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hepatitis e virus as an etiology of acute exacerbation of previously unrecognized asymptomatic patients with hepatitis b virus-related chronic liver disease.hepatitis e virus (hev) has recently been implicated in episodes of acute decompensation in patients having underlying chronic liver disease (cld) of varying etiology. however, hev as a cause of acute exacerbation of previously asymptomatic and unrecognized hepatitis b virus (hbv)-infected patients is less well described. the aim of the present study was to investigate the etiology of acute exacerbation of previously asymptomatic and unrecognized hbv-infected patients and to evaluate the relativ ...200818070014
epidemiological study of hepatitis e virus infection in european wild boars (sus scrofa) in spain.evidence of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in spanish domestic pig has been reported and hence it was advisable to search for this zoonotic pathogen in wild boar populations. a total of 150 wild boar serum samples from eight geographic areas from south-central spain were used to investigate hev infection in european wild boar (sus scrofa) by means of serology and pcr and its distribution by age, region and management system. anti-hev igg, igm and iga were determined by an in-house elisa. the ...200818082340
putative receptor-binding sites of hepatitis e virus.a truncated structural protein of hepatitis e virus (hev), p239, occurs as 23 nm particles consisting of partial homodimers. as the latter resemble the hev capsomere structurally and antigenically, it was postulated that the recombinant protein may serve as a probe for the hev receptor. this hypothesis was supported by findings that purified p239 bound and penetrated different cell lines that are susceptible to hev, and inhibited hev infection of these cells. the binding was blocked by four of s ...200818089748
unexpectedly high incidence of indigenous acute hepatitis e within south hampshire: time for routine testing?hepatitis e indigenous to developed countries (hepatitis eidc) is a form of hepatitis e in persons with no travel history to highly endemic areas. it has been recognized recently as an emerging clinical entity in a significant number of economically developed countries including uk. however, it is still perceived as a rare disease and routine laboratory testing for hepatitis e is not performed. a series of 13 cases of hepatitis eidc, diagnosed in a 13-month period from june 2005 within a single ...200818098134
high prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus antibodies in blood donors from south west france.cases of autochthonous acute hepatitis e occur in most industrialized countries and are frequent in the south west of france. the prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) igg antibodies in blood donors in this area was determined. a total of 529 samples from rural and urban blood donors were tested. the overall prevalence was 16.6%, 19.1% of rural donors and 14.2% of urban donors had anti-hev antibodies (p = 0.13). the antibodies were widely distributed among all age groups and the sex ratio o ...200818098159
inactivation of infectious hepatitis e virus present in commercial pig livers sold in local grocery stores in the united states.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a zoonotic pathogen and pigs are a known reservoir. recently we showed that approximately 11% of commercial pig livers sold in local u.s. grocery stores for food consumptions are contaminated by infectious hev. in this study, a swine bioassay was used to determine if the infectious hev in contaminated commercial pig livers could be inactivated by traditional cooking methods. group 1 pigs (n=5) were each inoculated intravenously (i.v.) with a hev-negative liver homogena ...200818166239
[seroprevalences of hepatitis a and e infections in tunisia].viral hepatitis a (hav) and e (hev) infections are still frequent in many regions of the world, particularly in developing countries where sanitary conditions and socioeconomic level are frequently low. in this work, we have studied seroprevalences of these two infections in tunisian children, teenagers and young adults.200818178327
[comparison of the reliability of two elisa kits for detecting igm antibody against hepatitis e virus].to study the reliability of two elisa kits for detecting igm antibody against hepatitis e virus (hev).200819175178
[a man who contracted hepatitis e in the netherlands].a 55-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of malaise, jaundice en cholestatic liver function impairment, 4 days after his return from vacation in surinam. serological tests were positive for igg and igm antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) and serum pcr was positive, consistent with hev infection. the infection was acquired in the netherlands and not abroad, considering the incubation period. the patient recovered spontaneously. hev infection is rare in the netherlands and is assoc ...200819137970
seroepidemiology and role of polymerase chain reaction to detect viremia in an epidemic of hepatitis e in western india.in an outbreak of hepatitis e affecting 859 individuals, we evaluated the titres of serological markers (igm anti-hev and igg anti-hev) and hepatitis e virus (hev) rna by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.200819323088
the leu477 and leu613 of orf2-encoded protein are critical in forming neutralization antigenic epitope of hepatitis e virus genotype 4.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 4 was originally identified in china. its neutralization antigenic epitopes have not been characterized. recently, we identified a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) 1g10, which was generated following immunization of mice with p166chn, a recombinant protein comprising 464-629 amino acids (aa) of the hev genotype 4 capsid protein. in this study, a panel of 22 n- and/or c-terminal truncated and 6 site-directed mutated p166chn proteins were prepared. only those ...200819118511
investigation of viral hepatitis e outbreak in a town in haryana.an outbreak of 160 cases of viral hepatitis which occurred in shahbad, haryana, was investigated to ascertain the agent, cause of the outbreak and to initiate remedial measures. out of the 30 samples tested, 26 (86.7%) were positive for igm antibody against hev, establishing hepatitis e virus responsible for the outbreak. significant association of higher attack rates (4%) in ward 14 (or = 17.9; 95% ci = 12.7-25.2) of the town along with leakage in water distribution system running co-existent w ...200819579716
[hepatitis viruses infection situation in mianyang of the sichuan province].to investigate the seroprevalence of hepatitis viruses in mianyang of the sichuan province.200819544642
[antibody detection and sequencing analysis of hepatitis e virus in human population, swine and chicken in sichuan region in china].to investigate the seroprevalence of hev infection and genotype.200819544648
hepatitis e vaccine.hepatitis e is an emerging disease in resource-poor regions of the world. it is estimated that about 2 billion people live in areas endemic for this disease. the inability to reproducibly culture hepatitis e virus makes it impossible to develop traditional live or inactivated vaccines. however, significant progress has been made in developing and testing recombinant subunit vaccines based on the viral capsid protein. this review summarizes these efforts.200819669259
molecular biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis e virus.the hepatitis e virus (hev) is a small rna virus and the etiological agent for hepatitis e, a form of acute viral hepatitis. the virus has a feco-oral transmission cycle and is transmitted through environmental contamination, mainly through drinking water. recent studies on the isolation of hev-like viruses from animal species also suggest zoonotic transfer of the virus. the absence of small animal models of infection and efficient cell culture systems has precluded virological studies on the re ...200819208971
hepatitis e epidemic with bimodal peak in a town of north india.an epidemic of viral hepatitis occurred in mandi gobindgarh town of punjab in northern india during year 2005-06. an attempt was made to study the outbreak clinically, serologically, and etiologically.200819189818
hepatitis e virus. 200821547111
epidemiology of viral hepatitis in sudan.hepatitis virus infections are the most common cause of liver disease worldwide. sudan is classified among the countries with high hepatitis b virus seroprevalence. exposure to the virus varied from 47%-78%, with a hepatitis b surface antigen prevalence ranging from 6.8% in central sudan to 26% in southern sudan. studies pointed to infection in early childhood in southern sudan while there was a trend of increasing infection rate with increasing age in northern sudan. hepatitis b virus was the c ...200821677820
a case of fulminant hepatic failure caused by hepatitis e virus.recent studies reported finding hepatitis e virus (hev) in sera of domestic animals in japan and also that hev is a causative agent of non-a, non-b, non-c acute hepatitis and fulminant hepatitis. to clarify the incidence and severity of the disease caused by hev in hiroshima, japan, we studied 97 patients with acute sporadic hepatitis. stored serum samples were analysed for markers of hepatitis viruses. only one patient, who developed fulminant hepatitis that was indistinguishable from acute exa ...200826193466
hepatitis e: a complex and global disease.thirty years after its discovery, the hepatitis e virus (hev) continues to represent a major public health problem in developing countries. in developed countries, it has emerged as a significant cause of non-travel-associated acute hepatitis. hev infects a wide range of mammalian species and a key reservoir worldwide appears to be swine. genomic sequence similarity between some human hev genotypes and swine hev strains has been identified and we know that humans can acquire hev infection from a ...200822460217
epidemiology of hepatitis b, c, and e viruses and human immunodeficiency virus infections in tahuna, sangihe-talaud archipelago, indonesia.the epidemiology of hepatitis b, c,e viruses (hbv, hcv, hev) and human immunodeficiency virus(hiv) has been obscure in indonesia, particularly remote areas.200718185013
[autochthonous hepatitis e in france and consumption of raw pig meat].viral hepatitis e is an endemic infection in developing countries. emerging cases of autochthonous hepatitis e have been observed in developed countries, especially in france. transmission route of those cases remains unknown and contamination may occur from an animal reservoir. we report two new cases of hepatitis e simultaneously diagnosed in a couple after a trip in southern france. diagnosis was based on detection of anti-hev igm and hev rna in sera of the two patients. epidemiologic investi ...200718176364
[recent etiology and clinical features of acute viral hepatitis in a single center of korea].the etiology of acute viral hepatitis in korea has been dynamically changing during the recent years. the aim of this study was to investigate the recent etiology and the clinical features of acute viral hepatitis in a single center of korea.200718159147
[the molecular differences between genotype 1 and genotype 4 of hev in their neutralization region].hev is classified into h (human) group and z (zoonosis) group according to its compatible host. h group contains genotype 1 and genotype 2 hev isolates which infect human only; z group contains genotype 3 and genotype 4 hev isolates which infect both human and animals. after analysis of amino acid sequences between orf2 aa368 and aa606, four group-conserved sites that were all located in the neutralization region of orf2 were identified. they are aa483, aa492, aa497 and aa599. mutation analysis ...200718092682
acute liver failure caused by hepatitis e virus and paracetamol.acute liver failure is characterized by severe and sudden liver cell dysfunction leading to hepatic encephalopathy and hepatic coagulopathy in a person without history of liver disease in the past. this catastrophic illness can rapidly progress to coma and death from cerebral edema and multi organ dysfunction. it carries a high mortality rate if liver transplantation is not carried out. in west, paracetamol is the main cause of hepatotoxicity whereas in the east viral hepatitis tops the list. th ...200718094741
hepatitis e virus rna in commercial porcine livers in the netherlands.human hepatitis e virus (hev) infections by genotype 3 strains in industrialized countries are hypothesized to be caused by pigs. to examine this hypothesis, the potential health risks of transmission routes should be examined. possible foodborne transmission was studied by quantifying the presence and infectivity of hev in commercial porcine livers in the netherlands. a comparison of four tissue disruption and seven rna extraction methods revealed that mechanical disruption followed by silica-b ...200718095450
difference of t cell and b cell activation in two homologous proteins with similar antigenicity but great distinct immunogenicity.the candidate particulate hepatitis e vaccine, hev 239, has been shown to be an efficacious vaccine in primates, and clinical study to date shows it to be safe and immunogenic for humans. the antigenicity of hev 239 is virtually identical to its n-terminal 26 amino acids truncated protein, e2, which is not particulate but soluble. however, hev 239 is over 200 times more immunogenic than e2. in present study, several events underlying this dramatic immunogenicity difference have been addressed. ( ...200717408743
outbreak of acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis e virus in hyderabad.a waterborne outbreak of viral hepatitis occurred in the old city of hyderabad from march through august 2005. an attempt was made to study the outbreak clinically, serologically, and etiologically.200718087089
[attention-getting zoonoses: hepatitis e]. 200718069292
identification of hendra virus g glycoprotein residues that are critical for receptor binding.hendra virus (hev) is an emerging paramyxovirus capable of infecting and causing disease in a variety of mammalian species, including humans. the virus infects its host cells through the coordinated functions of its fusion (f) and attachment (g) glycoproteins, the latter of which is responsible for binding the virus receptors ephrinb2 and ephrinb3. in order to identify the receptor binding site, a panel of g glycoprotein constructs containing mutations was generated using an alanine-scanning mut ...200717376907
detection of hepatitis e virus rna from the bivalve yamato-shijimi (corbicula japonica) in japan.to evaluate whether bivalves are contaminated with hepatitis e virus (hev), samples of a bivalve called yamato-shijimi (corbicula japonica) were examined for hev by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. genotype 3 hev was detected from 2 of 32 packages of yamato-shijimi obtained from japanese rivers, which indicated that hev contaminates river water in japan.200717255247
full-length sequences of two hepatitis e virus isolates representing an eastern china-indigenous subgroup of genotype 4.although the majority of hepatitis e virus (hev) infections in japan are 'domestic' due to the presence of indigenous strains, there are still 'imported' cases as well. among 83 patients with non-a, non-b and non-c acute liver diseases admitted to saitama medical university hospital, 7 (8.4%) were positive for serum hev-rna, of whom 2 had a recent history of traveling to china, one to xian and another to shanghai. we determined the full-genome sequences of hev from these 2 patients (isolate name ...200717259737
hepatitis e. 200718043454
human enterovirus 71 disease in sarawak, malaysia: a prospective clinical, virological, and molecular epidemiological study.human enterovirus (hev)-71 causes large outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease with central nervous system (cns) complications, but the role of hev-71 genogroups or dual infection with other viruses in causing severe disease is unclear.200717278054
first human cases of hepatitis e infection with genotype 3c strains. 200717981498
autochthonous hepatitis e infection in a slaughterhouse worker.we report the first hepatitis e infection case detected in a slaughterhouse worker. the identified strain belonged to genotype 3, subtype 3f. partial sequence analysis of the strain isolated from his serum showed a percentage of nucleotide homology ranging from 83.4% up to 97.3% compared with european human and swine strains, respectively. these findings point strongly to hepatitis e virus as a vocationally acquired illness by means of the manipulation of infected organs from pigs.200717984349
[presence of anti hepatitis e virus antibodies in swine: is it an animal reservoir for hepatitis e?].swine hepatitis e virus (hev) has a cross-reaction with human anti-hev antibodies. therefore, pigs could be an animal reservoir, rendering hepatitis e as a zoonosis. the spread of this infection among infected pigs across countries would be possible through trading. previously, using an anti-human conjugate, we detected anti-hev antobodies in adult pigs in chile.200717989856
acute pancreatitis in acute viral hepatitis.to elucidate the frequency and characteristics of pancreatic involvement in the course of acute (nonfulminant) viral hepatitis.200717963301
new trends in emerging pathogens.the emergence of pathogens is the result of a number of impact in all parts of the food chain. the emerging technologies in food production explain how new pathogens can establish themselves in the food chain and compromise food safety. the impact of the food technology is analysed for several bacteria, such as yersinia, campylobacter, arcobacter, helicobacter pullorum, enterobacter sakazakii, mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis, prions related to vcjd and others. the importance of the abi ...200717976849
hepatitis a, b, c, d, e, g: an update.acute and chronic liver diseases are an assortment of disorders brought to the clinician's attention by abnormal liver function tests or specific signs and symptoms. the differential diagnosis includes disorders that have primary or secondary liver involvement. this paper will be limited to the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the different viral liver diseases: a, b, c, d, e and g.200717684813
cloning of full genome sequence of hepatitis e virus of shanghai swine isolate using race method.genotype 4 hepatitis e virus (hev) was reportedly transmitted freely between humans and swine in eastern china. the full-length genomic sequence of shanghai swine isolate (sh-sw-zs1) recovered from feces sample of a pig which was infected with hev rna positive swine serum was determined using rt-pcr and race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) methods. the full genome of the sh-sw-zs1 isolate was 7265 nucleotides in length and phylogenetic analysis indicated that this isolate belonged to genotype ...200717925017
presence of hepatitis e virus in sewage in northern india: frequency and seasonal pattern.outbreaks of acute hepatitis e, associated with consumption of contaminated drinking water, are frequent in india. sewage is a major source for contamination of surface water. data on the presence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in sewage in india are limited. the aim of this study was to look for the presence of hev rna in concentrates of sewage specimens collected from a major open sewage drain in lucknow, india during august 2004 to july 2006, by the polymerase chain reaction, using primers specif ...200717935174
comparison of real-time fluorescent rt-pcr and conventional rt-pcr for the detection of hepatitis e virus genotypes prevalent in china.to compare the specificity and sensitivity of a real-time fluorescent rt-pcr assay with conventional rt-pcr, sera from 110 healthy blood donors, 120 patients with a clinical diagnosis of chronic hepatitis b, and 416 patients with non-a-c acute hepatitis, as well as serial dilutions of hev genotypes 1 and 4, were tested with both assays. all samples from healthy blood donors and patients with chronic hepatitis b were negative by both assays. real-time rt-pcr could detect the same final dilution o ...200717935186
efficient recombinant hepatitis e virus vaccine: mission accomplished? 200717879359
[detection of the virus of hepatitis e isolates and elucidation of the possibility of their replication in vitro].blood serum samples collected from patients with acute hepatitis symptoms admitted to infectious disease hospitals of novosibirsk, barnaul, and irkutsk were studied. the serum samples were tested for the igm and igg antibodies to hev using elisa. seropositive samples were tested using rt-pcr for hev rna. two hev strains were isolated, and thus hev infection was identified for west siberia. one of this strains is classified as hev genotype i; the other, as genotype iii. cell culturing of these st ...200717886472
detection of hepatitis e virus in italian pig herds. 200717890772
[recombinant hev caspid protein p239 specifically attached on hepg2 cells and blocked the infection of wild-type hev on liver cells].by using western blot and immunofluorescence assays, the recombinant hev capsid protein p239 was found specifically attached to the hepg2 cell surface and entered to the cytoplasm with the increase of incubation temperature. pre-mixture of wild-type hev with p239 blocked the infectivity of the virus on primary cultured human hepatocytes and hepg2 cells, indicating that p239 and hev competed the same targeting site on these cells. these data provide evidence that p239 has a similar cell surface s ...200717894238
prolonged fecal shedding of hepatitis e virus (hev) during sporadic acute hepatitis e: evaluation of infectivity of hev in fecal specimens in a cell culture system.to investigate the duration of fecal shedding and changing loads of hepatitis e virus (hev) in feces and serum from patients with acute hev infection, hev rna was quantitated in periodic serum and fecal specimens obtained from 11 patients with sporadic acute hepatitis e. all 11 patients had detectable hev rna in serum at admission, with the highest viral load being 1.9 x 10(3) to 1.7 x 10(7) copies/ml, and hev viremia lasted until days 17 to 48 (mean, 28.3) after the onset of hepatitis. even at ...200717728471
the emergence of porcine circovirus 2b genotype (pcv-2b) in swine in canada.since late 2004, the swine industry in the province of quebec has experienced a significant increase in death rate related to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). to explain this phenomenon, 2 hypotheses were formulated: 1) the presence of a 2nd pathogen could be exacerbating the porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) infection, or 2) a new and more virulent pcv-2 strain could be infecting swine. in 2005, 13 pmws cases were submitted to the quebec provincial diagnostic laboratory and pcv-2 w ...200717824323
universal detection of hepatitis e virus by two real-time pcr assays: taqman and primer-probe energy transfer.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of food- and waterborne diseases in countries with poor sanitation. furthermore, travellers to such countries are also at risk of contracting the virus. noteworthily, during the last decade an increasing number of non-travel-related cases were recorded even in countries with high sanitary standards. an alternative, direct route of infection, from animals to humans (zoonotic transmission) is suspected to be the cause of recent cases of hepatitis e. in orde ...200717825434
the role of hepatitis e virus testing in drug-induced liver injury.locally acquired hepatitis e is an emerging infection in developed countries and can be misdiagnosed as drug-induced liver injury.200717850420
characterization of hepatitis e virus from outbreak and sporadic cases in turkmenistan.large outbreaks and sporadic cases of hepatitis e have been reported in central asia. we assessed the genetic relatedness of hepatitis e virus (hev) strains from outbreak and sporadic cases in turkmenistan. specimens from outbreak and sporadic cases of acute hepatitis non-a, non-b were tested by reverse transcription (rt)-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to identify the presence of hev rna; nucleotide sequences were analyzed. hev rna was detected from 23/156 (15%) outbreak cases and 2/23 (9%) spo ...200717854031
hev prevalence in the general population and among workers at zoonotic risk in latium region.hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are responsible for large waterborne outbreaks in developing countries. sporadic cases in the developed world are mainly imported from endemic areas. hev has been suggested to be a zoonotic infection, for which pigs may be the reservoir; specific swine strains of hev have been identified. humans are susceptible to infections with swine strains. the aim of this study was to analyse whether italian pig farmers, veterinarians and abattoir workers are more exposed ...200717658105
a score method for comparison of partial genomic regions in their representatives of full-length genome of hepatitis e virus for genotyping.in this article, a statistical score method for comparison of partial genomic regions in their representatives of full-length genome of hepatitis e virus (hev) for genotyping was developed. the critical values of the statistics for hypothesis testing were generated through monte carlo simulations. it was found that fragment iii might be a statistically representative region for the whole genome of hev for genotyping. based on both the full-length sequence and fragment iii, the same four genotype ...200717687190
[hepatitis e virus: zoonotic implications].the hepatitis e virus (hev) is transmitted primarily by the feco-oral route throughout contaminated water and/or food, and is one of the main causes of acute hepatitis worldwide. hepatitis e shows a high mobility but a low mortality rate, except in pregnant women, where it can be as high as 30%. hev causes sporadic cases and epidemic outbreaks, mainly in africa, asia and central america. in europe, there is an increase in the number of reported autochthonous cases no related with travel to endem ...200717692200
prevalence and genetic characterization of hepatitis e virus in paired samples of feces and serum from naturally infected pigs.this study describes the distribution of hepatitis e virus (hev) in a naturally infected swine population and the genetic relatedness of hev strains on swine farms in spain. of fecal and serum samples collected from 131 pigs and manure-ditch samples collected from 17 farms, hev was detected in 16%, 14%, and 59%, respectively, for an overall prevalence rate of 23%. the maximum prevalence rates for feces and serum were in pigs 5 to 12 wk old. a high prevalence of the virus in feces (18%) was obser ...200717695601
[acute hepatitis e]. 200717700753
hepatitis e vaccine. 200717554127
hepatitis e vaccine. 200717561526
transfusion-associated hepatitis e, france. 200717561564
prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis b and chronic hepatitis c.to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) among patients with chronic hepatitis b and chronic hepatitis c, serum samples were collected between january and december 2004 from patients with chronic hepatitis b and chronic hepatitis c.200717570930
construction and characterization of the chimeric antibody 8c11 to the hepatitis e virus.homodimers of the truncated hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid proteins, e2 and p239, were conformed to model the dominant antigenic determinants of hev. using e2 as an immunogen, two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs), namely 8c11 and 8h3, were produced. we constructed a mouse-human chimeric antibody derived from 8c11 and its expression in chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells. cdnas encoding variable regions of heavy and light chains were isolated from hybridoma cells and inserted into mammalia ...200717645530
[a sero-epidemiology study on hepatitis e virus infection in fujian province].to understand the sero-prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection among different populations and animals in fujian province.200717649675
identification of genotype 4 hepatitis e virus strains from a patient with acute hepatitis e and farm pigs in bali, indonesia.a previous study revealed that antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) (anti-hev) are highly prevalent among healthy individuals and farm pigs in bali, indonesia, and suggested that hev infection may occur via zoonosis among balinese people. however, there were no reports of acute hepatitis e in bali. to elucidate whether balinese hev strains recovered from infected humans and pigs have significant sequence similarity, serum samples obtained from 57 patients (age, mean +/- standard deviation, 31.1 ...200717596841
analysis of the full-length genome of hepatitis e virus isolates obtained from farm pigs in mongolia.although no outbreaks of hepatitis e have been reported in mongolia, a significant proportion of the general population had antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev). to investigate whether pigs are possible reservoirs of hev in mongolia, serum samples obtained from 243 2- or 3-month-old pigs on four swine farms surrounding ulaanbaatar, the capital city of mongolia, were tested for the presence of anti-hev antibodies and hev rna. overall, 223 pigs (91.8%) tested positive for anti-hev, while 89 pigs ...200717597486
maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with acute hepatitis e virus infection.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is known to cause severe liver disease in pregnant women. it is unclear whether obstetric and fetal outcomes are worse in pregnant women with hev infection than in women with other forms of viral hepatitis.200717606958
[hepatitis e virus infection in population of non-remunerate blood donors in shaoxing].to investigate the incidence of hev infection in population of non-remunerate blood donors in shaoxing.200717429528
[evaluation of the elisa diagnostic kits for hepatitis e virus antibody in the reference serum, the suspect patients of hepatitis e and normal persons' sera].to evaluate the quality of the elisa diagnostic kits for detecting hepatitis e virus (hev) specific igg antibody.200717429538
prevalence of antibody to hepatitis e virus among wild sika deer, cervus nippon, in japan.we examined 976 sika deer serum samples, 159 liver tissue samples and 88 stool samples collected from 16 prefectures in japan, and performed elisa and rt-pcr assays to detect antibodies to hev and hev rna, respectively. although 25 (2.6%) of 976 samples were positive for anti-hev igg, the antibody titers were very low. the od values ranged between 0.018 and 0.486, forming a single distribution rather than a bimodal distribution, suggesting that the antibody detected in this study was not induced ...200717431737
fulminant hepatic failure in an african setting: etiology, clinical course, and predictors of mortality.this is prospective cross-sectional study on 37 patients presenting to different hospitals in khartoum state, sudan, sought to determine the etiology, clinical course, and predictors of mortality in patients presenting with fulminant hepatic failure (fhf). patients were subclassified into hyperacute, acute, and subacute fhf; all sera were tested for hepatitis a, b, c, and e; negative samples were tested for antinuclear antibodies and anti-smooth muscle antibodies. the commonest etiologic factors ...200717436091
fulminant liver failure from acute autochthonous hepatitis e in france: description of seven patients with acute hepatitis e and encephalopathy.fulminant hepatitis e has not been well characterized in industrialized countries. the aim of this study was to prospectively describe patients with acute hepatitis e presenting as fulminant hepatic failure, i.e. with encephalopathy and prothrombin index <50%. between february 1997 and april 2005, seven patients with encephalopathy were diagnosed with acute hepatitis e using viral rna detection. these patients were compared with 33 patients diagnosed with a mild form (absence of encephalopathy) ...200717439518
autochthonous hepatitis e in southwest england.although autochthonous hepatitis e has been reported in developed countries, its extent and nature in the united kingdom are unclear. the aim of the present study was to report the natural history, lifestyle risk factors and molecular epidemiology of autochthonous hepatitis e infection in southwest england. three hundred and thirty-three patients with unexplained hepatitis were tested for markers of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection over a 7-year period. hev rna isolated from the cases was ampli ...200717439519
hepatitis e virus infection among animals in northern india: an unlikely source of human disease.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of acute hepatitis in many developing countries. based on data from nonendemic regions, an animal reservoir of hev has been proposed; however, data from hev-endemic regions are limited. we tested sera from 200 pigs, 98 chickens, 86 goats, 58 sheep and 30 buffaloes for anti-hev igg using two different enzyme immunoassays. specificity of the detected antibodies was confirmed using inhibition assays. stool specimens from 210 pigs, 94 piglets and 37 sheep wer ...200717439520
hepatitis e virus infection and fulminant hepatic failure during pregnancy.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection leading to fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) and high mortality is a common feature in indian women during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. an altered status of hormones and immunity are observed during pregnancy but the actual cause of high mortality is still unknown. the present study was carried out to analyze cd3, cd4 and cd8 t cell counts and to assay the level of pregnancy-related hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and beta-hcg in order to ...200717444855
presence and significance of transfusion-transmitted virus infection in iranian patients on maintenance hemodialysis.transfusion-transmitted virus (ttv), a recently discovered dna virus, was first identified in patients with non-a to -g hepatitis following blood transfusion. transmission is generally via the parenteral route but recent data suggest that ttv can also be transmitted by the fecal-oral route.200717446957
ongoing subclinical infection of hepatitis e virus among blood donors with an elevated alanine aminotransferase level in japan.ongoing subclinical infection of hepatitis e virus (hev) has not been fully studied. in the present study, serum samples were collected from 6700 voluntary blood donors with an elevated alanine aminotransferase (alt) level of 61-476 iu/l at a japanese red cross blood center, and were tested for the presence of igg, igm and iga classes of antibodies to hev (anti-hev) by in-house elisa and hev rna by nested rt-pcr. overall, 479 blood donors (7.1%) were positive for anti-hev igg, including 8 donors ...200717457924
presence of hepatitis e virus in a naturally infected swine herd from nursery to slaughter.hepatitis e virus has recently been recognized as having zoonotic potential and could be transmitted from pig to human. pigs are identified as a potential animal reservoir and hev is highly prevalent in the swine population around the world. in this study, the presence of hev was investigated in 51 subjects reared on a simulated commercial farm setting from the age of 2 weeks up to slaughter. samples were collected on four occasions: at 2, 8, and 18 weeks and between 22-29 weeks of age. anti-hev ...200717459506
immunogenicity of candidate hepatitis e virus dna vaccine expressing complete and truncated orf2 in mice.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of enterically transmitted acute hepatitis of adults in developing nations. our present studies show that, the complete orf2 gene (1-660 amino acids, a.a.) coding for capsid protein of hev as candidate dna vaccine induced significant specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. gene gun based dna administration led to higher seroconversion rates and hev-specific antibody titers as against needle-injection method. the region (458-607a.a.) within ...200717459540
prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus antibodies in french blood donors.accumulating evidence suggests that hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is an emerging disease in regions where hev is nonendemic. in france, the prevalence of anti-hev antibodies in the general population has never been studied. using blood donors' samples, we have found a prevalence of 3.20%, which is similar to that of other industrialized countries.200717460057
[priming with an hev th epitope can improve the humoral immunogenicity of its native protein].a dominant h-2d restricted th epitope p34 was found to be contained in recombinant particulate hepatitis e virus (hev) vaccine hev 239. in this paper, the cellular immune response induced in p34 immunized balb/c mice were studied and the priming effect of p34 was characterized. groups of balb/c mice were subcutaneously (s. c.) immunized with p34, splenocytes were then stimulated with p34 and hev 239 protein, cellular immune response was assayed by ifn-gamma-elispot, flow cytometry and t cell pro ...200717460907
[epidemiological surveillance for viral pollution of rivers in toyama prefecture].virus pollution of three rivers in toyama prefecture was surveyed over a long period in order to predict and to prevent water-born infection.200717461029
helicobacter pylori, hepatitis viruses a, c, e, antibodies and hbsag - prevalence and associated risk factors in pediatric communities of karachi.objective: to document the prevalence of helicobacter pylori (h. pylori), hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis c virus (hcv), hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies and hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag), in the pediatric age group of low socioeconomic urban communities of karachi and to identify risk factors associated with these infections. design: cross-sectional survey. place and duration of study: three selected squatter settlements of karachi during april 2002 to december 2004. patients a ...200717462174
locally acquired hepatitis e in the netherlands: associated with the consumption of raw pig meat?we here present 2 patients who developed hepatitis e, without having been abroad or in contact with anyone who did, indicating locally acquired hepatitis e. we point out that the consumption of raw pig meat could be of relevance in hev-associated hepatitides in the netherlands.200717464870
envelope-receptor interactions in nipah virus pathobiology.nipah (niv) and hendra (hev) viruses are members of the newly defined henipavirus genus of the paramyxoviridae. nipah virus (niv) is an emergent paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in up to 70% of infected patients, and there is increasing evidence of human-to-human transmission. niv is designated a priority pathogen in the niaid biodefense research agenda, and could be a devastating agent of agrobioterrorism if used against the pig farming industry. endothelial syncytium is a pathognom ...200717470911
characterization of monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid protein and identification of binding activity.twenty-seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) recognizing the open reading frame 2 structural protein of the pakistan strain of hepatitis e virus (hev) were generated by conventional hybridoma technique. these mabs were characterized by elisa, affinity-capture reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (ac/rt-pcr), immune electron microscopy (iem), and a rt-pcr based seroneutralization assay. twenty-seven mabs were positive by elisa. by ac/rt-pcr, 24 mabs bound to pakistan and namibia hev strai ...200717487571
the hepatitis e virus orf3 protein protects cells from mitochondrial depolarization and death.the biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis e virus are poorly understood due to the lack of an in vitro culture or infection models. the viral orf3 protein activates the cellular mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and is likely to modulate the host cell environment for efficient viral replication. we screened for cellular genes whose transcription was differentially up-regulated in an orf3-expressing stable cell line (orf3/4). the gene for mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (vdac ...200717488721
hepatitis e in new zealand.locally acquired hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has been described in a number of developed countries and is thought to be zoonotic from pigs. little is known about hepatitis e in humans in new zealand (nz) but 90% of nz pigs show evidence of hev infection. the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of hepatitis e infection in nz by documenting hev immunoglobulin (ig) g seroprevalence in nz blood donors, testing patients with unexplained hepatitis for hev, and comparing genetic ...200717489963
transmission dynamics of hepatitis e among swine: potential impact upon human infection.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a zoonosis for which pigs play a role as a reservoir. in japan, the infection has been enzootic in swine. clarifying the detailed mechanisms of transmission within farms is required in order to facilitate an understanding of the age-specific patterns of infection, especially just prior to slaughter.200717493260
evaluation of human (genotype 1) and swine (genotype 4)-orf2-based elisas for anti-hev igm and igg detection in an endemic country and search for type 4 human hev infections.open reading frame 2 proteins (orf2) from swine (genotype 4, s-orf2) and human (genotype 1, h-orf2) hepatitis e virus (hev) having 91.4% identity at amino acid level were expressed using baculovirus expression system. comparison of elisas based on the two proteins yielded identical results when sequential serum samples from monkeys and pigs experimentally infected with genotypes 1 and 4 hev, respectively, were tested. samples from patients (n = 258) suffering from non-a, non-b hepatitis during o ...200717501765
seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus in patients with non-a, non-b, non-c hepatitis in hungary.many cases of acute hepatitis remain undiagnosed and the hepatitis e virus (hev) is emerging in industrialized countries. the aim of this study was to assess the role hev as causative agent in acute non-a, non-b, and non-c hepatitis patients in hungary. 10.5% of the 264 acute non-a, non-b, and non-c hepatitis patients tested had anti-hev igg and 1.9% had anti-hev igm as tested by elisa. after confirmation by western blot 6.1% of the acute non-a, non-b, and non-c hepatitis patients had anti-hev i ...200717516521
[a case of fulminant hepatitis e treated with artificial liver support].a 40-year-old man, who had suffered from general malaise and brown urine during his stay in china, was admitted with remarkable jaundice and hepatocellular disorders soon after he returned to japan. because his coagulation test results worsened, he was transferred to our hospital. no evidence of hepatitis a-d virus infection, autoimmune hepatitis, or metabolic disorders was noticed. his prothrombin time was extended (18%), grade ii encephalopathy appeared on the second hospital day, and fulminan ...200717283417
[immunogenicity of experimentally combined hepatitis a and hepatitis e vaccine at different dosage ratio].to evaluate the immunogenicity of experimentally combined hepatitis a and hepatitis e (cha+e) vaccine and analyze the interactions between the two antigenic components in vaccine.200717286906
detection of hepatitis e virus rna in sera of patients with hepatitis e by polymerase chain reaction.the duration of viremia during hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has rarely been reported. this study was undertaken to detect hev rna in sera of patients with hepatitis e and to understand the process of hev infection more thoroughly.200717287164
detection of hepatitis e virus-specific immunoglobulin a in patients infected with hepatitis e virus genotype 1 or 3.currently, diagnosis of acute hepatitis e virus (hev) in patients is primarily based on anti-hev immunoglobulin m (igm) detection. however, several investigations suggest the use of hev-specific iga for diagnosing acute hev infections. we evaluated two commercially available assays, an iga enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (diacheck) and an adapted immunoblot protocol (mikrogen) for iga detection and compared the performance in genotype 1- and 3-infected patients. the specificity of the ...200717267585
association of hepatitis e virus (hev) and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) with lesions of hepatitis in pigs.the aim of the study was to determine the presence of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) rna and antibodies in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-affected (n=114) and non-affected (n=46) pigs and the possible association with hepatitis lesions. forty-four pigs were rt-pcr positive (28.2%); 25 of them were pmws cases, while 19 were non-pmws pigs. in both groups, hev rt-pcr results were associated with hepatitis (or=5.61 for pmws-affected pigs and or=5.17 for non-pmws affected pigs; p=0.01). no ...200717270366
protection of chickens against avian hepatitis e virus (avian hev) infection by immunization with recombinant avian hev capsid protein.avian hepatitis e virus (avian hev) is an emerging virus associated with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in chickens in north america. avian hev is genetically and antigenically related to human hev, the causative agent of hepatitis e in humans. in the lack of a practical animal model, avian hev infection in chickens has been used as a model to study human hev replication and pathogenesis. a 32 kda recombinant orf2 capsid protein of avian hev expressed in escherichia coli was found having simila ...200717074425
t-cell epitope mapping of orf2 and orf3 proteins of human hepatitis e virus.little data are available on cellular immune responses during infection with hepatitis e virus (hev). we therefore mapped cd4 t-cell epitopes in open reading frame (orf)2 and orf3 proteins of hev using lymphocyte proliferation assays and overlapping peptide libraries. proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 40 patients with acute hepatitis e and 21 healthy controls with recombinant hev orf2 protein or pools of overlapping hev orf2/orf3 peptides was measured. hla-dqb1 and hla-drb ...200717381721
hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the aetiological agent of non-hav enterically transmitted hepatitis. it is the major cause of sporadic as well as epidemic hepatitis, which is no longer confined to asia and developing countries but has also become a concern of the developed nations. in the indian subcontinent, it accounts for 30-60% of sporadic hepatitis. it is generally accepted that hepatitis e is mostly self-limited and never progresses to chronicity. it has a higher mortality in pregnant women whe ...200717051624
postinfantile giant cell hepatitis due to hepatitis e virus along with the presence of autoantibodies. 200717410455
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