Publications

clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of rhodococcus equi infections in foals.	since the 1986 rhodococcus equi workshop, there have been major breakthroughs in understanding the epidemiology of, the virulence of, and the immune response to, this intriguing pathogen. however, with the exception of the use of hyperimmune plasma for the prevention of the disease (martens et al., 1989; madigan et al., 1991) the clinical aspects of r. equi infections have essentially remained unchanged. this article reviews the various clinical manifestations and summarizes recent advances in d ...	1997	9226845
comparison of tracheal aspiration with other tests for diagnosis of rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals.	the diagnostic value of tracheal aspiration was evaluated through comparison with other diagnostic methods using an experimental model of rhodococcus equi (r. equi) pneumonia in foals. pneumonia was induced by spraying of the virulent r. equi strain atcc 33701 into the trachea of foals. all foals developed fever from 11 to 16 days after bacterial inoculation. one foal was euthanized on day 26 due to its poor prognosis, and other foals euthanized on day 43. during the experiment, some tests for d ...	1997	9226846
reclassification of nocardioides simplex atcc 13260, atcc 19565, and atcc 19566 as rhodococcus erythropolis.	our phylogenetic analysis based on 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) sequences and chemotaxonomic analyses showed that nocardioides simplex atcc 13260, atcc 19565, and atcc 19566 are more closely related to the genus rhodococcus, especially rhodococcus erythropolis, than to the genus nocardioides. n. simplex atcc 13260 and n. simplex atcc 19565 and atcc 19566 exhibited levels of 16s rdna similarity of 99.4 and 100%, respectively, to r. erythropolis dsm 43066t. strains atcc 13260, atcc 19565, and atcc 195 ...	1997	9226927
molecular cloning, expression, and sequence analysis of the endoglycoceramidase ii gene from rhodococcus species strain m-777.	endoglycoceramidase (egcase (ec 3.2.1.123)) is a hydrolase that hydrolyzes the linkage between the oligosaccharide and ceramide of various glycosphingolipids. this paper describes the molecular cloning and expression of egcase ii, one of the isoforms of egcases. the gene encoding egcase ii was obtained by screening of a genomic dna library from rhodococcus sp. strain m-777 constructed in puc19 with oligonucleotide probes deduced from a partial amino acid sequence of the enzyme protein. recombina ...	1997	9242646
new method for rna isolation from actinomycetes: application to the transcriptional analysis of the alcohol oxidoreductase gene thce in rhodococcus and mycobacterium.	a new protocol for the isolation of rna from rhodococcus and other actinomycetes such as mycobacterium and amycolatopsis was developed. the method is based on rapid lysis of cells in a high-speed reciprocal shaker using small abrasive particles followed by spin column purification of the lysate. this quick procedure yields rna preparations suitable for functional studies. this was shown for the thce gene of r. erythropolis ni86/21, which encodes a n,n'-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline-dependent alcohol ...	1997	9248086
genetic identification of members of the genus corynebacterium at genus and species levels with 16s rdna-targeted probes.	16s rrna gene-targeted probes were designed for the identification of corynebacteria at the genus and species levels. the genus-specific probe hybridized all clinically important members of the genus corynebacterium and could distinguish them from other coryneform bacteria and phylogenetically related high g+c% gram-positive bacteria, including actinomyces, rhodococcus, gordona, nocardia, streptomyces, brevibacterium and mycobacterium. the species-specific probes for c. jeikeium and c. diphtheri ...	1997	9251056
three of the seven bphc genes of rhodococcus erythropolis ta421, isolated from a termite ecosystem, are located on an indigenous plasmid associated with biphenyl degradation.	rhodococcus erythropolis ta421, a polychlorinated biphenyl and biphenyl degrader isolated from a termite ecosystem, has seven bphc genes expressing 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase activity. r. erythropolis ta421 harbored a large and probably linear plasmid on which three (bphc2, bphc3, and bphc4) of the seven bphc genes were located. a non-biphenyl-degrading mutant, designated strain ta422, was obtained spontaneously from r. erythropolis ta421. ta422 lacked the plasmid, suggesting that the thr ...	1997	9251216
further sequence analysis of the dna regions with the rhodococcus 20s proteasome structural genes reveals extensive homology with mycobacterium leprae.	the sequence of the respective dna regions downstream of the 20s proteasome structural genes prcb1a1 (6 kb) and prcb2a2 (3.3 kb) of rhodococcus erythropolis ni86/21 were determined. a highly conserved gene organization was observed between the two clusters which differed significantly in g + c content (68.8% versus 62.6%). several orfs were homologues of putative genes previously identified by genomic sequencing of the equivalent dna in the related nocardioform actinomycete, mycobacterium leprae ...	1997	9254018
spontaneous resolution of rhodococcal pulmonary infection in a liver transplant recipient.	pulmonary infection by rhodococcus equi is characterized by indolent infection in an immunocompromised host with a propensity to form cavitary lesions. mortality can be greater than 50%; treatment involves prolonged therapy with multiple antibiotics and, occasionally, surgical resection. recurrence is common. we report a case of a liver transplant patient with a pulmonary nodule caused by r equi; the nodule followed a benign clinical course and resolved spontaneously. this case illustrates that ...	1997	9258318
some biochemical properties and the classification of a range of bacterial haloalkane dehalogenases.	multivariate analyses and experimental data have been used to evaluate the relationships between eight bacterial hydrolytic haloalkane dehalogenases. the results indicate that seven of the dehalogenases investigated can confidently be placed into two classes [sensu slater, bull and hardman (1995) biodegradation 6, 181-189] according to their substrate profiles. the remaining enzyme, isolated from rhodococcus erythropolis cp9, appears to represent a third class of haloalkane dehalogenases.	1997	9261999
[rhodococcus equi--a newly recognized opportunistic pathogen in man].	the review informs about substantial features of rhodococcus equi with emphasis on the analysis of 115 as yet published and still expanding reports on the isolation of this zoopathogenic nocardioform actinomycete from man. microbiological laboratories of human medicine have to learn not only how to identify r. equi but also recognize it as an opportunistic pathogen in particular in persons with the deficient immunity. r. equi is a gram-positive, encapsulated diphtheroid coccobacillus, partially ...	1997	9264795
studies on the rod-coccus life cycle of rhodococcus equi.	in the present study all 19 rhodococcus equi cultures isolated from horses and 19 of 22 r. equi cultures isolated from human patients displayed a rod-coccus life cycle after cultivation under defined growth conditions. a bacillary growth could be observed after cultivation of the bacteria in fluid media for 4 h at 37 degrees c, a coccoid morphology after cultivation of the bacteria for 24 h either on sheep blood agar plates or in fluid media. the different morphological features did not signific ...	1997	9270351
dense rhodococcus cerebral abscesses in an hiv-positive patient.	rhodococcus equi, formerly known as corynebacterium equi, an aerobic, gram-positive, pleomorphic coccobacillus, is a well-known pathogen for domestic livestock. we present a biopsy- and culture-proven case of rhodococcus equi brain abscesses in a patient seropositive for hiv, having an appearance not described previously.	1997	9272496
improvement of lysine production by analog-sensitive and auxotroph mutants of the acetylene-utilizing bacterium gordona bronchialis (rhodococcus bronchialis).	an acetylene utilizing gordona (rhodococcus) bronchialis strain, screened for the production of fine chemicals, was found to be capable of producing small amounts of lysine. attempts to produce amino-acid analog-resistant and/or sensitive mutants and auxotrophs of this strain with increased lysine production were made following uv-irradiation or n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng) treatment. the bacterium exhibited surprisingly high resistance levels to the aforementioned mutagens which ...	1997	9276926
cryptic plasmid pka22 isolated from the naphthalene degrading derivative of rhodococcus rhodochrous ncimb13064.	cryptic plasmids were found in rhodococcus rhodochrous ncimb13064 derivatives which had lost the ability to utilize short-chain 1-chloroalkanes (chain length c3-c10) and had acquired the ability to degrade naphthalene. the reversions of these derivatives to the original phenotype were accompanied by the loss of the cryptic plasmids. the 4969-bp pka22 plasmid was cloned in escherichia coli and sequenced. this plasmid encodes a putative 33,200-da protein which contains motifs typical of theta repl ...	1997	9281496
a novel approach to preventing insect-borne diseases.		1997	9287238
purification and characterization of limonoate dehydrogenase from rhodococcus fascians.	limonoate dehydrogenase from rhodococcus fascians has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by a procedure that consists of ion-exchange, hydrophobic, and affinity chromatography. the native enzyme has a molecular mass of around 128,000 da and appears to be composed of four similar subunits (30,000 da each). the isoelectric point is 4.9 as determined by isoelectric focusing. the homogeneous enzyme was used to determine the nh2-terminal amino acid sequence. the enzyme was purified from cel ...	1997	9292989
recalcitrance of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (dde) to cometabolic degradation by pure cultures of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.	pure cultures of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria capable of oxidation and reductive dehalogenation of chloroethylenes, and aerobic bacteria involved in biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) were screened for their ability to cometabolize the persistent pollutant 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (dde). bacterial cultures expressing methane monooxygenase (methylosinus trichosporium), propane monooxygenase (mycobacterium vaccae) and biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase enzymes (pseudomo ...	1997	9294241
identification and characterization of is-like elements in mycobacterium gordonae.	a new insertion sequence, is1512, from mycobacterium gordonae was cloned and sequenced. this element is present in up to 10 copies which provides a high diversity for restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. we have also identified truncated is1512-like elements, including a truncated is1512 and another truncated insertion sequence which displays homology with is1512 and was designated is1511. sequences homologous to the previously described transposon tn554 are inserted into these tru ...	1997	9297826
biosynthesis of a cyclic tautomer of (3-methylmaleyl)acetone from 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzoate by pseudomonas sp. hh35 but not by rhodococcus rhodochrous n75.	here we report that the bacterial catabolism of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid 1 takes a different course in rhodococcus rhodochrous n75 and pseudomonas sp. strain hh35. the former organism accumulates a degradation metabolite of the acid which we isolated and identified as 2,6-dimethylhydroquinone 2. the latter bacterial strain converts the acid and the hydroquinone into a dead-end metabolite. this novel compound was characterised unequivocally by mass spectrometry and 1h and 18c nmr and uv ...	1997	9299478
sepsis from rhodococcus equi successfully treated in a kidney transplant recipient.		1997	9306362
elucidation of the metabolic pathway for dibenzothiophene desulphurization by rhodococcus sp. strain igts8 (atcc 53968).	rhodococcus sp. strain igts8 (atcc 53968) is able to utilize dibenzothiophene (dbt) as a sole source of sulphur. the carbon skeleton of dbt is not metabolized and is conserved as 2-hydroxybiphenyl (hbp), which accumulates in the medium. this phenotype is due to the expression of the plasmid-encoded dbt-desulphurization (dsz) operon, which encodes three proteins, dsza, b and c. in this paper it is shown, using [35s]dbt radiolabelling studies, that sulphur is released in the form of inorganic sulp ...	1997	9308179
a rhodococcus species that thrives on medium saturated with liquid benzene.	a bacterium isolated from a contaminated site in sydney, australia, utilized benzene in the liquid phase as a sole carbon source at levels toxic to other micro-organisms. the organism was a short gram-positive rod which grew at 6% nacl, 0-37 degrees c and ph 2-10. biochemical tests, fatty acid analysis, and 16s rdna sequencing identified the organism as a member of the genus rhodococcus. vapour-phase addition of benzene to the medium in batch and continuous systems resulted in initial concentrat ...	1997	9308180
a 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid catabolic pathway in rhodococcus globerulus pwd1: cloning and characterization of the hpp operon.	rhodococcus globerulus pwd1, a soil isolate from a polluted site in the netherlands, is able to degrade a broad range of aromatic compounds. a novel gene cluster which appears to encode a pathway for the degradation of phenolic acids such as 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (3hpp) has been cloned from the chromosome of this organism. sequence analysis of a 7-kb region identified five open reading frames (orfs). analysis of mrna showed that the genes were expressed during growth on 3hpp and 3-hydrox ...	1997	9324265
active site-directed inhibitors of rhodococcus 20 s proteasome. kinetics and mechanism.	we have studied the mechanism of inhibition of the recombinant rhodococcus proteasome by four different chemical classes of active site-directed small molecule inhibitors. clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone is a time-dependent inhibitor of the rhodococcus proteasome's ability to hydrolyze suc-leu-leu-val-tyr-amc, a substrate for this proteasome's single type of active site, and proceeds with a kinact/[i] of 1,700 m-1 s-1. using peptide mapping of tryptic digests, lc/ms, and amino acid sequence anal ...	1997	9334174
biodegradation of groundwater pollutants by a combined culture of mycobacterium vaccae and a rhodococcus sp.	the catabolism of selected groundwater pollutants by a combined culture of mycobacterium vaccae and a rhodococcus sp. (strain r-22) was investigated. the m. vaccae-r-22 combined culture was five times more effective in mineralizing benzene than either organism alone. mycobacterium vaccae oxidized benzene to phenol, and r-22 catabolized the phenol to cellular components and co2. benzene did not support growth of m. vaccae, r-22, or the combined culture. optimization of ratios of the two species i ...	1997	9336947
identification of active sites in amidase: evolutionary relationship between amide bond- and peptide bond-cleaving enzymes.	mainly based on various inhibitor studies previously performed, amidases came to be regarded as sulfhydryl enzymes. not completely satisfied with this generally accepted interpretation, we performed a series of site-directed mutagenesis studies on one particular amidase of rhodococcus rhodochrous j1 that was involved in its nitrile metabolism. for these experiments, the recombinant amidase was produced as the inclusion body in escherichia coli to greatly facilitate its recovery and subsequent pu ...	1997	9342349
purulent meningitis due to rhodococcus equi. a case of posttraumatic infection.	opportunistic infections due to rhodococcus equi have been increasingly reported in the immunocompromised population, especially in patients with aids. in this report, we present an unusual case of purulent meningitis that developed in an immunocompetent six-year-old child through direct inoculation of r. equi.	1997	9350214
rapid physiological characterization of microorganisms by biosensor technique.	eleven microorganisms, arxula adeninivorans ls3, candida boidinii dsm 70034, candida lactis-condensi dsm 70635, pichia jadinii dsm 2361, pichia minuta dsm 7018, kluyveromyces lactis dsm 4394, pseudomonas putida dsm 50026, alcaligenes sp. dsm 30002, arthrobacter nicotianae dsm 20123 as well as issatchenkia orientalis dsm 70077 and rhodococcus erythropolis dsm 311 were characterized by the sensor technique by injection of 30 different substrates and substrate mixtures. the obtained data which are ...	1997	9352658
structural analysis of the 6 kb cryptic plasmid pfaj2600 from rhodococcus erythropolis ni86/21 and construction of escherichia coli-rhodococcus shuttle vectors.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the 5936 bp cryptic plasmid pfaj2600 from rhodococcus erythropolis ni86/21 was determined. based on the characteristics of its putative replication genes, repa and repb, pfaj2600 was assigned to the family of pal5000-related small replicons identified in mycobacterium (pal5000), corynebacterium (pxz10142), brevibacterium (prbl1), bifidobacterium (pmb1) and neisseria (pjd1). the replication systems of these plasmids show striking similarities to the ones used b ...	1997	9353918
microsporidium species in pulmonary cavitary lesions of aids patients infected with rhodococcus equi.		1997	9356815
site-specific endonucleases rsplki and rsplkii from rhodococcus species lk2 are isoschizomers of sphi and bamhi.	two site-specific endonucleases, rsplki and rsplkii, have been isolated and purified to functional homogeneity from the soil bacterium rhodococcus species lk2. rsplki recognizes the 5'-gcatg decreases c-3' dna sequence and rsplkii recognizes the 5'-g decreases gatcc-3' sequence (arrows indicate dna cleavage sites). the isolated enzymes are class ii site specific endonucleases and are isoschizomers of endonucleases sphi and bamhi, respectively.	1997	9360299
biodegradation of the gasoline oxygenates methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, and tert-amyl methyl ether by propane-oxidizing bacteria.	several propane-oxidizing bacteria were tested for their ability to degrade gasoline oxygenates, including methyl tert-butyl ether (mtbe), ethyl tert-butyl ether (etbe), and tert-amyl methyl ether (tame). both a laboratory strain and natural isolates were able to degrade each compound after growth on propane. when propane-grown strain env425 was incubated with 20 mg of uniformly labeled [14c]mtbe per liter, the strain converted > 60% of the added mtbe to 14co2 in < 30 h. the initial oxidation of ...	1997	9361407
nucleic acid amplification for rapid detection of rhodococcus equi in equine blood and tracheal wash fluids.	to evaluate the ability of nucleic acid amplification techniques to detect rhodococcus equi in equine buffy coat, blood, and tracheal wash fluid and to differentiate between virulent and avirulent strains of the bacteria.	1997	9361884
identification and characterization of an aliphatic amidase in helicobacter pylori.	we report, for the first time, the presence in helicobacter pylori of an aliphatic amidase that, like urease, contributes to ammonia production. aliphatic amidases are cytoplasmic acylamide amidohydrolases (ec 3.5.1.4) hydrolysing short-chain aliphatic amides to produce ammonia and the corresponding organic acid. the finding of an aliphatic amidase in h. pylori was unexpected as this enzyme has only previously been described in bacteria of environmental (soil or water) origin. the h. pylori amid ...	1997	9364923
structure of the photoreactive iron center of the nitrile hydratase from rhodococcus sp. n-771. evidence of a novel post-translational modification in the cysteine ligand.	nitrile hydratase (nhase) from rhodococcus sp. n-771 is a photoreactive enzyme that is inactivated by nitrosylation of the non-heme iron center and activated by photodissociation of nitric oxide (no). to obtain structural information on the iron center, we isolated peptide complexes containing the iron center by proteolysis. when the tryptic digest of the alpha subunit isolated from the inactive form was analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, the absorbance characteri ...	1997	9368004
designing recombinant pseudomonas strains to enhance biodesulfurization.	the dsz biodesulfurization cluster from rhodococcus erythropolis igts8 has been engineered under the control of heterologous broad-host-range regulatory signals to alleviate the mechanism of sulfur repression, and it was stably inserted into the chromosomes of different pseudomonas strains. the recombinant bacteria were able to desulfurize dibenzothiophene more efficiently than the native host. furthermore, these new biocatalysts combine relevant industrial and environmental traits, such as prod ...	1997	9371464
[pneumonia caused by rhodococcus equi in patients with aids: difficulty in defining the most appropriate initial treatment].		1997	9376391
[isolation of nitrile hydratase from rhodococcus rhodochrous m8 cells and determination of the n-terminal amino acid sequence of its subunits].	nitrile hydratase was isolated and purified to homogeneity from cells of rhodococcus rhodochrous m8. this enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of acrylic acid nitrile to acrylamide. nitrile hydratase content in the cell was shown to be 17% of total soluble protein. the molecular weight of the native enzyme was 510 kda. the enzyme consisted of two subunits with molecular weights of 23.5 kda and 28.0 kda. the n-terminal amino acid sequences of these subunits were estimated.	1997	9380650
pulmonary malakoplakia diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. a case report.	pulmonary malakoplakia is an uncommon disorder, with 24 previously reported cases, only 4 of which were diagnosed by bronchial washings, bronchial brushings or aspiration cytology. we report a case that was diagnosed initially by computed tomography (ct)-guided fine needle aspiration (fna) cytology.	1997	9390153
two-component flavin-dependent pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase from rhodococcus sp.	pyrrole-2-carboxylate can serve as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy for a strain tentatively identified to belong to the genus rhodococcus. an nadh-dependent oxygenase activity was detected in cell extracts that initiated the degradation of the substrate. during purification of the enzyme, this activity was separated into two protein components which were both purified to apparent homogeneity. a small monomeric 18.7-kda protein designated as reductase, catalyzed in vitro the nadh ...	1997	9395321
cloning and expression of a gene from streptomyces scabies encoding a putative pathogenicity factor.	we cloned a 9.4-kb dna fragment from streptomyces scabies atcc 41973 that allows the nonpathogen streptomyces lividans 66 tk24 to necrotize and colonize potato tuber slices and produce scab-like symptoms on potato minitubers. deletion analysis demonstrated that activity was conferred by a 1.6-kb dna region. sequence analysis of a 2.4-kb dna fragment spanning the dna region necessary for activity revealed three open reading frames (orfs). the deduced amino acid sequence of orf1, designated orftnp ...	1997	9401037
[meropenem: microbiologic perspective].	meropenem is a beta-lactamic carbapenem derived from thienamycin and is structurally characterized by the presence of a beta-methyl group in position c1 which confers stability to the molecule versus renal dehydropeptidase 1 (dhp-1), thereby making the coadministration of an enzyme inhibitor unnecessary. its esterochemical configuration of the lateral chain in c2 (dimethyl carbomoilpyrrolidenethium) increases the activity versus gram negative bacteria (enterobacteria and pseudomonas) and moreove ...	1997	9410064
dissecting the assembly pathway of the 20s proteasome.	proteasomes reach their mature active state via a complex cascade of folding, assembly and processing events. the rhodococcus proteasome offers a means to dissect the assembly pathway and to characterize intermediates; its four subunits (alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2) assemble efficiently in vitro with any combination of alpha and beta. assembly studies with wild-type and n-terminally truncated beta-subunits in conjunction with refolding studies allowed to define the role of the propeptide which ...	1997	9414124
nutritional factors that affect the production of cholesterol oxidase by rhodococcus equi no. 23.	some nutritional factors affecting the production of cholesterol oxidase (cox) by rhodococcus equi no. 23 were investigated. cholesterol and yeast extract respectively were the best carbon source and nitrogen source for the cox production. the optimum concentration of cholesterol and yeast extract was found to be about 0.1% and 0.4-0.5% (w/v) respectively. in addition, nh4cl, nacl and tween 80 also exhibited enhancing effects on cox production, being maximal at 0.1% (w/v), 0.2% (w/v) and 1.0% (v ...	1997	9428154
detection of orbital implant infection with technetium 99m-labeled leukocytes.	orbital implant infection is a rare cause of anophthalmic socket pain. because of the potential danger of infection spreading to nearby structures, it is of paramount importance to diagnose the condition as soon as possible. scintigraphy is a method for diagnosis of graft infections by radioisotopic imaging of inflammatory sites. we report on a patient with socket pain 3 months after implantation of an acrylic implant. the socket appearance was normal and there were no signs of infection other t ...	1997	9430302
community-acquired lobar pneumonia in an hiv-infected patient.		1997	9433956
development of a rhodococcus equi-escherichia coli plasmid shuttle vector.	isolates of rhodococcus equi from pneumonic foals possess an 85- or 90-kb virulence-associated plasmid. a prominent, thermoregulated surface antigen, vapa, encoded by these plasmids is thought to be important in virulence. a 135-kb fragment containing the origin of replication of r. equi strain 103 virulence-associated plasmid (pots) was identified, sequenced, and its location identified. a simple r. equi-escherichia coli shuttle plasmid (pre-1) derived from the e. coli plasmid pacyc177 and the ...	1997	9435020
identification and epidemiological relationship of rhodococcus equi isolated from cases of lymphadenitis in cattle.	the present study was designed to comparatively investigate 10 rhodococcus equi isolates from cases of lymphadenitis in cattle. the isolates could be identified by cultural and biochemical properties. by serotyping the r. equi isolates 9 and 1, cultures could be classified as nakazawa's serotypes 15 and 8, respectively. the isolates did not agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes, were uniformly susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested, did not contain plasmids nor expressed virulence-associated pr ...	1997	9440194
[emergence of gram-positive organisms: causes, clinical significance and possibilities of control].		1997	9441320
t-cell response during rhodococcus equi infection in a murine experimental model.	rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular bacterium that can cause pneumonia in both young horses and immunocompromised humans. in this study, we have tried to determine the t-cell populations that recognize this pathogen during murine infection, as well as the bacterial antigens recognized by these cells. when balb/c mice were hyperimmunized with a virulent r. equi strain, we did not observe preferential expansion of a particular t-cell subset in their spleens. however, when the splenic t ...	1997	9443578
isolation of virulent rhodococcus equi from transtracheal aspirates of foals serodiagnosed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	although isolation of rhodococcus equi from tracheobronchial aspirates is thought to be a definitive diagnosis of r. equi pneumonia in foals, virulence of isolates from the aspirates of infected foals remains obscure. in the present study, transtracheal aspirates were collected from thirty-one 1- to 6-month-old foals, which showed clinical signs of respiratory tract infection, and r. equi isolates were analyzed for the presence of virulence plasmids and virulence-associated antigens. moreover, t ...	1997	9450238
microbial degradation and treatment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and plasticizers.	rhodococcus erytropolis and pseudomonas sp. rapidly degrade many kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) compounds such as phenanthrene and phthalate esters such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, used as plasticizers. these compounds were efficiently removed from wastewater by inoculating viable cells of rhodococcus erythropolis and pseudomonas sp. into activated sludge as a biological treatment system. the rapid pcr method and fluorescent antibody techniques were successfully applied for tr ...	1997	9472317
transfer of a cd4+ th1 cell line to nude mice effects clearance of rhodococcus equi from the lung.	rhodococcus equi, and intracellular respiratory pathogen, causes sever e granulomatous pneumonia in humans with aids and in young horses. pulmonary clearance of r. equi requires functional cd4+ t cells and gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) expression from bronchial lymph node cells. the purpose of this study was to investigate whether r. equi-specific cd4+ th1 cells could effect clearance of r. equi from the lung. adoptive transfer of a clearance of r. equi from the lungs. in contrast, mice transfuse ...	1996	8606068
distribution of thiols in microorganisms: mycothiol is a major thiol in most actinomycetes.	mycothiol [2-(n-acetylcysteinyl)amido-2-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl- (1-->1)-myo-inositol] (msh) has recently been identified as a major thiol in a number of actinomycetes (s. sakuda, z.-y. zhou, and y. yamada, biosci. biotech. biochem. 58:1347-1348, 1994; h. s. c. spies and d. j. steenkamp, eur. j. biochem. 224:203-213, 1994; and g. l. newton, c. a. bewley, t. j. dwyer, r. horn, y. aharonowitz, g. cohen, j. davies, d. j. faulkner, and r. c. fahey, eur. j. biochem. 230:821-825, 1995). since thi ...	1996	8606174
rhodococcus equi infection after liver transplantation.		1996	8623173
characterization of the gene cluster of high-molecular-mass nitrile hydratase (h-nhase) induced by its reaction product in rhodococcus rhodochrous j1.	the 4.6-kb region 5'-upstream from the gene encoding a cobalt-containing and amide-induced high molecular mass-nitrile hydratase (h-nhase) from rhodococcus rhodochrous j1 was found to be required for the expression of the h-nhase gene with a host-vector system in a rhodococcus strain. sequence analysis has revealed that there are at least five open reading frames (h-orf1 approximately 5) in addition to h-nhase alpha- and beta-subunit genes. deletion of h-orf1 and h-orf2 resulted in decrease of n ...	1996	8633053
physical, biochemical, and immunological characterization of a thermostable amidase from klebsiella pneumoniae nctr 1.	an amidase capable of degrading acrylamide and aliphatic amides was purified to apparent homogeneity from klebsiella pneumoniae nctr 1. the enzyme is a monomer with an apparent molecular weight of 62,000. the ph and temperature optima of the enzyme were 7.0 and 65 degrees c, respectively. the purified amidase contained 11 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (dtnb)-titratable sulfhydryl (sh) groups. in the native enzyme 1.0 sh group readily reacted with dtnb with no detectable loss of activity. titrat ...	1996	8636044
an unusual case of untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient presenting with rhodococcus equi bacteriemia.		1996	8638642
[rhodococcus equi lung infection in aids patients. a report of 4 cases].		1996	8643865
rhodococcus peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.		1996	8649638
purification and properties of an amidase from rhodococcus erythropolis mp50 which enantioselectively hydrolyzes 2-arylpropionamides.	an enantioselective amidase from rhodococcus erythropolis mp50 was purified to homogeneity. the enzyme has a molecular weight of about 480,000 and is composed of identical subunits with molecular weights of about 61,000. the nh2-terminal amino acid sequence was significantly different from previously published sequences of bacterial amidases. the purified amidase hydrolyzed a wide range of aliphatic and aromatic amides, the highest enzyme activities were found with amides carrying hydrophobic re ...	1996	8655547
the use of recombinant dna technology in the design of a highly specific heroin sensor.		1996	8659922
location of the non-heme iron center on the alpha subunit of photoreactive nitrile hydratase from rhodococcus sp. n-771.	nitrile hydratase (nhase) from rhodococcus sp. n-771, which possesses a non-heme iron center binding nitric oxide (no), is activated by light irradiation. to localize the iron center in the protein, we quantified fe atoms and performed ftir measurements of the isolated alpha and beta subunits. the native nhase and the isolated alpha subunit contained about 1.0 and 0.8 mol fe per mol protein, respectively, whereas the beta subunit contained only a trace of fe. an no stretching band was observed a ...	1996	8660325
identification of a rhodococcus gene cluster encoding a homolog of the 17-kda antigen of brucella and a putative regulatory protein of the asnc-lrp family.	by sequence analysis, a gene encoding a homolog of the 17-kda protein antigen of the gram-negative pathogen brucella abortus (hemmen et al., clin diagn lab immunol 2: 263, 1995) was identified in the nocardioform actinomycete rhodococcus sp. ni86/21. database searching also revealed a partial human cdna sequence for a putative eukaryotic homolog of this presumptive brucella-specific protein. these proteins display a low but significant level of similarity with lumazine synthases involved in bact ...	1996	8661681
formation of intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions by rhodococcus opacus strain pd630.	an oleaginous hydrocarbon-degrading rhodococcus opacus strain (pd630) was isolated from a soil sample. the cells were able to grow on a variety of substrates and to produce large amounts of three different types of intracellular inclusions during growth on alkanes, phenylalkanes, or non-hydrocarbon substrates. electron microscopy revealed large numbers of electron-transparent inclusions with a sphere-like structure. in addition, electron-dense inclusions representing polyphosphate and electron-t ...	1996	8661931
a novel gene cluster including the rhodococcus rhodochrous j1 nhlba genes encoding a low molecular mass nitrile hydratase (l-nhase) induced by its reaction product.	the 3.5 kilobases (kb) of the 5'-upstream region from nhlba encoding a cobalt-containing low molecular mass nitrile hydratase (l-nhase) from rhodococcus rhodochrous j1 was found to be required for the amide-dependent expression of nhlba in experiments using a rhodococcus transformation system. sequence analysis of the 3.5-kb fragment revealed the presence of two open reading frames (nhld and nhlc) in this fragment. nhld has similarity to regulators merr, cadc, and arsr. nhlc has similarity to th ...	1996	8662959
location and sequence analysis of a 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase-encoding gene (bpdf) of the biphenyl/polychlorinated biphenyl degradation pathway in rhodococcus sp. m5.	the 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate (hopd) hydrolase-encoding gene (bpdf) in the biphenyl (bp)/polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb)-degrading bacterium, rhodococcus sp. m5 (m5), was found to be located within a 4.5-kb hindiii-bamhi genomic dna that was 5.4 kb downstream from the bpdc1c2bade gene cluster. the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of bpdf revealed that the hydrolase contains 297 aa (32679 da) that was verified by expression in the escherichia coli t7 rna polymerase/promoter system. ...	1996	8675030
blastogenic response of lymphocytes from foals infected with rhodococcus equi.	the blastogenic response of lymphocytes from 16 newborn foals naturally infected with rhodococcus equi was investigated, in order to evaluate the relationship between r. equi infection and depressed host response. naturally infected foals showed evidence of r. equi infection at 5-6 weeks of age, as determined by clinical, haematological, bacteriological and serological methods. the blastogenic response of lymphocytes against phytohaemagglutinin was significantly depressed (stimulation index < 1. ...	1996	8693847
rhodococcus equi infection in 3 aids patients.	three cases of aids complicated by rhodococcus equi infection are reported. at least one of the patients acquired his rhodococcus infection in africa. despite the fact that the r. equi strains were susceptible to tetracycline, erythromycin, amikacin, co-trimoxazole, rifampicin and vancomycin, these antibiotics were clinically not successful. a clinical improvement was observed in only one patient during teicoplanin and imipenem-cilastatin treatment. multicentre clinical trials are needed to dete ...	1996	8693866
[rhodococcus equi pneumonia in patients with hiv infection: report of 2 cases and review of the literature].	pneumonia by rhodococcus equi is infrequent and is associated with patients with important immunosuppression. to date 66 cases of pneumonia by rhodococcus equi in patients with hiv infection have been published. the diagnosis, problems in determining diagnosis and treatment are discussed.	1996	8695688
identification of an alternative 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase in rhodococcus sp. strain rha1 and cloning of the gene.	gram-positive rhodococcus sp. strain rha1 possesses strong polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading capabilities. an rha1 bphc gene mutant, strain rdc1, had been previously constructed (e. masai, a. yamada, j. m. healy, t. hatta, k. kimbara, m. fukuda, and k. yano, appl. environ. microbiol. 61:2079-2085, 1995). an alternative 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase (2,3-dhbd), designated etbc, was identified in rdc1 cells grown on ethylbenzene. etbc contained the broadest substrate specificity of any me ...	1996	8702287
rhodococcus equi infection in hiv-infected patients.	to report clinical and microbiological features and response to treatment in hiv patients with rhodococcus equi infection.	1996	8728038
cavitary pulmonary lesions in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	the differential diagnosis of cavitary pulmonary lesions in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is broad, especially in patients with advanced disease. in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cavitation is an uncommon manifestation of a common disease. it is unusual in patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis but occurs frequently in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, cav ...	1996	8729207
rhodococcus equi mastoiditis in a patient with aids.		1996	8729214
molecular aspects of pesticide degradation by microorganisms.	microorganisms are able to degrade a large variety of compounds, including pesticides under laboratory conditions. however, methods have yet to be developed to decontaminate the environment from residues of pesticides. pesticidal degradative genes in microbes have been found to be located on plasmids, transposons, and/or on chromosomes. recent studies have provided clues to the evolution of degradative pathways and the organization of catabolic genes, thus making it much easier to develop geneti ...	1996	8729958
pulmonary malakoplakia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: an ultrastructural study of morphogenesis of michaelis-gutmann bodies.	malakoplakia is an unusual inflammatory reaction to a variety of infections, characterized by the accumulation of macrophages containing the target-like calcospherites, the michaelis-gutmann body (mgb). we report three patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with pulmonary malakoplakia associated with rhodococcus equi infection; two patients were diagnosed at autopsy and one by examination of a transbronchial biopsy specimen. all three patients had pulmonary bacterial cultures and light ...	1996	8733761
immunohistochemical detection of virulence-associated antigens of rhodococcus equi in pulmonary lesions of foals.	rhodococcus equi was isolated from the lungs of six foals with bronchopneumonia. all isolates expressed 15-17-kd antigens by immunoblot analysis and contained a virulence-associated plasmid of 85 or 90 kb. immunohistochemically, r. equi from all pulmonary lesions showed the expression of 15-17-kd antigens mainly in the phagocytic cells. the specific monoclonal antibody to 15-17-kd antigens of r. equi (mab 10g5) may be an aid in the diagnosis of r. equi-induced pneumonia.	1996	8740709
assessment of the biodegradation potential of psychrotrophic microorganisms.	bioremediation of polluted temperate and cold temperature environments may require the activity of psychrotrophic bacteria, because their low temperature growth range parallels the ambient temperatures encountered in these environments. in the present study, 135 psychrotrophic microorganisms isolated from a variety of ecosystems in canada were examined for their ability to mineralize 14c-labelled toluene, naphthalene, dodecane, hexadecane, 2-chlorobiphenyl, and pentachlorophenol. a number of the ...	1996	8742353
[current concepts and implications for future research on rhodococcus equi].		1996	8752374
resonance raman spectroscopy of nitrile hydratase, a novel iron-sulfur enzyme.	resonance raman spectra of rhodococcus sp. r312 (formerly brevibacterium sp. r312) nitrile hydratase, a novel non-heme iron enzyme, have a large number of peaks in the 300-500 cm-1 region; observation of shifts in these peaks after labeling with 34s shows that they arise from cysteine coordinated to the ferric ion in the protein. the rich raman spectra result from coupling of the fe-s stretch with cysteine side chain deformation modes; the observation of 15n isotope shifts in most of these peaks ...	1996	8756469
x-ray spectroscopy of nitrile hydratase at ph 7 and 9.	the iron k-edge x-ray absorption spectrum of rhodococcus sp. r312 (formerly brevibacterium sp. r312) nitrile hydratase in frozen solutions at ph 7 and 9 has been analyzed to determine details of the iron coordination. exafs analysis implies two or three sulfur ligands per iron and overall six coordination; together with previous epr and endor results, this implies an n3s2o ligation sphere. the bond lengths from exafs analysis [rav(fe-s) = 2.21 a at ph 7.3; rav(fe-n/o) = 1.99 a] support cis coord ...	1996	8756470
atrazine chlorohydrolase from pseudomonas sp. strain adp: gene sequence, enzyme purification, and protein characterization.	pseudomonas sp. strain adp metabolizes atrazine to carbon dioxide and ammonia via the intermediate hydroxyatrazine. the genetic potential to produce hydroxyatrazine was previously attributed to a 1.9-kb avai dna fragment from strain adp (m. l. de souza, l. p. wackett, k. l. boundy-mills, r. t. mandelbaum, and m. j. sadowsky, appl. environ. microbiol. 61:3373-3378, 1995). in this study, sequence analysis of the 1.9-kb avai fragment indicated that a single open reading frame, atza, encoded an acti ...	1996	8759853
[rhodococcus equi pulmonary abscess in hiv infection].	re is a well-known gram positive bacillus which is usually pathogenic in animals. disease in humans is rare, but incidence has clearly increased with the advent of aids. in humans, re predominantly infect people with impaired cellular immunity so that it is considered an opportunistic agent. its must common manifestation in immuno-compromised patients is a slowly progressive pneumonia which may cavitate. even with early diagnostic and optimal and prolonged antibiotic therapy, the mortality of re ...	1996	8763102
genetic tools in pathogenic nocardioform actinomycetes.	nocardioform actinomycetes are gram-positive bacteria with high g+c content. several species of mycobacterium, corynebacterium, nocardia and rhodococcus are important human or animal pathogens. transposon mutagenesis and homologous recombination are powerful genetic tools used for the identification of pathogenicity determinants. transposable elements with potential application to mutagenize pathogenic nocardioform actinomycetes are described. homologous recombination experiments which have been ...	1996	8767712
reciprocal action of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 promotes granulomatous inflammation induced by rhodococcus aurantiacus in mice.	an intravenous injection of rhodococcus aurantiacus to mice causes granulomatous inflammation dependent on endogenous interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma). the present study examined the role of endogenous interleukin-4 (il-4) on granulomatous inflammation. endogenous il-4 in the spleen extracts was not detected during the phase of granuloma formation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). however, il-4 protein level was elevated during the phase of granuloma regression. il-4 mrna expression in t ...	1996	8774356
biodegradation of 4-nitroanisole by two rhodococcus spp.	two rhodococcus strains, r. opacus strain as2 and r. erythropolis strain as3, that were able to use 4-nitroanisole as the sole source of carbon and energy, were isolated from environmental samples. the first step of the degradation involved the o-demethylation of 4-nitroanisole to 4-nitrophenol which accumulated transiently in the medium during growth. oxygen uptake experiments indicated the transformation of 4-nitrophenol to 4-nitrocatechol and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene prior to ring cleavage and ...	1996	8782395
taxonomic note: a proposal for reviewing the interpretation of the camp reaction between listeria monocytogenes and rhodococcus equi.	the discrepancies between the current description of the camp test between listeria monocytogenes and rhodococcus equi in the latest edition of bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology (l. monocytogenes is described as camp test negative with r. equi) and routine findings (positive reactions are usually described in many laboratories) make it advisable to review the current interpretation of the camp test to avoid confusion among people working in microbiological laboratories. overall, 98.4 ...	1996	8782698
the microbiological fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: carbon and oxygen balances for bacterial degradation of model compounds.	a series of pure bacterial strains belonging mainly to the rhodococcus and pseudomonas genera were grown on one of the following polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah) supplied as sole carbon and energy source; naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene. in each case, a quantitative evaluation of the carbon repartition of the pah degraded into co2, biomass and water-soluble metabolites was carried out. in addition, the kinetics of oxygen consumption and of water-sol ...	1996	8785039
role of cd4+, cd8+ and double negative t-cells in the protection of scid/beige mice against respiratory challenge with rhodococcus equi.	to evaluate the contributions of t-lymphocyte subsets in pulmonary immunity against rhodococcus equi, c.b-17 scid/beige mice were adoptively transferred with splenic lymphocytes from congenic balb/c mice previously infected with r. equi. spleen cells were enriched for either cd4+ or cd8+ populations before inoculation, flow cytometry showed that each enriched population contained less than 0.5% cross contamination. groups of adoptively transferred scid/beige mice were sacrificed 6 and 13 d after ...	1996	8809381
2-d crystallization of the rhodococcus 20s proteasome	the 2d crystallization method using a liquid-liquid interface has been applied to the rhodococcus 20s proteasome. two types of ordered arrays were obtained, both large enough for high-resolution analysis. the first one is a hexagonal close-packed array, whereas the second one has fourfold symmetry. by image analysis based on a real space correlation averaging technique, the close-packed array was found to be hexagonally packed but the molecules had complete rotational freedom. the fourfold array ...	1996	8813003
identification of intermediately virulent rhodococcus equi isolates from pigs.	we recently reported the existence of rhodococcus equi isolates with at least three virulence levels, isolated from aids patients: virulent r. equi having 15- to 17-kda antigens that kills mice with 10(6) cells, intermediately virulent r. equi having a 20-kda antigen that kills mice with 10(7) cells, and avirulent r. equi that does not kill mice with 10(8) cells or more (s. takai, y. imai, n. fukunaga, y. uchida, k. kamisawa, y. sasaki, s. tsubaki, and t. sekizaki, j. infect. dis. 172:1306-1311, ...	1996	8815079
bacteremia due to gordona sputi in an immunocompromised patient.	we report a case of bacteremia due to a strain identified as gordona sputi in a patient with metastatic melanoma. the origin of infection remains unknown, but extensive cutaneous lesions due to interleukin-2 treatment may have been the portal of entry. the isolate was related to g. sputi on the basis of its biochemical and genomic properties but exhibited some differences from the type strain.	1996	8818912
gene overexpression, purification, and identification of a desulfurization enzyme from rhodococcus sp. strain igts8 as a sulfide/sulfoxide monooxygenase.	the oxidation of dibenzothiophene to dibenzothiophene sulfone has been linked to the enzyme encoded by the sox/dszc gene from rhodococcus sp. strain igts8 (s. a. denome, c. oldfield, l. j. nash, and k. d. young, j. bacteriol. 176:6707-6717, 1994; c. s. piddington, b. r. kovacevich, and j. rambosek, appl. environ. microbiol. 61:468-475, 1995). however, this enzyme has not been characterized, and the type of its catalytic activity remains unclassified. in this work, the sox/dszc gene was overexpre ...	1996	8824615
rhodococcus equi: an emerging opportunistic pathogen.	rhodococcus equi is emerging as a cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised people, especially those with aids. like mycobacteria, r. equi is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and replicates within them. recent work is beginning to elucidate the cell and molecular biology of this opportunistic pathogen and the host immune response to it.	1996	8824792
attempts to find phenotypic markers of the virulence plasmid of rhodococcus equi.	four isolates of rhodococcus equi, from pneumonic foals, and containing the 85 kb virulence plasmid, a porcine isolate containing an 80 kb plasmid, and their plasmid cured derivatives, were examined for 239 phenotypic properties in an attempt to find characters other than the virulence-associated protein (vapa) which might be encoded by the virulence plasmid in organisms grown at 37 degrees c. tests chosen included those which have previously given variable results for r. equi isolates, since su ...	1996	8825990
equine herpesvirus type 2 (ehv-2) as a predisposing factor for rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals: prevention of the bifactorial disease with ehv-2 immunostimulating complexes.	equine herpesvirus type 2 (ehv-2), a member of the gammaherpesvirinae subfamily, was studied in a two-phase respiratory disease complex of young foals as a predisposing factor for the secondary bacterial invasion of lungs with rhodococcus equi (r. equi). foals were immunized against ehv-2 on a farm where r. equi pneumonia regularly occurred during the last years. the immunizations were performed by using a subunit vaccine which selectively presents envelope glycoproteins of ehv-2 in a multimeric ...	1996	8828122
photoreactive nitrile hydratase: the photoreaction site is located on the alpha subunit.	nitrile hydratase (nhase) from rhodococcus sp. n-771 exists in active and inactive forms. the inactive nhase is immediately activated by light irradiation and changes to the active form. to characterize the photoreactive center, the inactive nhase was denatured by 6 m urea, and two kinds of subunits (alpha and beta) were separated and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. in a manner similar to the native nhase, the isolated alpha subunit showed two absorption peaks at 280 and 370 nm, which ...	1996	8830032
an identification scheme for rapidly and aerobically growing gram-positive rods.	an identification scheme for aerobically growing gram-positive rods (genera actinomyces, arcanobacterium, aureobacterium, bacillus, brevibacterium, cellulomonas, corynebacterium, dermabacter, erysipelothrix, gardnerella, lactobacillus, listeria, microbacterium, oerskovia, propionibacterium, rhodococcus, rothia, turicella, as well as unnamed cdc groups, clostridium tertium, and mycobacterium fortuitum/chelonae) is presented. it is derived from the hollis-weaver scheme and uses catalase, oxidative ...	1996	8837385
isolation of virulent and intermediately virulent rhodococcus equi from soil and sand on parks and yards in japan.	rhodococcus equi is an emerging opportunistic pathogen of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. however, little is known about the distribution of virulent and intermediately virulent r. equi in human environment. in the present study, r. equi was isolated from 173 of 234 (73.9%) samples collected from soil and sand on 115 parks and 49 yards in japan. the numbers of r. equi from soil and sand ranged from 2.5 x 10(1) to 1.2 x 10(5) per gram of sample. none of 1,294 isolates from those s ...	1996	8844605