Publications

short day-photoperiod triggers and low temperatures increase expression of peroxidase rna transcripts and basic peroxidase isoenzyme activity in grapevine buds.	expression of peroxidase (prx) rna transcripts was studied in grapevine cv. thompson seedless through use of semi-quantitative rt-pcr. in roots, the three vitis vinifera prx ests, reported in the genomic facility database from the university of california (http://cgf.ucdavis.edu), were expressed as rna transcripts, and three prx isoenzymes, two basic (prxb1) and (prxb2) and a neutral prx isoenzyme (prxn1), were detected in root extracts. in buds, although one prx est (cb923206) was detected as a ...	2007	17418877
deficit irrigation promotes arbuscular colonization of fine roots by mycorrhizal fungi in grapevines (vitis vinifera l.) in an arid climate.	regulated deficit irrigation (rdi) is a common practice applied in irrigated vineyards to control canopy growth and improve fruit quality, but little is known of how imposed water deficits may alter root growth and colonization by beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf). thus, root growth and mycorrhizal colonization were determined throughout the growing season for 3 years in own-rooted, field-grown, 'cabernet sauvignon' grapevines exposed to three rdi treatments. vines under standard rdi ...	2007	17404761
the ft/tfl1 gene family in grapevine.	the ft/tfl1 gene family encodes proteins with similarity to phosphatidylethanolamine binding proteins which function as flowering promoters and repressors. we show here that the ft/tfl1 gene family in vitis vinifera is composed of at least five genes. sequence comparisons with homologous genes identified in other dicot species group them in three major clades, the ft, mft and tfl1 subfamilies, the latter including three of the vitis sequences. gene expression patterns are in agreement with a rol ...	2007	17160562
exploring thermal imaging variables for the detection of stress responses in grapevine under different irrigation regimes.	temperatures of leaves or canopies can be used as indicators of stomatal closure in response to soil water deficit. in 2 years of field experiments with grapevines (vitis vinifera l., cvs castelão and aragonês), it was found that thermal imaging can distinguish between irrigated and non-irrigated canopies, and even between deficit irrigation treatments. average canopy temperature was inversely correlated with stomatal conductance measured with a porometer. variation of the distribution of temper ...	2007	17032729
use of thermal and visible imagery for estimating crop water status of irrigated grapevine.	achieving high quality wine grapes depends on the ability to maintain mild to moderate levels of water stress in the crop during the growing season. this study investigates the use of thermal imaging for monitoring water stress. experiments were conducted on a wine-grape (vitis vinifera cv. merlot) vineyard in northern israel. irrigation treatments included mild, moderate, and severe stress. thermal and visible (rgb) images of the crop were taken on four days at midday with a flir thermal imagin ...	2007	16968884
a high quality draft consensus sequence of the genome of a heterozygous grapevine variety.	worldwide, grapes and their derived products have a large market. the cultivated grape species vitis vinifera has potential to become a model for fruit trees genetics. like many plant species, it is highly heterozygous, which is an additional challenge to modern whole genome shotgun sequencing. in this paper a high quality draft genome sequence of a cultivated clone of v. vinifera pinot noir is presented.	2007	18094749
novel preparation method of template dnas from wine for pcr to differentiate grape (vitis vinifera l.) cultivar.	template dnas were extracted from wine and purified for use as samples for pcr to differentiate grape cultivars. it has been pointed out that the authentication of grape material by pcr using wine as a material is very difficult. the problems are (1) decomposition of dnas during fermentation; (2) contamination of dnas from microorganisms such as yeast; (3) interference of dna extraction by polysaccharides and polypeptides in the beverages; and (4) coexistence of pcr inhibitors, such as polypheno ...	2007	17994688
chemical characterization of red wine grape (vitis vinifera and vitis interspecific hybrids) and pomace phenolic extracts and their biological activity against streptococcus mutans.	grapes are rich sources of potentially bioactive polyphenols. however, the phenolic content is variable depending on grape variety, and may be modified during vinification. in this study, we examined the chemical composition and biological activity of phenolic extracts prepared from several red wine grape varieties and their fermented byproduct of winemaking (pomace) on some of the virulence properties of streptococcus mutans a well-known dental pathogen. grape phenolic extracts were obtained fr ...	2007	17999462
the symptomless leaf infection with grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 in grown in vitro plants as a simple model system for investigation of viral effects on photosynthesis.	the photosynthetic changes evaluated by oxygen evolution, chlorophyll fluorescence, photoacoustics, and delayed fluorescence (df) were studied in leaves of grown in vitro for 8 weeks grapevine plants (vitis vinifera) infected by grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (glrav-3). the infected leaves were characterized during the viral infection without visible disease symptoms. the symptomless infection led to a decrease in plant biomass. the non-photochemical fluorescence quenching, qn, declined, ...	2007	16716452
silencing of chaperonin 21, that was differentially expressed in inflorescence of seedless and seeded grapes, promoted seed abortion in tobacco and tomato fruits.	vitis vinifera l. cv. 'thompson seedless' presents a type of stenospermocarpy in grape where fertilization occurs but seeds abort and fail to develop. to unravel the molecular basis for stenospermocarpy in grapes, subtractive hybridization was carried out in order to isolate differentially regulated genes that participate in the seedlessness machinery. two 'thompson' lines, a seeded and a seedless, were screened during different flower developmental stages. one of the genes, that was differentia ...	2007	17103240
cloning, functional identification and structural modelling of vitis vinifera s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.	in this paper we report the cloning and full sequencing of s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (samdc, ec 4.1.1.50) cdna from vitis vinifera l. (vv) leaves, an enzyme belonging to the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, which appears to play an important role in the regulation of plant growth and development. the presence of two overlapping orfs (tiny orf and small orf) upstream of the main orf is reported in the vitis cdna. when the vitis samdc cdna was expressed in yeast without the two upstream or ...	2007	16982115
gene expression associated with compatible viral diseases in grapevine cultivars.	viral diseases affect grapevine cultures without inducing any resistance response. thus, these plants develop systemic diseases and are chronically infected. molecular events associated with viral compatible infections responsible for disease establishment and symptoms development are poorly understood. in this study, we surveyed viral infection in grapevines at a transcriptional level. gene expression in the vitis vinifera red wine cultivars carménère and cabernet-sauvignon naturally infected w ...	2007	16775684
antiviral activity of tiazofurin and mycophenolic acid against grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 in vitis vinifera explants.	the ability to control plant viral diseases with chemicals has great potential value for agriculture, but few chemicals are available to date due to the difficulty in obtaining effective drugs. imp dehydrogenase is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-monophosphate to xanthosine 5'-monophosphate in the de novo purine nucleotide synthetic pathway, and is considered a sensitive target for antiviral drugs. two impdh inhibitors, tiazofurin (tr) and mycophenolic acid (mpa), were tes ...	2007	17125850
xylella fastidiosa infection and ethylene exposure result in xylem and water movement disruption in grapevine shoots.	it is conventionally thought that multiplication of the xylem-limited bacterium xylella fastidiosa (xf) within xylem vessels is the sole factor responsible for the blockage of water movement in grapevines (vitis vinifera) affected by pierce's disease. however, results from our studies have provided substantial support for the idea that vessel obstructions, and likely other aspects of the pierce's disease syndrome, result from the grapevine's active responses to the presence of xf, rather than to ...	2007	17189331
ochratoxin a and ochratoxigenic aspergillus species in argentinean wine grapes cultivated under organic and non-organic systems.	the evolution of contamination with aspergillus section nigri and ochratoxin a occurrence was evaluated in four vineyards located at mendoza province, argentina during 2003-2004. the survey included two grape varieties, one of late maturation (bonarda) and the other of early maturation (tempranillo). the vineyards were set under non-organic and organic cropping systems. bunches of grapes at different growth stages were collected, and berries (50 by sample) were plated on petri dishes containing ...	2007	17196283
the grapevine transcription factor vvmybpa1 regulates proanthocyanidin synthesis during fruit development.	proanthocyanidins (pas; or condensed tannins) can protect plants against herbivores, contribute to the taste of many fruits, and act as dietary antioxidants beneficial for human health. we have previously shown that in grapevine (vitis vinifera) pa synthesis involves both leucoanthocyanidin reductase (lar) and anthocyanidin reductase (anr). here we report the characterization of a grapevine myb transcription factor vvmybpa1, which controls expression of pa pathway genes including both lar and an ...	2007	17208963
wine grape (vitis vinifera l.) color associates with allelic variation in the domestication gene vvmyba1.	during the process of crop domestication and early selection, numerous changes occur in the genetic and physiological make-up of crop plants. in grapevine (vitis vinifera) numerous changes have occurred as a result of human selection, including the emergence of hermaphroditism and greatly increased variation in berry color. this report examines the effect of human selection on variable skin color by examining the variation present in the gene vvmyba1, a transcriptional regulator of anthocyanin b ...	2007	17221259
candida hyderabadensis sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from wine grapes.	three ascomycetous yeast strains were isolated from decaying green wine grapes, collected from hyderabad city in india. two strains, ys9 and ys21, were identified as kodamaea ohmeri and candida fermentati, respectively. the third strain, ys12(t), differs from candida parapsilosis, candida orthopsilosis and candida metapsilosis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours, by 1.6-1.9% with respect to the nucleotide sequence of the d1/d2 domain of the 26s rrna gene and by 1.4-9.2% with respect to the nucl ...	2007	17253980
effect of chemical treatments on ochratoxigenic fungi and common mycobiota of grapes (vitis vinifera).	the effect of the application of two fungicides (cyprodinil alone and a mixture of cyprodinil and fludioxonil) on the mycoflora of grapes, especially ochratoxigenic fungi, was studied. different doses and application times were analyzed. grape mycobiota was isolated and identified, and the classification of black aspergilli was carried out. we found that 81.7% of the isolates belonged to aspergillus niger aggregate and 18.3% to aspergillus carbonarius. the ability to produce ochratoxin a (ota) w ...	2007	17265875
production of a recombinant carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase from grape and enzyme assay in water-miscible organic solvents.	a recombinant carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase from vitis vinifera l. was produced by escherichia coli as a fusion with the glutathione-s-transferase (gst) protein under different bacterial growth conditions. the enzyme production was monitored by a gst assay. addition of triton x-100 prior to bacterial cell disruption doubled the release of soluble protein. a simple spectrophotometric enzyme assay was developed to measure carotenoid cleavage activity using lutein as substrate. enzyme activity sh ...	2007	17295086
formation of vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanins by selected yeasts fermenting red grape musts supplemented with hydroxycinnamic acids.	the aim of this work was to study the formation of vinylphenolic pyroanthocyanin pigments by three strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae and one strain each of saccharomyces uvarum and saccharomyces montuliensis during the fermentation of red grape (vitis vinifera l. cv. tempranillo) must containing additional hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid or p-coumaric acid, 50 mg/l). these pigments were identified and quantified by high pressure liquid chromatography-diode array detection, th ...	2007	17303275
elicitor and resistance-inducing activities of beta-1,4 cellodextrins in grapevine, comparison with beta-1,3 glucans and alpha-1,4 oligogalacturonides.	cellodextrins (cd), water-soluble derivatives of cellulose composed of beta-1,4 glucoside residues, have been shown to induce a variety of defence responses in grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) cells. the larger oligomers of cd rapidly induced transient generation of h2o2 and elevation in free cytosolic calcium, followed by a differential expression of genes encoding key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway and pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins as well as stimulation of chitinase and beta-1,3 glu ...	2007	17322548
a study of antioxidant properties of some varieties of grapes (vitis vinifera l.).	grapes (vitis vinifera l.) are a major fruit crop in the world. grapes seem to confer health benefits due to their antioxidant activity. we have evaluated the antioxidant potential of 11 grapes varieties from india and nearby asian countries. the assays employed involve different levels of antioxidant action like ferric reducing antioxidant power, radical scavenging by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ferrylmyoglobin/2,2'-azobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, oxygen radical absorbance capa ...	2007	17364701
linkage maps of grapevine displaying the chromosomal locations of 420 microsatellite markers and 82 markers for r-gene candidates.	genetic maps functionally oriented towards disease resistance have been constructed in grapevine by analysing with a simultaneous maximum-likelihood estimation of linkage 502 markers including microsatellites and resistance gene analogs (rgas). mapping material consisted of two pseudo-testcrosses, 'chardonnay' x 'bianca' and 'cabernet sauvignon' x '20/3' where the seed parents were vitis vinifera genotypes and the male parents were vitis hybrids carrying resistance to mildew diseases. individual ...	2007	17380315
hepatoprotective effect of vitis vinifera l. leaves on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in rats.	the hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract and its four different fractions (chcl(3), etoac, n-buoh, and remaining water fraction) of vitis vinifera l. leaves was investigated against carbon tetrachloride (ccl(4))-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. the ethanolic extract was found active at 125mg/kg dose (per os). the ethanolic extract was fractionated through successive solvent-solvent extractions and the n-buoh fraction in 83mg/kg dose possessed remarkable antioxidant and hepatoprotect ...	2007	17391882
crystal structure of grape dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, a key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis.	the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph)-dependent enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (dfr) catalyzes a late step in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and condensed tannins, two flavonoid classes of importance to plant survival and human nutrition. this enzyme has been widely investigated in many plant species, but little is known about its structural and biochemical properties. to provide a basis for detailed structure-function studies, the crystal structure of vitis vinifera dfr, ...	2007	17395203
characterization of vitis vinifera l. cv. carménère grape and wine proanthocyanidins.	a formal compositional study of the proanthocyanidins of vitis vinifera l. cv. carménère was conducted in this work. we first characterized the polymeric proanthocyanidins of carménère skins, seeds, and wines. in addition, the wine astringency was analyzed and compared with cabernet sauvignon. although carménère wines had a higher proanthocyanidin concentration and mean degree of polymerization than cabernet sauvignon wines, the former wines were perceived as less astringent. the low seed/skin p ...	2007	17407309
differentiation of young red wines based on chemometrics of minor polyphenolic constituents.	for reasons of examining any possible discrimination of young red wines based on selected, minor polyphenols, a survey was carried out including 35 samples originating from three hellenic native and three international vitis vinifera cultivars from various regions of greece. all samples were experimental wines vinified and stored under identical conditions, in an effort to minimize the effect of different winemaking technologies as well as aging. the polyphenols analyzed belonged to two categori ...	2007	17407321
a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein from grapevine reduces the symptoms of the endopolygalacturonase bcpg2 from botrytis cinerea in nicotiana benthamiana leaves without any evidence for in vitro interaction.	six endopolygalacturonases from botrytis cinerea (bcpg1 to bcpg6) as well as mutated forms of bcpg1 and bcpg2 were expressed transiently in leaves of nicotiana benthamiana using agroinfiltration. expression of bcpg1, bcpg2, bcpg4, bcpg5, and mutant bcpg1-d203a caused symptoms, whereas bcpg3, bcpg6, and mutant bcpg2-d192a caused no symptoms. expression of bcpg2 caused the most severe symptoms, including wilting and necrosis. bcpg2 previously has been shown to be essential for b. cinerea virulence ...	2007	17427809
tolc is required for pathogenicity of xylella fastidiosa in vitis vinifera grapevines.	xylella fastidiosa infects a wide range of hosts and causes serious diseases on some of them. the complete genomic sequences of both a citrus variegated chlorosis (cvc) and a pierce's disease (pd) strain revealed two type i protein secretion plus two multidrug resistance efflux systems, and all evidently were dependent on a single tolc homolog. marker exchange mutagenesis of the single tolc gene in pd strain temecula resulted in a total loss of pathogenicity on grape. importantly, the tolc- muta ...	2007	17427810
xylella fastidiosa requires polygalacturonase for colonization and pathogenicity in vitis vinifera grapevines.	xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of pierce's disease of grape, an economically significant disease for the grape industry. x. fastidiosa systemically colonizes the xylem elements of grapevines and is able to breach the pit pore membranes separating xylem vessels by unknown mechanisms. we hypothesized that x. fastidiosa utilizes cell wall degrading enzymes to break down pit membranes, based on the presence of genes involved in plant cell wall degradation in the x. fastidiosa genome. these g ...	2007	17427811
isolation, functional characterization, and expression analysis of grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) hexose transporters: differential roles in sink and source tissues.	three hexose transporters (vvht3, vvht4, and vvht5) were cloned from vitis vinifera l. and functionally characterized in the hexose transport-impaired saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant eby.vw4000. both vvht4 and vvht5 facilitated glucose uptake, with k(m)s of 137 mum and 89 mum, respectively. vvht3 was not functional in the yeast system but a vvht3:gfp (green fluorescent protein) fusion protein was targeted to the plasma membrane in plant cells. in young 'sink' leaves, transcript levels of all fiv ...	2007	17452752
isolation and characterization of a vitis vinifera transcription factor, vvwrky1, and its effect on responses to fungal pathogens in transgenic tobacco plants.	pathogen attack represents a major problem for viticulture and for agriculture in general. at present, the use of phytochemicals is more and more restrictive, and therefore it is becoming essential to control disease by having a thorough knowledge of resistance mechanisms. the present work focused on the trans-regulatory proteins potentially involved in the control of the plant defence response, the wrky proteins. a full-length cdna, designated vvwrky1, was isolated from a grape berry library (v ...	2007	17456504
a grape berry (vitis vinifera l.) cation/proton antiporter is associated with berry ripening.	we have cloned and characterized vvnhx1, a gene encoding a vacuolar cation/h(+) antiporter from vitis vinifera cv. cabernet sauvignon. vvnhx1 belongs to the vacuolar nhx protein family and showed high similarity to other known vacuolar antiporters. the expression of vvnhx1 partially complements the salt- and hygromycin-sensitive phenotypes of an ena1-4 nhx1 yeast strain. immunoblots of vacuoles of yeast expressing a vvnhx1, together with the expression of a vvnhx1-gfp (green fluorescent protein) ...	2007	17463051
effect of brining on biological activity of leaves of vitis vinifera l. (cv. sultani cekirdeksiz) from turkey.	leaves of vitis vinifera (fam. vitaceae) cv. 'sultani cekirdeksiz' cultivated in manisa-alasehir in western turkey, were processed with or without brine. fresh, brined, and nonbrined leaves (after being subjected to 3 months of fermentation) were sampled and extracted with distilled water under reflux. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive activities of the water extracts were investigated using in vitro and in vivo methods. free radical scavenging activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylh ...	2007	17488092
cytogenetic effects of grape extracts (vitis vinifera) and polyphenols on mitomycin c-induced sister chromatid exchanges (sces) in human blood lymphocytes.	in the present study, the effects of extracts and polyphenol-rich fractions as well as monomer polyphenols identified in them, from both red and white grapes, on mitomycin c (mmc) induced sister chromatid exchanges (sces) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes were investigated. the grape extracts and two of the three polyphenol-rich fractions promoted mmc-induced sces at concentrations from 75 to 300 microg/ml. however, none of the extracts or fractions alone induced sces. thus, these results su ...	2007	17536817
a udp-glucose:isoflavone 7-o-glucosyltransferase from the roots of soybean (glycine max) seedlings. purification, gene cloning, phylogenetics, and an implication for an alternative strategy of enzyme catalysis.	isoflavones, a class of flavonoids, play very important roles in plant-microbe interactions in certain legumes such as soybeans (glycine max l. merr.). g. max udp-glucose:isoflavone 7-o-glucosyltransferase (gmif7gt) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of isoflavone conjugates, which accumulate in large amounts in vacuoles and serve as an isoflavonoid pool that allows for interaction with microorganisms. in this study, the 14,000-fold purification of gmif7gt from the roots of g. max seedlings was ac ...	2007	17565994
[analysis of a putative protection against free radicals by grape derivatives (vitis vinifera l. cv. tannat) in saccharomyces cerevisiae].	the aim of this work was to analyse a possible genome protection provided by a grape derivative (tannat wine) in yeast cell populations exposed to h2o2. haploid and diploid strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae were used as eukaryotic model. cell samples were exposed to h2o2 in a nutrient medium. chromosomal dna was analysed after isolation and separation by pulsed field electrophoresis. double strand breaks were determined by laser densitometry and application of poisson distribution. both haploi ...	2007	17585650
regulation of simultaneous synthesis of floral scent terpenoids by the 1,8-cineole synthase of nicotiana suaveolens.	the white flowers of n. suaveolens emit a complex bouquet of fragrance volatiles. the dominant compounds are benzenoids (e.g. methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and benzyl salicylate), monoterpenes (1,8-cineole, limonene, sabinene, e-beta-ocimene, beta-beta-myrcene, alpha- and beta-pinene and alpha-terpineole) and sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene), which are all emitted at higher levels during the night. here, we show that the simultaneous nocturnal emission of most monoterpen ...	2007	17611797
in vivo skin antioxidant effect of a new combination based on a specific vitis vinifera shoot extract and a biotechnological extract.	background and objectives: ultraviolet (uv) light produces reactive oxygen species (ros) in skin, which accelerate aging by damaging dna, proteins, lipids, and other cellular constituents. the aims of this study were to 1) evaluate the antioxidant properties of a vitis vinifera shoot extract on cultured normal human keratinocytes, 2) compare the in vivo antioxidant of this extract in combination with a biotechnological extract (ronacare hydroine), and 3) evaluate the efficacy on photoaging skin ...	2007	17691204
transgenic plants from shoot apical meristems of vitis vinifera l. "thompson seedless" via agrobacterium-mediated transformation.	shoot apical meristem explants of vitis vinifera "thompson seedless" were used for agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. it was determined that the meristems had to be subjected to a dark growth phase then wounded to obtain transgenic plants. morphological and histological studies illustrated the role of wounding to expose apical meristem cells for transformation. a bifunctional egfp/nptii fusion gene was used to select kanamycin resistant plants that expressed green fluorescent protein ...	2007	17701039
senescence-associated genes induced during compatible viral interactions with grapevine and arabidopsis.	the senescence process is the last stage in leaf development and is characterized by dramatic changes in cellular metabolism and the degeneration of cellular structures. several reports of senescence-associated genes (sags) have appeared, and an overlap in some of the genes induced during senescence and pathogen infections has been observed. for example, the enhanced expression of sags in response to diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses that trigger the hypersensitive response (hr) or ...	2007	17761729
the importance of polymerization and galloylation for the antiproliferative properties of procyanidin-rich natural extracts.	grape (vitis vinifera) and pine (pinus pinaster) bark extracts are widely used as nutritional supplements. procyanidin-rich fractions from grape and pine bark extract showing different mean degrees of polymerization, percentage of galloylation (percentage of gallate esters) and reactive oxygen species-scavenging capacity were tested on ht29 human colon cancer cells. we observed that the most efficient fractions in inhibiting cell proliferation, arresting the cell cycle in g(2) phase and inducing ...	2007	17824958
induction of a grapevine germin-like protein (vvglp3) gene is closely linked to the site of erysiphe necator infection: a possible role in defense?	germin-like proteins (glp) have various proposed roles in plant development and defense. seven novel glp cdna clones were isolated from grapevine (vitis vinifera cv. chardonnay). reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction expression analysis revealed that the vvglp genes exhibit diverse and highly specific patterns of expression in response to a variety of abiotic and biotic treatments, including challenge by erysiphe necator, plasmopara viticola, and botrytis cinerea, suggesting a diversit ...	2007	17849714
influence of a deficit irrigation regime during ripening on berry composition in grapevines (vitis vinifera l.) grown in semi-arid areas.	a study was made of the effects of irrigation management strategies during ripening on the quality of spanish field-grown grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) cultivars (baladi, airén, montepila, muscat blanc à petits grains and pedro ximénez) grown under the "montilla-moriles" appellation of origin in cordoba, spain. from 1999 to 2002, two water-availability regimes were established: irrigation and non-irrigation. the study aimed to ascertain the effect of irrigation on berry development and ripening, ...	2007	17852488
transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in ripening fruits of grapevine under seasonal water deficit.	anthocyanin biosynthesis is strongly up-regulated in ripening fruit of grapevines (vitis vinifera l.) grown under drought conditions. we investigated the effects of long-term water deficit on the expression of genes coding for flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes and related transcription factors, genes sensitive to endogenous [sugars, abscisic acid (aba)] and environmental (light) stimuli connected to drought stress, and genes developmentally regulated in ripening berries. total antho ...	2007	17897409
a universal expression/silencing vector in plants.	a universal vector (il-60 and auxiliary constructs), expressing or silencing genes in every plant tested to date, is described. plants that have been successfully manipulated by the il-60 system include hard-to-manipulate species such as wheat (triticum duram), pepper (capsicum annuum), grapevine (vitis vinifera), citrus, and olive (olea europaea). expression or silencing develops within a few days in tomato (solanum lycopersicum), wheat, and most herbaceous plants and in up to 3 weeks in woody ...	2007	17905866
effects of marjoram volatile oil and grape seed extract on ethanol toxicity in male rats.	natural dietary antioxidants are extensively studied for their ability to protect cells from miscellaneous damages. marjoram volatile oil (origanum majorana l., lamiaceae) and grape seed extract (vitis vinifera l., vitaceae) are potent antioxidants. effects of administration of marjoram volatile oil or grape seed extract on oral administration of ethanol, simultaneously, daily for 10 weeks were studied through determining epididymal spermatozoal analysis, serum testosterone level, weight and his ...	2007	17910615
overexpression of vvwrky2 in tobacco enhances broad resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens.	wrky genes encode proteins belonging to a large family of transcription factors that are involved in various developmental and physiological processes and in plant responses to pathogen infections. in the present work, a full-length cdna from a vitis vinifera l. cv. cabernet sauvignon grape berry library was isolated and characterized. the cdna, designated vvwrky2, encodes a polypeptide of 536 amino acids that shows the structural features of group i of wrky protein family. vvwrky2 is expressed ...	2007	18251882
impact of water activity and temperature on growth and ochratoxin a production of two aspergillus carbonarius isolates from wine grapes in greece.	the aim of this study was to determine the effects of water activity (a(w); 0.85 to 0.98) and temperature (10 to 40 degrees c) on the radial growth rate and ochratoxin a (oa) production of two aspergillus carbonarius isolates in vitro. the isolates were obtained from wine grapes cultivated in greece, and the trial was conducted with a synthetic grape juice medium similar in composition to grapes between veraison (beginning of color change) and ripeness. fungal growth and oa production data were ...	2007	18095449
leaf scorch symptoms are not correlated with bacterial populations during pierce's disease.	xylella fastidiosa (xf) is a xylem-limited bacterium that lives as a harmless endophyte in most plant species but is pathogenic in several agriculturally important crops such as coffee, citrus, and grapevine (vitis vinifera l.). in susceptible cultivars of grapevine, xf infection results in leaf scorch, premature leaf senescence, and eventually vine death; a suite of symptoms collectively referred to as pierce's disease. a qpcr assay was developed to determine bacterial concentrations in planta ...	2007	18037677
modelling the effect of temperature and water activity on the growth of two ochratoxigenic strains of aspergillus carbonarius from greek wine grapes.	to develop descriptive models for the combined effect of temperature (10-40 degrees c) and water activity (0.850-0.980) on the growth of two ochratoxin a producing strains of aspergillus carbonarius from greek wine grapes on a synthetic grape juice medium.	2007	18045410
effects of diffuse colonization of grape berries by uncinula necator on bunch rots, berry microflora, and juice and wine quality.	abstract production of grape (principally cultivars of vitis vinifera) for high-quality wines requires a high level of suppression of powdery mildew (uncinula necator syn. erysiphe necator). severe infection of either fruit or foliage has well-documented and deleterious effects upon crop and wine quality. we found that berries nearly immune to infection by u. necator due to the development of ontogenic resistance may still support diffuse and inconspicuous mildew colonies when inoculated approxi ...	2007	18943695
the course of colonization of two different vitis genotypes by plasmopara viticola indicates compatible and incompatible host-pathogen interactions.	abstract the course of colonization of leaf mesophyll by the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, plasmopara viticola, in a susceptible and a resistant grapevine genotype was examined in order to characterize the development of the pathogen in compatible and incompatible host-pathogen interactions. within a few hours after inoculation, the pathogen was established in the susceptible vitis vinifera cv. müller-thurgau and formed primary hyphae with a first haustorium. no further development occ ...	2007	18943926
screening of antioxidative properties and total phenolic compounds of various extracts of three different seed of grape varieties (vitis vinifera l.) from turkish flora.	this study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of various extracts prepared by using solvents of varying polarity from three different seed of grape varieties (vitis vinifera l.) of which local names are siyah gemre, adana karasi and tilki kuyrugu in turkish folk medicine, respectively. the extracts were screened for their possible antioxidant activity by two complementary test systems namely dpph free radical scavenging and beta-carotene/linol ...	2007	19069509
polymorphism of some native sistan grapes assessed by long and short primers for rapd markers.	grapevines have bronze ages archive in sistan area of iran. in order to study the genetic variation and taxonomic relationships between 6 cultivars of the sistan grapevines (vitis vinifera l.) at molecular level, random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers were used. the data were subjected to statistical analyses and genetic resemblance was calculated using dice similarity index. the grapevines related to the different geographic areas of sistan were assessed by 50 short (10 mer) and long ( ...	2007	19093438
untranslated leader region polymorphism of tvv1, a retrotransposon family, is a novel marker useful for analyzing genetic diversity and relatedness in the genus vitis.	grapevine retrotransposons belonging to the tvv1 family share a single, highly conserved open reading frame but differ by their untranslated leader (utl) region, which is highly variable in size. amplification of the utl region of tvv1 elements from 94 vitaceae accessions reveals that each of them shows a unique pattern of utl-derived bands, which is inherited in progenies but conserved between clones vegetatively propagated. the overall organization of genetic diversity of the vitaceae at the i ...	2007	17926019
characterization of two brassinosteroid c-6 oxidase genes in pea.	c-6 oxidation genes play a key role in the regulation of biologically active brassinosteroid (br) levels in the plant. they control br activation, which involves the c-6 oxidation of 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxocs) to castasterone (cs) and in some cases the further conversion of cs to brassinolide (bl). c-6 oxidation is controlled by the cyp85a family of cytochrome p450s, and to date, two cyp85as have been isolated in tomato (solanum lycopersicum), two in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), one ...	2007	17322341
fast and local assessment of stilbene content in grapevine leaf by in vivo fluorometry.	stilbenes are grapevine phytoalexins. these highly fluorescent molecules are generally analyzed by hplc. this technique allows accurate assay of different stilbenes, but it is destructive, time-consuming, and neglects their spatial distribution. this is why we have tested a new method based on in vivo fluorescence using commercial spectrofluorometers that allowed fast and local assessment of stilbene content in grapevine leaves. stilbene synthesis in grapevine vitis vinifera var. muscat ottonel ...	2007	17542609
stomatal deregulation in plasmopara viticola-infected grapevine leaves.	in grapevine, the penetration and sporulation of plasmopara viticola occur via stomata, suggesting functional relationships between guard cells and the pathogen. this assumption was supported by our first observation that grapevine (vitis vinifera cv. marselan) cuttings infected by p. viticola wilted more rapidly than healthy ones when submitted to water starvation. here, complementary approaches measuring stomatal conductance and infrared thermographic and microscopic observations were used to ...	2007	17286831
'cardinal' grape parentage: a case of a breeding mistake.	the grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) is one of the most widely grown fruit plants, with table grapes accounting for at least 20% of the total world production. a few traditional table grape cultivars have achieved great international prominence. among the most important cultivars is 'cardinal', a historical californian grapevine obtained by e. snyder and f. harmon in 1939 by crossing 'flame tokay' (syn. 'ahmer bou amer') with 'ribier' (syn. 'alphonse lavallée') at the horticultural field station of ...	2007	17502906
consequences of insect herbivory on grape fine root systems with different growth rates.	herbivory tolerance has been linked to plant growth rate where plants with fast growth rates are hypothesized to be more tolerant of herbivory than slower-growing plants. evidence supporting this theory has been taken primarily from observations of aboveground organs but rarely from roots. grapevines differing in overall rates of new root production, were studied in napa valley, california over two growing seasons in an established vineyard infested with the sucking insect, grape phylloxera (dak ...	2007	17547651
mesocarp localization of a bi-functional resveratrol/hydroxycinnamic acid glucosyltransferase of concord grape (vitis labrusca).	resveratrol is a stilbene with well-known health-promoting effects in humans that is produced constitutively or accumulates as a phytoalexin in several plant species including grape (vitis sp.). grape berries accumulate stilbenes in the exocarp as cis- and trans-isomers of resveratrol, together with their respective 3-o-monoglucosides. an enzyme glucosylating cis- and trans-resveratrol was purified to apparent homogeneity from concord (vitis labrusca) grape berries, and peptide sequencing associ ...	2007	17270014
steroids versus other immune modulators in the management of allergic dermatoses.	the classic role of topical and systemic corticosteroids for allergic dermatoses is discussed, with special attention to the impact on the current clinical treatment paradigm by newer systemic and topical therapies. these products are reviewed and recommendations presented on how to effectively assimilate them into clinical practice.	2006	16954788
aging effect on the pigment composition and color of vitis vinifera l. cv. tannat wines. contribution of the main pigment families to wine color.	red wines made from vitis vinifera l. cv. tannat grapes are known to possess high contents of tannins and intense color, features that are responsible for the originality of these wines. this work aimed to study the evolution of the pigment composition and cielab color parameters as tannat wines become older, as well as to establish the contribution to wine color of the main pigment families. tannat wines produced in uruguay from grapes of the same vineyard in six consecutive vintages (1998-2003 ...	2006	16939328
ultrastructure and germination of vitis vinifera cv. loureiro pollen.	the cultivar loureiro of vitis vinifera is one of the most economically important, recommended in almost the totality of the região demarcada dos vinhos verdes. in vineyards, the grape productivity of this cultivar is normal while in others it is extremely low. the aim of this work was to study the morphology and germination of vitis vinifera cv. loureiro pollen with high and low productivity. the pollen grain was examined under light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. typically v. ...	2006	16937066
somatic chimerism, genetic inheritance, and mapping of the fleshless berry (flb) mutation in grapevine (vitis vinifera l.).	the fleshless berry (flb) mutation of grapevine (vitis vinifera l. 'ugni blanc') impairs the differentiation and division of inner mesocarp cells responsible for flesh in grapevine berries. in order to study the inheritance of the mutation and to map the flb locus, 5 segregating populations were created. progeny plants were classified as mutant or wild type by scoring for the presence of an ovary phenotype associated with the flb- phenotype at anthesis. phenotypic segregation revealed the involv ...	2006	16936780
two new grape cultivars, bud sports of cabernet sauvignon bearing pale-coloured berries, are the result of deletion of two regulatory genes of the berry colour locus.	bud sports are infrequent changes in phenotype affecting shoots of woody perennials but the molecular basis of these mutations has rarely been identified. in this report, we show that the bronze-coloured berries of the malian cultivar, a documented bud sport of the wine grape cabernet sauvignon (vitis vinifera l.), lack anthocyanins in the subepidermal cells compared to the red/black berried cabernet sauvignon in which both the epidermis and several subepidermal cell layers contain anthocyanin. ...	2006	16932847
sequence analysis and transcriptional profiling of two vacuolar h+ -pyrophosphatase isoforms in vitis vinifera.	gene expression of grapevine vacuolar h(+)-pyrophosphatase (v-ppase ec 3.6.1.1.) during fruit ripening has previously been reported. here we report on putative multiple v-ppase isoforms in grapevine. in this study a full-length cdna sequence with an open reading frame of 2,295 nucleotides encoding a v-ppase gene (vpp2: acc. nr. aj557256) was cloned. sequence analyses of the deduced amino acid residues and rt-pcr experiments indicated that vitis vinifera l. has at least two distinct isoforms of t ...	2006	16924561
historical origins and genetic diversity of wine grapes.	the genomic resources that are available to the grapevine research community have increased enormously during the past five years, in parallel with a renewed interest in grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) germplasm resources and analysis of genetic diversity in grapes. genetic variation, either natural or induced, is invaluable for crop improvement and understanding gene function, and the same is true for the grapevine. the history and vineyard cultural practices have largely determined the genetic d ...	2006	16872714
quantification of abscisic acid in grapevine leaf (vitis vinifera) by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.	a specific, sensitive, precise, and accurate method for the determination of abscisic acid (aba) in grapevine leaf tissues is described. the method employs high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (lc-esi-ms) in selected ion monitoring mode (sim) to analyze aba using a stable isotope-labeled aba as an internal standard. absolute recoveries ranged from 72% to 79% using methanol/water ph 5.5 (50:50 v/v) as an extraction solvent. the best efficiency was o ...	2006	16868725
ripening grape berries remain hydraulically connected to the shoot.	berry diameter was monitored during dry-down and rewatering cycles and pressurization of the root system of vitis vinifera (cv. merlot) and vitis labruscana (cv. concord) to test changes in xylem functionality during grape ripening. prior to veraison (onset of ripening), berries maintained their size under declining soil moisture until the plants had used 80% of the transpirable soil water, began to shrink thereafter, and recovered rapidly after rewatering. by contrast, berry diameter declined s ...	2006	16868045
influence of different phenolic copigments on the color of malvidin 3-glucoside.	the effectiveness of seven phenolic compounds (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin b2, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, myricitrin, and quercitrin) as copigments of malvidin 3-glucoside, the major anthocyanin in red wines from vitis vinifera, using a copigment/pigment molar ratio of 1:1 was assayed in model wine solutions under the same conditions (ph=3.6, 12% ethanol). the stability of the copigment-pigment complexes formed was studied during a storage period of 60 days at 25 degrees c. tristimulu ...	2006	16848527
argentinean cultivars of vitis vinifera grow better than european ones when cultured in vitro under salinity.	argentinean vitis vinifera cultivars although originated from europe, have clear ampelographic and genotypic differences as compared with the european cultivars currently used in wine making. in vitro evaluation of salt tolerance has been used in many species. our hypothesis was that argentinean cultivars are more tolerant to salinity than european ones. three european cultivars, malbec, cabernet sauvignon and chardonnay and four argentincan cultivars, cereza, criolla chica, pedro gimcnez and to ...	2006	16845822
relationships between leaf conductance to co2 diffusion and photosynthesis in micropropagated grapevine plants, before and after ex vitro acclimatization.	in vitro-cultured plants typically show a low photosynthetic activity, which is considered detrimental to subsequent ex vitro acclimatization. studies conducted so far have approached this problem by analysing the biochemical and photochemical aspects of photosynthesis, while very little attention has been paid to the role of leaf conductance to co(2) diffusion, which often represents an important constraint to co(2) assimilation in naturally grown plants. mesophyll conductance, in particular, h ...	2006	16837534
an integrated ssr map of grapevine based on five mapping populations.	a grapevine (mainly vitis vinifera l., 2n = 38) composite genetic map was constructed with carthagene using segregation data from five full-sib populations of 46, 95, 114, 139 and 153 individuals, to determine the relative position of a large set of molecular markers. this consensus map comprised 515 loci (502 ssrs and 13 other type pcr-based markers), amplified using 439 primer pairs (426 ssrs and 13 others) with 50.1% common markers shared by at least two crosses. out of all loci, 257, 85, 74, ...	2006	16799809
a skin color mutation of grapevine, from black-skinned pinot noir to white-skinned pinot blanc, is caused by deletion of the functional vvmyba1 allele.	a white-wine grape, pinot blanc, is thought to be a white-skinned mutant of a red-wine grape, pinot noir. pinot noir was heterozygous for vvmyba1. one allele was the non-functional vvmyba1a, and the other was the functional vvmyba1c. in pinot blanc, however, only vvmyba1a was observed, and the amount of vvmyba1 dna in pinot blanc was half that in pinot noir. these findings suggest that deletion of vvmyba1c from pinot noir resulted in pinot blanc.	2006	16794336
simulated digestion of vitis vinifera seed powder: polyphenolic content and antioxidant properties.	there is increasing evidence that reactive oxygen species arising from several enzymatic reactions are mediators of inflammatory events. plant preparations have the potential for scavenging such reactive oxygen species. flavans and procyanidins are bioavailable and stable during the process of cooking. this study used conditions that mimicked digestion of vitis vinifera seed powder in the stomach (acidic preparation) and small intestine (neutral preparation). the flavonoids of these two preparat ...	2006	16787037
time course of the evolution of malic and lactic acids in the alcoholic and malolactic fermentation of grape must by quantitative 1h nmr (qhnmr) spectroscopy.	quantitative nmr can be used to monitor several processes that take place in the transformation of the must of wine grapes. the study described here focused attention on monitoring of the malic and lactic acid levels during the alcoholic and malolactic fermentation processes. the method allows the simultaneous quantification of both acids through a range of 1-3.2 mmol/l. the effectiveness of each process was assessed and compared by carrying out precise analyses using enzymatic methods.	2006	16787019
pathways of glucose regulation of monosaccharide transport in grape cells.	grape (vitis vinifera) heterotrophic suspension-cultured cells were used as a model system to study glucose (glc) transport and its regulation. cells transported d-[14c]glc according to simple michaelis-menten kinetics superimposed on first-order kinetics. the saturating component is a high-affinity, broad-specificity h+ -dependent transport system (km = 0.05 mm). glc concentration in the medium tightly regulated the transcription of vvht1 (vitis vinifera hexose transporter 1), a monosaccharide ...	2006	16766675
the contribution of extensin network formation to rapid, hydrogen peroxide-mediated increases in grapevine callus wall resistance to fungal lytic enzymes.	grapevine (vitis vinifera cv. touriga) callus cell walls contain a high level of the monomeric extensin, gvp1. hydrogen peroxide stimulus of these cultures causes the rapid loss of monomeric gvp1, concomitant with marked increases in insoluble gvp1 amino acids and wall resistance to digestion by fungal lytic enzymes. jim11 immunolocalization studies indicated that monomeric and network gvp1 were evenly distributed in the callus cell wall. these primary cell walls were used to investigate the spe ...	2006	16720614
the photoprotective role of epidermal anthocyanins and surface pubescence in young leaves of grapevine (vitis vinifera).	depending on cultivar, surfaces of young leaves of vitis vinifera may be glabrous-green ('soultanina') or transiently have anthocyanins ('siriki') or pubescence ('athiri'). a test is made of the hypothesis that anthocyanins and pubescence act as light screens affording a photoprotective advantage to the corresponding leaves, and an assessment is made of the magnitude of their effect.	2006	16704996
branch development controls leaf area dynamics in grapevine (vitis vinifera) growing in drying soil.	soil water deficit is a major abiotic stress with severe consequences for the development, productivity and quality of crops. however, it is considered a positive factor in grapevine management (vitis vinifera), as it has been shown to increase grape quality. the effects of soil water deficit on organogenesis, morphogenesis and gas exchange in the shoot were investigated.	2006	16679414
metabolic changes of malvasia grapes for wine production during postharvest drying.	malvasia (vitis vinifera l.) grapes were harvested at 17.8% of soluble solids content (ssc) and placed inside an innovative dehydration room where temperature, relative humidity, and air flow were maintained, respectively, at 15 degrees c, 40%, and 1-1.5 m s(-1). weight loss of bunches reached approximately 33% in 29 days. ssc increased inversely proportionally with the weight decrease, reaching at the end of experiment 23%. abscisic acid (aba) increased rapidly from around 29 to 80 microg g(-1) ...	2006	16637693
rapid tool for distinction of wines based on the global volatile signature.	this work describes a novel methodology for the rapid distinction of wines by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, followed by principal component analysis of the data (hs-spme-gc-ms-pca). headspace spme is used to extract and concentrate the volatile and semi-volatile fractions. a db-ffap fused silica gc capillary column of 30 m at 220 degrees c was used acting as a transfer line of the components sorbed by the carbowax-divinylbenzene coating fi ...	2006	16620852
nuclear dna content of vitis vinifera cultivars and ploidy level analyses of somatic embryo-derived plants obtained from anther culture.	flow cytometry was employed to determine the ploidy level of vitis vinifera l. somatic embryo-derived plants obtained from anther culture. only one among the 41 analysed plants (2.4%) presented somaclonal variation (tetraploidy); the other plants were diploid. no significant differences (p<or=0.05) were detected between diploid and parental field plants. no haploid or aneuploid plants were observed. the nuclear dna content of nine v. vinifera cultivars was also estimated using flow cytometry. a ...	2006	16614867
multiple origins of cultivated grapevine (vitis vinifera l. ssp. sativa) based on chloroplast dna polymorphisms.	the domestication of the eurasian grape (vitis vinifera ssp. sativa) from its wild ancestor (vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) has long been claimed to have occurred in transcaucasia where its greatest genetic diversity is found and where very early archaeological evidence, including grape pips and artefacts of a 'wine culture', have been excavated. whether from transcaucasia or the nearby taurus or zagros mountains, it is hypothesized that this wine culture spread southwards and eventually westwa ...	2006	17032268
metabolite profiling of grape: flavonols and anthocyanins.	flavonols are products of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, which also give rise to anthocyanins and condensed tannins in grapes. we investigated their presence in the berry skins of 91 grape varieties (vitis vinifera l.), in order to produce a classification based on the flavonol profile. the presence of laricitrin 3-o-galactoside and syringetin 3-o-galactoside in red grapes is reported here for the first time. in red grapes, the main flavonol was quercetin (mean = 43.99%), followed by myrice ...	2006	17002441
survey of grapevine vitis vinifera stem polyphenols by liquid chromatography-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry.	grapes and red wine prepared from vitis vinifera l. contain a variety of polyphenols. some information is available about the polyphenols of the seeds and leaves of grapevine, but considerably less is known about the polyphenols of woody stems. in this paper, we describe the results of a study of polyphenolic compounds in grapevine stems. we demonstrate how a combination of reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-diode array detection and electrospray ionization-ta ...	2006	17002412
rate of degradation of lambda-cyhalothrin and methomyl in grapes (vitis vinifera l.).	rates of degradation of lambda-cyhalothrin and methomyl residues in grape are reported. the dissipation behavior of both insecticides followed first-order rate kinetics with similar patterns at standard and double-dose applications. residues of lambda-cyhalothrin were lost with pre-harvest intervals (phi) of 12.0-12.5 and 15.0-15.5 days, corresponding to the applications at 25 and 50 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. in the case of methomyl, residues were lost with phi of 55.0 and 61.0 days, following ...	2006	16982521
composition and cellular localization of tannins in cabernet sauvignon skins during growth.	for two successive years, cell walls were isolated from the internal part of skin cells of vitis vinifera l. cv. cabernet sauvignon grape berries grown in a vineyard. procyanidin localization and composition were determined over the course of development. tannins were mainly localized in the inner cell fraction, due to their biosynthesis and storage. cell wall tannins always exhibited a higher mean degree of polymerization as compared to the internal cell fraction, which had a constant mdp. the ...	2006	17147434
an optimized grapevine rna isolation procedure and statistical determination of reference genes for real-time rt-pcr during berry development.	accuracy in quantitative real-time rt-pcr is dependent on high quality rna, consistent cdna synthesis, and validated stable reference genes for data normalization. reference genes used for normalization impact the results generated from expression studies and, hence, should be evaluated prior to use across samples and treatments. few statistically validated reference genes have been reported in grapevine. moreover, success in isolating high quality rna from grapevine tissues is typically limitin ...	2006	17105665
extraction of polyphenols from vine shoots of vitis vinifera by superheated ethanol-water mixtures.	a study of the nonvolatile fraction of extracts from vine shoots obtained by superheated ethanol-water mixtures is presented. the influence of the temperature, extraction time, and percentage of ethanol on extraction was investigated by a multivariate experimental design to maximize the yield of total phenolic compounds, measured by using the folin-ciocalteu method. the best values found for these variables were 80% (v/v) ethanol, 240 degrees c, and 60 min. under these conditions, the effect of ...	2006	17090121
direct in situ measurement of cell turgor in grape (vitis vinifera l.) berries during development and in response to plant water deficits.	vitis vinifera l. berries are non-climacteric fruits that exhibit a double-sigmoid growth pattern, and at the point known as 'veraison', which is just before the beginning of the second period of rapid fruit growth, these berries undergo several abrupt physiological changes. cell pressure probe was used to examine the in situ turgor (p) of cells in the mesocarp during berry development and in response to plant water deficits. initial tests comparing attached and detached berries demonstrated tha ...	2006	17087481
mercury hinders recovery of shoot hydraulic conductivity during grapevine rehydration: evidence from a whole-plant approach.	this experiment aimed to test whether recovery of shoot hydraulic conductivity after drought depends on cellular metabolism in addition to xylem hydraulics. we rehydrated droughted grapevines (vitis vinifera) after treating intact plants through the root with 0.5 mm mercuric chloride (a metabolic inhibitor) at the end of the stress period, before rehydration. the contribution of mercury-inhibited water transport in both shoot and root, and the extent of shoot vessel embolization, were assessed. ...	2006	17083677
pruning-induced tylose development in stems of current-year shoots of vitis vinifera (vitaceae).	tyloses form in xylem vessels in response to various environmental stimuli, but little is known of the kinetics or regulation of their development. preliminary investigations indicated that wounds seal quickly with tyloses after pruning of grapevine shoots. in this study, tylose development was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively at different depths and times from pruning cuts along current-year shoots of grapevines at basal, middle, and apical stem regions. tyloses developed simultaneousl ...	2006	21642102
effect of shading on accumulation of flavonoid compounds in (vitis vinifera l.) pinot noir fruit and extraction in a model system.	accumulation and compositional changes of flavonols, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins were measured in vitis vinifera l. cv. pinot noir in shaded and exposed treatments. in addition, extraction of these compounds into a model wine solution was measured. the study was conducted in a commercial vineyard within a uniform zone of relatively low vigor vines. light exclusion boxes were installed on pairs of clusters on the same shoot (shaded treatment), and a second set of clusters on an adjacent s ...	2006	17061828
[effect of homogeneity on cell growth and anthocyanin biosynthesis in suspension cultures of vitis vinifera].	the instability of secondary metabolite production is a ubiquitous problem in plant cell culture. to understand the instability, the investigation of anthocyanin accumulation in suspension cultures of vitis vinifera, as a model system, has been initiated in our laboratory. suspension culture of a relatively homogeneous cell line e of v. vinifera, was established by long-term cell line selection by anthocyanin content differentiation. the aggregate size of e was smaller than that of other cell li ...	2006	17037206
transient effect of the herbicide flazasulfuron on carbohydrate physiology in vitis vinifera l.	in the champagne vineyard, most of the areas treated in early 2000 with the newly approved herbicide flazasulfuron had vines with altered growth and yellow leaves throughout the growing season. in order to clarify the physiological perturbations caused on the non-target grapevine and their potential consequences, c nutrition of grape plants grown in vineyards treated or not with flazasulfuron in 2000 was characterized during the following season. vines from treated areas exhibited yellow leaves ...	2006	15987652
organ-specific transcription of putative flavonol synthase genes of grapevine and effects of plant hormones and shading on flavonol biosynthesis in grape berry skins.	in order to investigate the control mechanism of flavonol biosynthesis of grapevine, we obtained five genomic sequences (fls1 to fls5) of putative flavonol synthase genes from vitis vinifera cv. cabernet sauvignon. the mrna of five flss accumulated in flower buds and flowers, while the mrna of fls2, fls4, and fls5 accumulated in small berry skins and then decreased toward veraison. at the ripening stage, the mrna of only fls4 and fls5 accumulated again. this change in mrna accumulation did not c ...	2006	16556978