Publications

rna structure and rna-protein interactions in purified yeast u6 snrnps.	the u6 small nuclear rna (snrna) undergoes major conformational changes during the assembly of the spliceosome and catalysis of splicing. it associates with the specific protein prp24p, and a set of seven lsm2p-8p proteins, to form the u6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snrnp). these proteins have been proposed to act as rna chaperones that stimulate pairing of u6 with u4 snrna to form the intermolecular stem i and stem ii of the u4/u6 duplex, whose formation is essential for spliceosomal funct ...	2006	16410014
dj-1 interacts with hipk1 and affects h2o2-induced cell death.	dj-1 is a novel oncogene and causative gene for the familial form of parkinson's disease (pd). dj-1 has multiple functions, including anti-oxidative stress by eliminating reactive oxygen species (ros) and transcriptional regulation as a coactivator, and loss of these functions are thought to trigger the onset of pd. the mechanism underlying the prevention of cell death by dj-1 is, however, not clear. in this study, we found that dj-1 directly bound to homeodomaininteracting protein kinase 1 (hip ...	2006	16390825
the ret finger protein inhibits signaling mediated by the noncanonical and canonical ikappab kinase family members.	ifn regulatory factor-3 is a transcription factor that is required for the rapid induction of type i ifns in the innate antiviral response. two noncanonical ikappab kinase (ikk) family members, ikkepsilon and traf family-associated nf-kappab activator-binding kinase-1, have been shown to phosphorylate ifn regulatory factor-3 and are critically involved in virus-triggered and tlr3-mediated signaling leading to induction of type i ifns. in yeast two-hybrid screens for potential ikkepsilon-interact ...	2006	16393995
hsp90 regulates activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 and tbk-1 stabilization in sendai virus-infected cells.	interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3) plays a crucial role in mediating cellular responses to virus intrusion. the protein kinase tbk1 is a key regulator inducing phosphorylation of irf3. the regulatory mechanisms during irf3 activation remain poorly characterized. in the present study, we have identified by yeast two-hybrid approach a specific interaction between irf3 and chaperone heat-shock protein of 90 kda (hsp90). the c-terminal truncation mutant of hsp90 is a strong dominant-negative inhi ...	2006	16394098
lats2-ajuba complex regulates gamma-tubulin recruitment to centrosomes and spindle organization during mitosis.	lats2 is a human homolog of drosophila tumor suppressor lats/warts, and encodes a mitotic kinase whose physiological roles remain to be elucidated. we performed yeast two-hybrid screening and identified a lim protein ajuba, as a binding partner of lats2. lats2 was localized to the centrosomes throughout the cell cycle and was associated with ajuba during mitosis, contributing to latter's mitotic phosphorylation. depletion of lats2 or ajuba impaired centrosomal accumulation of gamma-tubulin and s ...	2006	16413547
14-3-3zeta interacts with human thromboxane receptors and is involved in the agonist-induced activation of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase.	thromboxane receptor (tp) signaling results in a broad range of cellular responses including kinase activation and subsequent nuclear signaling events involved in cell transformation, proliferation, and cell survival. proteins that may participate in the early signaling following receptor activation remain to be identified. we found that 14-3-3zeta is a novel protein interacting with tp intracellular loop 3 (i3) by yeast two-hybrid system. this interaction was further confirmed by gst pull-down ...	2006	16413928
penicillium marneffei infection and recent advances in the epidemiology and molecular biology aspects.	penicillium marneffei infection is an important emerging public health problem, especially among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the areas of endemicity in southeast asia, india, and china. within these regions, p. marneffei infection is regarded as an aids-defining illness, and the severity of the disease depends on the immunological status of the infected individual. early diagnosis by serologic and molecular assay-based methods have been developed and are proving to be ...	2006	16418525
discovery of time-delayed gene regulatory networks based on temporal gene expression profiling.	it is one of the ultimate goals for modern biological research to fully elucidate the intricate interplays and the regulations of the molecular determinants that propel and characterize the progression of versatile life phenomena, to name a few, cell cycling, developmental biology, aging, and the progressive and recurrent pathogenesis of complex diseases. the vast amount of large-scale and genome-wide time-resolved data is becoming increasing available, which provides the golden opportunity to u ...	2006	16420705
doa1 is a cdc48 adapter that possesses a novel ubiquitin binding domain.	cdc48 (p97/vcp) is an aaa-atpase molecular chaperone whose cellular functions are facilitated by its interaction with ubiquitin binding cofactors (e.g., npl4-ufd1 and shp1). several studies have shown that saccharomyces cerevisiae doa1 (ufd3/zzz4) and its mammalian homologue, plaa, interact with cdc48. however, the function of this interaction has not been determined, nor has a physiological link between these proteins been demonstrated. herein, we demonstrate that cdc48 interacts directly with ...	2006	16428438
identification and characterization of the arabidopsis orthologs of nuclear transport factor 2, the nuclear import factor of ran.	ran is a multifunctional small gtpase that is involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport, mitotic spindle assembly, and nuclear envelope formation. nuclear import of ran relies on a small rangdp-binding protein, nuclear transport factor 2 (ntf2). three proteins are expressed in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) that show significant sequence similarity to human and yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) ntf2. here, we demonstrate that two of them, atntf2a and atntf2b, can functionally replace the essent ...	2006	16428596
serological assays for the detection of human andes hantavirus infections based on its yeast-expressed nucleocapsid protein.	the objective of the study was to develop and evaluate igm and igg elisas and an igg western blot test for the serological detection of human infections with andes virus (andv), the major cause of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps) in south america.	2006	16428893
atsap18, an orthologue of human sap18, is involved in the regulation of salt stress and mediates transcriptional repression in arabidopsis.	in yeast and mammalian systems, it is well established that transcriptional down-regulation by dna-binding repressors involves core histone deacetylation, mediated by their interaction within a complex containing histone deacetylase (e.g. hda1), as well as various other proteins (e.g. sin3, sap18, sap30, and rbap46). here we identify that a arabidopsis thaliana gene related in sequence to sap18, designated atsap18, functions in transcription regulation in plants subjected to salt stress. the ats ...	2006	16429262
enhancement of streptolysin o activity and intrinsic cytotoxic effects of the group a streptococcal toxin, nad-glycohydrolase.	streptolysin o (slo) is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin produced by the important human pathogen, group a streptococcus (streptococcus pyogenes or gas). in addition to its cytolytic activity, slo mediates the translocation of gas nad-glycohydrolase (nadase) into human epithelial cells in vitro. production of both nadase and slo is associated with augmented host cell injury beyond that produced by slo alone, but the mechanism of enhanced cytotoxicity is not known. we have now shown that express ...	2006	16431917
gec1 interacts with the kappa opioid receptor and enhances expression of the receptor.	we identified a truncated form (38-117) of gec1 that interacts with the c-tail of the human kappa opioid receptor (hkor) by yeast two-hybrid screening. gec1-(38-117) did not interact with the c-tail of the mu or delta opioid receptors. gec1, a 117-amino acid protein (pellerin, i., vuillermoz, c., jouvenot, m., ordener, c., royez, m., and adessi, g. l. (1993) mol. cell endocrinol. 90, r17-r21), is highly homologous to gabarap, gate-16, and apg8/aut7, all members of the microtubule associated prot ...	2006	16431922
evolutionary origins of the endocannabinoid system.	endocannabinoid system evolution was estimated by searching for functional orthologs in the genomes of twelve phylogenetically diverse organisms: homo sapiens, mus musculus, takifugu rubripes, ciona intestinalis, caenorhabditis elegans, drosophila melanogaster, saccharomyces cerevisiae, arabidopsis thaliana, plasmodium falciparum, tetrahymena thermophila, archaeoglobus fulgidus, and mycobacterium tuberculosis. sequences similar to human endocannabinoid exon sequences were derived from filtered b ...	2006	16434153
kodamaea (pichia) ohmeri fungaemia in a premature neonate.	kodamaea ohmeri is a yeast that rarely causes human infections. the first case of k. ohmeri fungaemia in a premature neonate is reported; it was successfully treated with liposomal amphotericin b. biochemical identification of the yeast was performed by vitek ii and api and was confirmed by rrna gene sequencing. k. ohmeri as a human pathogenic yeast is uncommon to hospitalized neonates and immunocompromised individuals.	2006	16434718
nmr assignment of the sri domain of human set2/hypb.		2006	16435090
understanding hypoxia signalling in cells--a new therapeutic opportunity?	the possibility that cells possess specific interfaces with molecular oxygen that have a prime function in biological control has long interested biologists. specific 'oxygen-sensing' mechanisms have been defined in bacteria and yeast, but, until recently, have remained elusive in higher organisms. studies of hypoxia pathways have now, however, revealed the existence of a series of non-haem fe(ll) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that catalyse oxygen-regulated hydroxylation of specific ...	2006	17228556
structural basis for the methylation state-specific recognition of histone h4-k20 by 53bp1 and crb2 in dna repair.	histone lysine methylation has been linked to the recruitment of mammalian dna repair factor 53bp1 and putative fission yeast homolog crb2 to dna double-strand breaks (dsbs), but how histone recognition is achieved has not been established. here we demonstrate that this link occurs through direct binding of 53bp1 and crb2 to histone h4. using x-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy, we show that, despite low amino acid sequence conservation, both 53bp1 and crb2 co ...	2006	17190600
the dose-dependent h2o2 stress response promotes increased survival for schizosaccharomyces pombe cells expressing hiv-1 vpr.	human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) viral protein r (vpr) exerts multiple effects on viral and host cellular activities during infection, including induction of the cell cycle g2 arrest, and cell death in both human cells and the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe. we show that treament of exponential-phase wild-type vpr-expressing s. pombe cells with a low, subinhibitory concentration (0.15 mmol/l) of hydrogen peroxide and 0.1 mmol/l thiamine significantly increased both cell proli ...	2006	17176760
growth and division of peroxisomes.	peroxisomes are ubiquitous subcellular organelles, which are highly dynamic and display large plasticity in response to cellular and environmental conditions. novel proteins and pathways that mediate and control peroxisome formation, growth, and division continue to be discovered, and the cellular machineries that act together to regulate peroxisome number and size are under active investigation. here, advances in the field of peroxisomal dynamics and proliferation in mammals and yeast are revie ...	2006	17178468
histone demethylation by hydroxylation: chemistry in action.	histone methylation plays an essential role in epigenetic regulation and has been thought to be an irreversible and stable modification of histones. however, several enzymes have recently been discovered to demethylate mono- and dimethylated lysine residues of histone h3 as well as monomethylated arginines via either amine oxidation or deimination, respectively. the jmjc domain-containing histone demethylase 1 (jhdm1), which is conserved from yeast to human, has been demonstrated to demethylate ...	2006	17163647
structure of the yeast histone h3-asf1 interaction: implications for chaperone mechanism, species-specific interactions, and epigenetics.	the histone h3/h4 chaperone asf1 (anti-silencing function 1) is required for the establishment and maintenance of proper chromatin structure, as well as for genome stability in eukaryotes. asf1 participates in both dna replication-coupled (rc) and replication-independent (ri) histone deposition reactions in vitro and interacts with complexes responsible for both pathways in vivo. asf1 is known to directly bind histone h3, however, high-resolution structural information about the geometry of this ...	2006	17166288
fungal heme oxygenases: functional expression and characterization of hmx1 from saccharomyces cerevisiae and cahmx1 from candida albicans.	heme oxygenases convert heme to free iron, co, and biliverdin. saccharomyces cerevisiae and candida albicans express putative heme oxygenases that are required for the acquisition of iron from heme, a critical process for fungal survival and virulence. the putative heme oxygenases hmx1 and cahmx1 from s. cerevisiae and c. albicans, respectively, minus the sequences coding for c-terminal membrane-binding domains, have been expressed in escherichia coli. the c-terminal his-tagged, truncated enzyme ...	2006	17144670
use of the porcine intestinal epithelium (pie)-assay to analyze early stages of colonization by the human fungal pathogen candida albicans.	virulence of c. albicans strains can be tested using a mouse model of haematogenously disseminated candida cells. initial steps of host-pathogen contact such as adhesion and colonization are not taken into account due to the injection of candida cells into the blood stream. here we describe an assay, based on the ex vivo usage of porcine intestinal epithelium (pie), that is useful to monitor the early stages of a c. albicans infection. the ability of c. albicans to undergo morphogenetic switchin ...	2006	17139615
acute and subchronic toxicity studies on sel-plex, a standardized, registered high-selenium yeast.	selenium has been recognized as an essential nutrient for human health; however, its bioavailability is primarily dependent upon the type of selenium, elemental versus organic. in geographic areas low in selenium, there is the potential for animals (including humans) to become selenium deficient and this potential deficiency can be remedied by consumption of exogenous selenium, including selenium-enriched yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) that contains high levels of organic selenium (e.g., selen ...	2006	17132605
jun activation domain-binding protein 1 binds smad5 and inhibits bone morphogenetic protein signaling.	bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) play an important role in the development and the homeostasis and pathology of cartilage tissue, particularly in the differentiation and anabolic activity of chondrocytes. the present study was undertaken to identify binding partners of the smad proteins, the intracellular mediators of bmp activity, which might actively modify bmp signaling in chondrocytes.	2006	17133595
polyadenylation factor cpsf-73 is the pre-mrna 3'-end-processing endonuclease.	most eukaryotic messenger rna precursors (pre-mrnas) undergo extensive maturational processing, including cleavage and polyadenylation at the 3'-end. despite the characterization of many proteins that are required for the cleavage reaction, the identity of the endonuclease is not known. recent analyses indicated that the 73-kda subunit of cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (cpsf-73) might be the endonuclease for this and related reactions, although no direct data confirmed this. her ...	2006	17128255
infliximab use in luminal crohn's disease.	infliximab has been available in the united states and europe for more than 6 years, and its use has revolutionized the care of patients who have cd. it is used effectively for both the induction and maintenance of remission in patients who have cd and is efficacious in patients who have steroid-dependent/refractory cd and those who have fistulizing cd. clinical trials and practice have shown infliximab to be safe, effective, and generally well tolerated. the accent i and accent ii trials define ...	2006	17129813
arabidopsis nrp1 and nrp2 encode histone chaperones and are required for maintaining postembryonic root growth.	nucleosome assembly protein1 (nap1) is conserved from yeast to human and was proposed to act as a histone chaperone. while budding yeast contains a single nap1 gene, multicellular organisms, including plants and animals, contain several nap1 and nap1-related protein (nrp) genes. however, the biological role of these genes has been largely unexamined. here, we show that, in arabidopsis thaliana, simultaneous knockout of the two nrp genes, nrp1 and nrp2, impaired postembryonic root growth. in the ...	2006	17122067
the rat apg3p/aut1p homolog is upregulated by ischemic preconditioning in the retina.	retinas can be protected from subsequent severe ischemic injury by ischemic preconditioning. ischemic preconditioning is dependent on gene expression and protein synthesis; however, it is not clear which genes are important in this process. in this study, we have identified and characterized the rat homolog of yeast apg3p/aut1p, an important autophagy protein encoded by the autophagy 3-like (apg3l) gene. we have also further characterized the homologous human apg3l gene.	2006	17110912
human wapl is a cohesin-binding protein that promotes sister-chromatid resolution in mitotic prophase.	the linkage between duplicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) is established during s phase by the action of cohesin, a multisubunit complex conserved from yeast to humans. most cohesin dissociates from chromosome arms when the cell enters mitotic prophase, leading to the formation of metaphase chromosomes with two cytologically discernible chromatids. this process is known as sister-chromatid resolution. although two mitotic kinases have been implicated in this process, it remains unknown exac ...	2006	17112726
wapl controls the dynamic association of cohesin with chromatin.	cohesin establishes sister-chromatid cohesion from s phase until mitosis or meiosis. to allow chromosome segregation, cohesion has to be dissolved. in vertebrate cells, this process is mediated in part by the protease separase, which destroys a small amount of cohesin, but most cohesin is removed from chromosomes without proteolysis. how this is achieved is poorly understood. here, we show that the interaction between cohesin and chromatin is controlled by wapl, a protein implicated in heterochr ...	2006	17113138
suppression of spontaneous genome rearrangements in yeast dna helicase mutants.	saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants lacking two of the three dna helicases sgs1, srs2, and rrm3 exhibit slow growth that is suppressed by disrupting homologous recombination. cells lacking sgs1 and rrm3 accumulate gross-chromosomal rearrangements (gcrs) that are suppressed by the dna damage checkpoint and by homologous recombination-defective mutations. in contrast, rrm3, srs2, and srs2 rrm3 mutants have wild-type gcr rates. gcr types in helicase double mutants include telomere additions, transloca ...	2006	17114288
elucidation of the function of type 1 human methionine aminopeptidase during cell cycle progression.	processing of the n-terminal initiator methionine is an essential cellular process conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. the enzymes that remove n-terminal methionine are known as methionine aminopeptidases (metaps). human metap2 has been shown to be required for the proliferation of endothelial cells and angiogenesis. the physiological function of metap1, however, has remained elusive. in this report we demonstrate that a family of inhibitors with a core structure of pyridine-2-carboxylic a ...	2006	17114291
the role of nad+ dependent histone deacetylases (sirtuins) in ageing.	histone deacetylases (hdacs) are enzymes that are able to deacetylate lysine side chains in histones and certain non-histone proteins which leads to altered states of conformation and activity for the proteins in question. three classes of histone deacetylases have been recognized in humans. class i and ii are zinc-dependent amidohydrolases and eleven subtypes have been discovered (hdac1-11). class iii enzymes depend in their catalysis on nad(+) and subsequently, o-acetyl adp ribose and nicotina ...	2006	17100594
the dna helicase chlr1 is required for sister chromatid cohesion in mammalian cells.	it has recently been suggested that the saccharomyces cerevisiae protein chl1p plays a role in cohesion establishment. here, we show that the human atp-dependent dna helicase chlr1 is required for sister chromatid cohesion in mammalian cells. localization studies show that chlr1 diffusely coats mitotic chromatin in prophase and then translocates from the chromatids to concentrate at the spindle poles during the transition to metaphase. depletion of chlr1 protein by rna interference results in mi ...	2006	17105772
beta-lapachone activates a mre11p-tel1p g1/s checkpoint in budding yeast.	beta-lapachone is an anticancer agent that selectively induces cell death in several human cancer cells. the mechanism of beta-lapachone cytotoxicity is not yet fully understood. here we report that beta-lapachone treatment delayed cell cycle progression at the g(1)/s transition, incremented phosphorylation of the rad53p checkpoint kinase and decreased cell survival in the budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. furthermore, beta-lapachone induced phosphorylation of histone h2a at serine 129. th ...	2006	17106258
systematic screening of polyphosphate (poly p) levels in yeast mutant cells reveals strong interdependence with primary metabolism.	inorganic polyphosphate (poly p) occurs universally in all organisms from bacteria to man. it functions, for example, as a phosphate and energy store, and is involved in the activation and regulation of proteins. despite its ubiquitous occurrence and important functions, it is unclear how poly p is synthesized or how poly p metabolism is regulated in higher eukaryotes. this work describes a systematic analysis of poly p levels in yeast knockout strains mutated in almost every non-essential gene.	2006	17107617
human shprh is a ubiquitin ligase for mms2-ubc13-dependent polyubiquitylation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen.	human shprh gene is located at the 6q24 chromosomal region, and loss of heterozygosity in this region is seen in a wide variety of cancers. shprh is a member of the swi/snf family of atpases/helicases, and it possesses a c(3)hc(4) ring motif characteristic of ubiquitin ligase proteins. in both of these features, shprh resembles the yeast rad5 protein, which, together with mms2-ubc13, promotes replication through dna lesions via an error-free postreplicational repair pathway. genetic evidence in ...	2006	17108083
human arrest defective 1 acetylates and activates beta-catenin, promoting lung cancer cell proliferation.	arrest defective 1 (ard1), an acetyltransferase, is essential for the yeast life cycle. although its human homologue (hard1) has been identified, its biological functions in human cells remain unclear. in the present study, we examined the biological function of hard1. in h1299 and a549 lung cancer cells, hard1-silencing rna inhibited cell proliferation and induced g(1) arrest. cyclin d1 was also found to be down-regulated in these growth-arrested cells, and the ectopic expression of cyclin d1 r ...	2006	17108104
human cystathionine beta-synthase is a target for sumoylation.	cystathionine beta-synthase (cbs) catalyzes the first irreversible step in the transsulfuration pathway and commits the toxic metabolite, homocysteine, to the synthesis of cysteine. mutations in cbs are the most common cause of severe hereditary hyperhomocysteinemia. the molecular basis of the organ-specific pathologies associated with cbs deficiency is unknown as is the significance of the reported interaction between cbs and huntingtin protein. in this study, we have used the yeast two-hybrid ...	2006	17087506
diversity of trna genes in eukaryotes.	we compare the diversity of chromosomal-encoded transfer rna (trna) genes from 11 eukaryotes as identified by trnascan-se of their respective genomes. they include the budding and fission yeast, worm, fruit fly, fugu, chicken, dog, rat, mouse, chimp and human. the number of trna genes are between 170 and 570 and the number of trna isoacceptors range from 41 to 55. unexpectedly, the number of trna genes having the same anticodon but different sequences elsewhere in the trna body (defined here as ...	2006	17088292
cernunnos-xlf, a recently identified non-homologous end-joining factor required for the development of the immune system.	the analysis of immune deficiency conditions in humans has recently allowed the identification of a novel factor, cernunnos, involved in dna repair and required during the development of the immune system. the present review will focus on the information and new questions provided by the discovery of cernunnos.	2006	17088645
expression of a novel marine viral single-chain serine palmitoyltransferase and construction of yeast and mammalian single-chain chimera.	the genus coccolithovirus is a recently discovered group of viruses that infect the globally important marine calcifying microalga emiliania huxleyi. surprisingly, the viral genome contains a cluster of putative sphingolipid biosynthetic genes not found in other viral genus. to address the role of these genes in viral pathogenesis, the ehv050 gene predicted to encode a serine palmitoyltransferase (spt), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of sphingolipid biosynthesis, was expressed and characteri ...	2006	17090526
new vectors for simplified construction of brdu-incorporating strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae.	the thymidine analogue brdu is a powerful tool for analysing nucleotide incorporation in studies of dna replication or repair. s. cerevisiae lacks the thymidine salvage pathway that enables efficient cellular uptake and incorporation of thymidine analogues into dna. recent in vivo reconstitution of this pathway in yeast by high-level expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (hsv-tk) or combined expression of hsv-tk and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hent1) has enabled ana ...	2006	17083135
functional relationships between rad18 and wrnip1 in vertebrate cells.	the wrnip1 protein interacts with wrn, the product of the causative gene for werner syndrome. mutation of the saccharomyces cerevisiae gene mgs1, the yeast counterpart of wrnip1, confers synthetic lethality with mutation of rad18. to examine the functional relationship between wrnip1 and rad18 in higher eukaryotic cells, we generated wrnip1-/-/-/rad18-/- lines from chicken dt40 cells and compared them with single mutant cell lines. unlike the corresponding yeast mutant, wrnip1-/-/-/rad18-/- cell ...	2006	17077513
identification of human trna:m5c methyltransferase catalysing intron-dependent m5c formation in the first position of the anticodon of the pre-trna leu (caa).	we identified a human orthologue of trna:m5c methyltransferase from saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been previously shown to catalyse the specific modification of c34 in the intron-containing yeast pre-trna leu (caa). using transcripts of intron-less and intron-containing human pre-trna leu (caa) genes as substrates, we have shown that m5c34 is introduced only in the intron-containing trna precursors when the substrates were incubated in the hela extract. m5c34 formation depends on the nucle ...	2006	17071714
construction of yeast artificial chromosome libraries from pathogens and nonmodel organisms.	many infectious diseases of global impact are caused by parasites. this includes diseases with protozoan etiology, such as malaria, african sleeping sickness, chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, and amoebiasis, as well as diseases caused by metazoa, such as river blindness, schistosomiasis, ecchinococcosis, and ascariasis. combined, parasitic diseases affect more than half the world's human population and are responsible for decreased gross national products and billions of dollars in lost earnings. ...	2006	17071969
production of yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mice by pronuclear injection of one-cell embryos.	the generation of transgenic animals has become an important tool in helping to understand the roles of genes in maintaining health and the roles of human gene variants in contributing to disease susceptibility. in order to model the subtleties of gene expression, which include tissue-specific transcriptional regulation and alternative gene splicing, it is useful to include entire genes that comprise all of the exons, introns, and regulatory sequences required for proper gene expression. a signi ...	2006	17071980
longin-like folds identified in chips and duf254 proteins: vesicle trafficking complexes conserved in eukaryotic evolution.	eukaryotic protein trafficking pathways require specific transfer of cargo vesicles to different target organelles. a number of vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion components participate in this process, including various tethering factor complexes that interact with small gtpases prior to snare-mediated vesicle fusion. in saccharomyces cerevisiae a protein complex of mon1 and ccz1 functions with the small gtpase ypt7 to mediate vesicle trafficking to the vacuole. mon1 belongs to duf254 foun ...	2006	17075139
gas6 and protein s. vitamin k-dependent ligands for the axl receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily.	gas6 and protein s are two homologous secreted proteins that depend on vitamin k for their execution of a range of biological functions. a discrete subset of these functions is mediated through their binding to and activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases axl, sky and mer. furthermore, a hallmark of the gas6-axl system is the unique ability of gas6 and protein s to tether their non receptor-binding regions to the negatively charged membranes of apoptotic cells. numerous studies have shown the ...	2006	17064312
role of nadph oxidase 4 in lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory responses by human aortic endothelial cells.	we investigated the role of nadph oxidase 4 (nox4) on lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced proinflammatory responses by human aortic endothelial cells (haecs).	2006	17064675
sel1l, the homologue of yeast hrd3p, is involved in protein dislocation from the mammalian er.	protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) involves recognition of misfolded proteins and dislocation from the er lumen into the cytosol, followed by proteasomal degradation. viruses have co-opted this pathway to destroy proteins that are crucial for host defense. examination of dislocation of class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) heavy chains (hcs) catalyzed by the human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) immunoevasin us11 uncovered a conserved complex of the mammalian dislocation m ...	2006	17043138
ret finger protein enhances mbd2- and mbd4-dependent transcriptional repression.	we recently demonstrated that mbd4 possesses the ability to repress transcription through methyl-cpg and is associated with methylated promoters in the cdkn2a and mlh1 genes. in order to further investigate the role of mbd4 in methylation-based transcriptional repression, a yeast two-hybrid screening was performed, and the ret finger protein (rfp) was found to be one of the major proteins that interact with the transcriptional repression domain in mbd4. the effect of the mbd4-mediated transcript ...	2006	17049487
yeast and filamentous fungi as model organisms in microbody research.	yeast and filamentous fungi are important model organisms in microbody research. the value of these organisms as models for higher eukaryotes is underscored by the observation that the principles of various aspects of microbody biology are strongly conserved from lower to higher eukaryotes. this has allowed to resolve various peroxisome-related functions, including peroxisome biogenesis disorders in man. this paper summarizes the major advances in microbody research using fungal systems and spec ...	2006	17050005
calcium stiffens archaeal rad51 recombinase from methanococcus voltae for homologous recombination.	archaeal rada or rad51 recombinases are close homologues of eukaryal rad51 and dmc1. these and bacterial reca orthologues play a key role in dna repair by forming helical nucleoprotein filaments in which a hallmark strand exchange reaction between homologous dna substrates occurs. recent studies have discovered the stimulatory role by calcium on human and yeast recombinases. here we report that the strand exchange activity but not the atpase activity of an archaeal rada/rad51 recombinase from me ...	2006	17050545
the single subunit nadh dehydrogenase reduces generation of reactive oxygen species from complex i.	using rat dopaminergic and human neuroblastoma cell lines transduced with the ndi1 gene encoding the internal nadh dehydrogenase (ndi1) from saccharomyces cerevisiae, we investigated reactive oxygen species (ros) generation caused by complex i inhibition. incubation of non-transduced cells with rotenone elicited oxidative damage to mitochondrial dna as well as lipid peroxidation. in contrast, oxidative stress was significantly decreased when the cells were transduced with ndi1. furthermore, mito ...	2006	17055488
morphogenesis and cell cycle progression in candida albicans.	candida albicans, an opportunistic human pathogen, displays three modes of growth: yeast, pseudohyphae and true hyphae, all of which differ both in morphology and in aspects of cell cycle progression. in particular, in hyphal cells, polarized growth becomes uncoupled from other cell cycle events. yeast or pseudohyphae that undergo a cell cycle delay also exhibit polarized growth, independent of cell cycle progression. the spitzenkörper, an organelle composed of vesicles associated with hyphal ti ...	2006	17055773
interaction between glycogenin and glycogen synthase.	glycogen synthase plays a key role in regulating glycogen metabolism. in a search for regulators of glycogen synthase, a yeast two-hybrid study was performed. two glycogen synthase-interacting proteins were identified in human skeletal muscle, glycogenin-1, and nebulin. the interaction with glycogenin was found to be mediated by the region of glycogenin which contains the 33 cooh-terminal amino acid residues. the regions in glycogen synthase containing both nh2- and cooh-terminal phosphorylation ...	2006	17055998
evidence for an early gene duplication event in the evolution of the mitochondrial transcription factor b family and maintenance of rrna methyltransferase activity in human mttfb1 and mttfb2.	most metazoans have two nuclear genes encoding orthologues of the well-characterized saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial transcription factor b (sc-mttfb). this class of transcription factors is homologous to the bacterial ksga family of rrna methyltransferases, which in escherichia coli dimethylates adjacent adenine residues in a stem-loop of the 16s rrna. this posttranscriptional modification is conserved in most metazoan cytoplasmic and mitochondrial rrnas. homo sapiens mitochondrial trans ...	2006	17031457
functional analyses of glycyl-trna synthetase mutations suggest a key role for trna-charging enzymes in peripheral axons.	charcot-marie-tooth disease type 2d (cmt2d) and distal spinal muscular atrophy type v (dsma-v) are axonal neuropathies characterized by a phenotype that is more severe in the upper extremities. we previously implicated mutations in the gene encoding glycyl-trna synthetase (gars) as the cause of cmt2d and dsma-v. gars is a member of the family of aminoacyl-trna synthetases responsible for charging trna with cognate amino acids; gars ligates glycine to trna(gly). here, we present functional analys ...	2006	17035524
functional studies of the ssk1p response regulator protein of candida albicans as determined by phenotypic analysis of receiver domain point mutants.	the candida albicans response regulator protein ssk1p regulates oxidant adaptation through the mapk hog1 pathway. deletion mutants lacking ssk1 are oxidant sensitive in vitro and are killed more than wild-type (wt) cells by human neutrophils. furthermore, the mutants are avirulent in an invasive murine model, and unable to adhere to human esophageal cells. transcriptional profiling has indicated that approximately 25% of all changes occur in genes encoding cell wall and stress adaptation functio ...	2006	17038117
identification of a cell polarity-related protein, lin-7b, as a binding partner for a rho effector, rhotekin, and their possible interaction in neurons.	rhotekin, an effector of rho, is highly expressed in the brain but its function(s) in neurons is almost unknown. in an attempt to define the properties of rhotekin in neuronal cells, we focused on its interaction with polarity-related molecules. in the present study, we identified a pdz protein, lin-7b, as a binding partner for rhotekin by yeast two-hybrid screening of human brain cdna library. we then found that rhotekin interacts with lin-7b in in vitro pull-down assays, and forms an immunocom ...	2006	16979770
identification of tctex2beta, a novel dynein light chain family member that interacts with different transforming growth factor-beta receptors.	endoglin is a membrane-inserted protein that is preferentially synthesized in angiogenic vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. endoglin associates with members of the transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) receptor family and has been identified as the gene involved in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. although endoglin is known to affect cell responses to tgf-beta, its mode of action is largely unknown. we performed yeast two-hybrid screening of a human placental cdna library a ...	2006	16982625
xe7: a novel splicing factor that interacts with asf/sf2 and znf265.	pre-mrna splicing is performed by the spliceosome. sr proteins in this macromolecular complex are essential for both constitutive and alternative splicing. by using the sr-related protein znf265 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, we pulled out the uncharacterized human protein xe7, which is encoded by a pseudoautosomal gene. xe7 had been identified in a large-scale proteomic analysis of the human spliceosome. it consists of two different isoforms produced by alternative splicing. the arginine ...	2006	16982639
preparation of bioactive and surface functional oligomannosyl neoglycoprotein using extracellular ph-sensitive glycosylation of mutant lysozyme having n-linked signal sequence in yeast.	bioactive oligomannosyl lysozyme with improved surface functionalities was successfully prepared by using an extracellular ph-sensitive glycosylation system for heterogeneous protein in yeast cell. a recombinant saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying a mutant lysozyme gene encoding the signal sequence of an n-linked glycosylation site at position 49 was cultivated in various ph conditions to investigate the effects of extracellular ph on the glycosylation patterns and the expression of the protein. a ...	2006	16984125
identification of an ahnak binding motif specific for the annexin2/s100a10 tetramer.	the annexin2 tetramer (a2t), which consists of two annexin2 molecules bound to a s100a10 dimer, is implicated in membrane-trafficking events. here, we showed using a yeast triple-hybrid experiment and in vitro binding assay that annexin2 is required for strong binding of s100a10 to the c-terminal domain of the protein ahnak. we also revealed that this effect involves only the annexin2 n-terminal tail, which is implicated in s100a10/annexin2 tetramerization. the minimal a2t binding motif (a2tbp1) ...	2006	16984913
the role of nutrient regulation and the gpa2 protein in the mating pheromone response of c. albicans.	although traditionally classified as asexual, the human fungal pathogen candida albicans can undergo highly efficient mating. a key component of this mating is the response to pheromone, which is mediated by a conserved kinase cascade that transduces the signal from the pheromone receptor to a transcriptional response in the nucleus. in this paper we show (i) that the detailed response of c. albicans to the alpha pheromone differs among clinical isolates, (ii) that the response depends criticall ...	2006	16987174
temperature-sensitive eif5a mutant accumulates transcripts targeted to the nonsense-mediated decay pathway.	the highly conserved protein eif5a found in archaea and all eukaryotes uniquely contains the posttranslationally formed amino acid hypusine. despite being essential the functions of this protein and its modification remain unclear. to gain more insight into these functions temperature-sensitive mutants of the human eif5a1 were characterized in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. expression of the point mutated form v81g in a deltaeif5a strain of yeast led to a strongly temperature-sensitive phen ...	2006	16987817
ptx1(ergic2)-vp22 fusion protein upregulates interferon-beta in prostate cancer cell line pc-3.	ptx1 is a gene identified by subtractive hybridization on the basis that it is expressed in normal prostate and not in prostate carcinoma. it is unrelated to the pituitary homeobox protein (ptx1 or pitx1), which regulates pituitary hormone gene expression, and its function is currently unknown. recently, it was found to be a homolog of the yeast erv41p, an endoplasmic reticulum (er) resident protein involved in protein trafficking between er and golgi, and was renamed as ergic2. ectopic expressi ...	2006	16989575
mutagenic effect of cadmium on tetranucleotide repeats in human cells.	cadmium is a human carcinogen that affects cell proliferation, apoptosis and dna repair processes that are all important to carcinogenesis. we previously demonstrated that cadmium inhibits dna mismatch repair (mmr) in yeast cells and in human cell-free extracts (h.w. jin, a.b. clark, r.j.c. slebos, h. al-refai, j.a. taylor, t.a. kunkel, m.a. resnick, d.a. gordenin, cadmium is a mutagen that acts by inhibiting mismatch repair, nat. genet. 34 (3) (2003) 326-329), but cadmium also inhibits dna exci ...	2006	16989872
fission yeast homologs of human histone h3 lysine 4 demethylase regulate a common set of genes with diverse functions.	schizosaccharomyces pombe contains two proteins, swirm1 and swirm2, with close homology to human histone h3 lysine 4 demethylase. both proteins contain the amino oxidase catalytic domain and a recently described dna interaction swirm domain. here we describe the biochemical isolation and the functional characterization of swirm1 and swirm2. our results indicate that while swirm2 is an essential gene, cells lacking swirm1 are viable. we found that swirm1 and swirm2 are stably associated in a mult ...	2006	16990277
[proteomic analysis of molecular networks for chromosome segregation].		2006	17471902
maf1, a new player in the regulation of human rna polymerase iii transcription.	human rna polymerase iii (pol iii) transcription is regulated by several factors, including the tumor suppressors p53 and rb, and the proto-oncogene c-myc. in yeast, which lacks these proteins, a central regulator of pol iii transcription, called maf1, has been described. maf1 is required for repression of pol iii transcription in response to several signal transduction pathways and is broadly conserved in eukaryotes.	2006	17205138
multiple independent evolutionary solutions to core histone gene regulation.	core histone genes are periodically expressed along the cell cycle and peak during s phase. core histone gene expression is deeply evolutionarily conserved from the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae to human.	2006	17184543
evolutionary conservation of domain-domain interactions.	recently, there has been much interest in relating domain-domain interactions (ddis) to protein-protein interactions (ppis) and vice versa, in an attempt to understand the molecular basis of ppis.	2006	17184549
human cdc14a reverses cdk1 phosphorylation of cdc25a on serines 115 and 320.	human cdc14a is an evolutionary conserved dual-specificity protein phosphatase that reverses the modifications effected by cyclin-dependent kinases and plays an important role in centrosome duplication and mitotic regulation. few substrates of cdc14a have been identified, some of them with homologues in yeast that, in turn, are substrates of the saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc14 homologue, a protein phosphatase essential for yeast cell viability owing its role in mitotic exit regulation. identifica ...	2006	17172867
[expression of porcine beta-defensin 1 gene in pichia pastoris].	pbd-1 is an antibacterial peptide that plays an important role in defence system of porcine. to produce pbd-1 with bioactivity in pichia pastoris, according to published amino acid sequence of porcine beta-defensin 1(pbd-1) and the partiality codon of yeast, the pbd-1 gene was synthesized by pcr and cloned into ppic9k to construct the recombinant expression vector ppic9k-pbd-1, the obtained recombinant plasmid was linearized by sal i, and then transformed into smd1168 by electroporation. under t ...	2006	17168333
autonomous and 3d real-time multi-beam manipulation in a microfluidic environment.	the generalized phase contrast (gpc) method of optical 3d manipulation has previously been used for controlled spatial manipulation of live biological specimen in real-time. these biological experiments were carried out over a time-span of several hours while an operator intermittently optimized the optical system. here we present gpc-based optical micromanipulation in a microfluidic system where trapping experiments are computer-automated and thereby capable of running with only limited supervi ...	2006	19529649
identification and comparative analysis of the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase repertoires of h. sapiens, d. melanogaster, c. elegans, s. cerevisiae and sz. pombe.	the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (ppiase) class of proteins comprises three member families that are found throughout nature and are present in all the major compartments of the cell. their numbers appear to be linked to the number of genes in their respective genomes, although we have found the human repertoire to be smaller than expected due to a reduced cyclophilin repertoire. we show here that whilst the members of the cyclophilin family (which are predominantly found in the nucleus a ...	2005	18629211
effective statistical features for coding and non-coding dna sequence classification for yeast, c. elegans and human.	this study performs a quantitative evaluation of the different coding features in terms of their information content for the classification of coding and non-coding regions for three species. our study indicated that coding features that are effective for yeast or c. elegans are generally not very effective for human, which has a short average exon length. by performing a correlation analysis, we identified a subset of human coding features with high discriminative power, but complementary in th ...	2005	18048129
mutation detection in four candidate genes (oxa1l, mrs2l, yme1l and mipep) for combined deficiencies in the oxidative phosphorylation system.	mitochondria are the main energy-producing organelles of the cell. five complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane, together constituting the oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) system, comprise the final steps in cellular energy production. many patients with a mitochondrial defect suffer from a so-called combined deficiency, meaning that the enzymatic activities of two or more complexes of the oxphos system are decreased. numerous mutations have been described in nuclear genes that ...	2005	16435202
hygromycin b-resistance phenotype acquired in paracoccidioides brasiliensis via plasmid dna integration.	yeast cells of the human pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain pb01 were transformed to hygromycin b resistance using the plasmid pan7.1. transformation was achieved by electroporation, with intact or linearized plasmid dna. the fungus was transformed using 200 mm manitol, 5 or 7 kv/cm field strength, 25 microf capacitance, 400 omega resistance, 5 microg plasmid dna and 10(7) yeast cells in 400 microl, and selected in bhi medium overlaid with 30 microg/ml hygromycin b (hygb). mi ...	2005	16422302
production of complex human glycoproteins in yeast.		2005	16400820
assay and functional properties of the tyrosine kinase pyk2 in regulation of arf1 through asap1 phosphorylation.	the arf-gtpase-activating protein (gap) asap1 has been identified in a yeast-two-hybrid screen as a prominent binder of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (pyk2) via sh3 domain-mediated interaction. following binding, pyk2 directly phosphorylates asap1 on tyrosine residues 308 and 782 in vitro and in cells. to understand the functional impact of this interaction and subsequent phosphorylation, nonphosphorylated and pyk2-phosphorylated asap1 have been generated. this material can be used for lipi ...	2005	16413287
candida dubliniensis bloodstream infection: a fatal case in a lung transplant recipient.	candida dubliniensis is an emerging opportunistic yeast initially identified as a cause of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals, and recently associated with invasive disease in other immunocompromised hosts. certain diagnostic characteristics are shared with c. albicans, but differences in epidemiology, microbiology, and potentially clinical management are notable. we report a case of fatal c. dubliniensis bloodstream infection in a solid-organ transpla ...	2005	16390404
utilizing evolutionary information and gene expression data for estimating gene networks with bayesian network models.	since microarray gene expression data do not contain sufficient information for estimating accurate gene networks, other biological information has been considered to improve the estimated networks. recent studies have revealed that highly conserved proteins that exhibit similar expression patterns in different organisms, have almost the same function in each organism. such conserved proteins are also known to play similar roles in terms of the regulation of genes. therefore, this evolutionary i ...	2005	16374908
the gene set builder: collation, curation, and distribution of sets of genes.	in bioinformatics and genomics, there are many applications designed to investigate the common properties for a set of genes. often, these multi-gene analysis tools attempt to reveal sequential, functional, and expressional ties. however, while tremendous effort has been invested in developing tools that can analyze a set of genes, minimal effort has been invested in developing tools that can help researchers compile, store, and annotate gene sets in the first place. as a result, the process of ...	2005	16371163
a global view of ck2 function and regulation.	the wealth of biochemical, molecular, genetic, genomic, and bioinformatic resources available in s. cerevisiae make it an excellent system to explore the global role of ck2 in a model organism. traditional biochemical and genetic studies have revealed that ck2 is required for cell viability, cell cycle progression, cell polarity, ion homeostasis, and other functions, and have identified a number of potential physiological substrates of the enzyme. data mining of available bioinformatic resources ...	2005	16342414
introduction of an additional pathway for lactate oxidation in the treatment of lactic acidosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in caenorhabditis elegans.	mitochondrial dysfunction, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 5,000 births, is associated with a wide variety of multisystem degenerative diseases. among the most prevalent forms of dysfunction are defects in the nadh:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex i). caenorhabditis elegans strains with complex i mutations exhibit characteristic features of human mitochondrial disease including decreased rates of respiration and lactic acidosis. we hypothesized that introducing an additional pathway for th ...	2005	16344465
identification of significant periodic genes in microarray gene expression data.	one frequent application of microarray experiments is in the study of monitoring gene activities in a cell during cell cycle or cell division. a new challenge for analyzing the microarray experiments is to identify genes that are statistically significantly periodically expressed during the cell cycle. such a challenge occurs due to the large number of genes that are simultaneously measured, a moderate to small number of measurements per gene taken at different time points, and high levels of no ...	2005	16318631
the human homolog of yeast bre1 functions as a transcriptional coactivator through direct activator interactions.	diverse histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation play important roles in transcriptional regulation throughout eukaryotes, and recent studies in yeast also have implicated h2b ubiquitylation in the transcription of specific genes. here, we report the identification of a functional human homolog, hbre1, of the yeast bre1 e3 ubiquitin ligase. hbre1 specifically increases the global level of h2b ubiquitylation at lysine 120 and enhances activator-dependent transcr ...	2005	16337599
interaction of nephrocystin-4 and rpgrip1 is disrupted by nephronophthisis or leber congenital amaurosis-associated mutations.	rpgr-interacting protein 1 (rpgrip1) is a key component of cone and rod photoreceptor cells, where it interacts with rpgr (retinitis pigmentosa gtpase regulator). mutations in rpgrip1 lead to autosomal recessive congenital blindness [leber congenital amaurosis (lca)]. most lca-associated missense mutations in rpgrip1 are located in a segment that encodes two c2 domains. based on the c2 domain of novel protein kinase c epsilon (pkc epsilon), we built a 3d-homology model for the c-terminal c2 doma ...	2005	16339905
the role of transcriptional coactivator trap220 in myelomonocytic differentiation.	the trap220 subunit of the thyroid hormone receptor-associated polypeptide transcription coactivator complex (trap/mediator complex), mammalian counterpart of the yeast mediator complex, is proposed to act on a variety of major and specific biological events through physical interactions with nuclear receptors. the vitamin d receptor (vdr) and retinoic acid receptor (rar), coupled with retinoid x receptor (rxr), are nuclear receptors which have important roles for monopoiesis and granulopoiesis, ...	2005	16324150
[molecular cloning and identify expression of the novel human lnx gene in gliomas].	to clone and identify expression pattern of the novel lnx gene, and characterize its molecular mechanism in all grades of human gliomas.	2005	16324299
an autoregulatory loop controlling orphan nuclear receptor dax-1 gene expression by orphan nuclear receptor errgamma.	the estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma (errgamma/err3/nr3b3) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that activates transcription in the absence of ligand. however, the detailed mechanism of gene regulation by errgamma is not fully understood. in this study we have found that the orphan nuclear receptor errgamma activates the dax-1 promoter, which, in turn, represses transactivation by errgamma. serial deletions of mouse dax-1 (mdax-1) gene promoter have revealed that the region re ...	2005	16314306
the carboxy-terminal neh3 domain of nrf2 is required for transcriptional activation.	nrf2 is a transcription factor critical for the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. we have previously found that nrf2 is a labile protein, and its activation in cells under stress involves mechanisms leading to its stabilization. as a modular protein, nrf2 possesses distinct transactivation and dna binding domains essential for its transcriptional activity. in this study, we found that the c-terminal "neh3" domain of nrf2 is also important for its activity. deletion of the last 16 amino ...	2005	16314513
solution structure of the set2-rpb1 interacting domain of human set2 and its interaction with the hyperphosphorylated c-terminal domain of rpb1.	the phosphorylation state of the c-terminal repeat domain (ctd) of the largest subunit of rna polymerase ii changes as polymerase transcribes a gene, and the distinct forms of the phospho-ctd (pctd) recruit different nuclear factors to elongating polymerase. the set2 histone methyltransferase from yeast was recently shown to bind the pctd of elongating rna polymerase ii by means of a novel domain termed the set2-rpb1 interacting (sri) domain. here, we report the solution structure of the sri dom ...	2005	16314571
mutagenic specificity of endogenously generated abasic sites in saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomal dna.	abasic [apurinic/apyrimidinic (ap)] sites are common, noncoding dna lesions. despite extensive investigation, the mutational pattern they provoke in eukaryotic cells remains unresolved. we constructed saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in which chromosomal ap sites were generated during normal cell growth by altered human uracil-dna glycosylases that remove undamaged cytosines or thymines. the mutation target was the ura3 gene inserted near the ars309 origin to allow defined replication polarity. ...	2005	16314579