Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| development of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (pact) for clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudo membranous colitis in the developed world. the aim of this study was to explore whether photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (pact) could be used as a novel approach to treating c. difficile infections. | 2015 | 26313448 |
| [update for the diagnosis and resistant associated gene of clostridium difficile]. | 2015 | 26310651 | |
| [virulence genes and clinical features of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in children]. | clostridium difficile is an obligate anaerobic gram-positive bacillus, it can cause clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). this study aimed to investigate the virulence genes and clinical features of cdad in children by gene detection. | 2015 | 26310645 |
| [the human microbiome]. | research into the human microbiome will substantially enhance our understanding of inflammatory, metabolic and malignant diseases. the complexity of this research area can only be addressed by an interdisciplinary translational approach including bioinformatics. data derived from pure in silico analyses and statistical associations will not automatically translate into sound clinical concepts, as we have learned previously in genetics. potential targets for future treatment strategies include th ... | 2015 | 26305138 |
| immune thrombocytopenia caused by fecal microbial transplantation in a patient with severe recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26302500 | |
| human microbiome: from the bathroom to the bedside. | the human gut contains trillions of bacteria, the major phylae of which include bacteroidetes, firmicutes, actinobacteria and proteobacteria. fecal microbial transplantation (fmt) has been known of for many years but only recently has been subjected to rigorous examination. we review the evidence regarding fmt for recurrent clostridium difficile infection which has resulted in it being an approved treatment. in addition there is some evidence for its use in both irritable bowel syndrome and infl ... | 2015 | 26301122 |
| wses guidelines for management of clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients. | in the last two decades there have been dramatic changes in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), with increases in incidence and severity of disease in many countries worldwide. the incidence of cdi has also increased in surgical patients. optimization of management of c difficile, has therefore become increasingly urgent. an international multidisciplinary panel of experts prepared evidenced-based world society of emergency surgery (wses) guidelines for management of cdi i ... | 2015 | 26300956 |
| the impact of pcr on clostridium difficile detection and clinical outcomes. | pcr has increasingly replaced toxin a and b enzyme immunoassay (eia) for the testing of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). this study evaluated the clinical outcomes of cdi and disease epidemiology since the introduction of pcr. clinical data and outcomes for patients admitted to a tertiary care centre during 2003 to 2012 were extracted using electronic medical records. outcomes and incidence of disease were compared between types of cdi testing. in total, 15.6% of 108,092 patients admitted ... | 2015 | 26297376 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the older dental patient: how do dentists respond? | gastrointestinal complications from antibiotic use, including clostridium difficile infection (cdi), can have significant morbidity, especially among older patients. this descriptive study surveyed dentists to find out how they would respond to a patient with signs indicating potential cdi. | 2015 | 26297332 |
| comparison of two types of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer for the identification and typing of clostridium difficile. | microflex lt (bruker daltonics) and vitek ms (biomérieux) are bacterial identification systems that are based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms). for vitek ms, two identification softwares, vitek ms ivd (ivd) and saramis (saramis), are available. microflex lt is equipped with maldi biotyper rtc software (biotyper). although the identification accuracy of each instrument has been compared for various bacteria, no detailed examination has ... | 2015 | 26296999 |
| complete genome sequence of the novel temperate clostridium difficile phage phicdif1296t. | clostridium difficile contains many integrated and extrachromosomal genetic elements. in this study, we determined, annotated, and analyzed the complete genome of the c. difficile bacteriophage phicdif1296t using single-molecule real-time sequencing technology. to our knowledge, this represents the largest genome (131 kb) of a temperate c. difficile phage recognized so far. | 2015 | 26294621 |
| novel method of infection prophylaxis in heart transplantation by retrosternal gentamycin sponge application. | surgical wound infections are more frequent in patients undergoing heart transplantation than in other heart surgery patients. there is a wide spread of sternal wound infection incidence in transplant patients ranging from 4% to 40%. it is first study describing local gentamicin sponge application during heart transplantation procedure. | 2015 | 26293080 |
| accurate detection of binary toxin producer from clostridium difficile by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | thirsty-six binary toxin producers were detected with 2 genotypes (cdta(+) and cdtb(+)) among 265 clostridium difficile isolates by multiplex pcr. the rate of accurate differentiation between these 2 genotypes was 100% by 6-peak cluster analysis of spectra generated by bruker biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | 2015 | 26293008 |
| evaluating epidemiology and improving surveillance of infections associated with health care, united states. | the healthcare-associated infections community interface (haic), launched in 2009, is the newest major activity of the emerging infections program. the haic activity addresses population- and laboratory-based surveillance for clostridium difficile infections, candidemia, and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. other activities include special projects: the multistate healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use prevalence survey and projects that evaluate new approaches for impr ... | 2015 | 26291035 |
| humanized microbiota mice as a model of recurrent clostridium difficile disease. | clostridium difficile disease is the leading antibiotic-associated cause of diarrhea and nosocomial acquired infection in the western world. the per annum burden in the usa alone amounts to 250,000 cases with 14,000 ascribed deaths and medical costs in excess of a billion dollars. novel models for the study of c. difficile infection are therefore pertinent. | 2015 | 26289776 |
| differentiating virulent 027 and non-027 clostridium difficile strains by molecular methods. | hypervirulent clostridium difficile clade has been shown to include several lineages of ribotype 027 and also other ribotypes. we present data on additional non-027 strains, identified as presumptive 027 by two commercial molecular c. difficile assays. | 2015 | 26289601 |
| in the endemic setting, clostridium difficile ribotype 027 is virulent but not hypervirulent. | conflicting reports have been published on the association between clostridium difficile ribotypes and severe disease outcomes in patients with c. difficile infection (cdi); several so-called hypervirulent ribotypes have been described. we performed a multicenter study to assess severe disease presentation and severe outcomes among cdi patients infected with different ribotypes. | 2015 | 26288985 |
| successful treatment of peritoneal dialysis catheter-related polymicrobial peritonitis involving clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is one of the most common nosocomial pathogens and the cause of pseudomembranous colitis in cases of prior antimicrobial exposure. extraintestinal manifestations of c. difficile are uncommon and rarely reported. we report the first successfully treated case of catheter-related c. difficile peritonitis in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis. | 2015 | 26378285 |
| diagnostic yield of repeat sampling with immunoassay, real-time pcr, and toxigenic culture for the detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in an epidemic and a non-epidemic setting. | current international guidelines lack definite conclusions regarding repeat stool sampling for the detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile. we assessed the value of repeat sampling and compared the diagnostic yield in an epidemic to a non-epidemic setting. consecutive fecal samples obtained during two time frames were analyzed using direct stool immunoassay toxin testing (enzyme immunoassay [eia]), direct stool real-time pcr toxin gene testing, and toxigenic culture. samples collected withi ... | 2015 | 26377204 |
| faecal microbiota characterisation of horses using 16 rdna barcoded pyrosequencing, and carriage rate of clostridium difficile at hospital admission. | the equine faecal microbiota is very complex and remains largely unknown, while interspecies interactions have an important contribution to animal health. clostridium difficile has been identified as an important cause of diarrhoea in horses. this study provides further information on the nature of the bacterial communities present in horses developing an episode of diarrhoea. the prevalence of c. difficile in hospitalised horses at the time of admission is also reported. | 2015 | 26377067 |
| letter: faecal microbiota transplantation in combination with fidaxomicin to treat severe complicated recurrent clostridium difficile infection--authors' reply. | 2015 | 26374259 | |
| letter: faecal microbiota transplantation in combination with fidaxomicin to treat severe complicated recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26374258 | |
| correction: defined nutrient diets alter susceptibility to clostridium difficile associated disease in a murine model. | 2015 | 26372249 | |
| decrease in surgery for clostridium difficile infection after starting a program to transplant fecal microbiota. | 2015 | 26370022 | |
| comparative effectiveness of single versus combination antibiotic prophylaxis for infections after transrectal prostate biopsy. | an increase in fluoroquinolone resistance and transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate (trus) biopsy infections has prompted the need for alternative effective antibiotic prophylaxis. we aimed to compare ciprofloxacin and other single-agent therapies to combination therapy for efficacy and adverse effects. men who underwent a trus biopsy within the va boston health care system with documented receipt of prophylactic antibiotics periprocedure were eligible for inclusion. postprocedure infections wi ... | 2015 | 26369958 |
| [toxic megacolon]. | toxic megacolon constitutes a feared, life-threatening complication of severe intestinal inflammation and is a challenge for interdisciplinary medical care. | 2015 | 26369529 |
| management of mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. | managing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis on the first view appears to be a simple task. however, real life often proofs the opposite and creates a challenging situation. in theory, mild-to-moderate disease should be sufficiently treated by mesalamine or alternatively by a probiotic. insufficient treatment comprises the danger of leading to a flare, and hence, an exacerbation of the entire disease, with risk of progressing to severe disease. what are the considerations with regard to patient ... | 2015 | 26368795 |
| diarrhea with clostridium difficile-positive stool-trick or treat: a teachable moment. | 2015 | 26368062 | |
| risk of organism acquisition from prior room occupants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the risk of pathogen acquisition for patients associated with prior room occupancy. the analysis was also broadened to examine any differences in acquisition risk between gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. a search using medline/pubmed, cochrane and cinhal yielded 2577 citations between 1984 and 2014. reviews were assessed in accordance with the international prospective register of systematic reviews (prospero). just seven ... | 2015 | 26365827 |
| [clostridium difficile infection - an update]. | clostridium difficile infection represents a severe illness which very often results in emergency surgery, intensive care unit stay or death. although standard treatment procedures are well known and seem to be sufficient at the first glance, there is need for improvement of therapy guidelines due to high rates of recurrences or treatment failures. this article suggests some adjustments so far without claiming to be a complete review of all new development in this area. on the one hand, the rece ... | 2015 | 26364372 |
| utilization and impact of a pulsed-xenon ultraviolet room disinfection system and multidisciplinary care team on clostridium difficile in a long-term acute care facility. | health care-associated transmission of clostridium difficile has been well documented in long-term acute care facilities. this article reports on 2 interventions aimed at reducing the transmission risk: multidisciplinary care teams and no-touch pulsed-xenon disinfection. c difficile transmission rates were tracked over a 39-month period while these 2 interventions were implemented. after a baseline period of 1 year, multidisciplinary teams were implemented for an additional 1-year period with a ... | 2015 | 26362699 |
| antimicrobial stewardship from policy to practice: experiences from uk antimicrobial pharmacists. | antimicrobial stewardship in the uk has evolved dramatically in the last 15 years. factors driving this include initial central funding for specialist pharmacists and mandatory reductions in healthcare-associated infections (particularly clostridium difficile infection). more recently, the introduction of national stewardship guidelines, and an increased focus on stewardship as part of the uk five-year antimicrobial resistance strategy, have accelerated and embedded developments. antimicrobial p ... | 2015 | 26362295 |
| prevalence and molecular types of clostridium difficile isolates from faecal specimens of patients in a tertiary care centre. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) leads to considerable morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. faecal specimens from 1110 hospitalized patients suspected for cdi were cultured for isolation of c. difficile and characterization of virulence genes. pcr was carried out for toxigenic genes tcda, tcdb, cdta and cdtb and pcr-rflp for flic and slpa genes. of 174 (15.7%) c. difficile isolates, 121 (69.5%) were toxigenic, amongst which 68 (56.2%) also had both tcda and tcdb genes. the r ... | 2015 | 26361995 |
| association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | 2015 | 26359624 | |
| errata: vol. 61, no. 9. | in the report, "vital signs: preventing clostridium difficile infections," published in 2012, several errors occurred in the text and in a figure title and alternate text. a notice to readers about this report has been published in this issue of mmwr. | 2015 | 26355734 |
| notice to readers: the effect of falsified clostridium difficile infections surveillance data on results reported in mmwr. | in 2012, mmwr published the report, "vital signs: preventing clostridium difficile infections," which examined clostridium difficile infection (cdi) surveillance data. this report contained several errors pertaining to emerging infections program (eip) data. these errors occurred as a result of scientific misconduct by a former employee of the oregon health authority. the public health service office of research integrity has determined that the former employee falsified or fabricated data for 5 ... | 2015 | 26355659 |
| usefulness of adjunctive fecal calprotectin and serum procalcitonin in individuals positive for clostridium difficile toxin gene by pcr assay. | in 54/64 subjects with nosocomial diarrhea, fecal calprotectin levels correlated with the results of stool samples tested for clostridium difficile toxin gene by pcr. fecal calprotectin levels can be used as an adjunctive measure to pcr to support the diagnosis of c. difficile infection. | 2015 | 26354814 |
| infection with toxin a-negative, toxin b-negative, binary toxin-positive clostridium difficile in a young patient with ulcerative colitis. | large clostridial toxin-negative, binary toxin-positive (a(-) b(-) cdt(+)) strains of clostridium difficile are almost never associated with clinically significant c. difficile infection (cdi), possibly because such strains are not detected by most diagnostic methods. we report the isolation of an a(-) b(-) cdt(+) ribotype 033 (rt033) strain of c. difficile from a young patient with ulcerative colitis and severe diarrhea. | 2015 | 26354812 |
| molecular and culture-based diagnosis of clostridium difficile isolates from côte d'ivoire after prolonged storage at disrupted cold chain conditions. | although clostridium difficile is a major cause of diarrhoea, its epidemiology in tropical settings is poorly understood. strain characterisation requires work-up in specialised laboratories, often after prolonged storage without properly maintained cold chain. | 2015 | 26354793 |
| optimising gut colonisation resistance against clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is the dominant cause of pseudomembranous colitis in nosocomial environments. c. difficile infection (cdi) generally affects elderly (≥65 years of age) hospital inpatients who have received broad-spectrum antimicrobial treatment. cdi has a 30 % risk of re-infection and a subsequent 60 % risk of relapse thereafter, leading to a high economic burden of over 7 billion pounds sterling and over 900,000 cases in the usa and europe per annum. with the long-term consequences of fae ... | 2015 | 26354525 |
| association of clostridium difficile ribotype 078 with detectable toxin in human stool specimens. | using a clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) immunoassay and a sensitive c. difficile toxin a/b immunoassay, human stool specimens from patients with diarrhoea (n = 1085) were classified as either gdh positive/toxin negative, or gdh positive/toxin positive. overall, 528/725 (73%) of the gdh-positive/toxin-negative specimens contained viable c. difficile, and 433/528 (82%) of these c. difficile isolates were pcr positive for the toxin gene pathogenicity locus. overall, 867/1078 (80 ... | 2015 | 26354090 |
| overdiagnosis of clostridium difficile infection in the molecular test era. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of health care-associated infection, but disagreement between diagnostic tests is an ongoing barrier to clinical decision making and public health reporting. molecular tests are increasingly used to diagnose c difficile infection (cdi), but many molecular test-positive patients lack toxins that historically defined disease, making it unclear if they need treatment. | 2015 | 26348734 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection: treat the patient, not the test. | 2015 | 26348248 | |
| emerging role of fecal microbiota therapy in the treatment of gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal diseases. | in the recent decade our understanding of the role of the human gut microbiome has been revolutionized by advances in development of molecular methods. approximately, up to 100 trillion (10(14)) microorganisms per human body colonize the intestinal tract making an additional acquired organ that provides many vital functions to the host. a healthy gut microbiome can be defined by the presence of the various classes of microbes that enhance metabolism, resistance to infection and inflammation, pre ... | 2015 | 26348073 |
| [the microbiome of the gut in critically ill patients]. | the complexity and diversity of the human intestinal microbiome has only recently been characterized. the multiple metabolic and immunologic effects of the bacterial flora have demonstrated the symbiosis between the microbiome and its host. this symbiosis is disturbed in a multitude of diseases, especially in critically ill patients. | 2015 | 26346682 |
| counting the patient and healthcare organization costs of clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26346585 | |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile in germany based on a single center long-term surveillance and german-wide genotyping of recent isolates provided to the advisory laboratory for diagnostic reasons. | epidemiology of clostridium difficile is characterized by worldwide increase of c. difficile infections (cdi) and the emergence of new epidemic outbreak strains with the capacity for global spreading. long-term local surveillance at the university of saarland medical center between 2000 and 2013 shows that the incidence rate of laboratory-confirmed cdi was influenced by local epidemiology as well as by testing strategies. since 2008, molecular typing of c. difficile was regularly performed for s ... | 2015 | 26341328 |
| [development of new vaccines]. | recent and important advances in the fields of immunology, genomics, functional genomics, immunogenetics, immunogenomics, bioinformatics, microbiology, genetic engineering, systems biology, synthetic biochemistry, proteomics, metabolomics and nanotechnology, among others, have led to new approaches in the development of vaccines. the better identification of ideal epitopes, the strengthening of the immune response due to new adjuvants, and the search of new routes of vaccine administration, are ... | 2015 | 26341041 |
| building a better crystal ball for predicting complications of clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26338793 | |
| factors associated with complications of clostridium difficile infection in a multicenter prospective cohort. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea and may result in severe complications including death. we conducted a prospective study to identify risk factors for complications of cdi (ccdi). | 2015 | 26338788 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in gastrointestinal diseases: what practicing physicians should know. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the most commonly reported nosocomial pathogens in the united states and europe, with recent cdi-associated mortality in the united states approaching 30 000 deaths annually. antibiotics remain the preferred treatment for cdi; however, a minority of patients experience numerous relapses and are treated with restoration of the bowel microbiota, termed fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt). fmt involves the introduction of a fecal suspension from a ... | 2015 | 26397161 |
| antibiotic therapy and clostridium difficile infection - primum non nocere - first do no harm. | treatment options for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remain limited despite this usually nosocomial infection posing an urgent threat to public health. a major paradox of the management of cdi is the use of antimicrobial agents to treat infection, which runs the risk of prolonged gut microbiota perturbation and so recurrence of infection. here, we explore alternative cdi treatment and prevention options currently available or in development. notably, strategies that aim to reduce the nega ... | 2015 | 26396535 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is a problem most hospital-based physicians will face in their career. this review aims to refresh current knowledge with regard to clostridium difficile infection and bring physicians up to date with the latest developments in the growing field of fecal microbiota transplantation, the benefits it offers, and the promise this and other developments hold for the future. | 2015 | 26394495 |
| isolation and characterization of clostridium difficile from pet dogs in assam, india. | one hundred and seventeen faecal samples from pet dogs (pup = 21 and adult = 96) brought for treatment to a veterinary clinic were examined for clostridium difficile. a total of 16 (13.67%) samples were positive. nine (56.25%) isolates were obtained from 17 adult dogs undergoing antibiotic treatment and this was significantly higher (p < 0.01) as compared to isolates from dogs without antibiotic treatment. ten isolates (62.5%) were toxigenic (all toxinotype 0) and six were non-toxigenic. none of ... | 2015 | 26393292 |
| cadazolid: a new hope in the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a potential life-threatening consequence of antibiotic therapy. although the risk increases with duration of treatment, it can also occur after a short treatment course. in addition to broad-spectrum antibiotics, anti-neoplastic agents, proton pump inhibitors, h(2) blockers, and several other drugs have been reported to induce intestinal dysbiosis, which is central to the pathogenesis of cdi. there is an increase in incidence and mortality attributed to c ... | 2015 | 26392822 |
| a primer on on-demand polymerase chain reaction technology. | efforts to reduce health care-associated infections (hais) have grown in both scale and sophistication over the past few decades; however, the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance and the impact of new legislation regarding hais on health care economics make the fight against them all the more urgent. on-demand polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology has proven to be a highly effective weapon in this fight, offering the ability to accurately and efficiently identify disease-causing p ... | 2015 | 26198577 |
| microbiome changes associated with sustained eradication of clostridium difficile after single faecal microbiota transplantation in children with and without inflammatory bowel disease. | little data are available regarding the effectiveness and associated microbiome changes of faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in children, especially in those with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) with presumed underlying dysbiosis. | 2015 | 26198180 |
| fate of clostridium botulinum and incidence of pathogenic clostridia in biogas processes. | this study aimed to assess the sanitary situation in agricultural biogas plants (bp) regarding pathogenic clostridium spp. | 2015 | 26198084 |
| age-stratified treatment response rates in hospitalized patients with clostridium difficile infection treated with metronidazole. | consensus on the optimal treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is rapidly changing. treatment with metronidazole has been associated with increased clinical failure rates; however, the reasons for this are unclear. the purpose of this study was to assess age-related treatment response rates in hospitalized patients with cdi treated with metronidazole. this was a retrospective, multicenter cohort study of hospitalized patients with cdi. patients were assessed for refractory cdi, defi ... | 2015 | 26195522 |
| robot-assisted laparoscopic repair of vesicovaginal fistula: a single-center experience. | to describe our surgical technique and outcomes with robot-assisted laparoscopic repair of vesicovaginal fistula (vvf) in 10 patients. | 2015 | 26194296 |
| incidence and costs of clostridium difficile infections in canada. | background. limited data are available on direct medical costs and lost productivity due to clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in canada. methods. we developed an economic model to estimate the costs of managing hospitalized and community-dwelling patients with cdi in canada. the number of episodes was projected based on publicly available national rates of hospital-associated cdi and the estimate that 64% of all cdi is hospital-associated. clostridium difficile infection recurrences were c ... | 2015 | 26191534 |
| horizontal infection prevention measures and a risk-managed approach to vancomycin-resistant enterococci: an evaluation. | the use of infection control measures in the management of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) is hotly debated. a risk-managed approach to vre control after the introduction of 2 horizontal infection prevention measures-an environmental cleaning (ec) and an antimicrobial stewardship (ams) program-was assessed. | 2015 | 26190379 |
| use of intravenous immunoglobulin in severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile infection is an increasingly common cause of healthcare-acquired diarrhea. there remains substantial morbidity and mortality, even with current modalities of treatment. the aim of our study was to investigate the role of intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) on mortality in patients with severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2015 | 26189489 |
| pitfalls in diagnosis of pediatric clostridium difficile infection. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has risen among children and c difficile is increasingly recognized as an important cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea among pediatric patients. still, increased identification of cdi in healthy children in the community and increased testing among infants requires cautious interpretation, given the high prevalence of asymptomatic colonization in young infants and frequent detection of viruses and other co-pathogens in stool specimens i ... | 2015 | 26188603 |
| bacterial infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | bacterial infections are major complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct). they consist mainly of bloodstream infections (bsi), followed by pneumonia and gastrointestinal infections, including typhlitis and clostridium difficile infection. microbiological data come mostly from bsi. coagulase negative staphylococci and enterobacteriaceae are the most frequent pathogens causing approximately 25% of bsi each, followed by enterococci, p. aeruginosa and viridans streptococci. bacte ... | 2015 | 26185610 |
| [cystic fibrosis: toward a genetic treatment; clostridium difficile versus clostridium difficile]. | 2015 | 26182641 | |
| defined nutrient diets alter susceptibility to clostridium difficile associated disease in a murine model. | clostridium difficile is a major identifiable and treatable cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. poor nutritional status contributes to mortality through weakened host defenses against various pathogens. the primary goal of this study was to assess the contribution of a reduced protein diet to the outcomes of c. difficile infection in a murine model. | 2015 | 26181795 |
| loss of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus fecal dominance in an organ transplant patient with clostridium difficile colitis after fecal microbiota transplant. | we report the use of fecal microbiota transplantation in a single heart-kidney transplant recipient with recurrent clostridium difficile, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) fecal dominance, and recurrent vre infections. fecal microbiota transplantation resulted in the reconstruction of a diverse microbiota with (1) reduced relative abundance of c difficile and vre and (2) positive clinical outcome. | 2015 | 26180828 |
| genomic epidemiology of a protracted hospital outbreak caused by a toxin a-negative clostridium difficile sublineage pcr ribotype 017 strain in london, england. | clostridium difficile remains the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea worldwide, which is largely considered to be due to the production of two potent toxins: tcda and tcdb. however, pcr ribotype (rt) 017, one of five clonal lineages of human virulent c. difficile, lacks tcda expression but causes widespread disease. whole-genome sequencing was applied to 35 isolates from hospitalized patients with c. difficile infection (cdi) and two environmental ward isolates in london, england. the phylogen ... | 2015 | 26179308 |
| the clostridium difficile cell wall protein cwpv confers phase-variable phage resistance. | bacteriophages are present in virtually all ecosystems, and bacteria have developed multiple antiphage strategies to counter their attacks. clostridium difficile is an important pathogen causing severe intestinal infections in humans and animals. here we show that the conserved cell-surface protein cwpv provides antiphage protection in c. difficile. this protein, for which the expression is phase-variable, is classified into five types, each differing in their repeat-containing c-terminal domain ... | 2015 | 26179020 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26176399 | |
| clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26176398 | |
| clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26176397 | |
| clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26176396 | |
| antibiotic-induced alterations of the murine gut microbiota and subsequent effects on colonization resistance against clostridium difficile. | perturbations to the gut microbiota can result in a loss of colonization resistance against gastrointestinal pathogens such as clostridium difficile. although c. difficile infection is commonly associated with antibiotic use, the precise alterations to the microbiota associated with this loss in function are unknown. we used a variety of antibiotic perturbations to generate a diverse array of gut microbiota structures, which were then challenged with c. difficile spores. across these treatments ... | 2015 | 26173701 |
| ultrasound diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile colitis is diagnosed using an immunoassay or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for toxins a/b. since ultrasound is frequently used as a screening test for hospitalized patients suffering from different abdominal morbidities, we searched for sonographic indicators of c. difficile infection (cdi). in a prospective and blinded case-control study, abdominal ultrasound was performed on hospitalized patients for whom stool samples were sent for c. difficile toxin immunoassay. ... | 2015 | 26173691 |
| effects of fluoroquinolone restriction (from 2007 to 2012) on clostridium difficile infections: interrupted time-series analysis. | antimicrobial stewardship is a key component in the reduction of healthcare-associated infections, particularly clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we successfully restricted the use of cephalosporins and, subsequently, fluoroquinolones. from an endemically high level of >280 cases per year in 2007-08, the number of cdis reduced to 72 cases in 2011-12. | 2015 | 26169793 |
| novel riboswitch-binding flavin analog that protects mice against clostridium difficile infection without inhibiting cecal flora. | novel mechanisms of action and new chemical scaffolds are needed to rejuvenate antibacterial drug discovery, and riboswitch regulators of bacterial gene expression are a promising class of targets for the discovery of new leads. herein, we report the characterization of 5-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)butyl)-7,8-dimethylpyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2h,5h)-dione (5fdqd)-an analog of riboflavin that was designed to bind riboswitches that naturally recognize the essential coenzyme flavin mononucleotide (fmn) ... | 2015 | 26169403 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation eliminates clostridium difficile in a murine model of relapsing disease. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is of particular concern among health care-associated infections. the role of the microbiota in disease recovery is apparent given the success of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for recurrent cdi. here, we present a murine model of cdi relapse to further define the microbiota recovery following fmt. cefoperazone-treated mice were infected with c. difficile 630 spores and treated with vancomycin after development of clinical disease. vancomyc ... | 2015 | 26169276 |
| methods to prevent or treat refractory diseases by focusing on intestinal microbes using lps and macrophages. | intestinal microbes are known to influence host homeostasis by producing various substances. recently, the presence of a diverse range of intestinal microbiota has been shown to play a key role in the maintenance of health, along with influencing the host's innate immunity towards various diseases. for example, fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) from healthy individuals was remarkably effective in cases of refractory clostridium difficile colitis. conversely, decreased number of intestinal m ... | 2015 | 26168477 |
| [analysis of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in pediatric patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea]. | to analyze the incidence and treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in pediatric patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). | 2015 | 26165021 |
| risk factors for community-associated clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in children. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is increasingly diagnosed in children in community settings. this study aims to assess recent antibiotic use and other risk factors in children with community-associated (ca-) cdad compared with children with other diarrheal illnesses in a tertiary care setting. | 2015 | 26164847 |
| proton pump inhibitors alter specific taxa in the human gastrointestinal microbiome: a crossover trial. | we conducted an open-label crossover trial to test whether proton pump inhibitors (ppis) affect the gastrointestinal microbiome to facilitate clostridium difficile infection (cdi). twelve healthy volunteers each donated 2 baseline fecal samples, 4 weeks apart (at weeks 0 and 4). they then took ppis for 4 weeks (40 mg omeprazole, twice daily) and fecal samples were collected at week 8. six individuals took the ppis for an additional 4 weeks (from week 8 to 12) and fecal samples were collected fro ... | 2015 | 26164495 |
| first implementation of frozen, capsulized faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection into clinical practice in europe. | 2015 | 26163107 | |
| innate immune defenses mediated by two ilc subsets are critical for protection against acute clostridium difficile infection. | infection with the opportunistic enteric pathogen clostridium difficile is an increasingly common clinical complication that follows antibiotic treatment-induced gut microbiota perturbation. innate lymphoid cells (ilcs) are early responders to enteric pathogens; however, their role during c. difficile infection is undefined. to identify immune pathways that mediate recovery from c. difficile infection, we challenged c57bl/6, rag1(-/-) (which lack t and b cells), and rag2(-/-)il2rg(-/-) (ragγc(-/ ... | 2015 | 26159718 |
| the bug stops here: innate lymphoid cells in clostridium difficile infection. | the contribution of the innate immune response to the resolution of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remains incompletely defined. in this issue of cell host & microbe, abt et al. demonstrated that innate lymphoid cells and the effector cytokine ifn-γ are important for recovery from the acute phase of cdi. | 2015 | 26159713 |
| clostridium difficile infections before and during use of ultraviolet disinfection. | we previously reported a significant decrease in hospital-acquired (ha) clostridium difficile infection (cdi) coincident with the introduction of pulsed xenon ultraviolet light for room disinfection (uvd). the purpose of this study was to evaluate cdi cases in greater detail to understand the effect of uvd. | 2015 | 26159499 |
| c. difficile infection: changing epidemiology and management paradigms. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been rising in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and within the community. cases have been more severe with more complications, deaths, and higher healthcare-associated costs. with the emergence of a hypervirulent strain of c. difficile and the increasing prevalence of community-acquired cdi among healthy patients without traditional risk factors, the epidemiology of c. difficile has been evolving. this changing epidemiology requires ... | 2015 | 26158611 |
| clostridium difficile ribotypes in austria: a multicenter, hospital-based survey. | a prospective, noninterventional survey was conducted among clostridium difficile positive patients identified in the time period of july until october 2012 in 18 hospitals distributed across all nine austrian provinces. participating hospitals were asked to send stool samples or isolates from ten successive patients with c.difficile infection to the national clostridium difficile reference laboratory at the austrian agency for health and food safety for pcr-ribotyping and in vitro susceptibilit ... | 2015 | 26156942 |
| clostridium difficile infection after ileostomy closure mimicking anastomotic leak. | clostridium difficile infection is linked to antibiotic exposure, with elderly and immunocompromised hospitalised patients being particularly at risk. the symptoms range from mild diarrhoea to life-threatening fulminant colitis. we describe an unusual presentation of c. difficile infection after closure of ileostomy in a healthy 60-year-old man with a history of low anterior resection and defunctioning ileostomy for rectal tumour. on the third day postoperatively, the patient developed left lowe ... | 2015 | 26150639 |
| a cfr-like gene from clostridium difficile confers multiple antibiotic resistance by the same mechanism as the cfr gene. | the cfr rna methyltransferase causes multiple resistances to peptidyl transferase inhibitors by methylation of a2503 23s rrna. many cfr-like gene sequences in the databases code for unknown functions. this study confirms that a cfr-like protein from a peptoclostridium difficile (formerly clostridium difficile) strain does function as a cfr protein. the enzyme is expressed in escherichia coli and shows elevated mics for five classes of antibiotics. a primer extension stop indicates a modification ... | 2015 | 26149991 |
| effective sequestration of clostridium difficile protein toxins by calcium aluminosilicate. | clostridium difficile is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the etiologic agent responsible for c. difficile infection. toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) are nearly indispensable virulence factors for clostridium difficile pathogenesis. given the toxin-centric mechanism by which c. difficile pathogenesis occurs, the selective sequestration with neutralization of tcda and tcdb by nonantibiotic agents represents a novel mode of action to prevent or treat c. difficile-associated ... | 2015 | 26149988 |
| chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease are risk factors for poor outcomes of clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the clinical outcomes of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in patients with chronic kidney diseases (ckd) and end-stage renal disease (esrd). | 2015 | 26147121 |
| the yield of stool testing in hospital-onset diarrhea: has evidence changed practice? | aside from examination for clostridium difficile, the yield of stool testing in hospital-onset diarrhea is poor. clinical practice guidelines discourage overzealous stool testing in patients with diarrhea that develops after the third hospital day. however, the adoption of this recommendation into clinical practice is limited. furthermore, the effect of microbiology laboratory improvements on hospital-onset diarrhea testing is largely unknown. | 2015 | 26145180 |
| a prospective study of community-associated clostridium difficile infection in kuwait: epidemiology and ribotypes. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasingly recognized as a significant community acquired pathogen that causes disease in the community. the aim of the study was to investigate prospectively the incidence of community-acquired-cdi (ca-cdi) in kuwait. of the 2584 patients with diarrhea, 16 (0.62%) were confirmed cases of ca-cdi. the other notable pathogens were salmonella spp. (0.39%) and campylobacter spp. (0.23%). the mean age was 39 years and the cdi was mild. exposure to antibiotic ... | 2015 | 26144314 |
| ensuring the safe and effective fda regulation of fecal microbiota transplantation. | scientists, policymakers, and medical professionals alike have become increasingly worried about the rise of antibiotic resistance, and the growing number of infections due to bacteria like clostridium difficile, which cause a significant number of deaths and are imposing increasing costs on our health care system. however, in the last few years, fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt), the transplantation of stool from a healthy donor into the bowel of a patient, has emerged as a startlingly eff ... | 2015 | 27774199 |
| community-acquired clostridium difficile infection in children: a retrospective study. | community acquired-clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased also in children in the last years. | 2015 | 26141927 |
| [research progress of fecal microbiota transplantation]. | intestinal microbial ecosystem is the most complex and the largest micro-ecosystem of the mammals. the use of antibiotics can lead to a lot of major changes of the flora, making the intestinal flora damaged and impacted, even developing clostridium difficile infection. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) as a special organ transplant therapy, which can rebuild the intestinal flora, has raised the clinical concerns. it has been used in the refractory clostridium difficile, inflammatory bowel d ... | 2015 | 26211780 |
| probiotics for clostridium difficile infection in adults (pico): study protocol for a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. | clostridium difficile is a pathogen of rapidly increasing public health importance. an estimated quarter of a million clostridium difficile infections (cdi) occur in the united states annually, at a resultant cost of 14,000 deaths and 1 billion dollars. clostridium difficile related deaths have risen 400% over the last decade, and current standard antibiotic treatments are only 75 to 85% successful. besides increasing the risk of antibiotic resistance and side effects, these treatments are very ... | 2015 | 26210512 |
| clostridium difficile infections after blunt trauma: a different patient population? | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated infection (cdi) has changed, and it is evident that susceptibility is related not only to exposures and bacterial potency, but host factors as well. several small studies have suggested that cdi after trauma is associated with a different patient phenotype. the purpose of this study was to examine and describe the epidemiologic factors associated with c. difficile in blunt trauma patients without traumatic brain injury using the trauma-related ... | 2015 | 26207402 |