Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| structural and genetic characterization of the shigella boydii type 13 o antigen. | shigella is an important human pathogen. it is generally agreed that shigella and escherichia coli constitute a single species; the only exception is shigella boydii type 13, which is more distantly related to e. coli and other shigella forms and seems to represent another species. this gives s. boydii type 13 an important status in evolution. o antigen is the polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and plays an important role in pathogenicit ... | 2004 | 14702307 |
| evidence for polar positional information independent of cell division and nucleoid occlusion. | we present evidence that, in escherichia coli, polar positional information is present at midcell independent of known cell division factors. in filamented cells, icsa, which is normally polar, localizes at or near potential cell division sites. because the cell pole is derived from the septum, the sites to which icsa localizes in filaments correspond to future poles. icsa localization to these sites is independent of ftsz, mincde, septation, and nucleoid occlusion, indicating that positional in ... | 2004 | 14715903 |
| simultaneous detection of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, and shigella in apple cider and produce by a multiplex pcr. | with three pairs of primers, a multiplex pcr assay was established for the simultaneous detection of escherichia coli 0157:h7, salmonella, and shigella. under the optimized conditions, the assay yielded a 252-bp product from e. coli o157:h7, a 429-bp product from salmonella typhimurium, and a 620-bp product from shigella flexneri, respectively. when the dna extraction of multiple target organisms was included in the same reaction, two or three corresponding amplicons of different sizes were obse ... | 2004 | 14717347 |
| analysis of the lambdoid prophage element e14 in the e. coli k-12 genome. | many sequenced bacterial genomes harbor phage-like elements or cryptic prophages. these elements have been implicated in pathogenesis, serotype conversion and phage immunity. the e14 element is a defective lambdoid prophage element present at 25 min in the e. coli k-12 genome. this prophage encodes important functional genes such as lit (t4 exclusion), mcra (modified cytosine restriction activity) and pin (recombinase). | 2004 | 14733619 |
| picu, a second serine protease autotransporter of uropathogenic escherichia coli. | escherichia coli is the major aetiological agent of urinary tract infections (uti). like diarrhoeagenic strains of e. coli, uropathogenic isolates possess virulence determinants that distinguish them from commensal strains and allow them to produce the clinical manifestations associated with uti. several autotransporter proteins have been associated with the ability of e. coli, and other gram-negative bacteria, to cause disease. recently, we described the existence within uropathogenic e. coli ( ... | 2004 | 14734168 |
| a multi-prefectural outbreak of shigella sonnei infections associated with eating oysters in japan. | among roughly one thousand incidents of shigellosis annually in japan, approximately 70% of the cases are estimated to be associated with overseas travel. however, at the end of 2001, reports of domestically acquired shigella sonnei infections suddenly increased. we report here the first multi-prefectural outbreak of shigella sonnei infections linked to the consumption of imported oysters in japan at the end of 2001. isolates of s. sonnei from patients epidemiologically linked to eating contamin ... | 2004 | 14734857 |
| high levels of igg class antibodies to recombinant hsp60 kda of yersinia enterocolitica in sera of patients with uveitis. | to determine the levels of igg class antibodies to recombinant heat shock protein 60 kda of yersinia enterocolitica (rhsp60ye), klebsiella pneumoniae (rhsp60kp), escherichia coli (rhsp60ec), shigella flexneri (rhsp60sf), and streptococcus pyogenes (rhsp60sp) in the serum of patients with hla-b27 associated acute anterior uveitis (hla-b27 associated aau), idiopathic acute anterior uveitis (idiopathic aau), pars planitis, vogt-koyanagi-harada (vkh), and healthy subjects. | 2004 | 14736785 |
| clonal multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains associated with epidemic and sporadic dysenteries in eastern india. | multidrug-resistant strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1 were implicated in three outbreaks and sporadic cases of dysentery in eastern india in 2002 and 2003. after a hiatus of 14 years, this pathogen reemerged with an altered antibiotic resistance pattern. in addition to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and nalidixic acid, all the recent strains were resistant to norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, pefloxacin, and ofloxacin and showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. ... | 2004 | 14742238 |
| two studies evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of a live, attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine (sc602) and excretion of vaccine organisms in north american volunteers. | we report the first community-based evaluation of shigella flexneri 2a strain sc602, a live, oral vaccine strain attenuated by deletion of the icsa (virg) plasmid virulence gene, given at 10(4) cfu. the primary objectives of this trial were to determine the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine and to determine the duration of colonization. four of 34 volunteers experienced transient fevers, and three reported diarrhea during the first 3 days of the study. half of the volunteers mounted a pos ... | 2004 | 14742537 |
| a schiff base complex of chromium(iii): an efficient inhibitor for the pathogenic and invasive potential of shigella dysenteriae. | a schiff base complex of chromium(iii), transdiaqua[n,n'ethylenebis (salicylideneimine)chromium(iii)]perchlorate, [cr(salen)(oh(2))(2)](+), was found to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of shigella dysenteriae. the chromium(iii) complex was found to cure (remove) the invasive plasmid and thereby render the microbe more sensitive to the tested antibiotics. the loss in the catalytic activity of the isolated endo-alpha-n-acetyl galactosaminidase on mucin as a substrate was also observed in t ... | 2004 | 14729320 |
| lysogeny at mid-twentieth century: p1, p2, and other experimental systems. | 2004 | 14729683 | |
| regulation of icsp, the outer membrane protease of the shigella actin tail assembly protein icsa, by virulence plasmid regulators virf and virb. | the shigella outer membrane protease icsp removes the actin assembly protein icsa from the bacterial surface, and consequently modulates shigella actin-based motility and cell-to-cell spread. here, we demonstrate that icsp expression is undetectable in mutants lacking either of two transcriptional activators, virf and virb. in wild-type shigella spp., virb expression is entirely dependent on virf; therefore, to circumvent this regulatory cascade, we independently expressed virf or virb in shigel ... | 2004 | 14729695 |
| day care-related outbreaks of rhamnose-negative shigella sonnei--six states, june 2001-march 2003. | during june 2001--march 2003, outbreaks of shigella sonnei infections were reported in delaware, maryland, new jersey, north carolina, south carolina, and virginia. five- to fortyfold increases in statewide shigellosis rates were observed during this period. these increases were attributed primarily to outbreaks in multiple day care settings that became prolonged and community wide. s. sonnei isolates from these states, as well as from new york city and philadelphia, were similar genetically by ... | 2004 | 14749615 |
| the ricka protein of rickettsia conorii activates the arp2/3 complex. | actin polymerization, the main driving force for cell locomotion, is also used by the bacteria listeria and shigella and vaccinia virus for intracellular and intercellular movements. seminal studies have shown the key function of the arp2/3 complex in nucleating actin and generating a branched array of actin filaments during membrane extension and pathogen movement. arp2/3 requires activation by proteins such as the wasp-family proteins or acta of listeria. we previously reported that actin tail ... | 2004 | 14749835 |
| the virf promoter in shigella: more than just a curved dna stretch. | in the human enteropathogen shigella transcription of virf, the primary regulator of the invasion functions, is strictly temperature-dependent and is antagonistically mediated by h-ns and fis, which bind to specific sites on the virf promoter. here we report on the relevance of dna geometry to the thermoregulation of virf and demonstrate that the virf promoter hosts a major dna bend halfway between two h-ns sites. the bent region has been mutagenized in vitro to mimic temperature-induced changes ... | 2004 | 14756791 |
| household outbreaks among culture-confirmed cases of bacterial gastrointestinal disease. | to examine the general frequency of household outbreaks, the authors performed a retrospective search among cases of the five most frequent gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens in denmark, a country of 5.3 million inhabitants. this was done for 57,667 cases registered from 1991 to 2001 by finding all cases that shared addresses and became infected within 3 weeks of one another. the percentage of cases that were part of household outbreaks was found to be 3.2% for campylobacter, 13.3% for salmone ... | 2004 | 14769645 |
| detection of campylobacter and shigella species in food samples using an array biosensor. | campylobacter and shigella bacteria are common causes of food- and water-borne illness worldwide. there is a current need in food, medical, environmental, and military markets for a rapid and user-friendly method of detecting such pathogens. the array biosensor developed at the nrl encompasses these qualities. in this study, 25-min, sandwich immunoassays were developed for the detection of campylobacter and shigella species in both buffer and a variety of food and beverage samples. the limit of ... | 2004 | 14719894 |
| blockwise approach to fragments of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella flexneri serotype 2a: convergent synthesis of a decasaccharide representative of a dimer of the branched repeating unit. | the d'a'b'(e')c'dab(e)c decasaccharide representative of a dimer of a frame-shifted pentasaccharide repeating unit of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella flexneri 2a was synthesized as its methyl glycoside by condensing a pentasaccharide donor (d'a'b'(e')c') and a pentasaccharide acceptor (dab(e)c-ome). several convergent routes to these two building blocks, involving either the ab linkage or the bc linkage as the disconnection site, were evaluated in comparison to the linear strategy. the ... | 2004 | 14961653 |
| shigella. | 2004 | 14964225 | |
| bloody diarrhoea cases caused by shigella and amoeba in jordan. | this study was done to evaluate the occurrence of bloody diarrhoea in jordan in the period 1988-2000, with particular interest in shigilla and amoeba cases in relation to the surveillance control system and hygiene policy. the cases were collected from various medical diagnostic laboratories. in addition to the clinical presentation, stool specimens or rectal swabs were collected and sub-cultured on the appropriate media. shigella spp. and amoeba were identified using standard methods. anti-micr ... | 2004 | 14964404 |
| identification and functional characterization of the lactococcus lactis rfb operon, required for dtdp-rhamnose biosynthesis. | dtdp-rhamnose is an important precursor of cell wall polysaccharides and rhamnose-containing exopolysaccharides (eps) in lactococcus lactis. we cloned the rfbacbd operon from l. lactis mg1363, which comprises four genes involved in dtdp-rhamnose biosynthesis. when expressed in escherichia coli, the lactococcal rfbacbd genes could sustain heterologous production of the shigella flexneri o antigen, providing evidence of their functionality. overproduction of the rfbac proteins in l. lactis resulte ... | 2004 | 14973085 |
| shigella flexneri infection: pathogenesis and vaccine development. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacterium which causes the most communicable of bacterial dysenteries, shigellosis. shigellosis causes 1.1 million deaths and over 164 million cases each year, with the majority of cases occurring in the children of developing nations. the pathogenesis of s. flexneri is based on the bacteria's ability to invade and replicate within the colonic epithelium, which results in severe inflammation and epithelial destruction. the molecular mechanisms used by s. flex ... | 2004 | 14975529 |
| identification and molecular characterization of eata, an autotransporter protein of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. | enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) strains remain a formidable cause of diarrheal disease. to identify novel surface proteins of etec, we performed tnphoa mutagenesis of prototype etec strain h10407 and discovered a secreted protein not previously recognized in etec. dna sequencing of the interrupted locus in mutant tnphoa.977 revealed a candidate 4,095-bp open reading frame without significant homology to commensal e. coli k-12 genomic dna. translation of this sequence revealed that it enc ... | 2004 | 14977988 |
| variability of shigella flexneri serotypes in israel during a period of two years: 2000 and 2001. | during a period of 2 years (2000 and 2001) 996 shigella flexneri strains from sporadic cases in israel were sent to the national shigella reference centre (nsrc) by hospital and outpatient clinics. the most common serotypes were 2a, 6 and 1b, accounting for 88.4% of all isolates. they were investigated according to the monthly distribution of the strains, and the age and sex of the patients. the severity of the disease was assessed by a hospital/outpatient distribution (h/od) of the isolates, ba ... | 2004 | 14979589 |
| role of attp in integrase-mediated integration of the shigella resistance locus pathogenicity island of shigella flexneri. | the shigella resistance locus (srl) pathogenicity island (pai) in shigella spp. mediates resistance to streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. it can be excised from the chromosome via site-specific recombination mediated by the p4-related int gene. here, we show that srl pai attp is capable of reca-independent, site-specific, int-mediated integration into two bacterial trna attb sites. | 2004 | 14982801 |
| analysis of essential oil of satureja thymbra by hydrodistillation, thermal desorber, and headspace gc/ms techniques and its antimicrobial activity. | the essential oil composition of satureja thymbra was analyzed by direct thermal desorber and headspace gc/ms analysis methods. its constituents were determined to be mainly carvacrol (40.15%), gamma-terpinene (26.56%), p-cymene (16.39%), and thymol (13.16%). the other techniques, thermal desorber and headspace gc/ms, were used for the plant leaves at three different temperature, which showed similar results. the thermal desorber gc/ms gave better and more sensitive results than headspace gc/ms. ... | 2004 | 14984095 |
| effect of zinc supplementation on immune and inflammatory responses in pediatric patients with shigellosis. | several studies showed benefits of long-term zinc supplementation on the incidence, severity, and duration of diarrhea and on the incidence of respiratory infections. prolonged zinc supplementation also improves cell-mediated immunity in severely malnourished children. | 2004 | 14985220 |
| campylobacter jejuni infection of differentiated thp-1 macrophages results in interleukin 1 beta release and caspase-1-independent apoptosis. | apoptosis induction of host macrophages has emerged as a common virulence mechanism among bacterial pathogens. infection with campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and is characterized by an acute inflammatory response in the small intestine. the authors used the human monocytic cell line thp-1 to examine apoptosis induction and pro-inflammatory cytokine production during c. jejuni infection. flow cytometric analysis revealed that 48 h after inoculation, a c. jejun ... | 2004 | 14993305 |
| occurrence of inhibitory compounds in spent growth media that interfere with acid-tolerance mechanisms of enteric pathogens. | understanding the acid-tolerance ability of enteric human pathogens is critical in determining microbial food safety and the associated risk. we have discovered naturally occurring compounds in the spent growth media, which inhibit the acid-tolerance ability of several enteric human pathogens when challenged at ph 3.0 for 2 h at 37 degrees c. the compounds were detected in the spent growth media obtained from escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp., and vibrio cholera, but not from shigella fl ... | 2004 | 14996461 |
| bacteria-mediated dna transfer in gene therapy and vaccination. | the use of live attenuated bacterial vaccine strains allows the targeted delivery of macromolecules to mammalian cells and tissues via the mucosal route. depending on their specific virulence mechanisms and inherent metabolic preferences, bacteria invade certain cell types and body niches where they consequently deliver their cargo. recently, the ability of attenuated strains of salmonella, shigella and yersinia spp., as well as listeria monocytogenes and invasive escherichia coli, to deliver eu ... | 2004 | 14998775 |
| neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. | neutrophils engulf and kill bacteria when their antimicrobial granules fuse with the phagosome. here, we describe that, upon activation, neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin that together form extracellular fibers that bind gram-positive and -negative bacteria. these neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria. nets are abundant in vivo in experimental dysentery and spontaneous human appendicitis, two examples of acute inflammation. nets appear ... | 2004 | 15001782 |
| aeromonas spp associated with children's diarrhoea in tehran: a case-control study. | the study sought a possible pathogenic role for aeromonas spp in tehranian children presenting with diarrhoea. during a 10-month period (february to october 2001), 310 children <10 years of age with diarrhoea and a group of 310 age- and sex-matched controls were selected. both groups were investigated for diarrhoeal pathogens. of 310 children who presented with acute diarrhoea, aeromonas spp was isolated from 14 (4.5%) (a. veronii biovar sobria 8, a. caviae 5 and a. hydrophila 1). the isolation ... | 2004 | 15005966 |
| shigella interactions with the actin cytoskeleton in the absence of ena/vasp family proteins. | shigella move through the cytosol of infected cells by assembly of a propulsive actin tail at one end of the bacterium. vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (vasp), a member of the ena/vasp family of proteins, is important in cellular actin dynamics and is present on intracellular shigella. vasp binds both profilin, an actin monomer-binding protein, and vinculin, a component of intercellular contacts that also binds the shigella actin assembly protein icsa. it has been postulated that vasp migh ... | 2004 | 15009027 |
| the conformations of the o-specific polysaccharides of shigella dysenteriae type 4 and escherichia coli o159 studied with molecular mechanics (mm3) filtered systematic search. | the branched o-antigens of escherichia coli o159 and shigella dysenteriae type 4 are structurally related and are known to show cross-reactivity with antibodies. in the present study, conformational analyses were performed on these two o-antigens using molecular mechanics mm3(96) with filtered systematic search. the results show very strong steric restrictions for the trisaccharide at the branch point of the e. coli o159 antigen, especially for the beta-d-glcnac-(1-->3)-beta-d-glcnac linkage of ... | 2004 | 15010303 |
| characterization of the lipopolysaccharide o-antigen of francisella novicida (u112). | francisella novicida (u112), a close relative of the highly virulent bacterium f. tularensis, was shown to produce a lipopolysaccharide in which the antigenic o-polysaccharide component was found by chemical, 1h and 13c nmr and ms analyses to be an unbranched neutral linear polymer of a repeating tetrasaccharide unit composed of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galacturonamide (d-galnacan) and 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-glucose (d-qui2nac4nac, di-n-acetylbacillosamine) residues (3:1) and had the stru ... | 2004 | 15013402 |
| rectal nitric oxide gas and stool cytokine levels during the course of infectious gastroenteritis. | nitric oxide (no) is known to be an important inflammatory mediator with a potential role in gastrointestinal diseases. we prospectively studied the luminal no levels in 51 patients with infectious gastroenteritis, 35 patients with nonenteric bacterial infections, and 11 healthy control subjects. the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were simultaneously measured in the stools of patients with gastroenteritis. rectal gas was sampled with balloon catheters made of silicone and was analyzed for n ... | 2004 | 15013971 |
| a specific genetic background is required for acquisition and expression of virulence factors in escherichia coli. | in bacteria, the evolution of pathogenicity seems to be the result of the constant arrival of virulence factors (vfs) into the bacterial genome. however, the integration, retention, and/or expression of these factors may be the result of the interaction between the new arriving genes and the bacterial genomic background. to test this hypothesis, a phylogenetic analysis was done on a collection of 98 escherichia coli/shigella strains representing the pathogenic and commensal diversity of the spec ... | 2004 | 15014151 |
| molecular characterization of the integrons in shigella strains isolated from patients with traveler's diarrhea. | the prevalence and characterization of class 1 integrons has been performed in eighty three strains of shigella spp., isolated between 1995 and 2000 from patients with traveler's diarrhea. a low prevalence (13.25%) was recorded. nine different integrons were found among 11 multiresistant strains, with a total of 10 different gene cassettes encoding for resistance to trimethoprim (dfra1, dfra5, dfra7, dfra12, and dfra15), aminoglycosides (aada1a and aada2), beta-lactam antibiotics (oxa2) or orf w ... | 2004 | 15023426 |
| neuromodulation of experimental shigella infection reduces damage to the gut mucosa. | bacillary dysentery arises when shigella invades the colonic and rectal mucosae of the human gut and elicits a strong inflammatory response, which may lead to life-threatening complications. hence, downregulation of the host inflammatory response is an appealing therapeutical alternative. the gastrointestinal tract is densely innervated, and nerve endings are often found in the vicinity of leukocytes. we have assessed the impact of experimental shigella infection on levels of neuropeptides in th ... | 2004 | 15026012 |
| topological analysis of glucosyltransferase gtrv of shigella flexneri by a dual reporter system and identification of a unique reentrant loop. | lipopolysaccharide, particularly the o-antigen component, is one of many virulence determinants necessary for shigella flexneri pathogenesis. o-antigen modification is mediated by glucosyltransferase genes (gtr) encoded by temperate serotype-converting bacteriophages. the gtrv gene encodes the gtrv glucosyltransferase, an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the transfer of a glucosyl residue via an alpha1,3 linkage to rhamnose ii of the o-antigen unit. this mediates conversion of s. flexner ... | 2004 | 15028730 |
| synthesis of some new 6-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbohydrazide derivatives and their antimicrobial activities. | in this study, 14 new compounds having 6-methyl-n2-(alkylidene/cycloalkylidene)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbohydrazide (3a-g), 3-[[(6-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-yl)carbonyl]amino]-4-thiazolidinone (4a-d) and 4-[[(6-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-yl)carbonyl]amino]-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.4]nonan/[4.5]decan-3-one (4e-g) structures were synthesized. the structures of the compounds were elucidated by uv, ir, 1h-nmr, 13c-nmr, 1h-13c-cosy, mass spectra and elemental analysis. all compounds synthesize ... | 2004 | 15038463 |
| the probiotic escherichia coli strain nissle 1917 interferes with invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells by different enteroinvasive bacterial pathogens. | the probiotic escherichia coli strain nissle 1917 (mutaflor) of serotype o6:k5:h1 was reported to protect gnotobiotic piglets from infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. an important virulence property of salmonella is invasion of host epithelial cells. therefore, we tested for interference of e. coli strain nissle 1917 with salmonella invasion of int407 cells. simultaneous administration of e. coli strain nissle 1917 and salmonella resulted in up to 70% reduction of salmonella ... | 2004 | 15039098 |
| batch process solar disinfection is an efficient means of disinfecting drinking water contaminated with shigella dysenteriae type i. | the mortality and morbidity rate caused by shigella dysenteriae type i infection is increasing in the developing world each year. in this paper, the possibility of using batch process solar disinfection (sodis) as an effective means of disinfecting drinking water contaminated with sh. dysenteriae type i is investigated. | 2004 | 15059213 |
| molecular epidemiology of shigella flexneri in a diarrhoea-endemic area of lima, peru. | a year-long community-based study of diarrhoeal diseases was conducted in canto grande, a periurban community in lima, peru. in 109 (34%) houses out of 323 that were visited, at least one individual was detected with shigellosis. the frequency of the 161 shigella isolates obtained was as follows: 117 s. flexneri (73%), 21 s. boydii (13%), 15 s. dysenteriae (9%), and 8 s. sonnei (5%). using a non-radioactive ipah gene probe as a molecular epidemiological tool, a total of 41 s. flexneri strains we ... | 2004 | 15061506 |
| the application of peptide nucleic acid probes for rapid detection and enumeration of eubacteria, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa in recreational beaches of s. florida. | a novel chemiluminescent in situ hybridization technique using peptide nucleic acids (pna) was adapted for the detection of bacteria in beach sand and recreational waters in south florida. the simultaneous detection and enumeration of eubacteria and the novel indicators, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, was achieved within 6-8 h of processing. following 5 h of incubation on tsa, soybean peroxidase-labeled peptide nucleic acid probes (boston probes, boston, ma) targeting species- ... | 2004 | 15063055 |
| a dna adenine methylase mutant of shigella flexneri shows no significant attenuation of virulence. | mutants of salmonella defective in dna adenine methylase (dam) have been reported to be attenuated for virulence and to provide protective immunity when used as vaccine strains. to determine whether these observations could be extended to shigella, a dam mutant of shigella flexneri 2a was characterized and examined for the role of dam in pathogenesis. the shigella dam mutant showed some unique characteristics; however, it retained virulence in vivo as well as in vitro. the mutant invaded culture ... | 2004 | 15073316 |
| the role of the shigella flexneri yihe gene in lps synthesis and virulence. | previously, the authors have shown that inactivation of shigella flexneri yihe, a gene of unknown function upstream of dsba, which encodes a periplasmic disulphide catalyst, results in a global change of gene expression. among the severely down-regulated genes are galetkm, suggesting that the yihe mutant, sh54, may inefficiently produce the udp-glucose and udp-galactose required for lps synthesis. this paper demonstrates that lps synthesis in sh54 is impaired. as a result, sh54 is unable to poly ... | 2004 | 15073317 |
| structure of shiga toxin type 2 (stx2) from escherichia coli o157:h7. | several serotypes of escherichia coli produce protein toxins closely related to shiga toxin (stx) from shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. these stx-producing e. coli cause outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans, with the latter being more likely if the e. coli produce stx2 than if they only produce stx1. to investigate the differences among the stxs, which are all ab(5) toxins, the crystal structure of stx2 from e. coli o157:h7 was determined at 1.8-a resolution a ... | 2004 | 15075327 |
| structure of spa15, a type iii secretion chaperone from shigella flexneri with broad specificity. | type iii secretion (tts) systems are used by many gram-negative pathogens to inject virulence proteins into the cells of their hosts. several of these virulence effectors require tts chaperones that maintain them in a secretion-competent state. whereas most chaperones bind only one effector, spa15 from the human pathogen shigella flexneri and homologous chaperones bind several seemingly unrelated effectors, and were proposed to form a special subgroup. its 1.8 a crystal structure confirms this s ... | 2004 | 15088068 |
| stereotypic and specific elements of the human colonic response to entamoeba histolytica and shigella flexneri. | the clinical presentations of bacillary dysentery caused by shigella, and amoebic dysentery caused by the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica, can be indistinguishable, with both organisms causing colonic mucosal damage and ulceration. however, the two organisms are quite distinct, and have very different pathogenic mechanisms. this raises the fundamental question of whether the similar clinical manifestations reflect a stereotypic response of the human gut to mucosal injury, or whether the ... | 2004 | 15104595 |
| the o-antigen gene cluster of shigella boydii o11 and functional identification of its wzy gene. | shigella strains are human pathogens and their identification is usually based on their o-antigens. the o-antigen gene cluster of shigella boydii o11 was sequenced. all the expected genes for the synthesis of the o-antigen were identified on the basis of homology and genes for the biosynthesis of dtdp-l-rhamnose, genes encoding sugar transferases, as well as genes encoding o unit flippase (wzx) and o-antigen polymerase (wzy). the identity of the putative wzy gene was confirmed by showing that a ... | 2004 | 15109730 |
| comparative analysis of transcriptional regulatory elements of glutamate-dependent acid-resistance systems of shigella flexneri and escherichia coli o157:h7. | the ability to withstand an acid-challenge of ph 2.5 or less by shigella flexneri is a necessary trait for virulence and is generally believed to be restricted to the stationary-phase of growth. earlier reports indicated the glutamate-dependent acid-resistance (gdar) system of s. flexneri is under the regulation of rpos, the gene encoding alternative sigma factor that is induced in the stationary-growth phase. the present study reports that unlike escherichia coli o157:h7, s. flexneri cells when ... | 2004 | 15109732 |
| antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of melissa officinalis l. (lamiaceae) essential oil. | the present study describes antimicrobial and free radical scavenging capacity (rsc) together with the effects on lipid peroxidation (lp) of melissa officinalis essential oil. the chemical profile of essential oil was evaluated by the means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and thin-layer chromatography (tlc). rsc was assessed measuring the scavenging activity of essential oil on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph(*)) and oh(*) radicals. the effect on lp was evaluated followin ... | 2004 | 15113145 |
| in vitro adhesion and invasion inhibition of shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei clinical strains by human milk proteins. | shigella is the etiological agent of shigellosis, a disease responsible for more than 500,000 deaths of children per year, in developing countries. these pathogens colonize the intestinal colon, invade, spreading to the other enterocytes. breastfeeding plays a very important role in protecting infants from intestinal infections. amongst milk compounds, glycosylated proteins prevent the adhesion of many enteropathogens in vitro. the aim of this work was to determine the effect of human milk prote ... | 2004 | 15115555 |
| an in vitro study on antimicrobial activity of propolis from mugla province of turkey. | antibacterial and antifungal activities of acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) extracts of 45 different propolis samples from the mugla province of turkey were investigated. antimicrobial activity of propolis varied depending on propolis sample, dosage of propolis, and the extraction solvents for all test microorganisms. antimicrobial activity of all propolis samples increased with increasing dosage without reaching a plateau at the highest dosage tested. except for brucella melitensis, the dm ... | 2004 | 15117559 |
| diarrhoea in elderly people: aetiology, and clinical characteristics. | we examined the characteristics of elderly people attending the dhaka hospital of icddr,b. the hospital has a diarrhoeal disease surveillance system that enrols a 2% systematic sample of all patients visiting the hospital. we reviewed data of all patients enrolled into the surveillance system (n = 13,782) over the period 1996-2001 to identify patients aged 60 y and above for inclusion into the current study (4% of all surveillance patients; n = 478). v. cholerae o1 was the most common enteric pa ... | 2004 | 15119366 |
| drug resistance of shigella species: changes over 20 years in turkey. | 2004 | 15120738 | |
| microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. epithelial cell responses. | pathogenic bacteria use many strategies to secure their survival within the host. enteropathogens exploit intestinal epithelial cells in many ways, including the manipulation of normal cellular functioning, or of cellular structural components, or by the induction of signalling pathways, such as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. however, the enterocyte warns the host of impending danger and, in turn, elicits a protective response. pathogens are detected by epithelial cells owing to t ... | 2004 | 15123076 |
| microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. mucosal immune responses. | the host gastrointestinal tract is exposed to countless numbers of foreign antigens and has embedded a unique and complex network of immunological and non-immunological mechanisms, often termed the gastrointestinal 'mucosal barrier', to protect the host from potentially harmful pathogens while at the same time 'tolerating' other resident microbes to allow absorption and utilization of nutrients. of the many important roles of this barrier, it is the distinct responsibility of the mucosal immune ... | 2004 | 15123077 |
| microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. progress in enteric vaccine development. | enteric infections resulting in diarrhoea are among the most important causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children in developing countries. they are also a common cause of disease among travellers to africa, asia and latin america. recently, effective, live and inactivated oral and parenteral vaccines against some of the most severe enteric infections-cholera and typhoid fever-have been licensed in several countries. different candidate vaccines against rotavirus, shigella and et ... | 2004 | 15123079 |
| crystal structure of the oxidized form of the periplasmic mercury-binding protein merp from ralstonia metallidurans ch34. | in ralstonia metallidurans ch34, the gene merp encodes for a periplasmic mercury-binding protein which is capable of binding one mercury atom. the metal-binding site of merp consists of the highly conserved sequence gmtcxxc found in the family that includes metallochaperones and metal-transporting atpases. we purified merp from r.metallidurans ch34 and solved its crystal structure under the oxidized form at 2.0a resolution. superposition with structures of other metal-binding proteins shows that ... | 2004 | 15123428 |
| a pediatric cluster of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 diarrhea with hemolytic uremic syndrome in 2 families from france. | we report a cluster of pediatric diarrhea due to shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 involving 11 children in france, including the index case, who had returned from senegal. child-to-child transmission was documented by ribotyping. five children developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus). on the basis of our findings, the choice of antimicrobial treatment for infections with s. dysenteriae serotype 1 should take into account widespread drug resistance and the risk of hus. | 2004 | 15127361 |
| branching sites and morphological abnormalities behave as ectopic poles in shape-defective escherichia coli. | certain mutants in escherichia coli lacking multiple penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) produce misshapen cells containing kinks, bends and branches. these deformed regions exhibit two structural characteristics of normal cell poles: the peptidoglycan is inert to dilution by new synthesis or turnover, and a similarly stable patch of outer membrane caps the sites. to test the premise that these aberrant sites represent biochemically functional but misplaced cell poles, we assessed the intracellul ... | 2004 | 15130123 |
| detection of shigella by a pcr assay targeting the ipah gene suggests increased prevalence of shigellosis in nha trang, vietnam. | shigella spp. are exquisitely fastidious gram-negative organisms which frequently escape detection by traditional culture methods. to get a more complete understanding of the disease burden caused by shigella in nha trang, vietnam, real-time pcr was used to detect shigella dna. randomly selected rectal swab specimens from 60 shigella culture-positive patients and 500 shigella culture-negative patients detected by population-based surveillance of patients seeking care for diarrhea were processed ... | 2004 | 15131166 |
| the chromosome of shigella flexneri bacteriophage sf6: complete nucleotide sequence, genetic mosaicism, and dna packaging. | shigella flexneri temperate bacteriophage sf6 is of interest in part because its prophage expresses the oac gene that alters the antigenic properties of the surface o-antigen polysaccharide of its host bacterium. we have determined the complete sequence of its 39,044 bp genome. the sequence shows that sf6 is a member of the canonical lambdoid phage group, and like other phages of this type has a highly mosaic genome. it has chromosomal regions that encode proteins >80% identical with at least 15 ... | 2004 | 15136040 |
| preparation of synthetic glycoconjugates as potential vaccines against shigella flexneri serotype 2a disease. | the synthesis of three neoglycopeptides incorporating carbohydrate haptens, differing in length, covalently linked to a non natural universal t helper peptide is disclosed. they were synthesized according to a blockwise strategy based on the condensation of appropriate di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharide trichloroacetimidate donors onto an azidoethyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxybeta-d-glucopyranoside acceptor. use of thiol-maleimide coupling chemistry allowed site-selective efficient conjugation. | 2004 | 15136809 |
| microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions. | drinking water is a major source of microbial pathogens in developing regions, although poor sanitation and food sources are integral to enteric pathogen exposure. gastrointestinal disease outcomes are also more severe, due to under-nutrition and lack of intervention strategies in these regions. poor water quality, sanitation and hygiene account for some 1.7 million deaths a year world-wide (3.1% of all deaths and 3.7% of all daly's), mainly through infectious diarrhoea. nine out of 10 such deat ... | 2004 | 15138046 |
| the ett2 gene cluster, encoding a second type iii secretion system from escherichia coli, is present in the majority of strains but has undergone widespread mutational attrition. | ett2 is a second cryptic type iii secretion system in escherichia coli which was first discovered through the analysis of genome sequences of enterohemorrhagic e. coli o157:h7. comparative analyses of escherichia and shigella genome sequences revealed that the ett2 gene cluster is larger than was previously thought, encompassing homologues of genes from the spi-1, spi-2, and spi-3 salmonella pathogenicity islands. ett2-associated genes, including regulators and chaperones, were found at the same ... | 2004 | 15150243 |
| you're the flight surgeon. ulcerative colitis. | 2004 | 15151123 | |
| sensitization of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria to jenseniin g by sublethal injury. | jenseniin g, a bacteriocin produced by propionibacterium thoenii p126, is active against related propionibacteria and some lactic acid bacteria and is sporostatic to botulinal spores. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sublethal stress on jenseniin g activity. bacillus cereus, enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, staphylococcus aureus, and yersinia enterocolitica were subjected to temperature, acid, an ... | 2004 | 15151241 |
| chromosomal and plasmid-encoded enzymes are required for assembly of the r3-type core oligosaccharide in the lipopolysaccharide of escherichia coli o157:h7. | the type r3 core oligosaccharide predominates in the lipopolysaccharides from enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli isolates including o157:h7. the r3 core biosynthesis (waa) genetic locus contains two genes, waad and waaj, that are predicted to encode glycosyltransferases involved in completion of the outer core. through determination of the structures of the lipopolysaccharide core in precise mutants and biochemical analyses of enzyme activities, waaj was shown to be a udp-glucose:(galactosyl) li ... | 2004 | 15155763 |
| etiology of diarrhea in children less than five years of age in ifakara, tanzania. | a total of 451 stool specimens were collected from children less than five years of age with acute diarrhea from ifakara, tanzania and processed to detect bacterial enteropathogens, parasites, and rotaviruses. these specimens were divided into 348 from the dry season and 103 from the rainy season. overall, diarrheogenic escherichia coli (35.7%) were the predominant enteropathogens, with enterotoxigenic e. coli, enteroaggregative e. coli, and enteropathogenic e. coli being the most prevalent. mor ... | 2004 | 15155987 |
| pathogen-specific risk factors and protective factors for acute diarrheal illness in children aged 12-59 months in são paulo, brazil. | diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in latin america. most studies have focused on infants but not on older children. we enrolled 505 children (age, 12-59 months) with diarrhea and age-matched controls in a case-control study in sao paulo, brazil. independent risk factors for diarrhea included another household member with diarrhea (matched odds ratio [mor], 8.1; attributable fraction [af], 0.17; p<.001) and consumption of homemade juice (mor, 1.8; af, 0.1 ... | 2004 | 15156440 |
| laboratory-confirmed shigellosis in the united states, 1989-2002: epidemiologic trends and patterns. | during 1989-2002, a total of 208,368 laboratory-confirmed shigella infections were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention. shigella sonnei accounted for 71.7%, shigella flexneri accounted for 18.4%, shigella boydii accounted for 1.6%, and shigella dysenteriae accounted for 0.7% of infections; for 7.6%, no serogroup was reported. national incidence rates ranged from 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons in 1993 to 3.7 cases per 100,000 persons in 1999. incidence rates for s. boydii, s ... | 2004 | 15156473 |
| bacterial sexually transmitted diseases. | common sexually transmitted bacterial organisms may affect the anorectum and perianal skin. while some of these infections are a result of contiguous spread from genital infection, most result from receptive anal intercourse. polymicrobial infection is common and there is overlap in symptoms caused by the organisms that may infect the anorectum. this article addresses the most common bacterial organisms that are sexually transmitted and affect the anorectum. it includes discussions of gonorrhea, ... | 2004 | 20011261 |
| salmonella carriers among expatriate workers in al-qatif area. | salmonella infection and diarrhoeal diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. all expatriates applying for work permits in the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) have to undergo a governmental compulsory health check program. | 2004 | 19861837 |
| prevalence and antibiotic resistant shigellae among primary school children in urban calabar, nigeria. | in a recent study, involving the examination of 593 stool samples obtained from randomly selected children from three primary schools in calabar, shigella spp. were isolated from 123 (20.7%) of the samples. the infection rate was highest among the younger children with (64.2%) 79/123 of the isolates coming from children under 10 years of age. infection rate was comparable among boys and girls (p = 0.1). only two species of shigella were isolated viz: shigella flexneri 12.0% (71/593) and shigella ... | 2004 | 18839866 |
| complete dna sequence and gene analysis of the virulence plasmid pcp301 of shigella flexneri 2a. | the complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the large virulence plasmid pcp301 (termed by us) of shigella flexneri 2a strain 301 were determined and analyzed. the result showed that the entire dna sequence of pcp301 is composed of 221618 bp which form a circular plasmid. sequence analysis identified 272 open reading frames (orfs), among which, 194 correspond to the proteins described previously, 61 have low identity (<60%) to known proteins and the rest 17 have no regions of significant ... | 2003 | 19448991 |
| antibacterial effects of carica papaya fruit on common wound organisms. | the purpose of the study was to investigate antibacterial activity of ripe and unripe carica papaya on selected micro-organisms. cultures of micro-organisms were routinely maintained in nutrient agar slants at 4 degrees c. extracts of immature, mature and ripe carica papaya fruit were obtained by separately grinding factions of the epicarp, endocarp and seeds and filtering them through gauze. sensitivity tests were conducted by adding 0.06 ml of extract to agar wells (6 mm diameter) prepared fro ... | 2003 | 15040064 |
| enhanced isolation of shigella species by extended incubation of primary isolation plates. | 2003 | 15038595 | |
| shigellosis: innate mechanisms of inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium, adaptive immune response, and vaccine development. | acute infectious colitis remains a major pediatric issue of worldwide impact because it still represents a significant public health burden among the larger group of diarrheal diseases with the highest mortality rate. it is also a relevant model of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd), such as crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. among cases of acute colitis of infectious origin, shigellosis is certainly the one that has benefited the most from a significant research effort. shigella, the causat ... | 2003 | 15030306 |
| [comparative study on antibacterial effects of huangqin-tang and its metabolites produced by intestinal flora]. | to compare the antibacterial effects of huangqin-tang with its metabolites produced by intestinal flora. | 2003 | 15015311 |
| changing trends in shigellosis at a tertiary care centre. | 2003 | 15022943 | |
| antibacterial potential of an antispasmodic drug dicyclomine hydrochloride. | several compounds are known to possess antimicrobial activity in addition to their predesignated pharmacological actions. in the present study, dicyclomine hydrochloride, an antispasmodic drug, was tested for possible antimicrobial property in vitro and in vivo. | 2003 | 14723484 |
| [myopericarditis complicating severe shigella sonnei infection]. | 2003 | 14770130 | |
| the role of bacterial and non-bacterial toxins in the induction of changes in membrane transport: implications for diarrhea. | bacterial toxins induce changes in membrane transport which underlie the loss of electrolyte homeostasis associated with diarrhea. bacterial- and their secreted toxin-types which have been linked with diarrhea include: (a) vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin, e1 tor hemolysin and accessory cholera enterotoxin); (b) escherichia coli (heat stable enterotoxin, heat-labile enterotoxin and colicins); (c) shigella dysenteriae (shiga-toxin); (d) clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens enterotoxin, alpha-tox ... | 2003 | 14757199 |
| amlodipine: a cardiovascular drug with powerful antimicrobial property. | ten cardiovascular drugs were procured in pure form from their manufacturers in india and screened for antimicrobial property against fifteen known bacteria belonging to both gram-positive and gram-negative types. these bacteria were inhibited by the common antibiotics at 1-5 mg ml(-1) level through our earlier studies. since most of the bacteria were moderate to highly responsive to amlodipine, this compound was further tested in vitro against 504 bacteria comprising 4 genera of gram-positive a ... | 2003 | 14743981 |
| [airborne microorganisms in a rearing henhouse for layers during vaccination]. | airborne microorganisms are proved regularly in livestock houses as a part of stable dust and its amount depends on housing conditions, the flow of air and the movement of material. health of animals and farmers can be influenced in a negative way by these bioaerosols. in a rearing house for layers concentrations of various groups of airborne microorganisms were measured during vaccination by a veterinary and his three assistants. during the vaccination activities the concentrations of some airb ... | 2003 | 14746055 |
| shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, kolkata, india. | since july 2002, bacteriologically confirmed shigellosis cases have increased, and multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 strains have reemerged in patients hospitalized with diarrhea in kolkata, india. the isolated strains of s. dysenteriae 1 showed resistance to chloramphenicol (80%), ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), co-trimoxazole (100%), nalidixic acid (100%), norfloxacin (100%), and ciprofloxacin (100%). emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in s. dysenteriae 1 strains ... | 2003 | 14718096 |
| laribacter hongkongensis: a potential cause of infectious diarrhea. | in this study, we describe the isolation of laribacter hongkongensis, a recently described genus and species of bacterium, in pure culture on charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar from the stool of six patients with diarrhea. three patients were residents of hong kong, and three of switzerland. in none of the stool samples obtained from these six patients was salmonella, shigella, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, vibrio, aeromonas, plesiomonas, or campylobacter recovered. rotavirus antigen ... | 2003 | 14711474 |
| multiple drug resistant strains of shigella isolated in jos, central nigeria. | the objective of this study is to highlight the alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance among shigella species in jos, plateau state. stool samples of eight hundred and ten patients who presented at the jos university teaching hospital with diarrhoea/dysentery were analysed using standard bacteriological techniques. the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were determined. 25 shigella species were isolated representing 3.1% isolation rate. the male to female ratio is 1.3:1, children ag ... | 2003 | 14692056 |
| [shigellosis, a sexually transmitted disease in homosexual men]. | a study of the registered number of shigella infections in amsterdam for the period 1997-2001 revealed that in 2001, there was an increase in the number of homosexual patients with oral-anal contacts as source for their infections. all of these infections were caused by subtype shigella sonnei. the infections were not associated with a specific meeting place for homosexual men. a relationship with an underlying hiv-infection is likely. | 2003 | 14694556 |
| cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of goniothalamin isolated from bryonopsis laciniosa. | the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of goniothalamin isolated from bryonopsis laciniosa was investigated. goniothalamin showed potent cytotoxicity with lc50 values (5.03 microg/ml) comparable with the reference standard agent, gallic acid. it also showed weak antibacterial and significant antifungal activity against a wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi. the antibacterial (minimum inhibitory concentration) effect against bacillus cereus and shigella shiga was ... | 2003 | 14669248 |
| identification of alka gene related to virulence of shigella flexneri 2a by mutational analysis. | in vivo induced genes are thought to play an important role during infection of host. alka was identified as an in vivo-induced gene by in vivo expression technology (ivet), but its virulence in shigella flexneri was not reported. the purpose of this study was to identify the role of alka gene in the pathogenesis of s. flexneri. | 2003 | 14669321 |
| efficacy of detergents in removing salmonella and shigella spp. from the surface of fresh produce. | fresh produce has been implicated in several foodborne disease outbreaks. produce surfaces can be primary sites of contamination during production and handling. one approach to reduce contamination is to treat fresh produce with rinsing agents. in this study, different detergent agents were used at 22 and 40 degrees c to determine their efficacy in removing salmonella and shigella spp. from the surfaces of strawberries, tomatoes, and green-leaf lettuce. produce was inoculated at 22 degrees c wit ... | 2003 | 14672215 |
| pcrh of pseudomonas aeruginosa is essential for secretion and assembly of the type iii translocon. | pseudomonas aeruginosa harbors a type iii secretion system that translocates antihost effectors into an infected eukaryotic cell. pcrh is a key component of type iii secretion in this essential virulence strategy. in the absence of pcrh, p. aeruginosa is translocation deficient because of a specific reduction in presecretory stability and subsequent secretion of popb and popd, 2 proteins essential for the translocation process. pcrh exerts this chaperone function by binding directly to popb and ... | 2003 | 14673772 |
| antimicrobial activity of extracts of local cough mixtures on upper respiratory tract bacterial pathogens. | the punched-hole and the paper disc diffusion methods were used in screening for the antimicrobial activity of six common ingredients used locally in cough mixtures, against the following bacteria: klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus. enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli, salmonella spp, salmonella paratyphi, shigella dysenteria, shigella sonnei and candida albicans. the results, evaluated as the diameter of zone of inhibition of microbial growth, showed that ... | 2003 | 14649097 |
| bilateral pneumonia associated with shigella sonnei dysentery. | 2003 | 14650419 | |
| multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 in south asia. | 2003 | 14652200 | |
| bovine colostrums: a review of clinical uses. | bovine colostrums are the "early" milk produced by cows during the first several days post-parturition. this "early" milk has a nutrient profile and immunological composition that differs substantially from "mature" milk. included in the nutrient profile are higher amounts of immunoglobulins, growth factors, cytokines, and nucleosides than are found in milk. bovine colostrums are also rich in oligosaccharides, antimicrobials, and immune-regulating factors. available evidence suggests a beneficia ... | 2003 | 14653766 |