Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| immune responses and protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) challenge in swine vaccinated with adenovirus-fmdv constructs. | a replication-defective adenovirus 5 encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid and 3c proteinase coding regions (ad5-fmdv3cwt) was used to vaccinate swine. a single inoculation utilizing 1 x 10(8) plaque forming units (pfu) or an inoculation of 1 x 10(8) followed by a boost of 5 x 10(8) pfu ad5-fmdv3cwt were tested, along with an inoculation and boost using an adenovirus encoding the fmdv capsid coding region and an inactive form of the 3c proteinase (ad5-fmdv3cmut). sera collected fro ... | 2001 | 11228388 |
| identification of t-cell epitopes in nonstructural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus. | porcine t-cell recognition of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural proteins (nsp) was tested using in vitro lymphoproliferative responses. lymphocytes were obtained from outbred pigs experimentally infected with fmdv. of the different nsp, polypeptides 3a, 3b, and 3c gave the highest stimulations in the in vitro assays. the use of overlapping synthetic peptides allowed the identification of amino acid regions within these proteins that were efficiently recognized by the lymphocytes. ... | 2001 | 11238843 |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: a long known virus, but a current threat. | foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was the first animal virus identified. since then, fmdv has become a model system in animal virology and a considerable amount of information on its structure, biology and vaccinology has been obtained. however, the disease that this virus produces (fmd) still constitutes one of the main animal health concerns. in this review, we have attempted to summarise the state of the knowledge in different basic and applied areas of fmdv research, with emphasis on those ... | 2001 | 11254174 |
| identification of optimal regions for phylogenetic studies on vp1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus: analysis of types a and o argentinean viruses. | an analysis of the informative content of sequence stretches on the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vpi gene was applied to two important viral serotypes: a and o. several sequence regions were identified to allow the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees equivalent to those derived from the whole vpi gene. the optimal informative regions for sequence windows of 150 to 250 nt were predicted between positions 250 and 550 of the gene. the sequences spanning the 250 nt of the 3' end (positions 4 ... | 2001 | 11254175 |
| residual foot-and-mouth disease virus antibodies in french cattle and sheep six years after the vaccination ban. | a serological survey was carried out on french cattle to establish a reference pattern of residual vaccine antibodies and non-specific reactions against the foot-and-mouth disease virus 6 years after the ban on vaccination and in the absence of any foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. most of the multi-vaccinated cattle still displayed high titres of antibodies and up to 50% of those which had received a single injection still had antibodies. non-specific reactors were also recorded among animals bo ... | 2001 | 11254180 |
| functional interaction of translation initiation factor eif4g with the foot-and-mouth disease virus internal ribosome entry site. | in the life-cycle of picornaviruses, the synthesis of the viral polyprotein is initiated cap-independently at the internal ribosome entry site (ires) far downstream from the 5' end of the viral plus-strand rna. the cis-acting ires rna elements serve as binding sites for translation initiation factors that guide the ribosomes to an internal site of the viral rna. in this study, we show that the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eif4g interacts directly with the ires of foot-and-mouth disea ... | 2001 | 11257179 |
| a single amino acid substitution in nonstructural protein 3a can mediate adaptation of foot-and-mouth disease virus to the guinea pig. | the genetic changes selected during the adaptation of a clonal population of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to the guinea pig have been analyzed. fmdv clone c-s8c1 was adapted to the guinea pig by serial passage in the animals until secondary lesions were observed. analysis of the virus directly recovered from the lesions developed by the animals revealed the selection of variants with two amino acid substitutions in nonstructural proteins, i(248)-->t in 2c and q(44)-->r in 3a. on further p ... | 2001 | 11264387 |
| nucleotide sequence of genome segment 5 from bombyx mori cypovirus 1. | the complete nucleotide sequences of the double-stranded rna genome segments 5 (s5) from bombyx mori cypovirus 1 (bmcpv-1) strains i and h were determined. the segments consisted of 2,852 nucleotides encoding putative proteins of 881 amino acids with molecular masses of approximately 101 kda (p101). a homology search showed that p101 has high similarity (93%) to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a protease (2apro) at amino acid position 219 to 235. these findings suggest the possibility that ... | 2001 | 11266213 |
| induction of a virus-specific antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus using the structural protein vp1 expressed in transgenic potato plants. | we have recently communicated the oral and parental immunogenicity of the structural protein vp1 of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) expressed in different transgenic plants. those results clearly indicated the necessity of increasing the expression of the foreign genes in the transgenic plant to avoid additional steps toward the purification and/or concentration of the antigen of interest. here, we report the production of transgenic potatoes plants containing the vp1 gene cloned under the r ... | 2001 | 11270596 |
| role of the cytoplasmic domain of the beta-subunit of integrin alpha(v)beta6 in infection by foot-and-mouth disease virus. | field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are believed to use rgd-dependent integrins as cellular receptors in vivo. using sw480 cell transfectants, we have recently established that one such integrin, alpha(v)beta6, functions as a receptor for fmdv. this integrin was shown to function as a receptor for virus attachment. however, it was not known if the alpha(v)beta6 receptor itself participated in the events that follow virus binding to the host cell. in the present study, we invest ... | 2001 | 11287565 |
| outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o in the uk caused by a pandemic strain. | 2001 | 11292084 | |
| analysis of the aphthovirus 2a/2b polyprotein 'cleavage' mechanism indicates not a proteolytic reaction, but a novel translational effect: a putative ribosomal 'skip'. | the 2a region of the aphthovirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) polyprotein is only 18 aa long. a 'primary' intramolecular polyprotein processing event mediated by 2a occurs at its own c terminus. fmdv 2a activity was studied in artificial polyproteins in which sequences encoding reporter proteins flanked the 2a sequence such that a single, long, open reading frame was created. the self-processing properties of these artificial polyproteins were investigated and the co-translational 'cleava ... | 2001 | 11297676 |
| the 'cleavage' activities of foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a site-directed mutants and naturally occurring '2a-like' sequences. | the 2a/2b cleavage of aphtho- and cardiovirus 2a polyproteins is mediated by their 2a proteins 'cleaving' at their own c termini. we have analysed this activity using artificial reporter polyprotein systems comprising green fluorescent protein (gfp) linked via foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a to beta-glucuronidase (gus) -- forming a single, long, open reading frame. analysis of the distribution of radiolabel showed a high proportion of the in vitro translation products (approximately 90%) ... | 2001 | 11297677 |
| molecular intermediates of fitness gain of an rna virus: characterization of a mutant spectrum by biological and molecular cloning. | the mutant spectrum of a virus quasispecies in the process of fitness gain of a debilitated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) clone has been analysed. the mutant spectrum was characterized by nucleotide sequencing of three virus genomic regions (internal ribosome entry site; region between the two aug initiation codons; vp1-coding region) from 70 biological clones (virus from individual plaques formed on bhk-21 cell monolayers) and 70 molecular clones (rt--pcr products cloned in e. coli). the ... | 2001 | 11297679 |
| [transmission of the foot and mouth disease virus through milk and meat products is not a threat for human health]. | 2001 | 11338619 | |
| antigenicity modulation upon peptide cyclization: application to the gh loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus strain c1-barcelona. | foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolate c(1)-barcelona (or c-s30) includes four replacements within its immunodominant site (gh loop, residues 136-150 of capsid protein vp1, yttstrgdlahvtat), relative to reference strain c-s8c1 (ytasargdlahlttt). although one of the mutations in c-s30 (147leu-->val) is known to be detrimental for antibody recognition, reactivity of this isolate with the neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) 4c4, raised against fmdv c1-brescia (gh loop: ytastrgdlahltat), was ... | 2001 | 11348711 |
| construction of regulatable picornavirus ireses as a test of current models of the mechanism of internal translation initiation. | picornavirus internal ribosome entry sites (iress) are approximately 450 nt. rna elements that direct internal initiation of translation, such that when placed between the two cistrons of a dicistronic construct, they drive independent translation of the downstream cistron. consequently they have been widely used for coordinated expression of two or more proteins. all picornavirus iress have an aug triplet at the very 3' end, which is thought to be the actual site of internal ribosome entry. how ... | 2001 | 11350029 |
| the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of hepatitis c virus visualized by electron microscopy. | translation of hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna is initiated via the internal ribosome entry site (ires), located within the 5' untranslated region. although the secondary structure of this element has been predicted, little information on the tertiary structure is available. here we report the first structural characterization of the hcv ires using electron microscopy. in vitro transcribed rna appeared as particles with characteristic morphology and gold labeling using a specific oligonucleotide con ... | 2001 | 11350030 |
| inhibition of l-deleted foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by alpha/beta interferon involves double-stranded rna-dependent protein kinase. | we previously demonstrated that the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to form plaques in cell culture is associated with the suppression of alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta). in the present study, we used escherichia coli-expressed porcine and bovine ifn-alpha or -beta individually to demonstrate that each was equally effective in inhibiting fmdv replication. the block in fmdv replication appeared to be at the level of protein translation, suggesting a role for double-stranded ... | 2001 | 11356957 |
| molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated from ruminants in taiwan in 1999-2000. | in 1999, 10 sporadic outbreaks of cattle foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred in taiwan. by the time, infection was limited to the chinese yellow cattle (a native species of beef cattle in mainland china), which did not develop vesicular lesions under field conditions. five viruses isolates obtained from individual farms were confirmed to be the serotype o fmd virus (o/taiwan/1999). during january-february 2000, however, this virus has spread to dairy cattle and goat herds, causing severe morta ... | 2001 | 11390103 |
| genetic and antigenic analysis of type a foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated in india during 1987-1996. | twenty-three foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a field isolates, recovered from different outbreaks during 1987-1996 in india, were subjected to antigenic and genetic analysis. the isolates showed a close antigenic relationship to the current vaccine strain (ind 17/77) in micro-neutralization test conducted using a vaccine strain (ind 17/77) antiserum and a peptide (aa 136-151 of vp1 protein of the a22/azerbaijan/65 strain) antiserum. however, the isolates revealed minor antigenic differe ... | 2001 | 11394573 |
| the ability of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) to function as a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus is not dependent on the presence of complete subunit cytoplasmic domains. | the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) has been shown to function as one of the integrin receptors on cultured cells for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and high-efficiency utilization of the bovine homolog of this integrin is dependent on the cysteine-rich repeat region of the bovine beta(3) subunit. in this study we have examined the role of the cytoplasmic domains of the alpha(v) and beta(3) subunits in fmdv infection. we have found that truncations or extensions of these domains of either subunit ... | 2001 | 11119622 |
| deletion or substitution of the aphthovirus 3' ncr abrogates infectivity and virus replication. | the 3' noncoding region (ncr) of the genomic picornaviral rna is believed to contain major cis-acting signals required for negative-strand rna synthesis. the 3' ncr of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was studied in the context of a full-length infectious clone in which the genetic element was deleted or exchanged for the equivalent region of a distantly related swine picornavirus, swine vesicular disease virus (svdv). deletion of the 3' ncr, while maintaining the intact poly(a) tail as well ... | 2001 | 11125162 |
| evidence for positive selection in foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid genes from field isolates. | the nature of selection on capsid genes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was characterized by examining the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions in 11 data sets of sequences obtained from six different serotypes of fmdv. using a method of analysis that assigns each codon position to one of a number of estimated values of nonsynonymous to synonymous ratio, significant evidence of positive selection was identified in 5 data sets, operating at 1-7% of codon positions. evidence o ... | 2001 | 11139487 |
| evidence for positive selection in the capsid protein-coding region of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) subjected to experimental passage regimens. | we present sequence data from two genomic regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) subjected to several experimental passage regimens. maximum-likelihood estimates of the nonsynonymous-to-synonymous rate ratio parameter (d(n)/d(s)) suggested the action of positive selection on some antigenic sites of the fmdv capsid during some experimental passages. these antigenic sites showed an accumulation of convergent amino acid replacements during massive serial cytolytic passages and also in persi ... | 2001 | 11141188 |
| emergence in asia of foot-and-mouth disease viruses with altered host range: characterization of alterations in the 3a protein. | in 1997, an epizootic in taiwan, province of china, was caused by a type o foot-and-mouth disease virus which infected pigs but not cattle. the virus had an altered 3a protein, which harbored a 10-amino-acid deletion and a series of substitutions. here we show that this deletion is present in the earliest type o virus examined from the region (from 1970), whereas substitutions surrounding the deletion accumulated over the last 29 years. analyses of the growth of these viruses in bovine cells sug ... | 2001 | 11152528 |
| development of a novel real-time rt-pcr assay for quantitation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in diverse porcine tissues. | pigs are more difficult to immunise and more variable in their response to foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) than other livestock species. this has important consequences for fmd control during both prophylactic vaccination programmes in endemic situations and when emergency vaccination may be used as an adjunct to stamping out during outbreaks in countries normally free from the disease. the rapid and effective control of fmd in pigs is especially important in regions of high pig density since infec ... | 2001 | 11164915 |
| development and standardization of a piezo electric immunobiosensor for foot and mouth disease virus typing. | an immunobiosensor using a piezo electric (pz) crystal was developed and standardized for foot and mouth disease (fmd) diagnosis and virus typing. a 6mhz quartz crystal was used as the frequency determining element. foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) type specific antibody raised in rabbits/monoclonal antibody was coated on the crystal surface and the resonance measured. one microlitre of the 10% aqueous suspension of the clinical sample (tongue or foot epithelium) was applied on both surfaces ... | 2001 | 11182498 |
| fmd control strategies. | 2001 | 11400993 | |
| a nonviral peptide can replace the entire n terminus of zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus coat protein and permits viral systemic infection. | systematic deletion and peptide tagging of the amino-terminal domain (nt, ~43 amino acids) of an attenuated zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (zymv-agii) coat protein (cp) were used to elucidate its role in viral systemic infection. deletion mutants truncated by 8, 13, and 33 amino acid residues from the cp-nt 5' end were systemically infectious and produced symptoms similar to those of the agii virus. tagging these deletion mutants with either human c-myc (myc) or hexahistidine peptides maintain ... | 2001 | 11413299 |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus can utilize the c-terminal extension of coxsackievirus a9 vp1 for cell infection. | foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is known to employ the conserved arg-gly-asp (rgd) tripeptide located on the variable betag-betah loop of the vp1 capsid protein for binding to cells. coxsackievirus a9 (cav9) also carries an rgd sequence, but on a short c-terminal extension of its vp1 and in a different amino acid context. this apparent relationship raised the question of whether insertion of the heterologous cav9 sequence into fmdv would influence infection by the genetically modified fmdv. ... | 2001 | 11413382 |
| induction of a protective response in swine vaccinated with dna encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid proteins and the 3d rna polymerase. | this work focuses on the development of a potential recombinant dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). such a vaccine would have significant advantages over the conventional inactivated virus vaccine, in particular having none of the risks associated with the high security requirements for working with live virus. the principal aim of this strategy was to stimulate an antibody response to native, neutralizing epitopes of empty fmdv capsids generated in vivo. thus, a plasmid (pc ... | 2001 | 11413383 |
| equine rhinitis a virus: structural proteins and immune response. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a picornavirus that has been reclassified as a member of the aphthovirus genus because of its resemblance to foot-and-mouth disease virus at the level of nucleotide sequence and overall genomic structure. the n-terminal amino acid sequence of three of the four capsid proteins of erav was determined and showed that the proteolytic cleavage sites within the precursor p1 polypeptide occur exactly as those predicted for an aphthovirus-like 3c protease, which generat ... | 2001 | 11413384 |
| retroviral vector-mediated expression of hoxb4 in hematopoietic cells using a novel coexpression strategy. | retroviral vector-mediated expression of the homeoboxgene, hoxb4, in hematopoietic cells has been reported to mediate a benign expansion of gene-modified hematopoietic stem and precursor cells in vivo. in the present study, we used a novel coexpression strategy for coordinated expression of hoxb4 along with a cytoplasmic protein from a retroviral vector. the novel coexpression strategy, based on cotranslational protein separation mediated by the 2a sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ... | 2001 | 11420646 |
| recombinant aav vectors containing the foot and mouth disease virus 2a sequence confer efficient bicistronic gene expression in cultured cells and rat substantia nigra neurons. | recombinant adeno-associated viruses (raavs) are promising vectors for gene therapy since they efficiently and stably transduce a variety of tissues of immunocompetent animals. the major disadvantage of raavs is their limited capacity to package foreign dna (< or =5 kb). often, co-expression of two or more genes from a single viral vector is desirable to achieve maximal therapeutic efficacy or to track transduced cells in vivo by suitable reporter genes. the internal ribosome entry site (ires) s ... | 2001 | 11423934 |
| gene gun-mediate dna vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus. | foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is one of the most dangerous diseases of cloven-hoofed animals and is a constant threat in the middle-east and other regions throughout the world despite intensive vaccination programs. in this work, we describe the ability of fmdv expression constructs to protect pigs from fmdv challenge when used as a vaccine. the construct consists of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) internal ribosome entry site (ires), the entire p1 and 2a together with 3cd sequences, all in the ... | 2001 | 11427262 |
| enhancement of the immunity to foot-and-mouth disease virus by dna priming and protein boosting immunization. | subunit vaccination is effective in eliciting humoral responses to a variety of viral antigens, however, it has not generated persistent protective immunity to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). in this study, we observed that priming mice with a dna plasmid encoding vp1 of the fmdv o/taiwan/97 capsid protein followed by boosting with a vp1 peptide conjugate (p29-klh) resulted in production of not only high titers of antibodies but also antibodies with fmdv neutralizing activities. moreover, t ... | 2001 | 11427276 |
| efficient accommodation of recombinant, foot-and-mouth disease virus rgd peptides to cell-surface integrins. | the engineering of either complete virus cell-binding proteins or derived ligand peptides generates promising nonviral vectors for cell targeting and gene therapy. in this work, we have explored the molecular interaction between a recombinant, integrin-binding foot-and-mouth disease virus rgd peptide displayed on the surface of a carrier protein and its receptors on the cell surface. by increasing the number of viral segments, cell binding to recombinant proteins was significantly improved. this ... | 2001 | 11444826 |
| development of a rapid chromatographic strip test for the pen-side detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen. | foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is the most contagious animal virus disease of cloven-hoofed livestock and requires reliable and accurate diagnosis for the implementation of measures to control effectively its spread. routine diagnosis of fmd is carried out at the oie/fao world reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease (wrl for fmd), pirbright by the combined use of elisa and virus isolation in cell culture supplemented by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) methods. thes ... | 2001 | 11445149 |
| the non-structural leader protein gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus is highly variable between serotypes. | aphthoviruses are unique among picornaviruses in that they alone encode a functional l proteinase as the first component of the viral polyprotein. the l genes of a few indian foot-and-mouth disease viruses were sequenced and compared with those available to study the extent of variation in this gene. besides the two in-frame start codons present in all fmdv l genes, the asia-i vaccine virus had an additional in-frame aug (start) codon, at codon position 3. amino acid sequence comparison revealed ... | 2001 | 11450945 |
| molecular epidemiology of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus with emphasis on west and south africa. | genetic relationships of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses recovered from outbreaks of the disease in the west african countries of niger, burkina faso and, ghana (1988-1993) and those from south africa (2000) were determined by partial vp1 gene characterization. a 581-bp fragment, corresponding to the c-terminus half of the id (vp1 gene) region was amplified and sequenced. an homologous region of 495 nucleotides was ultimately used to determine genetic relationships of serotype o ... | 2001 | 11450953 |
| direct and indirect contact rates among beef, dairy, goat, sheep, and swine herds in three california counties, with reference to control of potential foot-and-mouth disease transmission. | to estimate direct and indirect contact rates on livestock facilities and distance traveled between herd contacts. | 2001 | 11453490 |
| evidence of secondary structure by high-resolution magic angle spinning nmr spectroscopy of a bioactive peptide bound to different solid supports. | the structure of the 19-amino acid peptide epitope, corresponding to the 141-159 sequence of capsid viral protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), bound to three different resins, namely, polystyrene-mbha, pega, and poepop, has been determined by high-resolution magic angle spinning (hrmas) nmr spectroscopy. a combination of homonuclear and heteronuclear bidimensional experiments was used for the complete peptide resonance assignment and the qualitative characterization of the peptide ... | 2001 | 11457175 |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase: involvement of c-terminal residues in self-processing and cleavage of eif4gi. | the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus frees itself from the nascent polyprotein, cleaving between its own c terminus and the n terminus of vp4 at the sequence lys-leu-lys- downward arrow-gly-ala-gly. subsequently, the l(pro) impairs protein synthesis from capped mrnas in the infected cell by processing a host protein, eukaryotic initiation factor 4gi, at the sequence asn-leu-gly- downward arrow-arg-thr-thr. a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system was used to examine the subs ... | 2001 | 11459842 |
| tricistronic viral vectors co-expressing interleukin-12 (1l-12) and cd80 (b7-1) for the immunotherapy of cancer: preclinical studies in myeloma. | synergy between interleukin-12 (il-12) and b7-1 (cd80) for cancer immunotherapy has previously been demonstrated in animal models of breast cancer, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. with a view to human clinical application, tricistronic retroviral and adenovirus vectors co-expressing il-12 (il-12p40 plus il-12p35) and cd80 were constructed by utilizing two internal ribosome entry site (ires) sequences to link the three cdnas. a murine stem cell virus (mscv)-based retroviral vector (mscv-hil12.b7) ... | 2001 | 11477456 |
| a solid-phase competition elisa for measuring antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus. | a solid-phase competition elisa has been developed to measure antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus and has been validated using an extensive range of sera from cattle. the assay uses polyclonal antisera and inactivated purified 146s antigens of fmd virus and was compared with the liquid-phase blocking elisa and the virus neutralisation test on a range of serum sets. when examining test sera at a 1:5 dilution with a cut-off point of 30% inhibition of reaction, the solid-phase competit ... | 2001 | 11483215 |
| predicting herd protection against foot-and-mouth disease by testing individual and bulk tank milk samples. | four groups of cattle were tested for antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus type o(1) over three 70 day vaccination cycles using the liquid-phase-blocking-elisa (lpbe). first lactation cows showed the lowest titres and group protection levels (gpls) against fmd virus strains with 'r' values < or =0.5 while second lactation animals gave the highest results. when mean serum titres for each group and sampling date were plotted against gpl a strong correlation was found. revaccinatio ... | 2001 | 11483220 |
| truncated initiation factor eif4g lacking an eif4e binding site can support capped mrna translation. | picornavirus proteases cleave translation initiation factor eif4g into a c-terminal two-thirds fragment (hereafter named p100) and an n-terminal one-third fragment, which interacts with the cap-binding factor eif4e. as the timing of this cleavage correlates broadly with the shut-off of host cell protein synthesis in infected cells, a very widespread presumption has been that p100 cannot support capped mrna translation. through the use of an eif4g-depleted reticulocyte lysate system, we show that ... | 2001 | 11483526 |
| activity of the hepatitis a virus ires requires association between the cap-binding translation initiation factor (eif4e) and eif4g. | the question of whether translation initiation factor eif4e and the complete eif4g polypeptide are required for initiation dependent on the ires (internal ribosome entry site) of hepatitis a virus (hav) has been examined using in vitro translation in standard and eif4g-depleted rabbit reticulocyte lysates. in agreement with previous publications, the hav ires is unique among all picornavirus iress in that it was inhibited if translation initiation factor eif4g was cleaved by foot-and-mouth disea ... | 2001 | 11483729 |
| detailed analysis of the requirements of hepatitis a virus internal ribosome entry segment for the eukaryotic initiation factor complex eif4f. | the hepatitis a virus (hav) internal ribosome entry segment (ires) is unique among the picornavirus iress in that it is inactive in the presence of either the entero- and rhinovirus 2a or aphthovirus lb proteinases. since these proteinases both cleave eukaryotic initiation factor 4g (eif4g) and hav ires activity could be rescued in vitro by addition of eif4f to proteinase-treated extracts, it was concluded that the hav ires requires eif4f containing intact eif4g. here, we show that the inability ... | 2001 | 11483730 |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: cause of the recent crisis for the uk livestock industry. | the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in the united kingdom is a stark reminder of the economic devastation that this disease can wreak. tracing the origin of such an outbreak is an essential part of disease control. modern molecular methods have been in place for a number of years to enable scientists to identify unambiguously the strain of virus responsible. however, tracing the precise origin of such a strain is not so straightforward because the virus can move rapidly around th ... | 2001 | 11485797 |
| [molecular characterization of aphthous fever virus isolated during the years 1993-1994 in argentina]. | nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the vp1 structural protein have been used extensively as diagnostic and epidemiological tools for foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). in this report we have applied this methodology to the analysis of the vp1 coding sequence from fmdv strains isolated in argentina during 1993-1994. the results demonstrated that the field isolates were related to the vaccine strains used at that time. however the involvement of the vaccine virus appeared to be dif ... | 2001 | 11494760 |
| subcellular distribution of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 3a protein in cells infected with viruses encoding wild-type and bovine-attenuated forms of 3a. | picornavirus infection induces the proliferation and rearrangement of intracellular membranes in response to the synthesis of nonstructural proteins, including 3a. we have previously shown that changes in 3a are associated with the inability of a taiwanese strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) (otai) to grow in bovine cells and cause disease in cattle, although the virus grows to high titers in porcine cells and is highly virulent in pigs (c. w. beard and p. w. mason, 2000, j. virol. 74, ... | 2001 | 11504550 |
| hbv core particles as a carrier for b cell/t cell epitopes. | in the middle 80s, recombinant hepatitis b virus cores (hbc) gave onset to icosahedral virus-like particles (vlps) as a basic class of non-infectious carriers of foreign immunological epitopes. the recombinant hbc particles were used to display immunodominant epitopes of hepatitis b, c, and e virus, human rhinovirus, papillomavirus, hantavirus, and influenza virus, human and simian immunodeficiency virus, bovine and feline leukemia virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, murine cytomegalovirus and ... | 2001 | 11509871 |
| [study on the dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus using the heavy chain constant region of swine igg as the carrier for peptide epitopes]. | the peptide of amino acids 141-160 of vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a major b cell epitope and the peptide of amino acids 21-40 is an important t cell epitope. in this study, the dna fragments of 141-160 and 21-40 peptide epitopes of a strain of type o fmdv was chemically synthesized and arranged into a tandem repeat 141-160 (20aa)-21-40 (20aa)-141-160 (20aa). this tandem sequence was fused to the 3' end of the heavy chain constant region gene of swine immunoglobulin g an ... | 2001 | 11517610 |
| the generation and persistence of genetic variation in foot-and-mouth disease virus. | genetic variation in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is of interest for at least two reasons. first, changes to the genes encoding capsid proteins results in antigenic variation, and affects vaccine efficiency and effectiveness of vaccination programs; second, genetic changes can lead to important insights into the transport of virus between countries, regions, herds, and even possibly individuals. current estimates of rna virus mutation rates suggest that an average of about one base mis-in ... | 2001 | 11530198 |
| evidence that equine rhinitis a virus vp1 is a target of neutralizing antibodies and participates directly in receptor binding. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a respiratory pathogen of horses and is classified as an aphthovirus, the only non-foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) member of this genus. in fmdv, virion protein 1 (vp1) is a major target of protective antibodies and is responsible for viral attachment to permissive cells via an rgd motif located in a distal surface loop. although both viruses share considerable sequence identity, erav vp1 does not contain an rgd motif. to investigate antibody and receptor-bi ... | 2001 | 11533189 |
| tracing movement of african buffalo in southern africa. | genetic characterisation of two pathogens, namely foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus and mycobacterium bovis, isolated from african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in southern africa was used to determine the origin of buffalo in situations where the source of infection was obscure. by determining the phylogenetic relatedness of various fmd virus isolates using partial sequencing of the main antigenic determinant, vp1, the origin of buffalo moved illegally to the non-endemic region of south africa was ... | 2001 | 11548532 |
| efficient virus extinction by combinations of a mutagen and antiviral inhibitors. | the effect of combinations of the mutagenic base analog 5-fluorouracil (fu) and the antiviral inhibitors guanidine hydrochloride (g) and heparin (h) on the infectivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cell culture has been investigated. related fmdv clones differing up to 10(6)-fold in relative fitness in bhk-21 cells have been compared. systematic extinction of intermediate fitness virus was attained with a combination of fu and g but not with the mutagen or the inhibitor alone. system ... | 2001 | 11559805 |
| ires interaction with translation initiation factors: functional characterization of novel rna contacts with eif3, eif4b, and eif4gii. | translation initiation promoted by picornavirus internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements is dependent on the association of specific ires sequences to the initiation factor eif4g. however the rna determinants interacting with other components of the translational machinery are still unknown. in this study, we have identified novel rna-protein interactions between the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires and three translation initiation factors. a doublet of 116/110 kda that crosslinked t ... | 2001 | 11565745 |
| the nature of the bond between peptide and carrier molecule determines the immunogenicity of the construct. | the influence of the nature of the bond between a peptide and a (lipidic) carrier molecule on the immunogenicity of that construct was investigated. as types of bonds a thioester-, a disulfide-, an amide- and a thioether bond were investigated. as carrier molecules a peptide, an n-palmitoylated peptide or a c(16)-hydrocarbon chain were used. the biostability of the bond between peptide and carrier molecule is thioether > amide > disulfide >> thioester. however, the immunogenic potency of the con ... | 2001 | 11576330 |
| [point of view of knmvd concerning foot and mouth disease marker vaccine]. | 2001 | 11596520 | |
| [round table discussion about foot and mouth disease prevention and control. the goals and differences of opinion on how to get there]. | 2001 | 11596536 | |
| foot and mouth disease: a revised policy is required. | 2001 | 11599518 | |
| antibody neutralization epitopes and integrin binding sites on nonenveloped viruses. | 2001 | 11601890 | |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus lacking the vp1 g-h loop: the mutant spectrum uncovers interactions among antigenic sites for fitness gain. | the arg-gly-asp (rgd) triplet found in the g-h loop of capsid protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is critically involved in the interaction of fmdv with integrin receptors and with neutralizing antibodies. multiplication of fmdv c-s8c1 in baby hamster kidney 21 (bhk-21) cells selected variant viruses exploiting alternative mechanisms of cell recognition that rendered the rgd integrin-binding triplet dispensable for infectivity. by constructing chimeric viruses, we show that dispen ... | 2001 | 11601891 |
| inactivation of viruses by aziridines. | 2001 | 11672893 | |
| genetic heterogeneity of sat-1 type foot-and-mouth disease viruses in southern africa. | genetic relationships of 50 sat-1 type foot-and-mouth disease viruses were determined by phylogenetic analysis of an homologous 417 nucleotide region encoding the c-terminal half of the vp1 gene and part of the 2a segment. viruses obtained from persistently-infected african buffalo populations were selected in order to assess the regional genetic variation within the host species and compared with ten viruses recovered from recent and historical cases of clinical infection. phylogenetic reconstr ... | 2001 | 11676416 |
| dynamics of the 2001 uk foot and mouth epidemic: stochastic dispersal in a heterogeneous landscape. | foot-and-mouth is one of the world's most economically important livestock diseases. we developed an individual farm-based stochastic model of the current uk epidemic. the fine grain of the epidemiological data reveals the infection dynamics at an unusually high spatiotemporal resolution. we show that the spatial distribution, size, and species composition of farms all influence the observed pattern and regional variability of outbreaks. the other key dynamical component is long-tailed stochasti ... | 2001 | 11679661 |
| cleavage of translation initiation factor 4ai (eif4ai) but not eif4aii by foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease: identification of the eif4ai cleavage site. | the translation initiation factor eif4a is cleaved within mammalian cells infected by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the fmdv 3c protease cleaves eif4ai (between residues e143 and v144), but not the closely related eif4aii. modification of eif4ai, to produce a sequence identical to eif4aii around the cleavage site, blocked proteolysis. alignment of mammalian eif4ai onto the three-dimensional structure of yeast eif4a located the scissile bond within an exposed, flexible portion of the molec ... | 2001 | 11682048 |
| foot and mouth disease in human beings. | 2001 | 11684262 | |
| fighting foot-and-mouth disease in mexico: popular protest against diplomatic decisions. | 2001 | 18095399 | |
| swine vesicular disease virus. pathology of the disease and molecular characteristics of the virion. | swine vesicular disease is a highly contagious disease of pigs that is caused by an enterovirus of the family picornaviridae. the virus is a relatively recent derivative of the human coxsackievirus b5, with which it has high molecular and antigenic homology. the disease is not severe, and affected animals usually show moderate general weakening and slight weight loss that is recovered in few days, as well as vesicular lesions in the mucosa of the mouth and nose and in the interdigital spaces of ... | 2000 | 11708597 |
| structural and biochemical features distinguish the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase from other papain-like enzymes. | the structures of the two leader protease (lpro) variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus known to date were solved using crystals in which molecules were organized as molecular fibers. such crystals diffract to a resolution of only approximately 3 a. this singular, pseudo-polymeric organization is present in a new lpro crystal form showing a cubic packing. as molecular fiber formation appeared unrelated to crystallization conditions, we mutated the reactive cysteine 133 residue, which makes a d ... | 2000 | 11183785 |
| [synthetic peptide designs based on immunoactive fragments of the vp1 protein of the foot-and-mouth disease virus strain a22]. | peptide constructs consisting of 44-53 aa were synthesized on the basis of sequences 135-159, 170-190 and 197-213 of vp1 from the foot-and-mouth disease a22 strain. immunogenic and protective properties of the peptide constructs were studied in guinea pigs and mice of three lines. the constructs were shown to induce higher levels of antibodies and exhibit higher protective effects than the separate peptides. the most active among the peptides studied was the construct involving the vp1 fragments ... | 2000 | 11195591 |
| porcine alveolar macrophages: poor accessory or effective suppressor cells for t-lymphocytes. | porcine alv-mphi from bronchoalveolar lavages were tested for their function in an in vitro foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-specific lymphoproliferative recall response. the alv-mphi were seen to be poor accessory cells when compared with peripheral blood monocytes. this poor capacity was evident despite an efficient expression of sla-dr region antigens, and other co-stimulatory adhesion molecules. it was noted that alv-mphi secrete relatively little interleukin 1 (il-1beta), with or without ... | 2000 | 11137117 |
| evaluation of three 'ready to formulate' oil adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine production. | foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type or(2)/75, grown on bhk 21 clone 13 cell monolayers, was inactivated with formalin. the virus was clarified and was either concentrated with 8% polyethylene glycol 6000 (peg) or used in its untreated form for the preparation of oil adjuvant vaccines. the oil adjuvants used in this study were montanide isa 206 (which renders a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) type of emulsion), montanide isa 57 and montanide isa 50v (both of which render water-in-oil (w/o) typ ... | 2000 | 11137244 |
| association of bovine drb3 alleles with immune response to fmdv peptides and protection against viral challenge. | we have analysed the influence of bovine mhc (bola) polymorphism on the immune response and degree of protection induced by peptide vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in cattle. the peptides used for animal immunisation were: a (vp1(138-156)), at (peptide a linked to vp1(21-40)) and act (peptide a, linked to vp1(196-209) and vp1(21-40)). sixteen different drb3 types were found among the 46 cattle analysed by pcr-rflp typing. no absolute correlation was observed, for any type, with the ... | 2000 | 11137253 |
| inhibitors of rt-pcr in serum. | amplification by rt-pcr of the rna present in foot-and-mouth disease virus particles is inhibited by substances present in the sera of several species. this inhibition appears to be caused by a direct interaction of the substances with the rna and not the enzymes used for its amplification. | 2000 | 10644091 |
| cell recognition by foot-and-mouth disease virus that lacks the rgd integrin-binding motif: flexibility in aphthovirus receptor usage. | cell surface molecules that can act as virus receptors may exert an important selective pressure on rna viral quasispecies. large population passages of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cell culture select for mutant viruses that render dispensable a highly conserved arg-gly-asp (rgd) motif responsible for integrin receptor recognition. here, we provide evidence that viability of recombinant fmdvs including a asp-143-->gly change at the rgd motif was conditioned by a number of capsid subst ... | 2000 | 10644333 |
| engineering cowpea mosaic virus rna-2 into a vector to express heterologous proteins in plants. | a series of new cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna-2-based expression vectors were designed. the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (gfp) was introduced between the movement protein (mp) and the large (l) coat protein or downstream of the small (s) coat protein. release of the gfp inserted between the mp and l proteins was achieved by creating artificial processing sites each side of the insert, either by duplicating the mp-l cleavage site or by introducing a sequence encoding the foot-and-mouth di ... | 2000 | 10662612 |
| genetic and antigenic variance of foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia1. | the capsid protein encoding genes of five recent type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates, representative of three genotypes, were sequenced. the deduced amino acid sequences were aligned to each other and to two published sequences. the sequence differences suggested different antigenic properties of the isolates. one isolate was used to generate monoclonal antibodies (mabs) which were analyzed for neutralizing activity and reactivity with trypsinized virus. trypsin removes the major an ... | 2000 | 10664412 |
| direct single-step surface plasmon resonance analysis of interactions between small peptides and immobilized monoclonal antibodies. | surface plasmon resonance (spr) methods have been optimized to permit direct kinetic analysis of the antigenic peptide analytes interacting with immobilized monoclonal antibodies (mabs). high reproducibility and a significant correlation between spr and previous elisa data on the same set of antibodies and peptides were observed. the kinetic data obtained provide further insight into the structure of the main antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). | 2000 | 10675762 |
| native-like cyclic peptide models of a viral antigenic site: finding a balance between rigidity and flexibility. | antigenic site a of foot-and-mouth disease virus (serotype c) has been reproduced by means of cyclic versions of peptide a15, ytasargdlahlttt, corresponding to residues 136-150 of envelope protein vp1. a structural basis for the design of the cyclic peptides is provided by crystallographic data from complexes between the fab fragments of anti-site a monoclonal antibodies and a15, in which the bound peptide is folded into a quasi-cyclic pattern. head-to-tail cyclizations of a15 do not provide pep ... | 2000 | 10679891 |
| a simple purification and fluorescent assay method of the poliovirus 3c protease searching for specific inhibitors. | picornaviruses such as poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and encephalomyocarditis virus produce their proteins by translating their genomic rna, injected within the host cell, into a precursor polyprotein, which is then subjected to precise processing. the polyprotein is cleaved into mature proteins predominantly by the viral 3c protease. a simple purification and assay method for poliovirus 3c protease for use for screening for inhibitors of the 3c protease is described. a poliovirus cd ... | 2000 | 10680961 |
| validation of the specific isotype assay to detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine milk. | the specific isotype assay (sia) detects igg1 against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in bovine milk. a strong correlation was demonstrated between milk antibody titres, and those in serum as measured by the liquid phase blocking elisa. thus the sia would be useful on a herd basis to monitor the milk of vaccinated cattle to determine when re-immunisation is advisable. the sia titration elisa was then simplified to a single dilution test and optimised to differentiate the reactions in the milk ... | 2000 | 10716352 |
| protective immunity against foot-and-mouth disease virus induced by a recombinant vaccinia virus. | we report the construction of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the precursor for the four structural proteins of fmd virus (fmdv) (p1) strain c3arg85 using a procedure for isolation of recombinant vaccinia viruses based solely on plaque formation. adult mice vaccinated with this recombinant vaccinia virus elicited high titers of neutralizing antibodies against both the homologous fmdv and vaccinia virus, measured by neutralization assays. liquid phase blocking sandwich enzyme-linked immun ... | 2000 | 10717342 |
| memory in viral quasispecies. | biological adaptive systems share some common features: variation among their constituent elements and continuity of core information. some of them, such as the immune system, are endowed with memory of past events. in this study we provide direct evidence that evolving viral quasispecies possess a molecular memory in the form of minority components that populate their mutant spectra. the experiments have involved foot-and-mouth disease virus populations with known evolutionary histories. the co ... | 2000 | 10729128 |
| characteristics of foot and mouth disease virus in taiwan. | since march 1997 two strains of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus have found their way into taiwan, causing severe outbreaks in pigs and in chinese yellow cattle. outbreaks occurred in march 1997 were caused by a pig-adapted virus strain (o/taiwan/97) which did not infect other species of cloven-hoofed animals by natural route. the epidemic spread over the whole region of taiwan within two months and the aftermath was 6,147 pig farms infected and 3,850,746 pigs destroyed. in june 1999, the seco ... | 2000 | 10945282 |
| application of latex beads agglutination test for the detection of the antibody against virus-infection-associated (via) antigen of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. | latex beads agglutination (la) for the detection of the antibody against virus infection-associated (via) antigen of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus was estimated using experimentally infected animals. the via antibody titer by the la test were compared with the neutralization titer and the titer by agarose gel diffusion (agd) test, which has been used as a standard method for via antibody titration. the latex beads were coated with via antigen in carbonate buffer solution (0.5 m, ph 9.6) for ... | 2000 | 10945307 |
| nucleotide sequence of the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus a22-india. | nucleotide sequence of the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) a22-india 17/77 was determined using non-radioisotopic technique. comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence with a22-iraq 24/64 revealed 175 synonymous (silent) and 42 non-synonymous nucleotide changes resulting in 34 amino acid substitutions along the capsid proteins (vp1-vp4). out of the 4 structural proteins vp4 is highly conserved. the highly variable and immunodominant protein ... | 2000 | 10949956 |
| a cell cycle-dependent protein serves as a template-specific translation initiation factor. | cap-independent translation initiation on picornavirus mrnas is mediated by an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) in the 5' untranslated region (5' utr) and requires both eukaryotic initiation factors (eifs) and ires-specific cellular trans-acting factors (itafs). we show here that the requirements for trans-acting factors differ between related picornavirus iress and can account for cell type-specific differences in ires function. the neurovirulence of theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus ... | 2000 | 10950867 |
| comparison of bicistronic retroviral vectors containing internal ribosome entry sites (ires) using expression of human interleukin-12 (il-12) as a readout. | many gene therapy applications require the co-ordinated delivery of more than one reading frame. we wished to systematically compare ires in the context of a retroviral vector to determine which was the most effective for protein production and viral titre. to do this we monitored expression of il-12, as co-ordinated expression of both p35 and p40 subunits is required for production of the active heterodimer. | 2000 | 10953915 |
| response of foot-and-mouth disease virus to increased mutagenesis: influence of viral load and fitness in loss of infectivity. | passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cell culture in the presence of the mutagenic base analog 5-fluorouracil or 5-azacytidine resulted in decreases of infectivity and occasional extinction of the virus. low viral loads and low viral fitness enhanced the frequency of extinction events; this finding was shown with a number of closely related fmdv clones and populations differing by up to 10(6)-fold in relative fitness in infections involving either single or multiple passages in the ... | 2000 | 10954530 |
| a sensitive method for the detection of foot and mouth disease virus by in situ hybridisation using biotin-labelled oligodeoxynucleotides and tyramide signal amplification. | an in situ hybridisation technique, based on oligodeoxynucleotide probes and tyramide signal amplification, is described for the detection of foot and mouth disease virus rna in infected cells. biotinylated oligodeoxynucleotide probes, with and without tyramide signal amplification, were compared. the tyramide signal amplification detection enhances by at least 100-fold the sensitivity of in situ hybridisation. | 2000 | 10960706 |
| detection of porcine enteroviruses by nrt-pcr: differentiation of cpe groups i-iii with specific primer sets. | porcine enteroviruses (pev) comprising at least 13 serotypes grouped into three species are described as causative agents of neurological disorders, fertility disorders, and dermal lesions of swine. despite their well-documented acid stability, enteric infection route, and similarity of clinical symptoms, most of the porcine enterovirus (pev) serotypes are set apart from the genus enterovirus of the picornaviridae. hence, pcr procedures used commonly to detect enteroviruses are not applicable to ... | 2000 | 10960708 |
| an integrated model to predict the atmospheric spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus. | the application of a computer model called rimpuff for simulating the airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is described. rimpuff is more sophisticated and accurate than other fmd simulation models previously described. it can be run on a desktop computer and performs analyses very quickly. it can be linked to a geographical information system and so the information generated can be integrated with geographical and demographical data for display in a format that can be easily assimilat ... | 2000 | 10982082 |
| natural transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus between african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and impala (aepyceros melampus) in the kruger national park, south africa. | vp1 gene sequences of sat-2 type foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses recovered from impala and african buffalo in the kruger national park (knp) were used to determine intra- and interspecies relationships of viruses circulating in these wildlife populations. on this basis five distinct lineages of sat-2 virus were identified in routine sampling of oesophageopharyngeal epithelium from buffalo between 1988 and 1996. different lineages were associated with discrete geographic sampling localities. ... | 2000 | 10982083 |
| tricistronic and tetracistronic retroviral vectors for gene transfer. | we have combined the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a sequence and the internal ribosome entry sites (ireses) from encephalomyocarditis virus (ecmv) and avian reticuloendotheliosis virus type a (rev-a) to construct tricistronic and tetracistronic vectors. all the polycistronic constructs show high titers and expression of the genes inserted. clones have been obtained in which cells simultaneously express the three or four genes carried by the polycistronic vectors. | 2000 | 10986564 |
| comparison of amino acid sequences at the amino acid 130-160 region of vp1 polypeptide of indian field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1. | the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences in the amino acid (aa) 130-160 region of vp1 polypeptide of 65 field isolates of foot- and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia 1 were determined and the consensus sequences were deduced. comparison of amino acid sequences revealed conservation of ngk (130-132), tyg (134-136), rgd (142-144), and lptsf (156-160) motifs and aa 148 (l) while variation was observed at the rest of the region (variability index (vi) of 2.06 to 16.85). synonymous and ... | 2000 | 10989699 |