Publications

rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in malnourished children exposed to suspect rabid animals.	over half of the world's malnourished children live in asia where more than 90% of reported human rabies deaths occur. in order to determine the effect of malnutrition on the immune response to rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep), 45 children with moderate to severe protein energy malnutrition (pem) who were exposed to potentially rabid animals were enrolled in a clinical trial. patients received purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 30. blood was drawn on ...	2005	15629352
reconstituted, refrigerated and stored tissue culture rabies vaccines retain immunogenicity for longer than 1 week.		2005	15661378
n-glycosylation at one rabies virus glycoprotein sequon influences n-glycan processing at a distant sequon on the same molecule.	rabies glycoprotein (rgp(wt)) contains n-glycosylation sequons at asn(37), asn(247), and asn(319), although asn(37) is not efficiently glycosylated. to examine n-glycan processing at asn(247) and asn(319), full-length glycosylation mutants, rgp(-2-) and rgp(--3), were expressed, and endo h sensitivity was compared. when the asn(247) sequon is present alone in rgp(-2-), 90% of its n-glycans are high-mannose type, whereas only 35% of the n-glycans at asn(319) in rgp(--3) are high-mannose. when bot ...	2005	15677380
spatial dynamics and molecular ecology of north american rabies.	rabies, caused by a single-stranded rna virus, is arguably the most important viral zoonotic disease worldwide. although endemic throughout many regions for millennia, rabies is also undergoing epidemic expansion, often quite rapid, among wildlife populations across regions of europe and north america. a current rabies epizootic in north america is largely attributable to the accidental introduction of a particularly well-adapted virus variant into a naive raccoon population along the virginia/w ...	2005	15677743
immunogenicity of purified vero cell rabies vaccine used in the treatment of fox-bite victims in india.	purified vero cell rabies vaccine was used to treat 19 patients who experienced fox bite. seventeen patients survived, and 2 patients died of rabies. maximum antibody titers determined using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test were 25 iu, < or =90 days after the first vaccination and were 30 iu on day 1050 after booster vaccination.	2005	15712086
fox rabies in india.		2005	15712087
predictive spatial dynamics and strategic planning for raccoon rabies emergence in ohio.	rabies is an important public health concern in north america because of recent epidemics of a rabies virus variant associated with raccoons. the costs associated with surveillance, diagnostic testing, and post-exposure treatment of humans exposed to rabies have fostered coordinated efforts to control rabies spread by distributing an oral rabies vaccine to wild raccoons. authorities have tried to contain westward expansion of the epidemic front of raccoon-associated rabies via a vaccine corridor ...	2005	15737065
a novel rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for rabies virus using a recombinant rabies virus visualizing a green fluorescent protein.	virus-neutralizing antibodies (vnas) against rabies virus play a major role in protection from rabies. the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) has been internationally recognized as a standard in vitro test for measuring the vna. cvs strain of rabies virus is used as challenge virus and the infected cells are indirectly detected by staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)-conjugated rabies antibody which is expensive and high-quality products are often in short supply. in this ...	2005	15737414
[topical problems of rabies: natural foci, the methods of study and control in central russia].	this analytical review is dealing with the origin and evolution of modern rabies as well as hypotheses concerning the natural foci of rabies infection, the formation of the central european nosological area of rabies and its eastward shift due to the systematic oral vaccination of the main hosts. the epizootological problems connected with the character of the natural foci of rabies, as well as the methods and prospects of the vaccination of foxes on the territory of central russia, are discusse ...	2005	15773412
[molecular genetic characterization of rabies virus, isolated in western siberia].	the paper covers a study of four rabies viruses, isolated in 2003 from man, wild foxes, badgers and home cats inhabiting entirely different districts of novosibirsk suburb, and a sample taken from a bat from maslaninsky district. the samples were studied by fluorescent antibody microscopy and a biological test on white mice, rt-pcr-analysis of np-genes and sequencing. the study revealed that related variants of rabies viruses circulated in novosibirsk region, and those formed two groups in genot ...	2005	15776964
nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the rabies virus p protein requires a nuclear localization signal and a crm1-dependent nuclear export signal.	rabies virus p protein is a co-factor of the viral rna polymerase. it has been shown previously that p mrna directs the synthesis of four n-terminally truncated p products p2, p3, p4, and p5 due to translational initiation by a leaky scanning mechanism at internal met codons. whereas p and p2 are located in the cytoplasm, p3, p4, and p5 are found in the nucleus. here, we have analyzed the molecular basis of the subcellular localization of these proteins. using deletion mutants fused to gfp prote ...	2005	15780878
transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients.	in 2004, four recipients of kidneys, a liver, and an arterial segment from a common organ donor died of encephalitis of an unknown cause.	2005	15784663
incidence of and risk factors for adverse events associated with distemper and rabies vaccine administration in ferrets.	to determine incidence of and risk factors for adverse events associated with distemper and rabies vaccine administration in ferrets.	2005	15786992
archival study of a finnish isolate from the 1988/89 rabies outbreak.	an archival brain sample from an infected dog taken during the 1988/89 rabies outbreak in finland was investigated to confirm that it was infected with classical rabies virus (genotype 1). the first 400 base pairs of the virus nucleoprotein gene were then sequenced and used to undertake a phylogenetic comparison between this isolate and a panel of rabies virus sequences from the baltic region. the finnish dog isolate was identical to a virus isolated from a raccoon-dog also recorded during the 1 ...	2005	15789260
modulation of the immune response in the nervous system by rabies virus.	rabies virus (rabv) is a pathogen well-adapted to the nervous system, where it infects neurons. rabv is transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. it enters the nervous system via a motor neuron through the neuromuscular junction, or via a sensory nerve through nerve spindles. it then travels from one neuron to the next, along the spinal cord to the brain and the salivary glands. the virions are then excreted in the saliva of the animal and can be transmitted to another host by bite. thus pr ...	2005	15791959
[tragic cases of rabies via transplantation: how great is risk of infection for the organ recipient? (interview by dr. thomas meissner)].		2005	15794347
novel rabies virus-neutralizing epitope recognized by human monoclonal antibody: fine mapping and escape mutant analysis.	anti-rabies virus immunoglobulin combined with rabies vaccine protects humans from lethal rabies infections. for cost and safety reasons, replacement of the human or equine polyclonal immunoglobulin is advocated, and the use of rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) is recommended. we produced two previously described potent rabies virus-neutralizing human mabs, cr57 and crjb, in human per.c6 cells. the two mabs competed for binding to rabies virus glycoprotein. using cr57 and a set ...	2005	15795253
the application of reverse genetics technology in the study of rabies virus (rv) pathogenesis and for the development of novel rv vaccines.	rabies is a central nervous system (cns) disease that is almost invariably fatal. neurotropism, neuroinvasiveness, and transsynaptic spread are the main features that determine the pathogenesis of rabies. recent advances in rabies virus (rv) research, which made direct genetic manipulations of the rv genome possible, greatly improved the understanding of the role of different viral and host cell factors in the pathogenesis of rabies. here the authors discuss molecular mechanisms associated with ...	2005	15804964
rabies virus receptors.	there is convincing in vitro evidence that the muscular form of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr), the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (ncam), and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75ntr) bind rabies virus and/or facilitate rabies virus entry into cells. other components of the cell membrane, such as gangliosides, may also participate in the entry of rabies virus. however, little is known of the role of these molecules in vivo. this review proposes a speculative model that accounts for ...	2005	15804965
the role of immune responses in the pathogenesis of rabies.	in the absence of treatment, infection with a variety of rabies virus strains most often results in a lethal outcome. this can be averted by prompt immunization following exposure demonstrating that the development of anti-rabies viral immunity prior to extensive infection of neurons is protective. otherwise it might be expected that immune clearance of the virus would result in neurological sequelae. thus, the capacity of a rabies virus to induce a protective immune response is a major, negativ ...	2005	15804966
pathophysiology of human paralytic rabies.	furious rabies is a well-recognized clinical disorder in humans but the paralytic form is not as easily identified. the mechanisms responsible for the weakness and longer survival periods are not clear. several hypotheses have been proposed, including rabies virus variants associated with a particular vector, location of wounds, incubation period, influence of prior rabies vaccination, and virus localization in the central nervous system (cns). however, none of these have been substantiated. reg ...	2005	15804967
neuronal dysfunction and death in rabies virus infection.	because morphologic changes in natural rabies are usually relatively mild, it is thought that the severe clinical disease with a fatal outcome must be due to neuronal dysfunction of rabies virus-infected neurons. the precise bases of this functional impairment are unknown, and current knowledge on electro-physiological alterations, effects on ion channels and neurotransmission, and neurotoxicity are reviewed. rabies virus may induce neuronal death, possibly through apoptotic mechanisms. neuronal ...	2005	15804968
production of rabies neutralizing antibody in hen's eggs using a part of the g protein expressed in escherichia coli.	in an attempt to produce anti-rabies immunoglobulin affordable for people living in developing countries, we have immunized layer chickens with a part of the g protein of rabies virus expressed in escherichia coli. immunoglobulin (igy) was purified from the yolks of eggs layed by immunized hens. it was revealed in vitro that the antibody specifically bound to virions as well as cells infected with rabies virus. moreover, the antibody apparently neutralized rabies virus infectivity. inoculation o ...	2005	15811649
persistence of elevated rabies prevention costs following post-epizootic declines in rates of rabies among raccoons (procyon lotor).	determining the benefits to cost relationships among different approaches to rabies control and prevention has been hindered by the inherent temporal variability in the dynamics of disease among wildlife reservoir hosts and a tangible and objective measure of the cost of rabies prevention. a major and unavoidable component of rabies prevention programs involves diagnostic testing of animals and the subsequent initiation of appropriate public health responses. the unit cost per negative and posit ...	2005	15820116
prophylaxis against rabies.		2005	15829548
genetic characterization of rabies virus isolates in korea.	in investigation of the genetic characteristics of rabies viruses in korea, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the nucleoprotein (n) gene were determined in four korean rabies virus strains obtained from dogs and raccoons, and were compared with published sequences for non-korean rabies viruses. three korean rabies virus isolates had identical nucleotide sequences, and the fourth differed at only one nucleotide position. the korean virus isolates had 84.5-92.0% nucleotide sequenc ...	2005	15830152
a single immunization with a rhabdovirus-based vector expressing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) s protein results in the production of high levels of sars-cov-neutralizing antibodies.	foreign viral proteins expressed by rabies virus (rv) have been shown to induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized animals. in addition, highly attenuated and, therefore, very safe rv-based vectors have been constructed. here, an rv-based vaccine vehicle was utilized as a novel vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). for this approach, the sars-cov nucleocapsid protein (n) or envelope spike protein (s) genes were cloned between the rv glyc ...	2005	15831955
evolutionary timescale of rabies virus adaptation to north american bats inferred from the substitution rate of the nucleoprotein gene.	throughout north america, rabies virus (rv) is endemic in bats. distinct rv variants exist that are closely associated with infection of individual host species, such that there is little or no sustained spillover infection away from the primary host. using bayesian methodology, nucleotide substitution rates were estimated from alignments of partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences of nine distinct bat rv variants from north america. substitution rates ranged from 2.32 x 10(-4) to 1.38 x 10(-3) ...	2005	15831959
prophylaxis against rabies.		2005	15832455
prophylaxis against rabies.		2005	15832456
construction of human fab library and isolation of monoclonal fabs with rabies virus-neutralizing ability.	a combinatorial human fab library was constructed using rnas from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 6 rabies vaccine-boosted volunteers using pcomb3x phagemid vector. the size of the constructed library was approximately 7.0 x 10(7) escherichia coli transformants. the library was selected against purified rabies virus (rv) virion or purified rv glycoprotein for isolation of phages displaying rvneutralizing human fab antibody. among 132 selected clones, two fab preparations revealed neutralizing ac ...	2005	15840956
detection of rabies-specific antigens by egg yolk antibody (igy) to the recombinant rabies virus proteins produced in escherichia coli.	we obtained rabies-specific egg yolk antibodies (igy) by immunizing hens with recombinant his-tagged nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein (rn, rp) of the rabies virus (cvs-11 strain) expressed in escherichia coli. the anti-rn and rp igy were shown to bind specifically to the respective proteins of the cvs-11 strain of rabies virus by western blotting, immune fluorescent assay and immunohistochemistry, indicating that igy to rabies recombinant proteins could serve as a reagent for diagnosis of rabies ...	2005	15858294
studies on antigenic and genomic properties of brazilian rabies virus isolates.	despite the recognized stability of rabies virus, differences among isolates from different species have been found. this work was carried out with the aim to identify antigenic and genomic differences in brazilian rabies virus isolates and to verify whether such alterations would bear any relationship with the different hosts for the virus in nature. for that, 79 brazilian rabies viruses isolated from different host species and from distinct regions within brazil were submitted to antigenic cha ...	2005	15863275
replication strategies of rabies virus.	rabies virus (rv) is a prototype neurotropic virus that causes fatal disease in human and animals. rv infects hosts at the periphery, enters motoneurons or sensory nerves and moves to the central nervous system (cns) via retrograde axonal transport. at later stages, there is also centrifugal spread to major exit portals, such as the salivary glands. transmission to other hosts is facilitated by behavioral changes related to the cns infection. successful accomplishment of the rv infectious cycle ...	2005	15885837
fluorometric cell-elisa for quantifying rabies infection and heparin inhibition.	the purpose of the present study was to implement a fluorometric method for detecting and quantifying viral antigens in human meduloblastoma cells infected by two types of fixed rabies virus (cvs-mb and cvs-bhk) and a street virus using a cell-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cell-elisa) technique; alkaline phosphatase was used as the antibody-marker enzyme and 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-phosphate as the fluorogenic substrate. the system was used for detecting up to 1:10,000 viral inoculums, follow ...	2005	15893563
molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in mexico.	epizootiological patterns of rabies are described, using antigenic and genetic analysis of samples obtained from infected domestic and wild mammals in 20 mexican states during 1976-2002. two independent origins are suggested for rabies in mexican carnivores. one group shares ancestry with canine rabies, while the other group appears to share a common origin with bat rabies in north america. more than 12 sublineages were found in rabid dog populations, suggesting at least six major spatio-tempora ...	2005	15896399
efficacy of rabies biologics against new lyssaviruses from eurasia.	new causative agents of rabies continue to emerge as shown by the recent description of four novel lyssaviruses from bats in eurasia, aravan (arav), khujand (khuv), irkut (irkv), and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). the effect of rabies vaccination prior to exposure to these new lyssaviruses was investigated in two animal models (i.e., syrian hamsters and ferrets). the hamsters were vaccinated intramuscularly with a commercial human or veterinary vaccine or with an experimental vaccinia-rabies g ...	2005	15896401
comparative pathogenesis of the sad-l16 strain of rabies virus and a mutant modifying the dynein light chain binding site of the rabies virus phosphoprotein in young mice.	recent reports have suggested that rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) interaction with dynein minus-end-directed microtubule motor proteins may be of fundamental importance in the axonal transport of rabies virus. a deletion of 11 amino acids was introduced into recombinant rabies virus sad-l16 (l16) that modified the dynein light chain (lc8) binding site of the rabies virus p, producing mutant l-deltap11. this mutant is a useful tool for determining the role of p-lc8 interaction in viral spread an ...	2005	15896402
characterization of p gene-deficient rabies virus: propagation, pathogenicity and antigenicity.	the rna polymerase of rabies virus (rv) is a two-protein complex composed of l (a large catalytic component) and p (a non-catalytic phosphoprotein cofactor) proteins. we generated a gene-deficient rv lacking the entire p gene from hep-flury (hep) strain, one of the most attenuated rv strains, by the method of reverse genetics. this p gene-deficient (def-p) virus could replicate and produce progeny viruses with a slightly retarded rate in the cell lines that constitutively express the p protein. ...	2005	15896403
status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the united states.	persistence of multiple variants of rabies virus in wild chiroptera and carnivora presents a continuing challenge to medical, veterinary and wildlife management professionals. oral rabies vaccination (orv) targeting specific carnivora species has emerged as an integral adjunct to conventional rabies control strategies to protect humans and domestic animals. orv has been applied with progress toward eliminating rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in western europe and southern ontario, canada. mo ...	2005	15896404
indirect oral immunization of captive vampires, desmodus rotundus.	a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus (v-rg) vaccine was tested in hematophagous bats (desmodus rotundus) kept in captivity. the vaccine was applied in a neutral vehicle (vaseline) spread on the back of one or two vector bats, which were then reintroduced into their groups. our hypothesis was that, as in the case of vampire bat control by vampiricide paste, the administration of v-rg vaccine through paste to one bat could indirectly protect other bats from the same group. eight groups ...	2005	15896405
a need for standardized rabies-virus diagnostic procedures: effect of cover-glass mountant on the reliability of antigen detection by the fluorescent antibody test.	the direct fluorescent antibody test is a sensitive and specific procedure used in the routine diagnosis of rabies. however, given the critical role of the rabies diagnostic laboratory in patient management and public health decision-making, the use of a standardized national rabies diagnostic procedure is highly recommended. seemingly small variations in test procedures may have dramatic effects on sensitivity. for example, two independent reports of diminished staining performance of two lots ...	2005	15896406
immunological insights from genetic vaccines.	e1-deleted adenoviral vectors expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein rapidly induce protective titers of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in adult and neonatal mice upon systemic or mucosal immunization. pre-existing immunity in humans due to natural infections with common human serotypes of adenovirus such as the human serotype 5, most commonly used as a vaccine carrier can be circumvented by systemic immunization with a simian-origin adenovirus or by using the oral route of immunization. ...	2005	15896407
plant biopharming of monoclonal antibodies.	recent advances in molecular biology and plant biotechnology have shifted the concept of growing crops as a food source to serving as a bioreactor for the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. plants are potential biopharming factories because they are capable of producing unlimited numbers and amounts of recombinant proteins safely and inexpensively. in the last two decades, plant production systems have been developed for monoclonal antibody production, which has been useful in passi ...	2005	15896408
oral vaccination of dogs with recombinant rabies virus vaccines.	oral rabies virus (rv) vaccines are used to immunize a diversity of mammalian carnivores, but no single biological is effective for all major species. recently, advances in reverse genetics have allowed the design of recombinant rv for consideration as new vaccines. the objective of this experiment was to examine the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of recombinant rv vaccines administered to captive dogs by the oral route, compared to a commercial vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombina ...	2005	15896409
screening of pro-apoptotic genes upregulated in an experimental street rabies virus-infected neonatal mouse brain.	rabies virus (rabv) is able to induce apoptotic death of target cells. the molecular pathway of rabv-induced cell death is partially known. in the present study, cdna array analysis was used as a tool to screen for pro-apoptotic genes that may be involved in rabv induction. rna was extracted from the infected cns and from mock-infected controls. when the mean gene expression was compared between the infected group and controls, 21 potential apoptotic genes were identified that exhibited more tha ...	2005	15905604
immunogenic and antigenic properties of recombinant soluble glycoprotein of rabies virus.	rabies virus glycoprotein is a type i transmembrane protein exposed on the surface on the mature virus particle that induces virus neutralizing antibodies. in the present study, 60 amino acid c-terminal hydrophobic anchor (transmembrane) and cytoplasmic domains of glycoprotein were deleted from full-length glycoprotein and fused with polyhistidine tag. the n-terminal viral signal peptide was also replaced with cd33 signal peptide for efficient secretion in mammalian cells. following transfection ...	2005	15916870
cerebral cortical control of orbicularis oculi motoneurons.	cerebral cortical neural networks associated with eyelid movement play a critical role in facial animation, contribute to the regulation of blink frequency, and help prevent ocular injury. eyelid closure depends, in part, on motoneurons that innervate the orbicularis oculi (oo) muscles. in this study, oo motoneuron cortical afferents were identified in rhesus monkeys with rabies virus, a retrograde transneuronal tracer. virus was injected into the right oo muscle and immunohistochemically locali ...	2005	15919061
identification of the rabies virus alpha/beta interferon antagonist: phosphoprotein p interferes with phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3.	rabies virus (rv) of the rhabdoviridae family grows in alpha/beta interferon (ifn)-competent cells, suggesting the existence of viral mechanisms preventing ifn gene expression. we here identify the viral phosphoprotein p as the responsible ifn antagonist. the critical involvement of p was first suggested by the observation that an rv expressing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp)-p fusion protein (sad egfp-p) (s. finke, k. brzozka, and k. k. conzelmann, j. virol. 78:12333-12343, 2004) w ...	2005	15919920
[application of mcabs against rabies nucleocapsid in diagnosis of rabies street virus].	mcabs against rabies nucleocapsid were used to detect rabies street viruses in animal brain specimens with indirect immunofluorescent assay to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this assay.	2005	15921612
rapid detection and differentiation of bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5 glycoprotein c gene in clinical specimens by multiplex-pcr.	a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex-pcr) to detect and differentiate bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) and 5 (bohv-5) was developed using primers for the gene sequence that encodes the glycoprotein c. the technique was assessed against the bohv-1 and bohv-5 cell culture adapted strains, and clinical samples collected from animals with clinical signs of bohv-1 (n = 10) or bohv-5 (n = 7) infection and with diagnosis confirmed by virus isolation in cell culture and semi-nested pcr. fifteen ...	2005	15939490
[rabies vaccine].		2005	15954425
fatal encephalitis due to rabies virus transmitted by organ transplantation.		2005	15956154
rabies encephalomyelitis: clinical, neuroradiological, and pathological findings in 4 transplant recipients.	three patients received solid organ transplants from a common donor and were subsequently discharged from the hospital following an uneventful hospital course. within 30 days, all 3 organ recipients returned to the hospital with varying symptoms that progressed to rapid neurological deterioration, coma, and death.	2005	15956158
development of a real-time, taqman reverse transcription-pcr assay for detection and differentiation of lyssavirus genotypes 1, 5, and 6.	several reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) methods have been reported for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses. these methods invariably involve multiple transfers of nucleic acids between different tubes, with the risk of contamination leading to the production of false-positive results. here we describe a single, closed-tube, nonnested rt-pcr with taqman technology that distinguishes between classical rabies virus (genotype 1) and european bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2 (genotypes 5 an ...	2005	15956398
survival after treatment of rabies with induction of coma.	we report the survival of a 15-year-old girl in whom clinical rabies developed one month after she was bitten by a bat. treatment included induction of coma while a native immune response matured; rabies vaccine was not administered. the patient was treated with ketamine, midazolam, ribavirin, and amantadine. probable drug-related toxic effects included hemolysis, pancreatitis, acidosis, and hepatotoxicity. lumbar puncture after eight days showed an increased level of rabies antibody, and sedati ...	2005	15958806
transmission of rabies from an organ donor.		2005	15958813
experimental rabies infection in haematophagous bats desmodus rotundus.	in order to determine the susceptibility and serum neutralizing antibody response of desmodus rotundus to rabies virus, bats were inoculated with a virus isolated from a naturally infected haematophagous bat. bats were divided into four groups of 10 animals each. dilutions of rabies virus containing 100, 1000, 10,000 and 100,000 micld50 (lethal dose 50% for mice inoculated by the intracerebral route) were administrated in the pectoral muscle. the presence of rabies virus was detected in brain an ...	2005	15962559
molecular epidemiology of rabies in northern colombia 1994-2003. evidence for human and fox rabies associated with dogs.	during the period 2000-2003, wild grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in northern colombia became infected with rabies. in order to derive phylogenetic relationships between rabies viruses isolated in foxes, dogs and humans in this region, 902 nt cdna fragments containing the g-l intergenic region and encoding the cytoplasmic domain of protein g and a fragment of protein l were obtained by rt-pcr, sequenced and compared. phylogenetic analysis showed that rabies viruses isolated in foxes, dogs ...	2005	15962560
[pre- and post-exposure rabies prophylaxis: who to vaccinate and how?].	switzerland is rabies free since 1996 (except bats). however sporadic cases in animals (imported dogs and local bats essentially) may occur from time to time. the disease is always fatal, which implies special attention when someone gets bitten or scratched by a wild or unknown animal, not only in a country with a high endemicity, but also in switzerland. in this article, we will explore in detail the modalites of application of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis following the publication of new ...	2005	15962626
rabies human diploid cell vaccine elicits cross-neutralising and cross-protecting immune responses against european and australian bat lyssaviruses.	the ability of antibodies elicited against the rabies human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) to neutralise european bat lyssaviruses (eblv types-1 and -2), australian bat lyssavirus and classical rabies virus (rabv) has been evaluated using modified fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation (mfavn) assays. ninety-six percent (48 of 50) of the human post-vaccinated sera tested cross-neutralised these viruses (>or=0.5 iu/ml). cross-protection experiments using inbred mice (riii, k/k haplotype) were als ...	2005	15964478
salivary excretion of rabies virus by healthy vampire bats.	salivary excretion of rabies virus was evaluated in 14 adult vampire bats (desmodus rotundus) intramuscularly injected with a large dose (10(6) micld50) of vampire rabies virus variant cass88. saliva samples were obtained from surviving bats every other day for 30 days, then weekly for 2 months, and finally 1 and 2 years later. rabies virus was isolated in murine neuroblastoma cells and in randomly selected cases by pcr. rabies virus was not detected in the saliva of any of the 11 animals that s ...	2005	15966107
the human antibody repertoire specific for rabies virus glycoprotein as selected from immune libraries.	antibody phage display technology was used to identify human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize rabies virus (rv). a phage repertoire was constructed using antibody genes harvested from the blood of vaccinated donors. selections using this repertoire and three different antigen formats of the rv glycoprotein (gp) resulted in the identification of 147 unique antibody fragments specific for the rv gp. analysis of the dna sequences of these antibodies demonstrated a large variation in the heavy- ...	2005	15971273
recombinant rabies virus vaccine strain sad-l16 inoculated intracerebrally in young mice produces a severe encephalitis with extensive neuronal apoptosis.	seven-day-old icr mice were infected by intracerebral inoculation with recombinant rabies virus vaccine strain sad-l16. infected mice developed severe and fatal encephalitis with rabies virus-infected neurons in widespread regions of the brain. there was extensive neuronal death with predominant features of apoptosis, as assessed by light and electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp-biotin nick end labeling (tunel) staining, and immunohistochemical staining for ac ...	2005	15971673
dna vaccine for rabies: relevance of the trans-membrane domain of the glycoprotein in generating an antibody response.	various studies have demonstrated the potential of immunization with dna vaccines encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (rv-g) to elicit humoral responses. in the present study, we have designed four constructs using a vr1020 vector, wherein the rv-g ectodomain has been cloned without the signal sequence (ss) and the trans-membrane domain (td) (rgvr), without the ss but with the td (rgvrt), with the ss but without the td (rgvrs) and with the ss and the td (rgvrst), under the control of a cytome ...	2005	15978691
pathogenesis of rabies.	rabies is a central nervous system (cns) disease that is almost invariably fatal. the causative agent is rabies virus (rv), a negative-stranded rna virus of the rhabdovirus family. rv pathogenesis, like that of other viruses, is a multigenic trait. recent findings indicate that in addition to the rv g protein viral elements that regulate gene expression, especially expression of the l gene, are also likely to play a role in rv pathogenesis. in vivo, rv infects almost exclusively neurons, and neu ...	2005	15981467
transmission dynamics of rabies virus in thailand: implications for disease control.	in thailand, rabies remains a neglected disease with authorities continuing to rely on human death statistics while ignoring the financial burden resulting from an enormous increase in post-exposure prophylaxis. past attempts to conduct a mass dog vaccination and sterilization program have been limited to bangkok city and have not been successful. we have used molecular epidemiology to define geographic localization of rabies virus phylogroups and their pattern of spread in thailand.	2005	15985183
[construction and immunogenicity of recombinant canine adenovirus type 2 with the external part of glycoprotein of rabies virus].	the cases of rabies increase greatly in recent years in china and rabies continues to be a serious problem in developing countries due to the reservoirs of rabies virus in dogs and wildlife vectors. the control of rabies depends on the development of safe, effective, economical vaccines that may be used for preexposure vaccination in animals. for this purpose, the external part of glycoprotein gene of rabies virus strain srv9 (rvg) was amplified by the rt-pcr and cloned into pegfp-c1 with replac ...	2005	15989263
importation of canid rabies in a horse relocated from zimbabwe to south africa.	in july 2003 a 2-year-old thoroughbred colt was imported from harare, zimbabwe to the ashburton training centre, pietermaritzburg, south africa. five months after importation, the colt presented with clinical signs suggestive of rabies: it was uncoordinated, showed muscle tremors and was biting at itself. brain tissue was submitted for analysis and the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). phylogenetic anal ...	2005	15991708
novel human monoclonal antibody combination effectively neutralizing natural rabies virus variants and individual in vitro escape mutants.	the need to replace rabies immune globulin (rig) as an essential component of rabies postexposure prophylaxis is widely acknowledged. we set out to discover a unique combination of human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) able to replace rig. stringent criteria concerning neutralizing potency, affinity, breadth of neutralization, and coverage of natural rabies virus (rv) isolates and in vitro escape mutants were set for each individual antibody, and the complementarities of the two mabs were defined a ...	2005	15994800
trophic activity of rabies g protein-pseudotyped equine infectious anemia viral vector mediated igf-i motor neuron gene transfer in vitro.	the present study examines gene delivery to cultured motor neurons (mns) with the rabies g protein (rabg)-pseudotyped lentiviral equine infectious anemia virus (rabg.eiav) vector. rabg.eiav-mediated beta-galactosidase (rabg.eiav-lacz) gene expression in cultured mns plateaus 120 h after infection. the rate and percent of gene expression observed are titer-dependent (p < 0.001). the rat igf-i cdna sequence was then cloned into a rabg.eiav vector (rabg.eiav-igf-i) and was shown to induce igf-i exp ...	2005	16005636
rabies virus detection and phylogenetic studies in samples from an exhumed human.		2005	16007545
[improved biochemical characteristics of human disulfide-stabilized fv fragment to rabies virus].	this study is (1) to improve the stabilization of human scfv to rabies virus; (2) to prepare active human dsfv fragment; and (3) to evaluate the biological activities of dsfv. the dsfv v(h) and vl were separately expressed in pet22b(+)/bl21 (de3), solublized and combined in appropriate molar ratio in refolding solution. the resultant dsfv fragments were evaluated for its protection against rabies virus, its affinity and stability, in reference to the cognate scfv. the dsfv was found to bind spec ...	2005	16013487
degeneration of neuronal processes after infection with pathogenic, but not attenuated, rabies viruses.	the structural alterations of neuronal processes in mice were investigated after the mice were infected with rabies virus (rv). silver staining of infected brain sections showed severe destruction and disorganization of neuronal processes in mice infected with pathogenic rv but not with attenuated rv. however, neuronal bodies showed very little pathological changes. electron microscopy revealed the disappearance of intracellular organelles, as well as the disappearance of synaptic structures and ...	2005	16014967
[antigenic relationship between nucleocapsid proteins of phyto- and zoorhabdoviruses].	the methods of electrophoresis in paag and immunological method were used for comparative analysis of structural proteins of phytorhabdovirus of potato curly dwarf (pcdv) and zoorhabdoviruses-vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and fixed rabies virus (rv). molecular weight of viral proteins was determined by the method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. the proteins with molecular weight 45-51 kd, are probably, the major component of the viral nucleocap ...	2005	16018215
rapid discrimination of rabies viruses isolated from various host species in brazil by multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	rabies is carried mainly by mammalian carnivores and vampire bats in latin america. however, rabies virus (rv) has been isolated in recent years from not only vampire bats in rural areas but also from several non-vampire bat species in urban areas, respectively. therefore, rapid molecular screening is necessary for efficient epidemiology of these rvs. in this study, we investigated the usefulness of multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for determining the origins of ...	2005	16036175
high level expression of surface glycoprotein of rabies virus in tobacco leaves and its immunoprotective activity in mice.	a synthetic gene coding for the surface glycoprotein (g protein) of rabies virus was strategically designed to achieve high-level expression in transgenic plants. the native signal peptide was replaced by that of the pathogenesis related protein, pr-s of nicotiana tabacum. an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal was included at c-terminus of the g protein. tobacco plants were genetically engineered by nuclear transformation. selected transgenic lines expressed the chimeric g protein at 0.38% o ...	2005	16038998
purification, potency and immunogenicity analysis of vero cell culture-derived rabies vaccine: a comparative study of single-step column chromatography and zonal centrifuge purification.	continuous vero cell lines are more suitable for large-scale production of rabies vaccine. the purification of vero cell-derived rabies vaccine is critical because of the residual cellular dna and serum proteins. the perfection of techniques using column chromatography with different matrix material, gel filtration and zonal centrifugation is of paramount importance for the optimal purification of rabies vaccine, leaving minimal residual cellular dna, below the permissible level of 100 pg per do ...	2005	16046167
comparative evaluation of specific elisa and rffit antibody assays in the assessment of dog immunity against rabies.	two techniques are currently used to evaluate the humoral immune responses to rabies vaccination: elisa, which detects binding antibodies to viral antigens and the who reference rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit), which assays in vitro virus-neutralizing antibodies. in this study, we have comparatively evaluated antibody responses of dogs reared either in an experimental kennel or living in field conditions after vaccination with a cell culture-derived rabies vaccine. in experimenta ...	2005	16050522
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates from south korea.	a molecular epidemiological study was performed on 13 korean virus isolates, which were collected from wild and domestic animals diagnosed as rabid between 1998 and 2004. seven samples were from domestic animals such as dogs and cattle infected by rabid raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis), and the rest of the six samples were from raccoon dogs in the wild. the study was carried out based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein ...	2005	16051390
lack of impact of abo blood group or corresponding isoantibodies on the immune response after rabies vaccination.	demand for rabies hyperimmunoglobulin has increased recently, requiring optimization of vaccination schemes for immunized plasma donors. possible resemblance of rabies vaccine to blood group antigens and consequential association of the immune response to rabies vaccine and blood group or corresponding isoantibodies has not yet been investigated. we analyzed antirabies antibodies after rabies vaccination and abo blood group in 142 individuals, and isoantibody titers in 92 of those individuals. w ...	2005	16053197
immunopotentiation of the antibody response against influenza ha with apoptotic bodies generated by rabies virus g-era protein-driven apoptosis.	apoptosis is considered to be a way of eliminating unwanted cells without causing major inflammation. nevertheless, several lines of evidence show that apoptotic cell-derived antigens can be strong immunogens. the rabies virus glycoprotein g-era is an apoptotic molecule. we tested the ability of g-era to potentiate a b cell response against an exogenous antigen (influenza hemagglutinin, ha). we found that co-expression of g-era and ha in apoptotic bodies increased both the primary and memory ha- ...	2005	16054731
evaluation of a new five-injection, two-site,intradermal schedule for purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine: a randomized, open-label, active-controlled trial in healthy adult volunteers in india.	human rabies is an ongoing significant public health problem inmany developing countries, with india reporting the highest incidence of rabies-related deaths (∼20,000 per year). many people living in india cannot afford the standard im postexposure prophylaxis (pep) with cell-culture vaccines, which are administered using a 5-dose regimen developed in essen, germany. a potentially less expensive intradermal (id) regimen, based on the essen regimen, has been developed at the kempegowda institute ...	2005	24672132
a comparison of the tolerability of two dilution volumes (0.5 ml and 1.0 ml) of a purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine administered intramuscularly to healthy adult volunteers: a randomized, intraindividual, assessor-blind study.	the current recommendation of the manufacturer for administering purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) is to reconstitute the contents with 1.0 ml of water for injection (wfi). however, it has been debated whether a lower volume of wfi (0.5 ml) is likely to cause less pain.	2004	24936103
oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: opportunities and challenges in prevention and control.	rabies is an acute, progressive, fatal encephalitis caused by viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. rabies virus is the representative member of the group. warm-blooded vertebrates are susceptible to experimental infection, but major primary hosts for disease perpetuation encompass bats and mammalian carnivores. the dog is the global reservoir, and important wild carnivores include foxes, raccoons, skunks, and mongoose, among others. traditionally, reliance upon long-term, wides ...	2004	15742629
[rabies and other lyssaviruses].	since rabies has not been reported in japan for nearly the past 50 years, it has been relegated to the status of a forgotten infectious disease in this country. however,in the neighboring asian countries, africa, america, the number fo rabies cases had not decrease but on the contrary, seen an increasing trend. in russia and the former soviet union countries (cis countries), the number of information. between 30,000 approximately 20,000 fatal cases of rabies in both humans and animals had been r ...	2004	15745159
elimination of terrestrial rabies in western european countries.	since the late 1930s, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) has been the main vector of rabies in europe. practically, decimation of fox population did not prevent the spread of the disease. the only efficient method to control wildlife rabies consisted in using oral vaccination by depositing vaccine baits containing a capsule or a plastic sachet filled with an attenuated anti-rabies liquid vaccine throughout fox habitats. several live virus vaccines have been and are currently being used: the sad b19 and ...	2004	15747421
rabies and rabies-related viruses: a modern perspective on an ancient disease.	rabies is a worldwide zoonosis caused by a lyssavirus, with many host species acting as reservoirs for infection. the epidemiology of rabies has changed over recent years, as this disease has been brought under control or eliminated in many terrestrial animal species in europe and north america. a large number of lyssavirus variants have now been characterised, and their distribution and animal hosts have become known. however, new lyssaviruses have been isolated from bats, prompting scientists ...	2004	15702724
rabies in endangered ethiopian wolves.	with rabies emerging as a particular threat to wild canids, we report on a rabies outbreak in a subpopulation of endangered ethiopian wolves in the bale mountains, ethiopia, in 2003 and 2004. parenteral vaccination of wolves was used to manage the outbreak.	2004	15663865
the heminested rt-pcr for the study of rabies virus pathogenesis.	the aim of the present trial was to evaluate the heminested rt-pcr for the study of rabies virus distribution in mice inoculated experimentally. inoculation was by the intramuscular route in 150 mice, using the dog street rabies virus. groups of five animals were killed at different times. fragments of different organs were collected and the material was tested by fluorescent antibody test (fat) and heminested rt-pcr (hn rt-pcr). positive results were obtained beginning on the 10th day after ino ...	2004	15664054
[the survey of 21 cases of human rabies in anlong county in guizhou province].	to analyze 21 cases of rabies from february 8 to may 1 in 2004 in anlong county in guizhou province, and to explore the possible factors causing the epidemics.	2004	15631744
epidemiology of rabid bats in france, 1989 to 2002.		2004	15638002
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2003.	during 2003, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the cdc. this represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. more than 91 (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 74% in domestic species in 2002). the relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons ...	2004	15643834
molecular epidemiology of terrestrial rabies in the former soviet union.	fifty-five rabies virus isolates originating from different regions of the former soviet union (fsu) were compared with isolates originating from eurasia, africa, and north america according to complete or partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences. the fsu isolates formed five distinct groups. group a represented viruses originating from the arctic, which were similar to viruses from alaska and canada. group b consisted of "arctic-like" viruses, originating from the south of east siberia and the ...	2004	15650080
serologic evidence of nonfatal rabies exposure in a free-ranging oncilla (leopardus tigrinus) in cotapata national park, bolivia.	a clinically healthy free-ranging oncilla (leopardus tigrinus) was live-trapped in boliva in 2000. based on serology, we concluded that this animal was exposed to feline panleukopenia virus, toxoplasma gondii, and rabies virus. the rabies virus-neutralizing antibody titer (>70 iu/ml) in this oncilla was unusual for an asymptomatic animal exposed to street virus and at a level expected in animals exposed to a large amount of virus, clinically affected, or vaccinated. based on a subsequent 18 mo o ...	2004	15650107
[biological characteristics of the adapted rabies virus 3ag-v in vero cell].	to study the biological features of the adapted rabies virus 3ag-v in vero cell.	2004	15650786
host-dependent type 1 cytokine responses driven by inactivated viruses may fail to default in the absence of il-12 or ifn-alpha/beta.	replicating viruses generally induce type 1 immune responses, with high interferon (ifn)-gamma levels and antibodies of the igg2a isotype. in the present study we demonstrate the intrinsic ability of non-replicating virions to induce comparable immune responses in the notable absence of any adjuvant. injection of inactivated pseudorabies virus, an alphaherpesvirus, by various routes into mice resulted in the generation of t helper (th) 1 type immune response. co-delivery of inactivated pseudorab ...	2004	15039522
[rabies].		2004	15624476
[the antiviral activity of rnase bacillus intermedius in experiments with mice preinfected with street rabies virus].	rnase bacillus intermedius, when administered once and according to 11 repeated experiments, protected the preliminarily infected cba mice with street rabies virus (protection of 40-67%; p < 0.01-0.001). a reliable protection of animals was registered only when rnase was administered intramuscularly at the virus introduction spot; it was not effective, when the bacterial rnase was injected in the brain, vein, under the skin or in muscles of a non-infected extremity. neither did it produce any su ...	2004	15597960
lentivector-mediated smn replacement in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy.	spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is a frequent recessive autosomal disorder. it is caused by mutations or deletion of the telomeric copy of the survival motor neuron (smn) gene, leading to depletion in smn protein levels. the treatment rationale for sma is to halt or delay the degeneration of motor neurons, but to date there are no effective drug treatments for this disease. we have previously demonstrated that pseudotyping of the nonprimate equine infectious anemia virus (using the lentivector gen ...	2004	15599397