Publications

training in family planning.	in spite of extensive programmes for training in family planning and extensive services in contraception in the uk, the number of unplanned pregnancies has not decreased. on the contrary it is increasing. medical graduates are now educated in methods of contraception. there is an extensive programme for postgraduates, regulated by the joint committee on contraception (jcc), which is well integrated and co-ordinated. the provision of good training opportunities at a local level will be enhanced b ...	1993	8324612
the life and death of laboratory teaching of medical physiology: a personal narrative. part i.	part i of this essay sketches the history of laboratory teaching of medical physiology in england from the perspective of the author as a student at oxford from 1935 to 1938. the systematic laboratory teaching that began in the 1870s at university college london under william sharpey was carried to oxford, as well as to other english and scottish universities, by sharpey's junior colleagues. c. s. sherrington added mammalian experiments, and c. g. douglas and j. g. priestley added experiments on ...	1993	8328553
the 11-year cycle in human births.	the annual numbers of human births were analyzed with regard to an 11-year cycle. the annual values were obtained from seven different regions: australia, germany, england and wales, new zealand, japan, switzerland, and the usa. fifty-five annual values were obtained from each region for the years 1930 to 1984, comprising approximately five sunspot cycles. for each region the annual values were formed into 5 by 11 matrices; the eleven column means obtained were standardized, and plotted. a perio ...	1993	8330943
the polkinghorne report on fetal research: nice recommendations, shame about the reasoning.	in 1989, in the wake of the first operations to transplant fetal tissue into the brains of sufferers from parkinson's disease, the uk code of practice governing the use of the fetus for research was overhauled by an eminent committee under the chairmanship of the reverend dr john polkinghorne. the polkinghorne report has, however, attracted remarkably little comment or analysis. this paper is believed to be the first to subject it to sustained ethical and legal scrutiny. the author concludes tha ...	1993	8331636
ethics of research with psychiatric patients: principles, problems and the primary responsibilities of researchers.	in this paper some of the general issues surrounding recently published guidelines for the practice of research ethics committees are outlined, concentrating in particular on the difficulties raised by research with psychiatric patients. research is distinguished from ordinary clinical practice by the intention to advance knowledge. so defined, research with psychiatric patients should be governed by the same four principles as research with any other group--knowledge, necessity, benefit and con ...	1993	8331643
failure to transmit bovine spongiform encephalopathy to mice by feeding them with extraneural tissues of affected cattle.	single tissue pools of brain and five extraneural tissues were prepared from four clinical cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and fed to c57b1 and/or crh mice. the disease was transmitted only to c57b1 mice fed brain. intracerebral passages at 12 and 18 months of spleen and spinal cord homogenates from this group of mice to c57b1 mice resulted in reduced incubation periods. similar blind passages from all other groups failed to produce evidence of infection in a cumulative incubatio ...	1993	8333115
brucellosis: imported and laboratory-acquired cases, and an overview of treatment trials.	following the successful eradication of brucella abortus infection in cattle, human brucellosis in england and wales has become an uncommon imported disease. culture of the organism presents a major laboratory hazard, and difficulties in identification may occur using a biochemical test-strip method. an overview of recent treatment trials of brucellosis indicates that regimens combining streptomycin and doxycycline are associated with a higher success rate (judged by the frequency of treatment f ...	1993	8337710
prostitution and risk of hiv: male partners of female prostitutes.	to describe risk behaviours for infection with hiv in male sexual partners of female prostitutes.	1993	8374418
the million dollar man. resource implications for chronic munchausen's syndrome.	munchausen's syndrome in a man of subnormal intelligence is described. the case is unique for the extent of detailed, corroborated history. this man has been a voracious consumer of nhs and other services, and an estimate has been made of his cost to the health and prison services. the case raises various ethical, forensic, and resource issues.	1993	8379972
symptomatic epstein-barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis.	in a case-control study of 214 patients with multiple sclerosis, recall of infectious mononucleosis in subjects seropositive for epstein-barr viral capsid antigen was associated with a relative risk of 2.9 (95% ci 1.1 to 7.2). those who reported having infectious mononucleosis before the age of 18 years had a relative risk of multiple sclerosis of 7.9 (95% ci 1.7 to 37.9). the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis may involve an age-dependent host response to epstein-barr virus infection.	1993	8382268
comparative epidemiology of rotavirus, subgenus f (types 40 and 41) adenovirus and astrovirus gastroenteritis in children.	we report a 5 year prospective study of episodes of rotavirus, subgenus f adenovirus, and astrovirus gastroenteritis diagnosed by electron or immune electron microscopy in a single regional virology laboratory. of 1426 total infections, the numbers in each category were 1117 (78.3%), 254 (17.8%), and 20 (7.9%), respectively. using restriction endonuclease analysis or immune electron microscopy, all but 20 of the subgenus f adenovirus strains were classified as type 40 (n = 50) or type 41 (n = 18 ...	1993	8385704
some aspects of the monkey neurovirulence test used for the assessment of oral poliovirus vaccines.	twelve years of experience in three control laboratories with 8,000 macaca monkeys for the testing of 204 monovalent lots of the three types of oral poliovirus vaccine (opv), have shown that the new monkey neurovirulence test (mnvt) adopted by the world health organization (who) is a reproducible and sensitive assay likely to ensure the safety of this vaccine in humans. when the test vaccine and the appropriate homotypic reference vaccine were tested in a single group of monkeys, the concurrent ...	1993	8388832
human papillomaviruses, tumour suppressor genes and cervical cancer.	there is now a considerable body of evidence that links hpv infection with anogenital squamous carcinoma, particularly for specific 'high risk' hpv types (hpv16 and 18) and invasive carcinoma of the cervix. recent advances in the molecular study of these viruses have elucidated some potential mechanisms by which they may contribute to the development of these diseases. in this review we concentrate on the interactions of 2 of the hpv encoded proteins, e6 and e7, with cellular tumour suppressor g ...	1993	8391853
human papillomavirus dna in the urogenital tracts of men with genital dermatoses: evidence for multifocal infection.	in an attempt to assess the multifocal nature of anogenital hpv infection in men, skin biopsies, urethral swabs and urine specimens were obtained from 100 men with genital dermatoses. the specimens were examined for the presence of human papillomavirus (hpv) types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 and 33 using the polymerase chain reaction and southern blotting techniques. hpv dna was detected in one or more specimens from 39 patients, that is 29 of 100 biopsy specimens, 21 (25%) of 85 urethral swab specimens a ...	1993	8391854
a clinico-pathological audit of opportunistic viral infections in hiv-infected patients.	to determine the prevalence of opportunistic viral infections in multiple tissues at postmortems of hiv-infected patients, and to relate these findings to their antemortem clinical course.	1993	8395189
complementary and conventional cancer care: the integration of two cultures.	there is now increasing evidence that many cancer patients are seeking unorthodox forms of support and treatment. these range from measures to enhance the quality of life, such as counselling and relaxation therapy, through to alternative cancer remedies, such as extreme diets with detoxification by coffee enemas. much of complementary care is provided outside the hospital setting, often without the knowledge of the health care professionals involved in a patient's treatment. the bristol cancer ...	1993	8398918
causes of weight loss in human immunodeficiency virus infection.	the medical records of all 420 patients attending an outpatient clinic between june 1990 and june 1991 were retrospectively reviewed for causes of weight loss. of the 121 (29%) patients who had lost weight, the majority had a clear contributing cause; opportunistic infections (n = 57), psychosocial factors (n = 20), drug related problems (n = 9). unexplained weight loss (n = 35) was more likely to have occurred in those patients with a better preserved immune system and most of these had symptom ...	1993	8399506
an in situ hybridization study of herpes simplex and epstein barr viruses in iga nephropathy and non-immune glomerulonephritis.	renal tissues from forty cases of iga nephropathy, 20 singapore and 20 british patients, and 38 patients with non-immune glomerulonephritis were studied by in situ hybridization using dna probes for the herpes simplex virus (hsv) and epstein barr virus (ebv). two singapore patients with iga nephropathy showed hsv antigens in the glomerular mesangium, with one of them having ebv coinfection. in the control non-immune glomerulonephritis cases, 4 patients had viral antigens; 2 with ebv, one with eb ...	1993	8403567
historical perspectives on law, medical malpractice, and the concept of negligence.	since the dawn of human history, the inherent morbidity and mortality of human beings has made the diagnosis and treatment of human disease a high-risk profession. the ancient risk of physical retribution against the physician has been replaced by the modern risk of economic indemnity or compensation. monetary settlements and awards are at times so huge that they may result in personal bankruptcy and professional disgrace. this article should not discourage health care providers from continuing ...	1993	8404569
a comparison of multiple drug resistance in salmonellas from humans and food animals in england and wales, 1981 and 1990.	for salmonella typhimurium from humans in england and wales, the incidence of multiple resistance more than doubled over the 8-year period 1981-8 and, over the next 2 years, increased by a further 7%. from 1981 to 1988 both resistance and multiple resistance also increased significantly in s. virchow and although multiple resistance did not increase over the next 2 years, the overall incidence of resistance has continued to rise. in 1990 the majority of s. typhimurium from cattle were multiply-r ...	1993	8405147
childhood cancer and paternal exposure to ionizing radiation: preliminary findings from the oxford survey of childhood cancers.	paternal occupational data already collected as part of the oxford survey of childhood cancers have been reviewed. information on occupations during or before the relevant pregnancy was sought for 15,279 children dying from cancer in england, wales, and scotland in the period 1953-81, and for an equal number of matched controls. estimates were made for paternal exposure to human-made external ionizing radiation in the six months before conception of the survey child--as judged from job histories ...	1993	8427262
alcohol-related offending in male special hospital patients.	in a sample of 61 male special hospital patients, 11 (18%) were identified as having alcohol-related problems prior to admission. ten of these alcohol-abusers were interviewed to gather further information about their drinking, offending, and the relationship between the two. alcohol abusers showed more serious criminality than non-abusers, having significantly more previous convictions and being responsible for a disproportionately high number of offences of murder and manslaughter. alcohol-rel ...	1993	8429764
managing change: the human aspects of the nhs.	whatever ministers actually decide about london following the tomlinson report, the changes are likely to be large-scale and affect many staff and patients. therefore how well those changes are handled becomes crucial to their success. the nhs has much to learn from other industries and organisations that have been through similar changes. firstly, there needs to be an overall strategy for the change, rather than individual units trying to manage their own parts of it in an ad hoc way. secondly, ...	1993	8435612
the prevalence of human retroviral infections in female patients attending a central london sexually transmitted disease clinic: 1985-1990.	to determine the prevalence of infection with hiv-1, hiv2, htlv-1 and htlv-2 in female attenders at a central london sexually transmitted disease clinic in an 8 week period in 1989-1990, and compare it with similar samples studied between 1985 and 1987.	1993	8444479
a latitudinal diversity gradient in virus infections in humans in england and wales.	this paper reports the presence of a latitudinal diversity gradient in reports of human viral infections in the various health regions of england and wales. the data used in this study are reports of the laboratory diagnosis of virus infections made to the public health laboratory service communicable disease surveillance centre. two indices of diversity were calculated from the data--fisher's and simpson's. both indices were shown to correlate with latitude but not longitude. possible mechanism ...	1993	8449635
a tribute to a marvellous man.		1993	8452794
linkage analysis of early-onset breast and ovarian cancer families, with markers on the long arm of chromosome 17.	we have conducted linkage analysis in 16 breast cancer families, 13 of which are classified as site-specific breast cancer families and 3 of which are classified as breast-ovary families. linkage analysis has largely focused on a single extended breast-ovary family. analysis of all families combined shows significant evidence for linkage to 17q (lod = 3.63 at theta = .0, for linkage to nme1), confirming the observations of hall et al. and narod et al. many families were consistent with linkage, ...	1993	8460643
increasing human tooth length between birth and 5.4 years.	most previous studies of tooth development have used fractional stages of tooth formation to construct growth standards suitable for aging juvenile skeletal material. a simple alternative for determining dental age is to measure tooth length throughout development. in this study, data on tooth length development are presented from 63 individuals of known age at death, between birth and 5.4 years, from an archeological population recovered from the crypt of christ church, spitalfields, london. is ...	1993	8460654
[the man behind the syndrome: george f. still. the first professor of pediatrics].		1993	8464295
morse marred by the gas man.		1993	8472108
a large outbreak of human salmonellosis traced to a local pig farm.	an outbreak of salmonella typhimurium definitive type (dt) 193 affecting 206 persons occurred in july and august 1989 in a small town in northern england. a descriptive study suggested that cold meats including pork from a butcher's shop in the town were vehicles of infection. an analytical study of a cohort attending a function in the town showed a significant association between illness and consumption of cold roast pork supplied by the butcher's shop (p = 0.00000004). s. typhimurium dt 193 wi ...	1993	8472766
human isolates of apramycin-resistant escherichia coli which contain the genes for the aac(3)iv enzyme.	gentamicin-resistant escherichia coli isolated at different periods from patients in two hospitals were tested for resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotic apramycin. twenty-four of 93 (26%) gentamicin-resistant isolates collected from the royal liverpool hospital between 1981 and 1990 were resistant to apramycin. thirteen isolates were highly resistant to apramycin (minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) > or = 1024 micrograms/ml), were also resistant to gentamicin, netilmicin and tobramycin ...	1993	8472768
the seasonality of canine births and human campylobacteriosis: a hypothesis.	the seasonality of canine births was investigated using records from the kennel club and the breeding centre for the guide dogs for the blind association. in these populations a distinct seasonal pattern was found with a greater number of puppies being born in the summer months than the winter. the hypothesis that the greater number of puppies acquired as pets during the summer months may contribute to the seasonal rise in human campylobacter cases, seen at this time, is discussed.	1993	8472770
antenatal survey for the seroprevalence of htlv-1 infections in the west midlands, england.	the sera of 3522 women who attended an antenatal clinic in birmingham, england were tested anonymously for antibodies against htlv-1. samples from 5 women (0.14%) were positive, one serum showed indeterminate reactivity. two of the women (0.06%) were born in the west indies (of afro-caribbean ethnic origin), one (0.03%) in africa (of african ethnic origin), and three (0.09%) were white caucasian women born in the uk. thus, htlv-1 infection in pregnant women in the uk, though comparatively rare, ...	1993	8472781
colonization of broiler chickens by waterborne campylobacter jejuni.	chickens on a broiler farm in southern england were found to be colonized with campylobacter jejuni of a single serotype, lior 1 penner 4. the farm was the sole supplier of a local slaughterhouse associated with a campylobacter outbreak in 1984 caused by this serotype. the serotype persisted on the farm for at least 18 months after the outbreak; its prevalence in the human population served by the farm remained high until it disappeared from the farm in 1986. the possible sources and routes of t ...	1993	8476300
a regional experience of red cell aplasia.	the incidence and current management of red cell aplasia in children was determined from a retrospective survey of haematologists and paediatricians in the northern health region of england over a 7-year period. thirty-three children were diagnosed: 4 had diamond blackfan anaemia, 22 transient erythroblastopenia of childhood, and 7 parvovirus b19 aplasia, with annual incidences of 1, 5 and 2 per 1,000,000 children respectively. many were over-investigated. three with diamond blackfan anaemia wer ...	1993	8482277
immunisation against influenza among people aged over 65 living at home in leicestershire during winter 1991-2.	to assess the size of the elderly population for whom influenza vaccine is indicated and how many are vaccinated.	1993	8490478
helping disabled people--the user's view.	the main needs for most people with physical disabilities are housing and help with daily living. thus, many of them will find the new emphasis on social aspects of community care particularly relevant. peter swain is a disabled man who leads a project in east devon which ensures that disabled people have a voice in helping to shape the services they need. in this article he explains how the project, living options east devon, works and how the new legislation for community care might affect dis ...	1993	8490483
human uptake of 137cs in mutton.	the uptake of radiocesium from mutton contaminated by fallout from the chernobyl reactor accident has been studied in eight healthy male volunteers. each subject consumed, on adjacent days, two meals prepared from the mutton containing a total of 0.8 kbq 137cs. the elevation and subsequent decline in whole-body content were determined from body radioactivity measurements prior to the meals and at intervals up to 15 wk afterwards. clearance of 137cs between 1 and 15 wk showed a biological half-ti ...	1993	8491615
tuberculosis and hiv: estimates of the overlap in england and wales.	a study was designed to determine the extent of the interaction between tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in england and wales.	1993	8497815
a university's contribution to occupational health.	the first chair of occupational health in the united kingdom was established by manchester university in 1945 and held by ronald lane, a consultant physician and experienced factor doctor. in his department, occupational medicine was taught as a clinical discipline to both undergraduates and postgraduates. research was based mostly on clinical observation of workpeople in the field or as hospital outpatients. although work has become less hazardous, with major risks like pneumoconiosis and lead ...	1993	8507593
partner notification for hiv infection in the united kingdom: a look back on seven years experience in newcastle upon tyne.	to examine the outcome of partner notification for hiv infection.	1993	8509100
how can we best prolong life? benefits of coronary risk factor reduction in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects.	to compare the theoretical benefits of different approaches to reduce risk factors for coronary heart disease in subjects at risk.	1993	8518573
a bacteriological survey of tuberculosis due to the human tubercle bacillus (mycobacterium tuberculosis) in south-east england: 1984-91.	the occurrence and nature of bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis due to mycobacterium tuberculosis in south-east england in the period 1984-91 is reported and compared with the results of a study for 1977-83. registered new cases reached a low of 1028 in 1988 but increased to 1252 in 1991. this appeared to be due to a halt in the previous decline in new cases of european patients, a small increase in the number of indian subcontinent (isc) patients and an increase in patients from africa. a ...	1993	8519326
[the origin of modern pediatric nursing].	the object of study of this investigations in the knowledge in pediatrics nursing from the institutionalization of the modern nursing beginning from the xix century. the knowledge in this study is considered as an instrument from which man apprehends his working object. from an historical perspective nursing is seen as a social articulated practice, as part of a collective process of works, whose purposes are: the control of the disease in the society, based on collective level and the recuperat ...	1993	8165337
frederic wood jones' empathy with living creatures.		1993	8311817
creutzfeldt-jakob disease and blood transfusion.	epidemiological surveillance of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in the uk identified 21 patients who had received a blood transfusion and 29 who had donated blood, out of a total of 202 definite and probable cases. this frequency of blood transfusion or donation did not differ from that in age and sex matched controls, and the clinical features in patients with a history of blood transfusion were similar to those of classical cjd and clearly distinct from cjd in recipients of human growth hormon ...	1993	8093499
genotype analysis of faecal and blood isolates of salmonella dublin from humans in england and wales.	an analysis of genotype was made for representative strains of salmonella dublin. the collection consisted primarily of strains isolated from humans in england and wales, and were of both intestinal and extra-intestinal origin. three genetic elements were characterized by dna hybridization. they were the spvbc genes, extrachromosomal virulence determinants, the salmonella-specific insertion sequence is200, and the 16s ribosomal rna genes, a phylogenetic marker. two clones of s. dublin (sdri and ...	1993	8097167
the clinical spectrum of human hantavirus infection in somerset, uk.	the signs and symptoms exhibited by 29 patients with an acute illness in whom antibodies to hantavirus were detected are described. in the severe cases the most striking signs and symptoms were the persistence for 2 or 3 weeks of a severe sore throat with pyrexia that developed early in the illness, followed by swelling of the face, neck and extremities, with arthropathy and prolonged malaise that lasted for months. a macular erythematous rash, hepatomegaly with abnormal liver function tests, an ...	1993	8102335
hippocampus minor and man's place in nature: a case study in the social construction of neuroanatomy.	in mid-19th century britain the possibility of evolution and particularly the evolution of man from apes was vigorously contested. among the leading antievolutionists was the celebrated anatomist and paleontologist richard owen and among the leading defenders of evolution was thomas henry huxley. the central dispute between them on human evolution was whether or not man's brain was fundamentally unique in having a hippocampus minor (known today as the calcar avis), a posterior horn in the latera ...	1993	8269033
prevalence of antibodies to human t cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus in blood donors in north london.	to determine the prevalence of antibodies to the human t cell leukaemia/lymphoma viruses (htlv-i and htlv-ii) in blood donors in north london in order to assess the economic impact and the logistic effects that routine screening would have on the blood supply.	1993	8281054
a comparison of sexual behaviour and risk behaviour for hiv infection between women in three clinical settings.	to compare sexual behaviour and hiv risk behaviour between women in three clinical settings and to investigate the effect of socio-economic status and ethnic origin upon these behaviours.	1993	8282297
students' knowledge and behavior concerning safer sex: a uk study.	most students in institutions of further and higher education in the northeast of england who responded to a 1989 survey dealing with sexual behavior and safer sex were heterosexual and had been sexually active or intended to have sexual intercourse. many students, however, believed that safer sex implied having no sex at all or were unaware of the role of nonpenetrative sex in preventing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. they did not use condoms, in spite of having positive attitude ...	1993	8288835
bulimia nervosa in the chinese.	typical dsm-iii-r bulimia nervosa with self-induced vomiting was found in 2 women of hong kong chinese origin and a chinese man from malaysia. all 3 cases had a family history of obesity. in 2 of the cases a period of weight gain and in the third case frank obesity preceded the onset of the eating disorder. cultural transition seemed to play an important part in the onset and maintenance of the eating disorder.	1993	8293034
genetic diversity of helicobacter pylori indexed with respect to clinical symptomatology, using a 16s rrna and a species-specific dna probe.	dna probes are described which identify group and fingerprint strains of the human gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori, on the basis of well-defined band homologies. a 544 bp internal fragment of the 16s ribosomal rna gene was generated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with primers derived from the escherichia coli rrna gene sequence. in genomic southern blots this probe detected restriction site variation around these loci, generating simple but strain-specific molecular fingerprints. a smal ...	1993	8294306
does prenatal influenza divert susceptible females from later affective psychosis to schizophrenia?	we examined the relationship between influenza epidemics and the number of schizophrenic and affective psychotic individuals born each month between 1938 and 1965 in england and wales. increased death rates from influenza were followed 5 months later by a significant increase in schizophrenic births and a concurrent fall in the number of births of affective psychotic individuals. when the sexes were examined separately, both the positive effect of influenza on schizophrenic births and its negati ...	1993	8296576
what is vestibular papillomatosis? a study of its prevalence, aetiology and natural history.	to clarify the prevalence, aetiology, symptoms and natural history of vestibular papillomatosis.	1993	8217979
phialophora richardsiae endocarditis of aortic and mitral valves in a diabetic man with a porcine mitral valve.	we report a case of phialophora richardsiae endocarditis involving the aortic and a porcine mitral valve in a 52-year-old non-insulin dependent diabetic. mitral valve replacement had been performed 4 years earlier. we believe this to be the first case of phialophora richardsiae endocarditis to be reported.	1993	8228299
royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene meeting at manson house, london, 10 december 1992. george carmichael low frcp: twelfth president of the society and underrated pioneer of tropical medicine.	george carmichael low, like so many early pioneers of tropical medicine, had his origin(s) in scotland. following a distinguished undergraduate (and early postgraduate) career, he joined dr patrick manson at the newly established london school of tropical medicine in 1899. his first major contribution to the specialty (in 1900) was to demonstrate filariae in the proboscis sheath of mosquitoes which had been infected with filaria bancrofti in australia, using a technique recently learned in heide ...	1993	8249057
on historiography of eugenics by jonathan marks.		1993	8250055
the role of a rapid diagnostic test (adenovirus immune dot-blot) in the control of an outbreak of adenovirus type 8 keratoconjunctivitis.	twenty-three patients were involved in an outbreak of adenovirus type 8 infection based at the manchester royal eye hospital in the spring of 1991. confirmation of adenovirus infection was by means of the immune dot-blot test (idbt) and virus culture, the latter, allowing serotype 8 to be identified as the cause. epidemiological tracing and limited restriction endonuclease analysis of the virus isolated suggest that 15 patients contracted the infection within the casualty department following at ...	1993	8253218
[the man behind the syndrome: sir heneage ogilvie. described colonic pseudo-obstruction].		1993	8255137
isolation of mycobacteria from patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in south east england: 1984-92.	tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections are well recognised complications of hiv infection and surveillance is thus required.	1993	8256246
further experience of late onset hepatic failure.		1993	8005629
subacute hepatic failure: unresolved issues.		1993	8005631
subacute hepatic failure: definition, nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis.		1993	8005634
respiratory illness and mortality in england and wales. a study of the relationships between weekly data for the incidence of respiratory disease presenting to general practitioners, and registered deaths.	the possible relationship between the incidence of respiratory diseases as reported to general practitioners and numbers of registered deaths in england and wales has been examined. morbidity data from sentinel practices for the period 1986-1990 (population covered increased from 220,000 to 470,000) were used to calculate weekly rates of aggregated respiratory disease for persons of all ages and for elderly persons (aged 65 years and over). the elderly respiratory disease rates and numbers of de ...	1993	8150058
[valentin rösswurm: on the social history of paracelsism in the 16th century].	the reactions awakened in his own day by the lithotomist valentin rösswurm were not many but varied. up to now only the controversy about his paracelsus connection has been mentioned in some studies on paracelsian medicine in 16th-century england. nothing has been known so far about the social background of the foreign doctor who came to england from the continent. new documents found in various european archives enable us to reconstruct the career of another disciple of paracelsus who earned hi ...	1993	8153975
influenza surveillance, england and wales: october 1992-june 1993.		1993	7507772
influenza activity in england and wales.		1993	7507773
absence of cystic fibrosis mutations in a large asian population sample and occurrence of a homozygous s549n mutation in an inbred pakistani family.	the occurrence of cystic fibrosis is very rare in the asian population. carriers of the mutations most commonly found in caucasians were not detected in a large asian population sample of almost 900 chromosomes. however, an affected pakistani child born to consanguineous parents was further investigated and shown to be homozygous for the mutation s549n (g-->a). molecular and clinical data are presented which may improve our understanding of the phenotypic effects of the s549n mutation in the cft ...	1993	7680378
an economic appraisal of alternative pre-natal screening programmes for down's syndrome.	the objective of this study was to evaluate economically a screening programme within the oxford regional health authority for down's syndrome, based on maternal serum alpha fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol and human chorionic gonadotrophin as well as maternal age (the triple test) against maternal age alone. the design of the study involved cost-effectiveness analysis of the triple test relative to the maternal age screening programme, and the main outcome measure was the cost per down's birt ...	1993	7688977
low risk of sexual transmission of hepatitis c virus.	sexual transmission of hepatitis c virus (hcv) was studied between 104 anti-hcv positive index cases (99 haemophilic men, five women) who have attended the oxford haemophilia centre and 104 (98 female, 6 male) longstanding sexual partners. ninety-one percent of the index cases were hcv rna positive by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and 56% were anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) positive. three (2.9%) sexual partners (each a female partner of a different hcv rna positive haemophilic ma ...	1993	7689092
assessing the written information given to families prior to their attendance at a child development centre.	this paper describes an analysis of the written information given to parents of pre-school children with developmental delay prior to their attendance at a child development centre. texts were analysed for their readability and human interest, and the usefulness of the information was assessed through consultation with parent consumers. the discussion of the results includes suggestions for staff who are involved in the development of client leaflets and booklets.	1993	7691428
hepatitis c virus: guidance on the risks and current management of occupational exposure. phls hepatitis subcommittee.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) transmission after percutaneous exposure to blood at work has been documented. follow up of health care workers who report significant percutaneous or mucocutaneous exposures to sources that are known to be, or that might be, hcv-infected should include storage of serum from the source (if identifiable) and anti-hcv testing of the blood specimen obtained from the health care worker at six months post-exposure. routine testing of the health care worker's initial post-expos ...	1993	7693137
chlamydial infection of the respiratory tract.	chlamydial infection of the human respiratory tract was first described over 100 years ago, when outbreaks of psittacosis were linked to imported pet birds. the causative organism was identified subsequently as chlamydia psittaci. however, c. pneumoniae, has also been recognised recently as an important cause of human respiratory tract infection. approximately 300 cases of human chlamydial respiratory tract infection are reported to cdsc each year, mainly in adults aged 15 to 44 years. a prospec ...	1993	7693170
active surveillance of hiv infection in the west midlands.	we describe a new active surveillance system for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in the west midlands region, a national health service administrative area in central england serving a population of five million. a detailed, confidential dataset is collected on each case of hiv infection identified through laboratory reporting of positive hiv antibody tests. the consultant in communicable disease control in each district health authority responsible for the surveillance of infectiou ...	1993	7693172
little and late--influenza, 1992/93.		1993	7693181
migration and the metropolis: recent research on the causes of migration to southeast england.	"the paper focuses on one main issue: the relative importance of housing and labour market forces in explaining the volume and nature of migration to the southeast region [of england]." the author reviews recent literature in an attempt to determine "why people migrated to [and from] the southeast...[and] what the consequences of these in-migration and out-migration streams were for their respective origin and destination regions."	1993	12286780
conspiracy of silence.	ireland's prohibition of abortion has been fiercely enforced by conservative anti-abortion activists in organizations such as the society for the protection of the unborn child. the society succeeded in getting the irish high court to rule in 1987 that any discussion of abortion or referral to england for legal abortion services on the part of women's health and student groups constituted a violation of the constitutionally protected right to life of the fetus. supporters of abortion rights we ...	1993	12345318
r v. canons park mental health review tribunal, ex parte a.	england's high court of justice, queen's bench division, quashed the decision of a mental health tribunal to detain for treatment an involuntary patient. her refusal of appropriate treatment essentially made her untreatable, thus voiding any legal ground for commitment. the patient, a woman identified as a, had been involuntarily committed to a mental hospital for reactive depression in an impulsive personality. about seven months later, she sought release. prior to the tribunal decision, her co ...	1993	11648636
consent form for paediatric research.		1993	11659716
should deaths of neonates in trial have been more openly reported?		1993	11659718
allocation of resources--to treat or not to treat, and who shall beg the question?	two separate clusters of events in recent months have spurred public discussions over the questions of how and to what degree the public should be involved in resource allocation decisions. in england, a group of physicians unilaterally decided to deny bypass surgery to heavy smokers, and in the united states, uninsured parents of conjoined twins elected to seek separation of the twins despite heavy odds against their survival, raising questions of whether health care reform will stymie such dec ...	1993	10129494
influenza immunisation: policies and practices of general practitioners in england, 1991/92.	a large questionnaire survey of general practices in england to determine the most recent policies, perceptions, and procedures for influenza immunisation, and the extent to which individual practice characteristics were related to levels of vaccine distribution, was conducted during january and february 1992. the results indicate that the proportion of practices with influenza immunisation policies has increased considerably since the mid 1980s. however, some notable shortcomings remain and pra ...	1993	10131862
the human fertilisation and embryology act 1990 -- a british case history for legislation on bioethical issues.	dr. virginia bolton, sir john osborn, and denise servante present an account of the process whereby legislation was enacted in britain. each is a member of progress (the campaign for research into human reproduction), which was established in 1985 to present the case regulating research using human embryos to the british parliament and public.	1992	11651386
[economic theory and the environment].	the environment, on the eve of a new century, has become a major theme for reflection and action in both developed and developing countries. economists and economic theory have until recently neglected the environment and have implicitly assumed that nature offers unlimited space for expansion and an inexhaustible supply of resources. among natural resources, economists have always distinguished between those whose supply is in no way related to human labor and which are therefore common proper ...	1992	12343881
the new right and family politics.	political concern for the family has historically been intermittent; the present context is that there are considerable consequences for individuals, families, and personal life. socioeconomic and cultural changes brought the rise of the new right; the thatcher (uk) and reagan (us) administrations were committed to strengthening the traditional family. the emergence of the family as a social problem and the political agenda are discussed. the costs of liberalism were felt in a recessionary ec ...	1992	12317778
attorney general v. x.	in this case in which a 14-year-old girl said she had become pregnant after being raped by her friend's father, the attorney general of ireland had enjoined the girl and her parents from traveling to england for an abortion. a psychologist had testified that in her present state of mind, the girl was suicidal. the supreme court of ireland held that the right to life supersedes all other rights, including the right to travel. however, if there is a real and substantial risk to the life of the mot ...	1992	12041095
the recognition of proprietary rights in human tissue in common law jurisdictions.	human tissue is used in an increasing number of medical and scientific contexts. despite this, the law has traditionally regarded such tissue as having no status in law. this paper provides an overview of the issue of property rights in human corpses, cadaveric specimens, donated living tissue, and human tissue used in biotechnology and human reproductive technology. it discusses australian common law and legislation, and reviews developments in england and the united states from an australian p ...	1992	16523581
gene therapy: no new ethical issues.	this letter was drafted as a result of a dayschool sponsored by the human reproduction study group of the british sociological association. the meeting considered the findings of the report of the committee on the ethics of gene therapy, the clothier report (see bulletin 75). held at manchester town hall on 9th may, the meeting was attended by participants representing various professions and academic disciplines.	1992	16144145
hepatitis a and travel abroad: a study of notifications in birmingham.	one hundred and seventy-two cases of viral hepatitis a (or 'infective hepatitis' or 'infective jaundice' judged to be viral hepatitis a) were notified in birmingham in the 15 months from january 1990 to march 1991. forty patients had travelled abroad in the three months prior to onset, 30 of whom had been to the indian subcontinent. a survey of general practitioners attending to patients going abroad indicated that human normal immunoglobulin (hnig) was rarely given to intending travellers, wher ...	1992	1285100
influenza surveillance in england and wales: november 1991-june 1992.		1992	1285133
influenza surveillance.		1992	1285163
swine influenza.		1992	1285165
influenza update.		1992	1285173
virological surveillance of influenza a.		1992	1285178
influenza.		1992	1285186
echovirus surveillance.		1992	1285234
schizophrenia following pre-natal exposure to influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960.	we examined the relationship between the dates of births of schizophrenic patients admitted to hospitals for the first time in england and wales between 1970 and 1979, and the occurrence of influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960. our results indicate that exposure to influenza epidemics between the third and seventh month of gestation is associated with schizophrenia in adult life. the hypothesis that maternal viral infection is an important cause of schizophrenia can explain many aspects of ...	1992	1294066