Publications

vaccine-induced protection from egg production losses in commercial turkey breeder hens following experimental challenge with a triple-reassortant h3n2 avian influenza virus.	infections of avian influenza virus (aiv) in turkey breeder hens can cause a decrease in both egg production and quality, resulting in significant production losses. in north carolina in 2003, a triple-reassortant h3n2 aiv containing human, swine, and avian gene segments was isolated from turkey breeder hens (a/turkey/nc/16108/03). this viral subtype was subsequently isolated from both turkeys and swine in ohio in 2004, and in minnesota in 2005, and was responsible for significant losses in turk ...	2009	19431997
transmission of influenza virus via aerosols and fomites in the guinea pig model.	limited data on the relative contributions of different routes of transmission for influenza virus are available. person-to-person transmission is central to seasonal and pandemic spread; nevertheless, the modes of spread are a matter of ongoing debate. resolution of this discussion is paramount to the development of effective control measures in health care and community settings. using the guinea pig model, we demonstrated that transmission of influenza a/panama/2007/1999 (h3n2) virus through ...	2009	19434931
avian influenza virus glycoproteins restrict virus replication and spread through human airway epithelium at temperatures of the proximal airways.	transmission of avian influenza viruses from bird to human is a rare event even though avian influenza viruses infect the ciliated epithelium of human airways in vitro and ex vivo. using an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium (hae), we demonstrate that while human and avian influenza viruses efficiently infect at temperatures of the human distal airways (37 degrees c), avian, but not human, influenza viruses are restricted for infection at the cooler temperatures of the human prox ...	2009	19436701
molecular design of spacer-n-linked sialoglycopolypeptide as polymeric inhibitors against influenza virus infection.	a series of spacer-n-linked glycopolymers carrying long/short α2,3/6 sialylated glycan were designed as polymeric inhibitors of influenza virus. lactose (lac) and n-acetyllactosamine (ln: galβ1,4glcnac) were first converted to spacer-n-linked disaccharide glycosides, followed by consecutive enzymatic addition of glcnac and gal residues to the glycosides. the resulting spacer-n-linked glycosides with di-, tetra-, and hexasaccharides carrying a lac, ln, lacto-n-neotetraose (lnnt: galβ1,4glcnacβ1,3 ...	2009	19438195
evaluation of recombinant influenza virus-simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines in macaques.	there is an urgent need for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) vaccines that induce robust mucosal immunity. influenza a viruses (both h1n1 and h3n2) were engineered to express simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) cd8 t-cell epitopes and evaluated following administration to the respiratory tracts of 11 pigtail macaques. influenza virus was readily detected from respiratory tract secretions, although the infections were asymptomatic. animals seroconverted to influenza virus and generated cd8 and ...	2009	19439474
differential neutralization efficiency of hemagglutinin epitopes, antibody interference, and the design of influenza vaccines.	it is generally assumed that amino acid mutations in the surface protein, hemagglutinin (ha), of influenza viruses allow these viruses to circumvent neutralization by antibodies induced during infection. however, empirical data on circulating influenza viruses show that certain amino acid changes to ha actually increase the efficiency of neutralization of the mutated virus by antibodies raised against the parent virus. here, we suggest that this surprising increase in neutralization efficiency a ...	2009	19439657
molecular detection of a novel human influenza (h1n1) of pandemic potential by conventional and real-time quantitative rt-pcr assays.	influenza a viruses are medically important viral pathogens that cause significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world. the recent emergence of a novel human influenza a virus (h1n1) poses a serious health threat. molecular tests for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed.	2009	19439731
vaccination against human influenza a/h3n2 virus prevents the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against lethal infection with avian influenza a/h5n1 virus.	annual vaccination against seasonal influenza viruses is recommended for certain individuals that have a high risk for complications resulting from infection with these viruses. recently it was recommended in a number of countries including the usa to vaccinate all healthy children between 6 and 59 months of age as well. however, vaccination of immunologically naïve subjects against seasonal influenza may prevent the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against potentially pandemic strains of an ...	2009	19440239
adjustment of receptor-binding and neuraminidase substrate specificities in avian-human reassortant influenza viruses.	balanced action of hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) is an important condition of influenza virus efficient replication, but a role of ha and na specificities at oligosaccharide level in maintaining such a balance remains poorly studied. avian virus ha binds exclusively and na digests efficiently alpha2-3-sialylated carbohydrate chains, while human virus ha interacts with alpha2-6 chains and low-active na cleaves both alpha2-3- and alpha2-6-sialosides. reassortment between viruses leadin ...	2009	18661232
phylogenic analysis of reassorted avian influenza viruses isolated from korean domestic ducks from 2005 to 2007.	ducks have been regarded as animals that can perpetuate most avian influenza viruses since they generally do not show the clear clinical signs such as death and reduced body weight when they are infected. here, we characterized two h3n2 and one h3n6 avian influenza viruses isolated from ducks on the local farms in korea from 2005 to 2007. genetic analysis of these viruses showed that most segments of isolates except np genes belonged to eurasian lineage. np genes of two h3n2 isolates, a/duck/kor ...	2009	18850263
synthesis, antioxidative and antiviral activity of hydroxycinnamic acid amides of thiazole containing amino acid.	the synthesis and the biological (antioxidant and antiviral) activities of novel hydroxycinnamic acid amides of a thiazole containing tfa.valine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester are reported. the amides have been synthesized from p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acids with the corresponding tfa.valine-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester using the coupling reagent n-ethyl-n'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (edc) and 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine (dmap) as a catalyst. the antioxidan ...	2009	18853101
adaptation of human influenza h3n2 virus in a mouse pneumonitis model: insights into viral virulence, tissue tropism and host pathogenesis.	most pandemic influenza virus strains undergo adaptation or reassortment before they acquire the ability to cause fatal infections in a new host species. the pathologic changes and tissue tropism during virus adaptation are not fully understood. here we investigated pathologic changes and tissue tropism by serial lung-to-lung passaging of human influenza virus strain a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) in a balb/c mouse model. enhanced pulmonary lesions and systemic virus infection were observed during adaptati ...	2009	18983930
fusion of c3d with hemagglutinin enhances protective immunity against swine influenza virus.	h1n1 and h3n2 are the dominant subtypes causing swine influenza in china and other countries. it is important to develop effective vaccines against both h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes of swine influenza virus (siv). we examined the effects of a dna vaccine expressing an influenza ha fused to three copies of murine complement c3d in mice. plasmids encoding soluble ha (sha), complete ha (tmha), or a soluble fused form of ha (sha-mc3d3) were constructed from the h3n2 subtype of siv. the immune response was ...	2009	19010505
a novel neuraminidase deletion mutation conferring resistance to oseltamivir in clinical influenza a/h3n2 virus.	neuraminidase (na) mutations responsible for influenza resistance to oseltamivir vary according to the na subtype; in influenza a/h3n2 viruses, na-gene mutations occur predominantly at codons e119 and r292. in an oseltamivir-resistant influenza a/h3n2 virus isolated from an immunocompromised child after 107 days of cumulative treatment, the na gene contained 3 aa substitutions (n146k, s219t, and a272v) and a 4-aa deletion (del245-248); reversion mutation experiments using recombinant na proteins ...	2009	19046066
reversion of influenza a (h3n2) virus from amantadine resistant to amantadine sensitive by further reassortment in japan during the 2006-to-2007 influenza season.	in the 2006-to-2007 influenza season, amantadine-sensitive strains were found among the n-lineage influenza a (h3n2) viruses, which were previously believed to be associated with amantadine resistance. whole-genome sequencing results indicated that this was due to a further reassortment event.	2009	19109467
influenza-associated morbidity in subtropical taiwan.	the purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics of influenza-associated morbidity in subtropical taiwan, corresponding to the seasonal patterns, weather, and co-circulation of influenza (sub)types, and other respiratory viruses, where the burden of influenza is poorly quantified.	2009	19111494
bronchointerstitial pneumonia in guinea pigs following inoculation with h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus.	the h5n1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) viruses have caused widespread disease of poultry in asia, africa and the middle east, and sporadic human infections. the guinea pig model has been used to study human h3n2 and h1n1 influenza viruses, but knowledge is lacking on h5n1 hpai virus infections. guinea pigs were inoculated intranasally or intragastrically with a/vietnam/1203/04 (vn/04) or a/muscovy duck/vietnam/209/05 (mdk/vn/05) viruses. mild listlessness was seen at 2 and 3 days pos ...	2009	19112127
experimental infection of dogs with avian-origin canine influenza a virus (h3n2).	susceptible dogs were brought into contact with dogs experimentally infected with an avian-origin influenza a virus (h3n2) that had been isolated from a pet dog with severe respiratory syndrome. all the experimentally infected and contact-exposed dogs showed elevated rectal temperatures, virus shedding, seroconversion, and severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis and bronchioalveolitis.	2009	19116051
characterization of a canadian mink h3n2 influenza a virus isolate genetically related to triple reassortant swine influenza virus.	in 2007, an h3n2 influenza a virus was isolated from canadian mink. this virus was found to be phylogenetically related to a triple reassortant influenza virus which emerged in canadian swine in 2005, but it is antigenically distinct. the transmission of the virus from swine to mink seems to have occurred following the feeding of animals with a ration composed of uncooked meat by-products of swine obtained from slaughterhouse facilities. serological analyses suggest that the mink influenza virus ...	2009	19116358
transmission of influenza virus in a mammalian host is increased by pb2 amino acids 627k or 627e/701n.	since 2003, more than 380 cases of h5n1 influenza virus infection of humans have been reported. although the resultant disease in these cases was often severe or fatal, transmission of avian influenza viruses between humans is rare. the precise nature of the barrier blocking human-to-human spread is unknown. it is clear, however, that efficient human-to-human transmission of an antigenically novel influenza virus would result in a pandemic. influenza viruses with changes at amino acids 627 or 70 ...	2009	19119420
neuraminidase inhibitor resistance after oseltamivir treatment of acute influenza a and b in children.	oseltamivir, a specific influenza neuraminidase inhibitor, is an effective treatment for seasonal influenza. emergence of drug-resistant influenza viruses after treatment has been reported, particularly in children in japan, where the dosing schedule is different from that used throughout the rest of the world. we investigated the emergence of drug-resistant infection in children treated with a tiered weight-based dosing regimen.	2009	19133796
performance of a commercial swine influenza virus h1n1 and h3n2 antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in pigs experimentally infected with european influenza viruses.	the idexx swine influenza virus h1n1 and h3n2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are used worldwide, but their capacity to detect antibodies to european swine influenza viruses (sivs) has not been documented. a total of 313 well-defined sera from siv seronegative pigs and pigs experimentally infected with european sivs were used to compare the performance of both elisas and the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. the elisas largely failed to detect pigs that had been infected with h1 ...	2009	19139506
pathobiology of triple reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses in breeder turkeys and its potential implication for vaccine studies in turkeys.	triple reassortant (tr) h3n2 influenza viruses have been isolated from turkeys in the united states since 2003. these tr h3n2 virus infections have been associated with drastic declines in egg production in breeder turkeys although co-infection with multiple agents could have been responsible for exacerbating the clinical signs. in this study, we experimentally confirmed that tr h3n2 influenza virus alone can cause drastic reduction/complete cessation of egg production and pathology of the repro ...	2009	19071183
multiplex assay for simultaneously typing and subtyping influenza viruses by use of an electronic microarray.	we report on the use of an electronic microarray to simultaneously type influenza a and b viruses and to distinguish influenza a virus subtypes h1n1 and h3n2 from the potentially pandemic avian virus subtype h5n1. the assay targets seven genes: the h1, h3, h5, n1, and n2 genes of influenza a virus; the matrix protein m1 gene of influenza a virus; and the nonstructural protein (ns) gene of influenza b virus. by combining a two-step reverse transcription-multiplex pcr with typing and subtyping on ...	2009	19073867
anionic polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride)-coated beads-based capture of human influenza a and b virus.	an anionic magnetic beads-based method was developed for the capture of human influenza a and b viruses from nasal aspirates, allantoic fluid and culture medium. a polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride) [poly(mve-ma)], was used to endow magnetic beads with a negative charge and bioadhesive properties. after incubation with samples containing human influenza virus, the beads were separated from supernatants by applying a magnetic field. the adsorption [corrected] of the virus by the b ...	2009	19081256
genetic correlation between h3n2 human and swine influenza viruses.	h3n2 is one of the main subtypes of influenza virus which circulates in human and swine population throughout the world.	2009	19083267
in vivo and in vitro alterations in influenza a/h3n2 virus m2 and hemagglutinin genes: effect of passage in mdck-siat1 cells and conventional mdck cells.	no mutations were detected in the hemagglutinin gene of influenza a/h3n2 virus isolates from patients undergoing short-term amantadine treatment. however, genetic changes occurred after serial passage in either mdck or mdck-siat1 cells. our results showed that only a few mutations were observed in mdck-siat1-passaged isolates in the presence of amantadine.	2009	19091815
human influenza a viruses isolated in south america: genetic relations, adamantane resistance and vaccine strain match.	in order to gain insight into the genetic relations among h3n2 influenza a virus (iav) circulating in the south american region from 1999 to 2007, to investigate the presence of adamantane-resistant strains in this region, and to establish the genetic relations among that strains and vaccine strains recommended for the southern hemisphere, 11 haemagglutinin (ha) h3 iav sequences obtained from uruguayan patients were aligned with corresponding sequences from 68 h3 iav strains isolated in south am ...	2009	19095085
histopathology and growth kinetics of influenza viruses (h1n1 and h3n2) in the upper and lower airways of guinea pigs.	recent investigations have shown that guinea pigs are important for the study of influenza a virus (iav) transmission. however, very little is known about iav replication and histopathology in the guinea pig respiratory tract. here, we describe viral growth kinetics, target cells and histopathology in the nasosinus, trachea and lungs of iav-infected guinea pigs. we found that guinea pigs infected with either a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) or a/hong kong/8/68 (h3n2) developed a predominantly upper air ...	2009	19141447
in vitro anti-influenza viral activities of constituents from caesalpinia sappan.	six constituents with neuraminidase (na) inhibitory activity, namely brazilein, brazilin, protosappanin a, 3-deoxysappanchalcone, sappanchalcone and rhamnetin, were isolated from the hearthwood of caesalpinia sappan (leguminosae). their in vitro anti-influenza virus activities were evaluated with the cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction method. the results showed that 3-deoxysappanchalcone and sappanchalcone exhibited the highest activity against influenza virus (h3n2) with ic50 values of 1.06 and ...	2009	19148862
start of the influenza season 2008-9 in europe - increasing influenza activity moving from west to east dominated by a(h3n2).	the influenza season 2008-9 started in week 49 of 2008 and is so far characterised by influenza virus type a subtype h3n2. isolates of this subtype that were tested proved susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, but resistant to m2 inhibitors. the circulating a(h3n2) viruses are antigenically similar to the component in the current northern hemisphere influenza vaccine.	2009	19161722
population dynamics of swine influenza virus in farrow-to-finish and specialised finishing herds in the netherlands.	influenza virus infections with subtypes h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 are very common in domestic pigs in europe. data on possible differences of population dynamics in finishing pigs in farrow-to-finish herds and in specialised finishing herds are, however, scarce. the presence of sows and weaned piglets on the same premises may, however, affect the exposure of finishing pigs to influenza viruses. in a longitudinal study on 14 farrow-to-finish herds and 15 finishing herds, groups of pigs were followed b ...	2009	19181461
near-patient assays for diagnosis of influenza virus infection in adult patients.	rapid and reliable diagnosis of influenza is essential for identification of contagious patients and effective patient management. near-patient assays allow establishment of the diagnosis within minutes in young children, and this study aimed to evaluate near-patient assays in relation to the patient's age. a total of 194 patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza a/h3n2 virus infection, diagnosed within a prospective cohort study, were included. cryopreserved nasopharyngeal swabs collected fr ...	2009	19183404
multiorgan distribution of human influenza a virus strains observed in a mouse model.	multiorgan spread and pathogenesis of influenza infection with three human influenza a viruses was studied in mice. mouse-adapted viruses a/dunedin/4/73(h3n2), a/mississippi/1/85(h3n2), and a/pr/8/34(h1n1) differed considerably in virulence (p.f.u./ld(50)): 79,000 p.f.u. for dunedin, 5,000 p.f.u. for mississippi, and 65 p.f.u. for pr/8, which qualified dunedin as low virulent, mississippi as intermediate, and pr/8 as highly virulent. all three viruses were detected in lungs, heart, and thymus by ...	2009	19189197
sialic acid recognition is a key determinant of influenza a virus tropism in murine trachea epithelial cell cultures.	influenza a virus interacts with specific types of sialic acid during attachment and entry into susceptible cells. the precise amino acids in the hemagglutinin protein that control sialic acid binding specificity and affinity vary among antigenic subtypes. for h3 subtypes, amino acids 226 and 228 are critical for differentiating between alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked forms of sialic acid (sa). we demonstrate that position 190 of the ha from a/udorn/307/72 (h3n2) plays an important role in the rec ...	2009	19195676
anti-influenza virus activity and structure-activity relationship of aglycoristocetin derivatives with cyclobutenedione carrying hydrophobic chains.	previous studies have demonstrated that glycopeptide compounds carrying hydrophobic substituents can have favorable pharmacological (i.e. antibacterial and antiviral) properties. we here report on the in vitro anti-influenza virus activity of aglycoristocetin derivatives containing hydrophobic side chain-substituted cyclobutenedione. the lead compound 8e displayed an antivirally effective concentration of 0.4 microm, which was consistent amongst influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2 and b viruses, and a sele ...	2009	19200809
activation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway for protection against influenza virus infection.	this study aims to evaluate the antiviral role of nucleic acid-based agonists for the activation of toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling pathways, and its protective role in respiratory influenza a virus infections. tlr-3 is expressed on myeloid dendritic cells, respiratory epithelium, and macrophages, and appears to play a central role in mediating both the antiviral and inflammatory responses of the innate immunity in combating viral infections. influenza viruses can effectively inhibit the host ...	2009	19200852
co-evolution positions and rules for antigenic variants of human influenza a/h3n2 viruses.	in pandemic and epidemic forms, avian and human influenza viruses often cause significant damage to human society and economics. gradually accumulated mutations on hemagglutinin (ha) cause immunologically distinct circulating strains, which lead to the antigenic drift (named as antigenic variants). the "antigenic variants" often requires a new vaccine to be formulated before each annual epidemic. mapping the genetic evolution to the antigenic drift of influenza viruses is an emergent issue to pu ...	2009	19208143
comparison of the performance of the rapid antigen detection actim influenza a&b test and rt-pcr in different respiratory specimens.	nowadays, influenza antigen detection test kits are used most frequently to detect influenza a or b virus to establish the diagnosis of influenza rapidly and initiate appropriate therapy. this study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the actim influenza a&b test (medix biochemica). overall, 473 respiratory specimens were analysed in the actim influenza a&b test and the results were compared with those from an rt-pcr assay; 461 of these samples originated from paediatric patients aged 7 ...	2009	19208888
blocking interhost transmission of influenza virus by vaccination in the guinea pig model.	interventions aimed at preventing viral spread have the potential to effectively control influenza virus in all age groups, thereby reducing the burden of influenza illness. for this reason, we have examined the efficacy of vaccination in blocking the transmission of influenza viruses between guinea pigs. three modes of immunization were compared: (i) natural infection; (ii) intramuscular administration of whole, inactivated influenza virus in 2 doses; and (iii) intranasal inoculation with live ...	2009	19153237
molecular evolution of human influenza a viruses in a local area during eight influenza epidemics from 2000 to 2007.	a total of 1,041 human influenza a virus isolates were collected at a clinic in niigata, japan, during eight influenza seasons from 2000 to 2007. the h3n2 subtype accounted for 75.4% of the isolates, and the rest were h1n1. extremely high rates of amantadine-resistant strains of h3n2 subtype were observed in 2005/2006 (100%) and 2006/2007 (79.4%), while amantadine-resistant strains of h1n1 subtype were only detected in 2006/2007 (48.2%). sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the ha1 subunit of t ...	2009	19153639
emergence of oseltamivir-resistant influenza a/h3n2 virus with altered hemagglutination pattern in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient.	persistent influenza virus replication during antiviral therapy in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) could promote the emergence of antiviral drug resistance.	2009	19157971
epidemiologic study of influenza infection in okinawa, japan, from 2001 to 2007: changing patterns of seasonality and prevalence of amantadine-resistant influenza a virus.	to clarify seasonal influenza patterns and the prevalence of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses in okinawa, located at the southern extremity of japan in a subtropical climate, we conducted a laboratory-based study of influenza virus infections from 2001 to 2007. the annual outbreaks tended to show two peaks in okinawa, in summer and winter, although the main islands of japan, located in a temperate climate area, showed only winter influenza activity. epidemic types and subtypes in okinawa ...	2009	19158265
molecular evolution of ha1 in influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated in japan from 1989 to 2006.	to evaluate the trend of phylogenetic evolution among influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated in gunma and a (h3n2) vaccine strains, we studied the transition of gene mutations and amino acid substitution of the sites a and b in ha1 during long-term seasons.	2009	19158442
h5n1 vaccine-specific b cell responses in ferrets primed with live attenuated seasonal influenza vaccines.	live attenuated influenza h5n1 vaccines have been produced and evaluated in mice and ferrets that were never exposed to influenza a virus infection (suguitan et al., plos medicine, e360:1541, 2006). however, the preexisting influenza heterosubtypic immunity on live attenuated h5n1 vaccine induced immune response has not been evaluated.	2009	19209231
combining mutual information with structural analysis to screen for functionally important residues in influenza hemagglutinin.	influenza hemagglutinin mediates both cell-surface binding and cell entry by the virus. mutations to hemagglutinin are thus critical in determining host species specificity and viral infectivity. previous approaches have primarily considered point mutations and sequence conservation; here we develop a complementary approach using mutual information to examine concerted mutations. for hemagglutinin, several overlapping selective pressures can cause such concerted mutations, including the host imm ...	2009	19209725
deletions of neuraminidase and resistance to oseltamivir may be a consequence of restricted receptor specificity in recent h3n2 influenza viruses.	influenza viruses attach to cells via sialic acid receptors. the viral neuraminidase (na) is needed to remove sialic acids so that newly budded virions can disperse. known mechanisms of resistance to na inhibitors include mutations in the inhibitor binding site, or mutations in the hemagglutinin that reduce avidity for sialic acid and therefore reduce the requirement for na activity.	2009	19216793
direct multiplex reverse transcription-nested pcr detection of influenza viruses without rna purification.	this paper describes the development a of direct multiplex reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method, devised for simultaneous detection and typing of influenza viruses. this method combines the direct reverse transcription reaction without rna purification with the enhancement of sensitivity and specificity of nested pcr. the method successfully detected three major human influenza viruses: influenza virus a subtype 1 (h1n1) and subtype 3 (h3n2), and influenza b virus ...	2009	19996703
[safety and immunological effect of domestic split influenza virus vaccine].	to evaluate the safety and immunological effect of domestic split influenza virus vaccine.	2009	19954075
[synthesis and biological activity of complexes of sulfonate-containing polyanions and gentamycin].	a series of copolymers of acrylamide (am) with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (ammpsa) and n-2-hydroxypropyl-methacrylamide (hpma) with acrylic acid (aa) have been synthesized. complexes of gentamycin in the base form with these polymers and dextran sulfate were obtained. it is established that both poly(ammpca) and its complex with gentamycin exhibit an antiviral activity in vitro against human a(h3n2) influenza virus and herpes simplex virus of type 1 (hsv-1). the hpma-aa copolymer ...	2009	19928575
loss of a single n-linked glycan from the hemagglutinin of influenza virus is associated with resistance to collectins and increased virulence in mice.	glycosylation on the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza virus acts as an important target for recognition and destruction of virus by innate immune proteins of the collectin family. this, in turn, modulates the virulence of different viruses for mice. the role of particular oligosaccharide attachments on the ha in determining sensitivity to collectins has yet to be fully elucidated.	2009	19930664
from where did the 2009 'swine-origin' influenza a virus (h1n1) emerge?	the swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus that appeared in 2009 and was first found in human beings in mexico, is a reassortant with at least three parents. six of the genes are closest in sequence to those of h1n2 'triple-reassortant' influenza viruses isolated from pigs in north america around 1999-2000. its other two genes are from different eurasian 'avian-like' viruses of pigs; the na gene is closest to h1n1 viruses isolated in europe in 1991-1993, and the mp gene is closest to h3n2 viruses ...	2009	19930669
trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine given to two-month-old children: an off-season pilot study.	although children less than 6 months of age have the highest risk for hospitalization related to influenza infection, influenza vaccine is not approved for these children.	2009	19935270
incidence, seasonality and mortality associated with influenza pneumonia in thailand: 2005-2008.	data on the incidence, seasonality and mortality associated with influenza in subtropical low and middle income countries are limited. prospective data from multiple years are needed to develop vaccine policy and treatment guidelines, and improve pandemic preparedness.	2009	19936224
neutrophils ameliorate lung injury and the development of severe disease during influenza infection.	the clinical response to influenza infection ranges from mild disease to severe pneumonia and it remains unclear whether the inflammatory response to infection is protective or pathogenic. we have defined a novel role for neutrophils in ameliorating lung injury during influenza infection, thereby limiting development of severe disease. infection of neutrophil-depleted mice with influenza virus hkx31 (h3n2) led to rapid weight loss, pneumonia, and death. neutropenia was associated with enhanced v ...	2009	19917678
seasonal, avian, and novel h1n1 influenza: prevention and treatment modalities.	to review the pathophysiology, pandemics/epidemics, transmissibility, clinical presentation, treatment, prevention/immunization, and resistance associated with seasonal, avian, and swine influenza.	2009	19920156
evolutionary trends of a(h1n1) influenza virus hemagglutinin since 1918.	the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 is spreading to numerous countries and causing many human deaths. although the symptoms in humans are mild at present, fears are that further mutations in the virus could lead to a potentially more dangerous outbreak in subsequent months. as the primary immunity-eliciting antigen, hemagglutinin (ha) is the major agent for host-driven antigenic drift in a(h3n2) virus. however, whether and how the evolution of ha is influenced by existing immunity is poorly understood for ...	2009	19924230
generation and characterization of a cold-adapted attenuated live h3n2 subtype influenza virus vaccine candidate.	h3n2 subtype influenza a viruses have been identified in humans worldwide, raising concerns about their pandemic potential and prompting the development of candidate vaccines to protect humans against this subtype of influenza a virus. the aim of this study was to establish a system for rescuing of a cold-adapted high-yielding h3n2 subtype human influenza virus by reverse genetics.	2009	20092795
[evaluation on the safety and immunogenicity of split influenza virus vaccine].	to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of split influenza virus vaccine made in changchun institute of biological products.	2009	20084888
[analysis on surveillance of influenza in tianshui prefecture from 2005 to 2008].	to observe epidemic status and the types of the influenza virus, to analyse influenza epidemic trends in tianshui city, and to provide basis for influenza prevention and control.	2009	20084889
[the meta analysis on the safety and immunogenicity of domestic and imported split influenza virus vaccines].	to compare the safety and immunogenicity between domestic and imported, imported and imported split influenza virus vaccine in chinese population.	2009	20077670
fitness of pandemic h1n1 and seasonal influenza a viruses during co-infection: evidence of competitive advantage of pandemic h1n1 influenza versus seasonal influenza.	on june 11, 2009 the world health organization (who) declared a new h1n1 influenza pandemic. this pandemic strain is as transmissible as seasonal h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses. major concerns facing this pandemic are whether the new virus will replace, co-circulate and/or reassort with seasonal h1n1 and/or h3n2 human strains. using the ferret model, we investigated which of these three possibilities were most likely favored. our studies showed that the current pandemic virus is more transmis ...	2009	20029606
[swine influenza virus: evolution mechanism and epidemic characterization--a review].	pigs may play an important role in the evolution and ecology of influenza a virus. the tracheal epithelium of pigs contain both sa alpha 2,6 gal and sa alpha 2,3 gal receptors and can be infected with swine, human and avian viruses, therefore, pigs have been considered as an intermediate host for the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans or as mixing vessels for the generation of genetically reassortant viruses. evolution patterns among swine influenza viruses including evolution of ho ...	2009	20030049
[new betulin derivatives in combination with rimantadine for inhibition of influenza virus reproduction].	the preliminary studies mainly revealed comparable inhibition activities of 3-oxime of betulonic acid, 3beta-o-acetyl-28-o-hemiphthalate of betulin and 3,28-dioxime of betulin against reproduction of influenza viruses a (h1n1), a (h7n1), a (h3n2) and b, as well as against the strains of influenza virus a (h1n1) with intrinsic resistance to rimantadine and a (h7n1) with acquired resistance to the drug. the level of the activity depended on the system used for the virus reproduction. the highest l ...	2009	20052912
[review on the etiological property of 1968 hong kong flu virus (h3n2)].		2009	20361594
[epidemiological and molecular characterization of seasonal influenza a/h3n2 viruses circulating in shenzhen, 2005 - 2007].	to determine the epidemiological characteristics of seasonal influenza in shenzhen from 2005 to 2007 and the molecular variation of ha1 domain of influenza h3n2 viruses.	2009	20137464
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of human influenza a viruses in three consecutive seasons with different epidemiological profiles.	influenza activity and influenza virus circulation were observed in lombardy (northern italy) during three consecutive seasons and the molecular characteristics of circulating viruses analysed to control for introduction of new variants.	2009	20099442
[etiology monitoring of influenza virus and variation in hemagglutinin genes of h13 subtype in wuxi area].	to monitor the seasonal distribution of influenza types and subtypes in wuxi area during 2005-2008, and to investigate the variation in hemagglutinin (ha) genes of a/h3n2 strains in 2008.	2009	20104768
[an analysis on genetic characterization of ha1 gene of influenza virus subtype h3n2 circulated from 2001 to 2006 in liaoning local area].	to understand the ha1 genetic variation characterization of influenza virus subtype h3n2 circulated from 2001 to 2006 in liaoning local area.	2009	20104769
[study on the antigenicity and ha1 gene characteristics of influenza a viruses during 2004-2008 year in china].	to under stand influenza a viruses epidemic, antigenicity and genetic characteristics variation between the vaccine and circulation strains during 2004-2008 year in china.	2009	20718339
proteomics-based characterization of hemagglutinins in different strains of influenza virus.	infection with influenza a (subtypes h1n1 and h3n2) or b viruses results in over half a million deaths worldwide every year. frequent antigenic changes (drift) in two major viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase lead to the constant emergence of antigenically distinct virus strains against which there is sub-optimal immunity in the population. consequently the suitability of the viral strains included in the trivalent influenza vaccine (tiv) has to be re-evaluated annually. ...	2009	21137000
isolation of influenza a viruses from pigs in ibadan, nigeria.	the authors investigated influenza virus types in pigs in ibadan, a city in oyo state, south-western nigeria. from april to june 2008, nasal swabs were collected from pigs at three locations in ibadan. influenza a viruses (four a [h1n1], two a [h3n2] and one a [h1n1]-a [h3n2] double reactant) were isolated from 7 of the 50 apparently healthy landrace pigs tested. this study is the first documented isolation of swine influenza viruses in nigeria and it reveals that different strains of influenza ...	2009	20391401
[in vitro activity of ingavirin against influenza virus a (h3n2)].	the comparative analysis of the efficacy of ingavirin and etiotropic chemotherapeutics, such as arbidol and remantadin, against the influenza virus a (h3n2) performed with the use of susceptible permanent cell cultures showed that in the used concentrations ingavirin was efficient in inhibition of the virus cytopathic activity, formation of the specific hemagglutinin and reproduction of the virus (by the accumulation).	2009	20415259
[therapeutic efficacy of ingavirin, a new domestic formulation against influenza a virus (h3n2)].	investigation of the therapeutic efficacy of ingavirin (valenta farmacevtica, russia) against influenza virus a (h3n2) vs. tamiflu, remantadin and arbidol showed that in daily doses of 15 and 20 mg/kg (equal by the efficacy to the human doses of 90 and 120 mg) ingavirin was effective in protection of the albino mice infected by the virus in a dose of 10 to 15 ld50. the protective efficacy was 38.3-39.2% and the increase of the average lifespan amounted to 4.2-4.4 days. the ingavirin efficacy was ...	2008	19227120
[distribution of avian influenza virus subtypes among domestic ducks in eastern china].	to identify the distribution of avian influenza virus subtypes among domestic ducks in eastern china.	2008	19160806
emerging influenza virus: a global threat.	since 1918, in?uenza virus has been one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, especially among young children. though the commonly circulating strain of the virus is not virulent enough to cause mortality, the ability of the virus genome to mutate at a very high rate may lead to the emergence of a highly virulent strain that may become the cause of the next pandemic. apart from the influenza virus strain circulating in humans (h1n1 and h3n2), the avian influenza h5n1 h7 and h9 virus st ...	2008	19208973
timely production of a/fujian-like influenza vaccine matching the 2003-2004 epidemic strain may have been possible using madin-darby canine kidney cells.	timely production and antigenic match with those of the epidemic strains are required for influenza vaccines. a/fujian/411/2002-like (h3n2) virus was the main epidemic influenza virus during the 2003/2004 season in the northern hemisphere. but a/fujian-like reassortant viruses were not available until more than one year later. we evaluated the a/kumamoto/102/2002 strain, an a/fujian/411/2002-like strain isolated in 2002, as a potential vaccine. we compared a/kumamoto/102/2002 viruses isolated fr ...	2008	19149013
co-administration of l-cystine and l-theanine enhances efficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly persons: nutritional status-dependent immunogenicity.	the immune response to influenza vaccine is attenuated in elderly persons, though they are at greatest risk for morbidity and mortality by influenza virus infection. experimental studies demonstrate that co-administration of l-cystine and l-theanine enhanced antigen-specific production of immunoglobulin in aged mice infected with influenza virus. we thus investigated the effect of l-cystine and l-theanine on antibody induction by influenza vaccines in elderly persons.	2008	19149835
[analysis of influenza surveillance from 2000 to 2007 in gansu province].	to study the epidemical characteristics of influenza in gansu province from 2000 to 2007, and to discuss the changes of the predominant strains of influenza virus. this study provide scientific basis for defending influenza effectively.	2008	19105339
occurrence of swine influenza virus infection in swine with porcine respiratory disease complex.	we studied the occurrence of swine influenza virus (siv) infection in piglets with respiratory symptoms resembling porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc). a total of 106 samples including nasal swab and lung suspension from sick piglets were collected from 30 farms of medium size in the central and eastern parts of thailand from august 2006 to february 2007. samples were inoculated onto mardin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells and siv infection was confirmed by immunofluorescent assay (ifa) a ...	2008	19062693
the host-dependent interaction of alpha-importins with influenza pb2 polymerase subunit is required for virus rna replication.	the influenza virus polymerase is formed by the pb1, pb2 and pa subunits and is required for virus transcription and replication in the nucleus of infected cells. as pb2 is a relevant host-range determinant we expressed a tap-tagged pb2 in human cells and isolated intracellular complexes. alpha-importin was identified as a pb2-associated factor by proteomic analyses. to study the relevance of this interaction for virus replication we mutated the pb2 nls and analysed the phenotype of mutant subun ...	2008	19066626
[the spread and biological properties of epidemic influenza viruses a and b strains circulating in the 2006-2007 season in russia].	the epidemic upsurge of influenza morbidity in the 2006-2007 season in russia was caused by the active circulation of influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b viruses. the center for ecology and epidemiology of influenza studied 259 epidemic strains; all the strains were isolated on mdck cell cultures. influenza a(h1n1) viruses (n = 101) were antigenic variants of the references a/new caledonia/20/99 and a/solomon islands/3/06. influenza a(h3n2) viruses (n = 98) were antigenic variants of the references ...	2008	19069788
ongoing evolution of swine influenza viruses: a novel reassortant.	a novel h3n2 influenza virus strain isolated in germany from pigs with clinical symptoms of influenza is described. it was characterised by neutralisation test, hemagglutination inhibition test and complete sequencing of the genome. the data demonstrate the emergence of a h3n2 reassortant with the human-like hah3 gene of prevalent european porcine h3n2 influenza viruses and a nan2 gene of the european porcine h1n2 viruses. the gene segments of the internal proteins are avian-like, consistent wit ...	2008	18985274
anti-influenza virus activity of myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract evaluated using madino-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells.	myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract was added to culture medium of madino-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells inoculated with influenza virus, and the inhibition of influenza virus replication was measured. myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract showed anti-influenza virus activity irrespective of the hemagglutinin antigen type in the influenza virus type a (h1n1), its subtype (h3n2), and type b.	2008	18997411
the human h5n1 influenza a virus polymerase complex is active in vitro over a broad range of temperatures, in contrast to the wsn complex, and this property can be attributed to the pb2 subunit.	influenza a virus (iav) replicates in the upper respiratory tract of humans at 33 degrees c and in the intestinal tract of birds at close to 41 degrees c. the viral rna polymerase complex comprises three subunits (pa, pb1 and pb2) and plays an important role in host adaptation. we therefore developed an in vitro system to examine the temperature sensitivity of iav rna polymerase complexes from different origins. complexes were prepared from human lung epithelial cells (a549) using a novel adenov ...	2008	19008377
[influenza season 2007/'08 in the netherlands: antigenic variation, oseltamivir resistance and vaccine composition for the 2008/'09 season].	the first signs of influenza activity during the 2007/'08 influenza season in the netherlands were sporadic isolations of influenza viruses between week 40 and week 52 of 2007. the frequency of virus isolations and clinical influenza activity increased after week 1 of 2008 and peaked around week 9. in this week, 7.2 patients with influenza-like illness were recorded per 10,000 inhabitants. the influenza epidemic was caused primarily by influenza a/h1n1 viruses and influenza b viruses. two antige ...	2008	18856032
oseltamivir is adequately absorbed following nasogastric administration to adult patients with severe h5n1 influenza.	in the absence of a parenteral drug, oral oseltamivir is currently recommended by the who for treating h5n1 influenza. whether oseltamivir absorption is adequate in severe influenza is unknown. we measured the steady state, plasma concentrations of nasogastrically administered oseltamivir 150 mg bid and its active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate (oc), in three, mechanically ventilated patients with severe h5n1 (male, 30 yrs; pregnant female, 22 yrs) and severe h3n2 (female, 76 yrs). treatmen ...	2008	18923671
limited susceptibility and lack of systemic infection by an h3n2 swine influenza virus in intranasally inoculated chickens.	chickens were intranasally inoculated with the swine influenza virus (siv) a/swine/nc/307408/04 (h3n2) (nc/04 siv) to determine the infectivity of a north american siv for chickens, as well as the possibility of chicken meat serving as a transmission vehicle for siv. white leghorn (wl) layer-type chickens were used for initial pathotyping and infectivity tests, and a more comprehensive intranasal pathogenesis study was done with white plymouth rock (wpr) broiler-type chickens. none of the nc/04 ...	2008	18939642
ubiquitous reassortments in influenza a viruses.	the influenza a virus is a negative-stranded rna virus composed of eight segmented rna molecules, including polymerases (pb2, pb1, pa), hemagglutinin (ha), nucleoprotein (np), neuraminidase (na), matrix protein (mp), and nonstructure gene (ns). the influenza a viruses are notorious for rapid mutations, frequent reassortments, and possible recombinations. among these evolutionary events, reassortments refer to exchanges of discrete rna segments between co-infected influenza viruses, and they have ...	2008	18942162
[viferon suppositories in the treatment of influenza in adults].	one hundred and one patients at the age of 18 to 60 years suffering from influenza were observed during increased ratio of the sickness due to the influenza virus types a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b. the diagnosis of influenza was confirmed by the laboratory tests. viferon was used in the treatment of 35 patients. the randomized double blind placebo-controlled study revealed high therapeutic efficacy ofviferon and its immunomodulating effect on the t-cells, the neutrophil phagocytic activity and the d ...	2008	18942420
comparisons of the influenza virus a m2 channel binding affinities, anti-influenza virus potencies and nmda antagonistic activities of 2-alkyl-2-aminoadamantanes and analogues.	the new 2-alkyl-2-aminoadamantanes and analogues 4-10 were designed and synthesized by simplification of the structure of the potent anti-influenza virus a spiranic aminoadamantane heterocycles 2 and 3. the aim of the present work was to examine the effects of bulky and extended lipophilic moieties attached to amantadine 1 on binding to the m2 channel and the resulting antiviral potency. the binding affinities of the compounds to the m2 protein of influenza virus a/chicken/germany/27 (weybridge ...	2008	18947998
[effect of anti-influenza virus h3n2 of hypericum japonicum in vivo].	to investigate anti-influenza virus h3n2 effect of hypericum japonicum in vivo.	2008	18973021
seroprevalence and risk factors for influenza a viruses in pigs in peninsular malaysia.	following a series of h5n1 cases in chickens and birds in a few states in malaysia, there was much interest in the influenza a viruses subtypes that circulate among the local pig populations. pigs may act as a mixing vessel for avian and mammal influenza viruses, resulting in new reassorted viruses. this study investigated the presence of antibodies against influenza h1n1 and h3n2 viruses in pigs from peninsular malaysia using herdcheck swine influenza h1n1 and h3n2 antibody test kits. at the sa ...	2008	18667027
the role of neutrophils in the upper and lower respiratory tract during influenza virus infection of mice.	neutrophils have been shown to play a role in host defence against highly virulent and mouse-adapted strains of influenza virus, however it is not clear if an effective neutrophil response is an important factor moderating disease severity during infection with other virus strains. in this study, we have examined the role of neutrophils during infection of mice with influenza virus strain hkx31, a virus strain of the h3n2 subtype and of moderate virulence for mice, to determine the role of neutr ...	2008	18671884
[generation of neutralizing recombinant human antibodies for targeting highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) virus].	two human fab antibodies against avian influenza a (h5n1) virus were obtained by panning a h5n1 patient-derived antibody phage library using purified virions of the h5n1 patient isolate a/anhui/1/2005 and ha protein of the h5n1 reference viruse a/viet nam/1203/2004. after testing the binding properties and antiviral function to h5n1 virus, the selected fab antibodies were converted to full human igg antibodies with recombinant baculovirus/insect cell system. both mabs, avfluigg01 and avfluigg03, ...	2008	18683551
oseltamivir-resistant influenza a viruses are transmitted efficiently among guinea pigs by direct contact but not by aerosol.	influenza viruses resistant to the neuraminidase (na) inhibitor oseltamivir arise under drug selection pressure both in vitro and in vivo. several mutations in the active site of the viral na are known to confer relative resistance to oseltamivir, and influenza viruses with certain oseltamivir resistance mutations have been shown to transmit efficiently among cocaged ferrets. however, it is not known whether na mutations alter aerosol transmission of drug-resistant influenza virus. here, we demo ...	2008	18684820
gene expression analysis of host innate immune responses during lethal h5n1 infection in ferrets.	how viral and host factors contribute to the severe pathogenicity of the h5n1 subtype of avian influenza virus infection in humans is poorly understood. we identified three clusters of differentially expressed innate immune response genes in lungs from h5n1 (a/vietnam/1203/04) influenza virus-infected ferrets by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. interferon response genes were more strongly expressed in h5n1-infected ferret lungs than in lungs from ferrets infected with the less pathogenic h3n ...	2008	18684821
prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip), 2008.	this report updates the 2007 recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2007;56[no. rr-6]). the 2008 recommendations include new and updated information. principal updates and changes include 1) a new recommendation that annual vaccination be administered to all children aged 5--18 ...	2008	18685555
replication and transmission of h9n2 influenza viruses in ferrets: evaluation of pandemic potential.	h9n2 avian influenza a viruses are endemic in poultry of many eurasian countries and have caused repeated human infections in asia since 1998. to evaluate the potential threat of h9n2 viruses to humans, we investigated the replication and transmission efficiency of h9n2 viruses in the ferret model. five wild-type (wt) h9n2 viruses, isolated from different avian species from 1988 through 2003, were tested in vivo and found to replicate in ferrets. however these viruses achieved mild peak viral ti ...	2008	18698430
a new and rapid genotypic assay for the detection of neuraminidase inhibitor resistant influenza a viruses of subtype h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1.	the neuraminidase of influenza viruses is the target of the inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir. recent reports on influenza viruses with reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (nai) are a cause for concern. several amino acid substitutions, each as a consequence of one single nucleotide mutation, are known to confer resistance to nai. an increase of nai-resistant viruses appears to be likely as a result of a wider application of nai for treatment and prophylaxis of seasonal influen ...	2008	18725246