to 150-g hamsters was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of conventionally used and newer antibiotics. active drugs were ampicillin, bacampicillin, cyclacillin, piperacillin, mezlocillin, doxycycline, chlortetracycline, cefotaxime, and moxalactam. cephalexin, cefadroxil, cefamandole, and cefoperazone showed little or no activity in preliminary studies. in de ...	1986	3813511
experimental leptospirosis (l. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) of the guinea pig: leptospiral antigen, gamma globulin and complement c3 detection in the kidney.	morphofunctional and immunofluorescent studies were done in guinea pigs experimentally infected with leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae to determine the role of leptospiral antigen, gamma-globulin, and complement c3 deposits in the pathogenesis of the renal lesions. a sharp increase in leptospiral antigen deposits was observed in the late phase of the experimental infection. immunoglobulin and complement c3 were small compared with the heavy leptospiral antigen deposits. moreover ...	1986	2422052
a monoclonal antibody reacting with a determinant on leptospiral lipopolysaccharide protects guinea pigs against leptospirosis.	an iga monoclonal antibody (mum/f1-1/copenhageni) was produced from a mouse immunised with leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. the antibody showed partial serogroup specificity by agglutination and by reaction in enzyme immunoassay, and opsonised homologous leptospires for phagocytosis by cultured mouse macrophages. immunodiffusion and western-blotting experiments indicated that mum/f1-1/copenhageni reacted with a carbohydrate determinant in the leptospiral lipopolysaccharide. daily admi ...	1986	2430103
antibodies to bovine bacterial and viral pathogens in pronghorns in alberta, 1983.	sera from 210 pronghorns (antilocapra americana) ranging in southeastern alberta were tested for antibodies to disease agents present in indigenous cattle. no antibodies to brucella abortus, leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, hardjo, or grippotyphosa, or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were found. antibodies at prevalences of 43.8% and 49.2% were detected to bovine virus diarrhea (bvd) and parainfluenza type 3 (pi-3) viruses, respectively. the much higher prevalence of bvd virus ant ...	1986	2845155
[incidence of leptospiroses caused by leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in east germany].		1986	3492825
leptospirosis in red foxes in ontario.	the role of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in the epizootiology of leptospirosis in southwestern ontario was investigated in 1973-1974. leptospira interrogans serovar pomona (kennewicki by dna analysis) was isolated from the kidneys of three of eight foxes tested. severe hemorrhagic nephritis and interstitial nephritis were common to these foxes and to five others out of nine foxes examined. autumnalis antibodies were detected at titers 10(-2) to 10(-5) in 12 of 100 fox sera. pomona antibodies occu ...	1986	3503132
prevalence of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in the genital and urinary tracts of non-pregnant cattle.	in a bacteriological investigation of 60 cows and heifers from an abattoir leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was isolated from 39 (65 per cent) animals. the genital tract (57 per cent) appeared to be as important a site of hardjo localisation as the urinary tract (62 per cent). this is believed to be the first report of genital hardjo infection in naturally infected cattle.	1986	3511601
use of enzyme immunoassay in a serological survey of leptospirosis in sheep.	a total of 731 serums, all from merino rams from 20 farms, were tested for antibodies against leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo, pomona and tarassovi using the microscopic agglutination test (mat). the enzyme immunoassay (eia) technique was used to test all serums for igm and igg antibodies to serovar hardjo. in the mat, reactions to serovar hardjo were most common with 236 rams (32.3%) reacting at 1/100 or greater. only 1.9% of serums reacted against serovar tarassovi and 1.1% against sero ...	1986	3516131
biological activities of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide.	lipopolysaccharide extracted with phenol-water from leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni strain shibaura (l-lps) showed various biological activities. in lethality for mice, l-lps was active (ld 50, 3.4 mg/mouse) but about 12 times less potent than escherichia coli lps (e-lps) per weight basis. l-lps had pyrogenicity for rabbits, and the fever curves showed no evidence of the classical biphasic fever produced by e-lps. in the bone marrow of mice, l-lps caused hemorrhages and necrosis but l ...	1986	3518294
in vitro evaluation of combined usage of fosfomycin and 5-fluorouracil for selective isolation of leptospira species.	the combined usage of fosfomycin (fom) and 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) as selective agents for the isolation of leptospires from contaminated materials was investigated. additive or synergistic antibacterial activity was apparent with the combination compared with each agent used separately. of 54 bacterial strains tested, 52 were inhibited, while all 5 leptospira strains tested were unaffected by the combined addition of fom (400 micrograms/ml) and 5-fu (100 micrograms/ml) to korthof medium. furtherm ...	1986	3519669
bovine leptospirosis: experimental serovar hardjo infection.	almost the full range of clinical signs observed in pregnant cattle naturally infected with leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was observed in this experimental study in which 22 heifers were infected by intraplacentome inoculation with serovar hardjo strains. these features included abortion, mummification, stillbirth, premature and term birth of weak calves and full-term birth of live apparently healthy calves. leptospires were demonstrated in all but three calves by culture and or immunofl ...	1986	3526704
pathology of acute leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae infection in the syrian hamster.	the pathology of acute leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae infection in the syrian hamster was investigated up to 7 days after infection using histology, electron microscopy and an indirect fluorescence test for leptospires. the disease was characterized by the presence of many leptospires in the tissues, jaundice, leukocytosis, haemorrhages, endothelial alteration and thrombotic glomerulopathy. the leptospires were present intravascularly, in the interstitium penetrating between ...	1986	3538643
the enumeration of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona by a bioluminescence atp assay.	a rapid method for enumerating viable leptospira interrogans serovar pomona cells was investigated using a bacterial adenosine triphosphate (atp) assay. the atp was assayed by the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence reaction. samples of serovar pomona grown in liquid polysorbate 80-bovine albumin (p80-ba) medium for 1-3 days were analysed for atp content, culture density (nephelometry), direct cell count and most probable number of viable cells (mpnvc) as determined by the dilution tube techniq ...	1986	3957938
dna homology studies of leptospires of serogroups sejroe and pomona from cattle and swine.	hybridization studies of chromosomal dna from leptospiral strains representing leptospira interrogans, serogroups sejroe and pomona from cattle and swine were performed to determine the degree of homology among their dna sequences. chromosomal dna isolated from leptospires of the sejroe and pomona serogroups was radiolabeled and used to probe dna isolated from other strains in these serogroups. serovars hardjo (hardjoprajitno), hardjo (hardjo-bovis), balcanica (1627 burgas), pomona (pomona), and ...	1986	3963602
[relation between the incidence of antibodies against leptospira interrogans in working dogs and in free-living small mammals].	three localities were chosen in the borderland of the south bohemian region to investigate the problems and relations (if there are any) between the incidence of antibodies to leptospira interrogans (l. i.) in wild ground small mammals and dogs moving in the same environment. in these regions, service dogs work as border guards every day. blood samples of dogs at these localities were taken at about three-month intervals (from the june 1982 to the october 1984) to investigate the antibodies to l ...	1986	3088801
copurification of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona hemolysin and sphingomyelinase c.	the hemolytic and sphingomyelinase c activities of supernatants of cultures of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona tended to copurify when isoelectric fractionation was carried out. both activities focused primarily at ph 8.1. considered in conjunction with other circumstantial evidence, the results led to the conclusion that sphingomyelinase c is responsible for hemolysis.	1986	3019890
leptospirosis: an occupational hazard to veterinarians.	leptospirosis occurred in two veterinarians in alberta, following their exposure to leptospires of domestic animal origin. the disease at onset resembled "flu" with fever, muscle and joint pain, and lassitude. it progressed through an extremely debilitating period with mild to severe hepatic and renal dysfunction, icterus and hemorrhage in one case, and cerebral meningitis in the other. both patients were hospitalized for 11 to 14 days, where they responded to supportive and specific antibiotic ...	1986	17422627
leptospirosis outbreak in a piggery in southern alberta.	fourteen abortions, stillbirths and neonatal deaths occurred over an interval of one month in crated sows in a farrow-to-finish swine operation. leptospira interrogans serovar pomona (kennewicki by dna analysis) was demonstrated by culture and fluorescent antibody test to be present in sows, piglets, boars, feeders, drinking water and skunks on the premises.antibody was found in all clinically affected sows, at serum dilutions ranging from 1/800 to 1/25,600, and in all breeding boars at titers f ...	1986	17422651
the successful management of leptospirosa hardjo infection in a beef herd in northern ontario.	abortion, premature calving, hemolytic anemia and fatal hematuria were associated with high levels (titer > 10(-4)) of antibody to leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo and with isolation of hardjo in a herd of 265 beef cattle in the great clay belt of northern ontario. this herd was bred by artificial insemination, after heat detection by vasectomized bulls. the antibody prevalence rate in the herd was 54 to 60% over a five year period. the rate tended to reach 100% by age three years and to be ...	1986	17422716
leptospirosa pomona abortion storm in a cattle herd in saskatchewan.	abortions occurred in 18% of 131 beef cows and heifers during two months, on a farm in southern saskatchewan. the losses began two weeks after acute febrile illness and agalactia in a dairy cow to which the beef herd had been exposed. a diagnosis of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona infection was made on the basis of serology in cows and the finding of leptospires in fetal tissues by fluorescent antibody test. tentative diagnosis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis delayed treatment and pro ...	1986	17422717
dual infections of red deer (cervus elaphus) by leptospira interrogans serovars copenhageni and hardjo.	on a property in the nelson district, blood and urine samples were taken from red deer (cervus elaphus) from which low (<1:100) antibody titres to serovar copenhageni and suspected leptospiral abortions had previously been reported. a total of 27 hinds were sampled. microscopic agglutination test (mat) titres in sera ranging from 1:32 to 1:128 were found in six animals. thirteen leptospiral isolations were made from nine of the 27 urine samples. four of these were typed as copenhageni and nine a ...	1986	16031274
haemolytic disease associated with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in red deer calves (cervus elaphus).	three red deer calves (cervus elaphus) died with a haemolytic disease associated with infection by leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. infection within the herd was more prevalent than disease. sera from 16 herd mates were tested by the microscopic agglutination test (mat) and 12 had leptospiral titres, the majority to serovar pomona. a few calves had titres to balcunica and hardjo. urine was obtained for culture from six of these calves and serovar pomona was isolated from five with titres t ...	1986	16031298
leptospirosis in sheep in western canada.	a survey of 930 ovine sera and kidneys from 33 sheep was conducted to assess the rate of leptospiral infection in sheep slaughtered in alberta. sera were tested for the presence of agglutinins to indigenous serovars of leptospira interrogans. kidneys with gross lesions were examined for the presence of leptospires by means of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (fat) and by culture. antibodies to serovars pomona and hardjo were present at rates of 1.0% and 0.4%, respectively, in sheep from sas ...	1985	17422531
diagnosis of leptospira serovar hardjo infection in cattle in canada.	the investigations described were designed to identify the cause of serological reactions to leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and sejroe in canadian cattle, and to confirm by culture a diagnosis of leptospirosis in cases of reproductive failure and atypical mastitis.leptospires were detected in ten of 64 urine cultures, nine of 18 kidney cultures, and one of nine cerebrospinal fluid cultures. twelve strains were purified. all were placed in the serogroup which contains serovars hardjo and ...	1985	17422570
leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in cattle in the south okanagan district of british columbia.	an outbreak of leptospirosis due to leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in the south okanagan district of british columbia was investigated. the infection was associated primarily with bulls, but serovar hardjo was isolated from both bulls and cows at slaughter. kidney and cerebrospinal fluid were found to contain leptospires, independently of the presence and level of serum agglutinins. treatment of a bull twice in six months with dihydrostreptomycin failed to diminish an agglutinin titer (1/ ...	1985	17422584
the risk of leptospirosis in united kingdom fish farm workers. results from a 1981 serological survey.	less than one per cent of serum samples taken from 257 fish farmers in 1981 had agglutinating antibodies to strains of leptospira interrogans of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae at a titre of 30 or greater. compared with the results from other serological surveys, this agglutinating antibody prevalence suggests that fish farming does not have a high occupational risk for leptospirosis. between 1961 and 1981 the incidence in fish farmers was about 33 per 100000 person years at risk. during the same ...	1985	3973382
identification and characterization of the protein antigens of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.	we radiolabeled leptospira proteins with [35s]methionine. solubilized extracts of radiolabeled l. interrogans serovar hardjo strain hardjoprajitno were analyzed by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. we compared the protein profile obtained in this manner to the protein profiles of various [35s]methionine-labeled leptospira spp. the profiles of the pathogenic l. interrogans strains were very similar but not identical and exhibited no obviou ...	1985	3988343
experimental infection of calves with leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo: conjunctival versus intravenous route of exposure.	eight-month-old calves, housed under maximum isolation, were exposed to pathogenic leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo by the conjunctival route or iv. one calf served as an unexposed control. infection was monitored serologically (microscopic agglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; elisa) and by leptospiral culture isolation from periodic urine samples and from the kidneys, epididymides, and aqueous humor collected at slaughter. microscopic agglutination test titers of great ...	1985	3994099
borreliosis in dogs from southern connecticut.	blood samples were obtained from dogs in tick-infested regions of southern connecticut to assess canine exposure to borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease in human beings. an indirect fluorescent antibody test detected immunoglobulin (ig)m antibodies at titers of 1:64 to 1:512 in 22 of 84 serum samples previously shown to be positive with a polyvalent rabbit anti-dog total ig conjugate. analyses of paired serum samples from 20 seropositive dogs revealed temporal differences in ...	1985	3997647
leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo associated with bovine abortion in south africa.	leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was isolated from urine from dairy cattle in the onderstepoort area. this was the first successful isolation of this serovar as sole agent causing an abortion storm in the republic of south africa. abortions occurred as early as at 4 months' gestation.	1985	4011157
addition of rabbit serum to emjh medium improves isolation of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.	the addition of 2% pooled rabbit serum to semi-solid commercial emjh medium with emjh enrichment and 0,5 mg of 5-fluorouracil per ml was found to enhance the growth rate and success of isolation of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo from bovine urine. cultures made on media without serum had to be kept for more than 130 days before being discarded as negative.	1985	4011158
bovine leptospirosis: some clinical features of serovar hardjo infection.	during an investigation of natural in utero infection of cattle by leptospira interrogans strains, infection (almost entirely caused by serovar hardjo) was diagnosed in 57 per cent of 505 calves (472 aborted fetuses, 20 stillborn calves and 13 perinatal deaths) examined over a six-year period. the prevalence of leptospire-infected fetuses showed a seasonal increase in september, october and december and was significantly higher in fetuses aborted by dairy cows than in fetuses aborted by beef cow ...	1985	4049693
the use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect the igm and igg antibody response to leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo, pomona and tarassovi in cattle.	leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, hardjo and tarassovi were each used to inoculate 6 cattle. three-hundred and ninety-nine sera collected from the inoculated animals and from a control group over a 3-month period were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (mat) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). leptospiruria was monitored by microscopic examination and culture. the elisa detected specific igm antibody against the serovars in all infected cattle 1 week after inocu ...	1985	4049731
prevention of renal carriage of leptospirosis in dogs by vaccination.	dogs vaccinated with a leptospira interrogans vaccine containing serogroups canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae and prepared from cultures grown in a protein-free medium resisted challenge with heterologous representatives of these serogroups. in contrast, control dogs were pyrexic and leptospires were isolated from the blood for nine days following canicola challenge and six days after icterohaemorrhagiae challenge. leptospires were isolated from the urine of controls throughout the post challenge ...	1985	4060538
the significance of leptospiral titres associated with bovine abortion.	to investigate relationships between serological titres to 2 serovars, pomona (l. pomona) and hardjo (l. hardjo), of leptospira interrogans and abortions, log linear and logit models were fitted to herd and individual cow data from cattle serologically negative for brucellosis. serological titres to both serovars were significantly related to abortions in individual cows, with l. pomona having a stronger relationship than l. hardjo. l. hardjo was not significant when herd data were analysed. dif ...	1985	4062737
the coypu as a rodent reservoir of leptospira infection in great britain.	the coypu (myocastor coypus molina) is an aquatic rodent that has become a widespread pest in the south-east of england. since the natural habitat of this animal is aquatic, the possibility of infection with leptospires was investigated. twenty-nine coypu were trapped and examined by serological, histological and cultural methods. of these, there was serological evidence of infection in seven coypus and leptospira interrogans var. wolffii was isolated from a further animal. this appears to be th ...	1985	4067296
laboratory and clinical features of experimental feline leptospirosis.	in order to assess the clinical, laboratorial and epidemiological aspects of feline leptospirosis, ten female and male adult cats were experimentally inoculated with pathogenic and autochthonous field isolate of leptospira interrogans. five of them were inoculated subcutaneously with serovar icterohaemorrhagiae (r-192) and the others five with serovar canicola. no clinical and laboratorial alterations were found in these animals. antileptospiral agglutinins were detected in 90% of the infected c ...	1985	4077410
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining specific immunoglobulin m in infections caused by leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.	an automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detecting specific immunoglobulin m in infections with leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was evaluated on 69 patients. the test was sensitive and simple to perform, requiring a single dilution of test serum, with data expressed as units of antibody activity interpolated from a reference serum pool.	1985	4077964
excretion of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo following calving or abortion.	leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was demonstrated in the vaginal discharges of 12 experimentally infected heifers for up to eight days after abortion or calving. organisms were recovered from the oviducts of heifers examined at slaughter eight to 22 days after calving or 32 to 91 days after infection. they were also recovered from the uteri of four heifers eight to 22 days after calving.	1985	4081333
experimental demonstration of an antigenic relationship between leptospira and equine cornea.	horses inoculated with either equine cornea or killed leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, tarassovi, icterohaemorrhagiae, wolffi and hardjo, developed corneal opacity and produced antibodies which made it possible to demonstrate partial antigenic identity between equine cornea and four of those serovars employed. these antibodies were isolated by means of immunoadsorptions, purified by ion-exchange chromatography (deae-sephadex a-50) and run by immuno-electrophoresis in agar gel. both antibo ...	1985	4082476
experimental infection of lactating goats with leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and hardjo.	pathogenesis of leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and hardjo was evaluated in 14 lactating goats. although mild clinical signs of leptospiral infection characterized by pyrexia and reduction in milk yield appeared in some animals, a consistent clinical pattern was not observed in the inoculated animals. the pomona serovar was isolated from the kidney of 1 of the 4 goats inoculated with serovar pomona. the hardjo serovar (strain ui 750) was isolated in the rabbit serum-supplemented bovine al ...	1985	4083585
experimental infection of pregnant and lactating goats with leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and szwajizak.	pathogenesis of 2 leptospira serovars, hardjo and szwajizak, was studied in pregnant and lactating goats. although clinical signs of leptospiral infection were minimal, cultural isolations were made from the mammary gland of 2 goats and the kidney of 1 goat inoculated with serovar hardjo (c846). the isolations were made only on solid bovine albumin polysorbate-80 medium supplemented either with rabbit serum or sodium pyruvate. cultural isolations of serovar szwajizak were made from kidney, liver ...	1985	4083586
leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in a sheep.		1985	4084152
genotypes of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in cattle in the uk.		1985	4095887
[three new serovars in leptospira interrogans].		1985	3837543
studies on equine recurrent uveitis. ii: the role of infection with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.	an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin class specific antibodies to leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in the serum and aqueous humor of horses. serum antibody was also assayed by microscopic agglutination tests. although higher levels of antibody were found in sera from horses with signs of uveitis, the association was not statistically significant. antibodies to pomona were detected in the aqueous of 12 eyes from the 101 horses sampled at a sl ...	1985	3877614
characterization of monoclonal antibodies to treponema pallidum.	thirteen hybrid cell lines which produce mouse monoclonal antibodies to treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, have been established. all of the monoclonal antibodies react with t. pallidum, nichols strain, in elisa and in immunofluorescence assays, but do not react with normal rabbit testicular tissue in the elisa. two of these antibodies were demonstrated to react with the nonpathogenic treponemes t. phagedenis, biotype reiter, t. refringens (noguchi strain), t. vincentii, and t. ...	1985	3880576
effects of products of autolysis of tissue and urine on the viability, morphology, and antigenicity of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.	the effect of the products of autolysis on leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was investigated in bovine kidney tissues and urine inoculated with this organism. no viable leptospires were found at 24 h or subsequently after inoculation of kidney tissues or urine. leptospires and their soluble antigens were rapidly destroyed in tissues stored at 20 degrees c and could not be detected by the fluorescent-antibody test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. on the other hand, leptospires were ...	1985	3882747
rapid serodiagnosis of leptospirosis using the igm-specific dot-elisa: comparison with the microscopic agglutination test.	the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) was compared to the microscopic agglutination test (ma test) for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis. of 177 sera from 68 soldiers who trained in the republic of panama, 102 sera were positive in the ma test and 93 of these sera were positive in the igm-specific dot-elisa. incidence of infection was 50 of 68 patients with the ma test and 48 of 68 in the igm dot-elisa. five ma test-positive sera were reactive only in the igg-specific dot-elis ...	1985	3885773
enzymatic radioimmunoassay for detecting leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in the urine of experimentally-infected pigs.	an enzymatic radioimmunoassay (eria) has been developed for detecting leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in porcine urine. four grower pigs were experimentally infected with serovar pomona. a total of 39 urine samples was collected, and eria was compared with dark ground microscopy (dgm) and culture for demonstrating leptospiruria. of 20 samples positive by at least one technique, leptospires were detected by eria in 14, by culture in 16 and by dgm in 13. eria, unlike the other 2 methods, was ...	1985	3890354
monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis of infection with leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo by immunofluorescence.		1985	3892877
monoclonal antibodies to leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.	three monoclonal antibodies produced against leptospira interrogans serovar pomona have been studied for their diagnostic usefulness. all three monoclonals reacted strongly in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test with serovar pomona and did not react with serovars grippotyphosa, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and hardjo.	1985	3893661
isolation of a spirochete from the soft tick, ornithodoros coriaceus: a possible agent of epizootic bovine abortion.	a borrelia-like spirochete was detected in all three parasitic stages of ornithodoros coriaceus, the soft tick implicated in the epizoology of epizootic bovine abortion. after the spirochete had been isolated, its distinctness from other north american tick-borne borreliae as well as from spirochaeta aurantia, treponema pallidum, and leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was established on the basis of its morphology, protein components, and inability to infect mice. the spirochete is passed tra ...	1985	3898367
the classification of sejroe group serovars of leptospira interrogans with monoclonal antibodies.	using the hybridoma technique we produced monoclonal antibodies to serovars of leptospira interrogans. we focussed on serovar hardjo which is an important pathogen for humans and animals, and on other serovars of the sejroe group. with combinations of monoclonals, characteristic patterns of agglutination were observed according to the specific pattern of antigenic determinants of that serovar. a set of 13 monoclonal antibodies was composed which allowed the classification of almost all serovars ...	1985	3901617
differentiation of reference strains of leptospires of the pomona serogroup by cross-agglutination absorption and restriction endonuclease analysis.	the serological classification of all reference strains that have been described as representing separate serovars of leptospira interrogans within the pomona serogroup was investigated using cross-agglutination absorption and bacterial restriction endonuclease analysis (brenda). comparative cross-agglutination absorption studies indicated that cornelli cb, monjakov monjakov and kennewicki lt1026 were homologous with pomona pomona, and dania k1 and tsaratsova b81/7 were homologous with mozdok 56 ...	1985	2999927
identification by cross-agglutination absorption and restriction endonuclease analysis of leptospires of the pomona serogroup isolated in the united kingdom.	five strains of leptospira interrogans isolated in the united kingdom and belonging to the pomona serogroup were subjected to cross-agglutination absorption and bacterial restriction endonuclease dna analysis (brenda) for their identification. british isolates were compared with reference strains representing the known serovars in the pomona serogroup and also with isolates of the pomona serogroup obtained from other countries. three strains isolated from wildlife in england produced equivocal r ...	1985	2999928
antibody response to genus- and serovar-specific leptospiral antigens in leptospira-infected cows.	in cows inoculated with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona or hardjo, the 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive microscopic agglutination test (mat) antibody to the serovar appeared 3 to 8 days after inoculation and peaked at 10 to 20 days, whereas the 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant mat antibody was predominant at 35 to 80 days. a persistent antibody response, probably associated with serovar-specific leptospiral antigens, was detected in the cows inoculated with serovar pomona, using a sonicated or an al ...	1985	2411175
characterization of a partially purified leptospiral genus-specific protein antigen.	a leptospiral genus-specific protein antigen (gp-ag) was partially purified from leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos strain kyoto and canicola strain hond utrecht iv, by treating the organisms with triton x-100 followed by a purification procedure including fractionation with deae-cellulose column chromatography and ethanol precipitation. genus-specificity of the antigens from kremastos kyoto and canicola was shown by the immunodiffusion (id) test. complement fixation (cf) test and enzyme-l ...	1985	2413655
production of monoclonal antibodies against leptospiral genus-specific protein antigen and localization of the antigen by immunoelectron microscopy.	monoclonal antibodies were first produced against a leptospiral genus-specific protein antigen (gp-ag) isolated from leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos strain kyoto. the representative monoclonal antibody (gp-7) did not agglutinate kremastos kyoto but reacted with triton x-100 treated kreamastos kyoto, andamana, patoc and urawa in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), indicating that the monoclonal antibody recognized the genus-specific determinant of gp-ag. the localization of gp-ag ...	1985	2413657
dihydrostreptomycin treatment of bovine carriers of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.	ten non-pregnant heifers, experimentally infected with leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, were each given an intramuscular injection of dihydrostreptomycin at a dose rate of 25 mg kg-1. in five of these animals this treatment was repeated after 14 days. treatment failed to remove established genital or renal infection in seven of the 10 heifers, although the number of organisms persisting was apparently reduced in these animals. serovar hardjo infection persisted for at least 83 days in the ...	1985	2417297
serological interrelationship of leptospira serovar and genus-specific antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the serological interrelationship of a sonicated antigen (pom-s) and an alkali-extracted "fraction 4" antigen (pom-f4) from leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, and an ethanol-precipitated (pat-e) and a formolized, sonicated antigen (pat-f) from leptospira biflexa serovar patoc were investigated. the serological responses of rabbits immunized with these antigens were examined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), the microscopic agglutination test, and the 2-mercaptoethanol microsc ...	1984	6084016
restriction endonuclease dna analysis of leptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and hebdomadis.	antigenic variants of leptospira interrogans serovars copenhageni and hebdomadis were examined by bacterial restriction endonuclease dna analysis with ecori, xhoi, sali, bsteii, and hindiii as the digesting enzymes. the antigenic variants were stable cloned strains which had been cultivated in media containing homologous immune serum. one of the strains examined has been reported elsewhere (r. yanagawa and j. takashima, infect. immun. 10:1439-1442) as having an antigenic makeup which more closel ...	1984	6092434
serologic studies on brucellosis, leptospirosis and tularemia in moose (alces alces) in quebec.	blood samples were obtained from 208 moose in la vérendrye and matane reserves and in laurentides park, quebec, canada. sera were tested for antibodies to brucella abortus, leptospira interrogans serovar ballum, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona, and francisella tularensis. fifteen sera contained evidence of prior exposure to f. tularensis. only one animal was a seroreactor to l. interrogans serovar grippotyphosa and none of them had antibodies to b. abortus.	1984	6429355
six new leptospiral serovars isolated from wild animals in peru.	six new serovars of leptospira interrogans were isolated from opossums (didelphis marsupialis and philander opossum) trapped in the peruvian jungle. the proposed names, type strain designation, and serogroup of the serovars, respectively, were: huallaga, strain m-7, djasiman serogroup; luis, strain m-6, tarassovi serogroup; machiguenga, strain mmd-3, icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup; rioja, strain mr-12, bataviae serogroup; rupa rupa, strain m-3, sejroe serogroup; and tingomaria, strain m-13, cynop ...	1984	6470106
bim, a new serovar of leptospira interrogans isolated from a dog in barbados.	a new serovar of leptospira interrogans was isolated from a dog in barbados. the proposed name of the new serovar is bim, and the designated type strain is 1051. the serogroup of the new serovar is the autumnalis serogroup. the new serovar was subsequently isolated from six patients with leptospirosis in barbados.	1984	6470107
isolation of an antigenic oligosaccharide fraction from leptospira interrogans serovar canicola with a monoclonal antibody.	an oligosaccharide fraction containing the antigenic determinant of lipopolysaccharide antigen (tm antigen) from leptospira interrogans serovar canicola, recognized by a monoclonal antibody (ct3) which agglutinates serovars canicola and broomi, was isolated by formic acid and successive sulphuric acid hydrolyses. separation of the antigenic compounds was done by bio-gel p-2 and sephadex g-25 gel filtration, and high-performance liquid chromatography with two different columns. the fraction final ...	1984	6481337
serodiagnosis of canine leptospirosis by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibodies to leptospira interrogans serotype canicola in dogs was developed and evaluated. comparison of the elisa with the microscopic agglutination test (mat) showed that, during the first two weeks after an experimental infection with serotype canicola, the elisa detected antibody at higher dilutions than the mat. after the second week post-infection both tests detected antibody at almost equal titres (r = 0.89). the outer envelope (oe) ...	1984	6485246
determination of specific anti-leptospiral immunoglobulins m and g in sera of experimentally infected dogs by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect specific anti-leptospiral igm and igg in sera of dogs experimentally infected with leptospira interrogans serotype canicola are reported. in all dogs specific anti-leptospiral igm was detected from the second half of the first week after infection, the maximum being attained during the second week. subsequently the igm titre gradually decreased. specific anti-leptospiral igg was detected later and increased ...	1984	6485247
role of specific antibody in interaction of leptospires with human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages.	it has previously been shown that human neutrophils ingest and kill nonpathogenic leptospira biflexa in the absence of serum but that pathogenic leptospira interrogans is not ingested by neutrophils even in the presence of normal serum. we extended this study by examining the interactions of human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages with pathogenic l. interrogans (serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) and evaluating the opsonizing effect of serotype-specific immune serum on the phagocytosis of pat ...	1984	6500713
humoral immune response of dogs after vaccination against leptospirosis measured by an igm- and igg-specific elisa.	an igm- and igg-specific elisa was used to measure the antibody response stimulated in dogs by vaccination with a leptospiral bacterin containing chemically inactivated leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae and serotype canicola leptospires. all dogs produced anti-leptospiral igm and igg. the igm production was of the primary response type after each vaccination (primary vaccination, booster vaccination and annual revaccination). a substantial anti-leptospiral igg response could be ...	1984	6506449
leptospiral abortions of sows: new data.	in an immunization experiment, 460 sows at 7-60 days of gestation were inoculated with a rodent-adapted live strain of leptospira interrogans serovar tarassovi at a large swine farm previously affected by this serovar. the inoculum consisted of a haemoculture prepared from the 52nd guinea-pig passage and the dose was 2 x 10(7) leptospires per sow. over the period from the 48th to the 73rd day after inoculation 54 out of 283 sows having been inoculated at 32-60 days of gestation, aborted or deliv ...	1984	6506928
phagocytosis of virulent and avirulent leptospires by guinea-pig and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro.	chemiluminescence (cl) and electron microscopy were used to study the phagocytosis of both virulent and avirulent strains of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni by guinea-pig and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn). a significant cl response was observed when guinea-pig pmn were incubated with virulent leptospires in the presence but not in the absence of specific immune serum. this response was markedly enhanced by the addition of guinea-pig complement. phagocytosis was confirmed by ...	1984	6514391
leptospiral attachment to cultured cells.	each virulent strain of copenhageni, canicola and pomona of leptospira interrogans attached effectively to mdck cells and primary dog kidney cells, while the avirulent or less virulent line of the same strain and avirulent strains belonging to the same serovars and the avirulent reference strains of other serovars did not. inhibition of the attachment of the virulent copenhageni to mdck cells was found in the presence of the homologous immunoglobulin g fab fragment. strains of l. biflexa attache ...	1984	6532022
epidemiological aspects of canine leptospirosis in the netherlands.	the epidemiology of canine leptospirosis has been examined in a limited study in the netherlands from 1969 through 1982. leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola were found to be the only serotypes causing clinical leptospirosis. however, positive agglutination titres to the serotypes grippotyphosa, bratislava, poi and ballum have also been detected. the incidence of infection caused by serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was highest during summer and autumn. infections with ser ...	1984	6532025
[weil's syndrome due to leptospira interrogans of the ballum serotype].		1984	6533720
[studies on endotoxin of leptospira: i. extraction of lipopolysaccharides from leptospira interrogans serovar lai and analysis of their chemical and biological properties].		1984	6241080
leptospirosis in israel: a report of 14 cases caused by icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (1968-82).	fourteen cases of leptospirosis due to the leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae (weil's disease) were serologically confirmed in the last 15 years. in two cases, icterohaemorrhagiae was also isolated from the patients' blood. both positive cultures were obtained in korthof's medium by indirect passage through brain-heart infusion medium. one of the isolates was identified as serovar budapest, which has never been reported in israel. in most of the cases, paradoxical cross-reactio ...	1984	6706536
interaction of leptospires with human polymorphonuclear neutrophils.	the role of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) in defense against leptospires has not been adequately studied, in part, because of difficulty in quantitating pathogenic leptospires. by using pour plates to quantitate nonpathogenic leptospires and the most-probable-number procedure to quantitate the pathogenic leptospires, we examined the interactions of nonpathogenic leptospira biflexa and pathogenic leptospira interrogans serovar icterohemorrhagiae with human neutrophils. phase-contrast, s ...	1984	6715045
some population parameters of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in sheep.		1984	6730262
the long term efficacy of a hardjo-pomona vaccine in preventing leptospiruria in cattle exposed to natural challenge with leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.	the long term efficacy of a commercially prepared bivalent vaccine against leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo and l. interrogans serovar pomona was evaluated in a group of 82 dairy heifers exposed to natural challenge with l. interrogans serovar hardjo for up to 55 weeks after calfhood vaccination. nineteen heifers were vaccinated twice with a one-month interval, at calfhood (9 to 10 months). a further 18 heifers received a similar calfhood vaccination regimen plus a third injection at adulth ...	1984	6732669
characterization of monoclonal antibodies against etiological agents of weil's disease.	monoclonal antibodies against etiological agents of weil's disease were produced by cell fusion technology. twenty hybridomas were produced through the fusion of p3x63ag8 .653 cells with spleen cells from balb/c mice immunized against leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae rga strain and serovar copenhageni shiromizu and m20 strains. reactivities of the antibodies produced by the hybridomas were determined by the microscopic agglutination test. among the five hybridoma antibodies to ...	1984	6738384
the immunoglobulin response of swine following experimental infection with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.	the antibody response of pigs following experimental infection with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was examined using enzyme immunoassay (eia) and the microscopic agglutination test (mat). leptospires elicited the production of both igm and igg classes of antibody, with igg levels persisting for much longer than igm. a comparison of mat and eia indicated that the detection of specific igm by eia was potentially useful in distinguishing between past and recent infection in pigs. agglutinin ...	1984	6741345
adhesion of leptospires to mouse fibroblasts (l929) and its enhancement by specific antibody.	the adhesion of leptospires (leptospira interrogans serovar. copenhageni l45) to mouse l-cells was studied by microscopic observations. within 3 h of infection of monolayers many leptospires adhered to 95-100% of the cells, and intracellular leptospires were demonstrated by electron microscopy. no specific site of attachment on the cells or the leptospires was observed. avirulent or dead leptospires adhered poorly but attachment of the saprophytic leptospire l. biflexa serovar. patoc occurred on ...	1984	6379182
leptospira interrogans infection in domestic and wild animals in fiji.	clinical and serological evidence has indicated that human leptospirosis in fiji is an important disease, and the prevalence of antibody is exceptionally high. a serological survey of the rural population showed that only 12% of the people studied did not have complement fixing (cf) leptospiral antibody. as the origin of this infection could not be explained by the known distribution of leptospiral infection in domestic and wild animals, a serological survey using the complement fixation test (c ...	1984	16031033
leptospirosis associated with serovars hardjo and pomona in red deer calves (cervus elaphus).	four red deer calves (cervus elaphus) died with severe nephritis apparently associated with infection by leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. the sera of 12 in-contact red deer calves were examined for leptospiral agglutinins and nine showed titres to pomona consistent with recent infection. two also showed titres of 1:100 to serovar hardjo. the urine of five of these in-contact calves was examined periodically over a period of nine months. all were initially leptospiruric, four being infected ...	1984	16031052
serological responses of farmed red deer to a vaccine against leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona.	six adult, female, red deer were vaccinated with a hardjo-pomona vaccine followed by a second vaccination four weeks later and thereafter, at yearly intervals for two years. serological responses were determined at intervals using a standard microscopic agglutination test. increased responses to hardjo were observed in two deer which were seropositive to this serovar before vaccination compared to those which were initially seronegative. some initially seronegative deer developed titres to hardj ...	1984	16031070