Publications

latest opportunistic infection prevention guidelines.	although people with hiv are living longer than ever before, they continue to suffer from infections that are associated with low t4-cell counts. the u.s. public health service (phs) and the infectious diseases society of america (idsa) have updated the guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections, including their positions on when prophylaxis is indicated. summaries are given for preventing the following infections: cytomegalovirus (cmv), cryptosporidiosis, fungal infections, human papill ...	1998	11365000
san francisco group demonstrates the ability of combination anti-hiv therapy to lower pht.	the bay area perinatal aids center (bapac) offers prenatal and hiv specialty care for hiv-positive women and for children. in the past two and a half years, bapac has treated 60 pregnant women, none of whom have transmitted hiv to their infants. the 62 infants born during this period will be followed for at least two years. karen beckerman, a physician at bapac, attributes the ideal transmission rate to combination therapy in the mothers, and to giving the babies azt in compliance with actg 076 ...	1998	11365267
investigational interleukins: the cutting edge of immune reconstitution.	hiv disables the immune system by destroying cd4+ cells, leading to increased risk of potentially life-threatening opportunistic infections, such as mycobacterium avium complex (mac), pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and cytomegalovirus (cmv). boosting the immune cell counts will help combat these diseases. cutting-edge immune therapies involve one of several naturally occurring chemicals produced by immune cells, called cytokines. interleuken-2 (il-2) has been studied since 1983, and in th ...	1998	11365485
i hear you knockin' (but you can't come in): potent new hiv therapies are shutting out opportunistic infections.	highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has positively impacted the epidemiology of opportunistic infections in hiv- infected patients. the following opportunistic infections and their responses to haart and prophylaxis recommendations are examined: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), cytomegalovirus (cmv) disease, mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease, and fungal diseases. the question of whether opportunistic infection prophylaxis should be continued in persons who respond to haart ...	1998	11365645
simply stated...are people still wasting?	aids wasting is seen less than in the past, but it still remains the second most common aids-related condition after pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. several factors contribute to wasting: opportunistic infections, anorexia/low food intake, and poor absorption and diarrhea. treatment options include appetite stimulants; nutritional supplements; treatment of opportunistic infections; and hormonal treatments, such as human growth hormone, testosterone, or thalidomide. preventing wasting requires ma ...	1998	11365707
opportunistic infections update.	the reduction in the incidence of opportunistic infections (ois) can be attributed to the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). several ois are discussed, including: mycobacterium avium complex, tuberculosis, and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. at its highest efficacy, haart causes a positive immune response and may reduce the need for preventive and maintenance therapies. however, there is not a definitive way of determining who is a good candidate for eliminating preventive and ...	1998	11365715
[pneumocystis carinii pneumopathy in patients with aids. the first 3 cases reported in algeria and review of the literature].	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a severe and dangerous infection which afflicts patients with immune deficiency, particularly those with aids. this pathology isn't well known in algeria. the aim of the present study is a contribution to make this disease more known in the algerian aids patients. it has focused on the research and the identification of p. carinii in the expectorations and in the bronchalveolar lavage (bal) fluids of 14 patients with respiratory troubles: 13 were aids case ...	1998	11256310
[clinical analysis of pulmonary infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)].	this clinical analysis is made to achieve a better understanding of the opportunistic infection of patients with aids, especially pulmonary infection.	1998	11360501
failure of prophylaxis against pcp in patients with hiv infection.	since the end of the 1980s, primary anti-pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis has become a fundamental part of the global aids control strategy in industrialized countries. the widespread adoption of anti-pcp chemoprophylaxis has been a key element in prolonging the survival of patients with aids. there is general agreement on the need to begin chemoprophylaxis when individual cd4+ cell counts drop below the value of 200/microl. however, pcp still develops in up to 27% of susceptible ...	1998	11362040
[cerebral toxoplasmosis in hiv infected patients intolerant of cotrimoxazole].	using results of a multicentric randomized prospective trial of primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected patients which compared sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and pentamidine isethionate, the risk to develop cerebral toxoplasmosis was analyzed in the two assigned groups and in the groups of patients who stopped sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim prophylaxis. the risk to develop cerebral toxoplasmosis appeared significantly higher in the group of patients who stopped sulfa ...	1998	11490526
[a clinical study of six cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	to heighten the awareness of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1998	11477873
[analysis of etiological agents and death-relating factors of pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patients].	to explore the distribution of etiological agents and death-relating factors of pulmonary infections in immunocompromised hosts(ich).	1998	11477891
u.s. public health service recommends maintaining pcp prophylaxis.	there are unresolved issues related to continuing prophylactic treatments in patients whose cd4 counts rise over 200. haart treatments increase cd4 levels, and some clinicians have questioned whether continued pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis is indicated. physicians at the u.s. public health service are cautioning doctors not to stop prophylaxis at this time. further studies are needed to determine if there are subsets of patients on haart who can safely discontinue preventive t ...	1997	11364707
optimizing pcp therapy.	research results to determine the best prophylactic regimen for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) are reported. overall results from these studies indicate patients who are eligible for pcp prophylaxis should be advised to take double-strength trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) on a daily basis, a dosage found more effective than thrice-weekly. to handle problems with side effects, one study demonstrated the success of using a 6-day dose escalation method that allowed 80 percent of the p ...	1997	11364821
the use of genetic markers to characterize transmission of pneumocystis carinii.		1997	11361786
phs guidelines on opportunistic infections. us public health service.	the u.s. public health service (phs) issued new guidelines for the prevention and maintenance of hiv-related opportunistic infections. guidelines are presented for the following: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, mycobacterium avium complex infection, cytomegalovirus infection, herpes simplex, cryptococcal disease, histoplasmosis, varicella-zoster virus infection, candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and tuberculosis.	1997	11365371
update on opportunistic infections.	the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) can be effective for reducing the first onset of opportunistic infections (ois) and preventing their recurrence. while clinical studies are trying to determine the relationship between haart and delayed recurrence, it is recommended that patients currently on haart for oi prevention and maintenance not stop the therapy. updates are presented for the following topics: pneumonia vaccination, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prevention, my ...	1997	11365373
help yourself defeat the lung infection called pcp. national institutes of health.	many hiv patients develop pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), a lung infection characterized by fever, fatigue, weight loss, dry cough, and shortness of breath. medicines can help fight pcp by keeping the immune system stronger, preventing the onset of the disease, and preventing recurrent infections. patients are encouraged to maintain regular health care check-ups, develop a healthy style of living, and follow any pcp treatment or prophylaxis as prescribed to prevent this potentially severe ...	1997	11364036
florida supreme court blocks patient's assisted suicide.	the florida supreme court stayed the ruling of a circuit court judge that would have allowed charles e. hall to commit suicide with the help of his physician. hall was dying of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, was partially blind, wheelchair-bound, and had no bladder control. he was the lone survivor of three patients who sought the assistance of dr. cecil mciver; mciver was unwilling to assist terminally-ill patients if he faced criminal prosecution. the supreme court rejected hall's claim to th ...	1997	11364116
fuo in a 56-year-old woman.	a 56-year-old, obese woman who had been sexually inactive for 10 years presented at the hospital with high fevers, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. following many diagnostic tests that revealed little, it was found that her estranged husband was being treated for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). the woman was tested for hiv and found to be positive. this is an example of the centers for disease control and prevention's (cdc) indication that 10 percent of reported aids ...	1997	11364355
residence at the expression site is necessary and sufficient for the transcription of surface antigen genes of pneumocystis carinii.	the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of p. carinii f. sp. carinii is a family of proteins encoded by a family of heterogeneous genes. messenger rnas encoding different msg isoforms start with the same sequence, called the upstream conserved sequence (ucs), which is encoded by a single locus. the mechanism by which the ucs becomes part of different msg mrnas is not obvious because at least 15 loci, which are distributed throughout the genome, encode msgs. one possibility is that attachment to the ...	1997	11902717
comparison of ternary complexes of pneumocystis carinii and wild-type human dihydrofolate reductase with coenzyme nadph and a novel classical antitumor furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolate.	the novel furopyrimidine n-(4-{n-[(2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]methylamino}benzoyl)-l- glutamate (mtxo), a classical antifolate with antitumor activity comparable to that of methotrexate (mtx), has been studied as inhibitor-cofactor ternary crystal complexes with wild-type pneumocystis carinii (pc) and recombinant human wild-type dihydrofolate reductase (hdhfr). these structural data provide the first direct comparison of the binding interactions of the same antifolate inhibitor ...	1997	15299851
cytomegalovirus infection in the liver transplant recipient. epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical management.	the effects of cytomegalovirus (cmv) on the liver transplant patient can be divided into two general categories: the direct infectious disease effects (e.g. cmv mononucleosis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, gi infection) and the indirect effects that are mediated by cytokines elaborated as a consequence of the infection. these indirect effects include an immunosuppressive effect that contributes to the development of superinfection with fungi, bacteria, and pneumocystis carinii; a role in the pathogene ...	1997	15562577
co-infection by cryptococcus neoformans and mycobacterium avium intracellulare in aids.	in the observation of various opportunistic pathogens in hiv-positive persons, co-infection by cryptococcus neoformans together with mycobacterium avium intracellulare was found if there was a cd4 lymphocyte count as low as 3-20 microl. in 1540 hiv-positive patients under treatment at a berlin hospital (auguste-viktoria-krankenhaus) during 1985-1994, all aids-relevant diseases were examined in a multivariate analysis as variables of influence on the manifestation of a systemic mycobacterium aviu ...	1997	16284809
recent developments in pradimicin-benanomicin and triazole antibiotics.	fungal infections are on the rise as the number of patients with compromised immune systems continues to increase. the need for safer and more effective antifungals has resulted in the search for novel drug classes and for modifications to existing classes, with the aim of enhancing their antifungal spectra and potency. in this review, two classes of antifungals are discussed: the pradimicin-benanomicin antibiotics and the newer triazole derivatives. these have activity against candida spp., cry ...	1997	15989596
partial inhibition of platelet aggregation by nebulized pentamidine in severe haemophiliacs.	the antiparasite agent pentamidine has been shown to inhibit human platelet aggregation in vitro at concentrations that (potentially) may be attained in patient plasma after the administration of the drug by nebulizer. we measured platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma (prp) before and after the administration of 300 mg nebulized pentamidine to 10 hiv-positive patients with severe haemophilia on prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. all patients had normal platelet counts. pa ...	1997	27214616
ddi and liver tests in hiv-1 seropositive haemophiliacs.	many patients with haemophilia who are hiv-1 seropositive are co-infected with the hepatitis c virus with variable degrees of underlying liver disease. to evaluate whether the use of the antiretroviral agent dideoxyinosine (ddi) causes worsening of hepatic dysfunction as measured by liver enzyme tests, we reviewed our cohort of patients previously treated with monotherapy with zidovudine (azt) and subsequently changed to ddi. seventeen patients (median age: 34 years, median absolute cd4 lymphocy ...	1997	27214617
in utero transmission of pneumocystis carinii sp. f. oryctolagi.	although vertical transmission of pneumocystis in human or animal hosts has often been suspected, no evidence demonstrating this infection route has been furnished until now. this widespread parasite is constantly found in the lungs of rabbits, which spontaneously develop a benign pneumocystosis at weaning. however, the infection source, the method of entry of pneumocystis organisms into the rabbit and when this mammal is infected, remain to be known. as a few parasites have been microscopically ...	1997	9587600
[severe combined immunodefficiency disease, 4 autopsy case reports].	to study the pathological changes of severe combined immunodefficiency disease (scid).	1997	10072882
epidemiology of hiv and aids in bahrain.	between 1986 and 1996, 378 hiv cases were identified in bahrain, of whom 51% were foreign nationals. intravenous drug abuse was a major risk factor (38.8%) among bahraini nationals, while transmission through sexual contact was more common (45.7%) among foreigners. other well known risk factors were also represented in the two communities. the male to female ratio for the two communities were very different with 10:1 for nationals compared to 1:1.4 for foreigners. among the aids defining manifes ...	1997	10085637
clinical experience of hiv/aids in a municipal hospital in taiwan.	to describe the spectrum of epidemiological and major clinical manifestations of patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in a municipal hospital, a retrospective review was done of 53 hiv-1-infected patients who had been admitted to taipei municipal jen-ai hospital between january 1990, and july 1996. the majority (94.3%) of the patients in the cohort were male. peak incidence was found in the fourth decade (28.3%). forty-four (83%) patients presented in the first hospit ...	1997	10592814
autopsy findings on patients with aids in taiwan.	at national taiwan university hospital, from 1986 to 1996, autopsies were performed on 16 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. there were 15 men and 1 woman. fourteen of these male patients had contracted the disease as a result of sexual practice, among which 9 were homosexual, 1 was bisexual and 4 were heterosexual. one of the patients had become infected by sharing a syringe during intravenous drug use. the female was a sex worker. among these patients, only 2 had been tested for ...	1997	10592820
early versus deferred zidovudine monotherapy: impact on aids-free time and survival in the multicenter aids cohort study.	the objective of this study was to compare the time to aids and to death between men receiving zidovudine therapy before or not before the diagnosis of aids. for the time to aids comparison, 821 men receiving zidovudine therapy before the diagnosis of aids were pair matched with men who did not receive zidovudine therapy until after diagnosis on their cd4 cell count (+/- 75 cells/mm3), haemoglobin level (+/- 0.75 g/dl), number of clinical symptoms and study visit at the time of initiation of zid ...	1997	11322263
bone paracoccidioidomycosis in an hiv-positive patient.	aids patients are vulnerable to infection by opportunistic microbes, including various fungi such as pneumocystis carinii, cryptococcus neoformans, histoplasma capsulatum, candida albicans and many others. however, the association of aids and infection with paracoccidioides brasiliensis has been rarely recorded. we report a case of an hiv-positive patient with bone infection by this fungus with a clinical form not previously published. this clinical presentation included primarily a massive bone ...	1997	11105147
chlamydia pneumoniae respiratory infections among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.	thirteen cases of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are described. the occurrence, the clinical spectrum, and the significance of the infection during hiv disease are compared with data reported in the literature. chlamydia pneumoniae infection was established by a serologic micro-immunofluorescence test using standard diagnostic criteria. in four cases the results of serological tests were confirmed by direct immunofluorescence on ...	1997	9405940
pulmonary coinfection by salmonella enteritidis and pneumocystis carinii in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.		1997	9405954
pulmonary diseases in children with severe combined immune deficiency and digeorge syndrome.	pulmonary disease is a common presenting feature and complication of t-cell immunodeficiency. we retrospectively reviewed 15 children with severe combined immune deficiency (scid) and 19 children with digeorge syndrome at the time of their first presentation to the royal children's hospital in the 15-year period from 1981 to 1995. in children with scid, pulmonary disease was a common (67%) presenting feature and the organisms identified were pneumocystis carinii (pcp) (n = 7), bacteria (n = 4), ...	1997	9407565
surfactant therapy improves pulmonary function in infants with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is an important cause of acute respiratory failure in hiv-infected children. pcp may initiate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) by adversely affecting surfactant physiology. we report improved pulmonary function following administration of bovine lipid extract surfactant to two infants with aids-related pcp/ards.	1997	9407571
[intensive care for patients with the human immunodeficiency virus].	hiv infection is of special importance in spain, occasionally requiring the use of intensive care units (icu) in the management of these cases.	1997	9410051
epstein-barr virus-related hodgkin's disease showing b cell lineage in an immunosuppressive patient seropositive for htlv-i.	a case of hodgkin's disease (hd), lymphocyte depression (ld) type in an immunosuppressive patient is described. the patient was a 48-year-old male and his parents were born in the kyushu area, which is an endemic area for adult t cell lymphoma/leukemia (atl). he was seropositive for atl virus (atlv, also referred to as htlv-i) and showed a marked immunosuppressive condition. he developed ld-hd and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and died due to respiratory failure. the immunohistochemical and in ...	1997	9413042
pneumocystis carinii infection in heart transplant recipients. efficacy of a weekend prophylaxis schedule.	most series of heart transplant patients report incidences of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) below 5% but do not individually describe the cases. from august 1988 to march 1994, 138 patients received 1 or more heart transplants at our institution. no anti-pcp chemoprophylaxis was provided, and 5 (3.6%) patients developed pcp. incidence for listeriosis was 0.7% and for nocardiosis, 3.6%. we found descriptions of 14 more heart transplant patients with pcp in the medical literature. data from ...	1997	9413427
natural history and spectrum of disease in adults with hiv/aids in africa.	progression from seroconversion to the development of aids in africa may be shorter than in industrialized countries, but there are insufficient data to be certain. although the data are not always directly comparable, survival after an aids diagnosis appears to be substantially shorter in african countries and this may be partly because of later diagnosis of aids in africa, but may also be because of environmental factors such as increased exposure to pathogens of high virulence and lack of acc ...	1997	9416366
a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial comparing steroids and pulse cyclophosphamide versus steroids and oral cyclophosphamide in the treatment of generalized wegener's granulomatosis.	to investigate the effectiveness and side effects of oral versus pulse cyclophosphamide (cyc) in combination with corticosteroids (cs) in the treatment of systemic wegener's granulomatosis (wg).	1997	9416856
non-invasive diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by pcr on oral washes.		1997	9365452
[clinical and therapeutic aspects of spontaneous pneumothorax in human immunodeficiency virus infection: 9 cases].	spontaneous pneumothorax in hiv infected patients are mostly due to a sub-pleural necrotizing pneumonitis most often related to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. from our experience of nine patients and a review of the literature, we describe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic management and confirm the frequent failure of simple chest tube drainage and the high morbidity and mortality rate despite treatment. an aggressive stepped-care management of thoracoscopic talc poudrage as initial ...	1997	9365734
[dilated cardiomyopathy and selenium deficiency in aids. apropos of a case].	cardiac-related death of hiv-positive patients is not rare. the etiology of aids-associated dilated cardiomyopathies often remains unknown, even at autopsy. we report an observation associated to a severe deficit in selenium. the patient had been diagnosed as hiv-positive 2 years before. he presented pneumocystis carinii pneumonia then cryptococcus meningitis. two months later he was hospitalized for pancreatitis and cachexia. he presented global heart failure that lead to death. no microorganis ...	1997	9365739
has the rate of progression to aids changed in recent years?	to investigate whether the rate of progression to aids has changed over time by testing an effect of the year of seroconversion on aids onset (centers for disease control and prevention 1987 revised classification), next to an effect of the calendar period of follow-up.	1997	9365766
en bloc heart and lung transplantation in finland 1988-1996.	the purpose of the study was to review the first clinical experience in combined heart-lung transplantation in our institution.	1997	9366984
salmonella lung involvement in patients with hiv infection.	to determine the frequency, clinical features, and outcome of lung involvement in hiv-infected patients having nontyphoid strains of salmonella bacteremia.	1997	9367457
bronchiectasis in pediatric aids.	there are several reports of the pulmonary findings in children with hiv disease; however, the occurrence of bronchiectasis rarely has been noted. we evaluated occurrence of bronchiectasis in a large group of children referred to us with aids pneumopathy.	1997	9367458
detection of pneumocystis carinii by dna amplification in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients.	the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii (pc) is a frequent cause of a life-threatening pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals and in other immunocompromised hosts. specimens obtained from 128 bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid samples from 123 hiv-positive patients with pulmonary disease and undergoing a diagnostic bronchoscopy were evaluated to detect this organism. we have developed a rapid dna extraction procedure for nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr ...	1997	9368080
in vitro preclinical evaluation studies with the echinocandin antifungal mk-0991 (l-743,872).	the echinocandin mk-0991, formerly l-743,872, is a water-soluble lipopeptide that has been demonstrated in preclinical studies to have potent activity against candida spp., aspergillus fumigatus, and pneumocystis carinii. an extensive in vitro biological evaluation of mk-0991 was performed to better define the potential activities of this novel compound. susceptibility testing with mk-0991 against approximately 200 clinical isolates of candida, cryptococcus neoformans, and aspergillus isolates w ...	1997	9371328
torsades de pointes complicating pentamidine therapy of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in acute myelogenous leukemia.	pentamidine isethionate induced torsades de pointes in a 33-year-old woman with acute myelogenous leukemia. this is the first report of pentamidine-induced torsades de pointes in japan for over ten years. on the 4th day of intravenous pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, asymptomatic sinus bradycardia was noted with qt interval prolongation, and torsades de pointes were revealed on the 8th day. although torsades de pointes was dissolved with discontinuation of the intravenous pentamid ...	1997	9372331
in-vitro activity of topoisomerase inhibitors against pneumocystis carinii.	the activity of eight topoisomerase inhibitors was investigated against five clinical isolates of pneumocystis carinii. susceptibility tests were performed by inoculation of the organisms on to a cell monolayer and parasites were counted after 72 h incubation at 37 degrees c. culture plates were added with dulbecco's modified eagle's medium containing serial dilutions of lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, rufloxacin, camptothecin, amsacrine and etoposide. atovaquone, pentamide ise ...	1997	9372430
pneumocystis carinii infection of the conjunctiva in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome.	ocular disease, especially the development of choroidal lesions, is a known extrapulmonary manifestation of pneumocystis carinii infection in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). to our knowledge, conjunctival involvement due to p. carinii has not been described previously.	1997	9373116
analysis of cytokine mrna profiles in the lungs of pneumocystis carinii-infected mice.	severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice lack functional cd4+ lymphocytes, and therefore develop life-threatening pneumocystis carinii infection. however, when scid mice are immunologically reconstituted with spleen cells, including cd4+ cells, a protective inflammatory response is mounted against the organism. to determine whether these lymphocytes induce elevated cytokine mrna levels in response to p. carinii infection, steady-state levels of cytokine mrnas were measured in the lungs of bot ...	1997	9376124
[value of high-resolution ct of the lungs in acute pulmonary symptoms of patients with hiv infections].	purpose: the purpose of this study was to assess the clinical value of hrct of the lung in patients with known hiv-infection and acute lung disease. in a prospective study a hrct was performed in 31 patients infected with the hiv-1 virus, mainly stage c (cdc), who had acute pulmonary symptoms. precondition for the hrct examination was a normal or non-specific chest radiograph. a provoked sputum as well as bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and/or transbronchial biopsy were performed concur ...	1997	9376549
trends in incidence of aids illnesses in australia from 1983 to 1994: the australian aids cohort.	to assess time trends in incidence of aids illnesses in australia, a retrospective cohort of people diagnosed with aids from january 1, 1983 to december 31, 1994 in three hiv medicine units in sydney, melbourne, and perth was established. data on initial and subsequent aids illnesses were available for 2580 aids cases, or 45% of australian aids notifications over the study period. males represented 97.2% of the cohort, and hiv exposure category was homosexual contact for 89.9%. subcohorts were f ...	1997	9377123
causes of death of hiv-infected persons in ottawa, ontario, 1984-1995.	acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) has become a leading cause of death of young men in the united states. with the introduction of prophylaxes and antiretrovirals for opportunistic infection, there have been significant changes in the clinical history of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.	1997	9382662
pulmonary aspergillosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: autopsy study of an emerging pulmonary complication of human immunodeficiency virus infection.	pulmonary aspergillosis has recently been described as an emerging infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), but the pathological changes have not been well documented. in this autopsy study, 17 cases of aids-related pulmonary aspergillosis were identified from the files of two institutions. with the exception of hypersensitivity reactions, the entire spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis was represented. thirteen patients exhibited acute invasive aspergillosis, and se ...	1997	9385932
lung and chest wall mechanics in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	the aim of this study was to assess the mechanical characteristics of the respiratory system in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) caused by pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). in 12 mechanically ventilated patients, total respiratory system mechanics was assessed using the technique of rapid airway occlusion during constant flow inflation, and was partitioned into lung and chest wall components using the oesophageal balloon ...	1997	9387963
regional differences in use of antiretroviral agents and primary prophylaxis in 3122 european hiv-infected patients. eurosida study group.	little is known about how widely hiv-related drugs are used outside controlled clinical trials. we therefore assessed factors associated with use of antiretroviral (arv) therapy and primary prophylactic regimens to prevent hiv-associated opportunistic infections. baseline data from a prospective study from may to august 1994, on 3122 consecutive hiv infected patients with a cd4 count <500 cells/microl, followed in 37 centers from 16 european countries, were analyzed. two thousand and twenty pati ...	1997	9390566
genetic and antigenic variation in pneumocystis carinii organisms: tools for examining the epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection.		1997	9390633
protection against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by antibodies generated from either t helper 1 or t helper 2 responses.	to determine whether different antibody isotypes associated with t helper 1 (th1) or th2 responses are protective against pneumocystis carinii, mice with disrupted interleukin 4 genes (il-4(-/-) mice) or gamma interferon genes (ifn-gamma(-/-) mice) along with wild-type c57bl/6 mice were immunized intratracheally against p. carinii, depleted of t cells in vivo by use of monoclonal antibodies, and rechallenged intratracheally with 10(7) viable p. carinii organisms. nearly all immunized mice resolv ...	1997	9393795
prohibitin, a putative negative control element present in pneumocystis carinii.	little is known about the molecules involved in the regulation of pneumocystis carinii replication and development in vitro and in vivo. we describe in this report the identification of a p. carinii gene encoding the p. carinii prohibitin protein. in mammals, the prohibitin gene product has been shown to negatively regulate cell proliferation. a cdna clone encoding the p. carinii prohibitin gene was isolated from a p. carinii cdna library and identified on the basis of amino acid sequence homolo ...	1997	9393805
short- and long-term efficacy of cyclosporin administration in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. belgian ibd group.	cyclosporin (csa) has been proposed in the management of patients with acute ulcerative colitis (uc) in whom standard therapy failed and who were candidates for colectomy. seven academic hospitals contributed to this retrospective study that included 29 patients (median age: 33 y. (15-74 y.); 12 females and 17 males). the median duration of the disease was 4 y. (0.3 to 33 y.). before initiating csa, patients were unresponsive to treatment including i.v. corticosteroids (n = 29), 5-asa or salazop ...	1997	9396174
pulmonary complications after bone marrow transplantation: high-resolution ct and pathologic findings.	a wide variety of pulmonary complications occur in bone marrow transplant (bmt) recipients and are a major cause of morbidity and death. high-resolution computed tomography (ct) is excellent in the detection of pulmonary abnormalities, but these findings are generally nonspecific. however, the different complications, which reflect the immunologic status of the patients, occur in three phases. this pattern can be used to interpret ct scans. the neutropenic phase (up to 3 weeks after bmt) is char ...	1997	9397451
a pneumocystis carinii group i intron ribozyme that does not require 2' oh groups on its 5' exon mimic for binding to the catalytic core.	the recent increase in the population of immunocompromised patients has led to an insurgence of opportunistic human fungal infections. the lack of effective treatments against some of these pathogens makes it important to develop new therapeutic strategies. one such strategy is to target key rnas with antisense compounds. we report the development of a model system for studying the potential for antisense targeting of group i self-splicing introns in fungal pathogens. the group i intron from the ...	1997	9398259
typing of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis by single-strand conformation polymorphism of four genomic regions.	to better investigate pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis epidemiology, we have developed a molecular typing method. because of the limited genetic variability of the p. carinii hominis genome, a multitarget approach was used. four variable regions of the genome were amplified by pcr, polymorphism in each region was assessed by the single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) technique, and the results for the four regions of each patient were combined. bronchoalveolar lavage specimens collect ...	1997	9399499
paediatric hiv update.	less than half of the paediatric hiv infections recorded in australia have resulted from perinatal transmission, but in recent years this has been the predominant mode of infection. there are 136 infants who are known to have been exposed perinatally to hiv in australia: 49 of these are infected. caesarean section is thought now not to reduce the risk of perinatal transmission (pnt); rather, the risk increases with duration of membrane rupture and rises rapidly after 4 h of membrane rupture. how ...	1997	9401877
intensified therapy for infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from the dana-farber cancer institute consortium.	infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) have a very poor prognosis. since 1985, we have intensified therapy for infants with all by including a month of high dose multiagent chemotherapy after remission induction.	1997	9404706
dapsone for pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation.	children who undergo bone marrow transplantation (bmt) are at risk for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). prophylaxis using trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) is highly effective but the incidence of adverse drug reactions is significant. we retrospectively reviewed 33 pediatric bmt (25 allogeneic and eight autologous) in whom dapsone was used for pcp prophylaxis because patients were unable to receive tmp/smx. dapsone was administered at 50 mg/m2 p.o. once a week from engraftment to 180 ...	1997	9404930
[atypical morphologic lung manifestations of pneumocystis carinii infection in aids patients].	we report on unusual presentation forms of pneumocystis carinii infection of the lung in two patients with aids. a 36-years-old woman presented a cavitation in the lung middle lobe and bullous changes in the apical portion of the right upper lobe on the chest x-ray. the biopsy of these lesions was not diagnostic and the patient was operated on. the surgical specimen of the removed lung segment showed a cavitary lesion with a border of granulation tissue with giant cells, focal recent and older h ...	1997	9273544
cytokine responses to the native and recombinant forms of the major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii.	pneumocystis carinii is a major opportunistic pathogen and leading cause of morbidity in patients with aids. the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of p. carinii, represented by a family of related proteins encoded by unique genes, is highly immunogenic and contains t cell-protective epitopes. we undertook the present study to define the cd4 t helper (th) response by cytokine secretion to native msg and a recombinant form of the protein, msg-b. spleen cells were collected from lewis rats and resti ...	1997	9276520
the mounting medical care cost for adult aids patients at the faculty of medicine, siriraj hospital: consideration for management.	from january 1993 to december 1995, case records of adult aids and hiv symptomatic patients admitted in the department of medicine, observation room and hiv counseling clinic were reviewed for the medical care cost of the patients based on the 1995 value of the thai baht. in the three years, a total of 196, 227 and 182 adult aids case were admitted as in-patients respectively. the median duration of admission was 14 days. the leading causes of admission were tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis ...	1997	9277072
interactions of parasite and host epithelial cell cycle regulation during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1997	9280140
[diagnostic imaging and therapeutic implications in lung infections in patients with hiv-1 infection].	we studied retrospectively 132 episodes of infectious pneumonias in 89 patients examined from 1990 to 1995. pneumocystis carinii was found to be the most common cause of pneumonia (33 patients). the other causes were: streptococcus pneumoniae (15), mycobacterium tuberculosis (14), pseudomonas aeruginosa (8), staphylococcus aureus (5), cytomegalovirus (4), haemophilus influentiae (4), mycobacterium avium intracellulare (2), klebsiella pneumoniae (2), e. coli (2), serratia marcescens (1). no etiol ...	1997	9280934
infections in paediatric renal transplant recipients.	a retrospective study of all children who had undergone renal transplantation at the national university hospital was undertaken in order to investigate the types and frequency of infections in paediatric renal transplant recipients. a total of 13 children ranging in age from 3 to 17 years were transplanted over a 7-year period from 1989 to 1996. the mean follow-up period was 40.5 months. ten patients (77%) had at least one episode of infection post-transplant, 70% of which occurred within the f ...	1997	9285019
[coexistence of pneumocystis carini infection and pertussis].		1997	9289310
bacterial infections in adult patients hospitalized with aids: case-control study of prophylactic efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus aerosolized pentamidine.	to determine the association between trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and risk of bacterial infections in persons with aids, we abstracted hospital records from 6496 adult admissions to 42 hospitals in western washington state. of these admissions, 570 involved 637 bacterial infections diagnosed among patients who had been prescribed prophylactic tmp-smx or aerosolized pentamidine. cases [admissions with bacteraemia, bacterial pneumonia, acut ...	1997	9292345
specificity in structure-based drug design: identification of a novel, selective inhibitor of pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase.	specificity is an important aspect of structure-based drug design. distinguishing between related targets in different organisms is often the key to therapeutic success. pneumocystis carinii is a fungal opportunist which causes a crippling pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. we report the identification of novel inhibitors of p. carinii dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) that are selective versus inhibition of human dhfr using computational molecular docking techniques. the fine chemicals di ...	1997	9294866
[radiologic features of lung diseases in hiv infection in children].	the purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of respiratory involvement in hiv-infected children, along with the radiological manifestations of the various hiv-related diseases.	1997	9297396
human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related pulmonary complications in pregnancy.	with changes in the demographics of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, women and children are becoming the fastest growing group of newly infected patients. with longer survival after hiv infection, more women infected with hiv are becoming pregnant. pulmonary disease is one of the most common presenting conditions in an aids-defining illness. pneumocystis carini pneumonia and tuberculosis are the most common disorders that herald the onset of aids. they are also the most frequently e ...	1997	9298723
conformationally restricted analogues of trimethoprim: 2,6-diamino-8-substituted purines as potential dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors from pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii.	twenty-two 2,6-diamino-8-substituted purines (2-23) were synthesized, in which rotation around the two flexible bonds of trimethoprim (tmp), linking the pyrimidine ring to the side chain phenyl ring, was restricted by incorporation into a purine ring, in an attempt to increase the potency and selectivity of tmp against dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) from the organisms that often cause fatal opportunistic infections in patients with aids, i.e., pneumocystis carinii (pc) and toxoplasma gondii (tg) ...	1997	9301665
nonclassical 2,4-diamino-5-aryl-6-ethylpyrimidine antifolates: activity as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase from pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii and as antitumor agents.	twelve novel 2,4-diamino-5-(4'-benzylamino)- and 2,4-diamino-5[4'-(n-methylbenzylamino)-3'-nitrophenyl]-6-ethylp yrimidines bearing 4-substituents on the benzylamino or n-methylbenzylamino aryl ring were synthesized and evaluated as nonclassical inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). compounds were prepared by reaction of 2,4-diamino-5-(4'-chloro-3'-nitrophenyl)- (8) or 2,4-diamino-5-(4'-fluoro-3'-nitrophenyl)-6-ethylpyrimidine (15) with the appr ...	1997	9301666
early protective effect of ccr-5 delta 32 heterozygosity on hiv-1 disease progression: relationship with viral load. the seroco study group.	to determine the influence of heterozygosity for the delta 32 mutant ccr-5 allele on hiv-1 disease progression.	1997	9302436
inhibitory effect of human natural yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal antibodies on pneumocystis carinii.	human natural antibodies have been found that owe their candidacidal action to the mimicry of a yeast killer toxin produced by the yeast pichia anomala (pakt). candidacidal human natural antibodies (ktab) are elicited by and bind to a kt receptor (paktr) present on the cell surface of infectious pakt-sensitive microorganisms. because of the recognized susceptibility of pneumocystis carinii organisms to pakt upon the occurrence of specific paktr, we examined whether human natural ktab could also ...	1997	9307982
high-resolution ct in the evaluation of clinically suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids patients with normal, equivocal, or nonspecific radiographic findings.	we prospectively studied aids patients with a high clinical pretest probability of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in whom chest radiographic findings were normal, equivocal, or nonspecific with high-resolution ct (hrct) to determine the incidence of pcp in these patients, to assess the diagnostic accuracy of hrct for the presence or absence of pcp, to evaluate the role of hrct in patient management, and to determine the clinical outcome of all patients 1 month after evaluation.	1997	9308446
lipid biosynthesis pathways as chemotherapeutic targets in kinetoplastid parasites.	inhibitors of sterol and phospholipid biosynthesis in kinetoplastid parasites such as trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas' disease, and different species of leishmania have potent and selective activity as chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo. recent work with the sterol c14 alpha-demethylase inhibitor d0870, a bis triazole derivative, showed that this compound is capable of inducing radical parasitological cure in murine models of both acute and chronic chagas' disease. oth ...	1997	9309771
nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis mimicking pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsies from 351 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive patients with presumed pneumocystis pneumonia were analyzed to determine the spectrum and frequency of interstitial lung disease mimicking pneumocystis pneumonia. among 67 patients without pneumocystis, nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis (nsip) was the most common histologic diagnosis (n = 16). tissue sections from patients with nsip were tested by in situ hybridization for epstein-bar ...	1997	9310013
calcifying pneumocystis carinii thyroiditis.		1997	9310227
clustering of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients undergoing renal transplantation from living unrelated donors in iraq and india.	over the past few years, we have observed a substantial increase in the number of patients followed at our hospital who have undergone renal transplantation from living unrelated donors (lurd). these transplants were all performed in one of two centers: bagdad, iraq or bombay, india. we have observed a parallel increase in the number of cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) post-renal transplant. we conducted a ten-year retrospective analysis (1986-1995) of patients who developed pcp pos ...	1997	9313784
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants who were exposed to human immunodeficiency virus but were not infected: an exception to the aids surveillance case definition.		1997	9314473
patients unaware of their hiv status present to inner city accident and emergency department with respiratory complications.	to examine the clinical presentations and management of patients presenting to an accident and emergency (a&e) department with an aids defining illness (adi).	1997	9315932
detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in air samples: likely environmental risk to susceptible persons.	the means by which humans acquire pneumocystis carinii is not well understood. whether it can be acquired from specific environmental sources or transmitted from person to person has not been determined. this study was designed to detect nucleic acids of p. carinii in air samples from various locations, including p. carinii-infected patients' homes and hospital rooms, non-p. carinii-infected patients' hospital rooms, empty hospital rooms, offices at indiana university, and other homes in differe ...	1997	9316898
natural transmission of pneumocystis carinii in nonimmunosuppressed animals: early contagiousness of experimentally infected rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus).	airborne transmission of pneumocystis carinii has been established, but the infective form and the sources of infection remain unknown. animal models for studies of p. carinii have previously been limited to immunosuppressed rodents; however, this study was performed with nonimmunodepressed p. carinii-free rabbits. this study was aimed at determining (i) the delay between inoculation of animals (day zero [d0]) and the onset of contagiousness and (ii) the end of contagiousness of these animals (d ...	1997	9316931
terminology for the life cycle of pneumocystis carinii.		1997	9317051
pneumocystis carinii delanoë & delanoë (1912) has been placed in the archiascomycetales, a class of the ascomycota.		1997	9317052
an unusual complication of immunosuppressive therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.	a 68-yr-old man with steroid refractory distal ulcerative colitis was treated with low-dose 6-mercaptopurine, and corticosteroids were successfully discontinued. he later presented with dyspnea and fever, was diagnosed with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by bronchoalveolar lavage, and died despite aggressive therapy. serological tests for hiv were negative, and his white blood cell count was normal. this is the first report of p. carinii pneumonia complicating therapy of inflammatory bowel disea ...	1997	9317088
advances in the treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common illness associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in the united states and also occurs in immunocompromised persons not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.. several advances have taken place in the treatment and prophylaxis of pcp, with most clinical trials conducted in patients with aids. treatment of choice is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx). desensitization regimens are available for those who have ...	1997	9324180