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complete genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis mutant strain bmb171.bacillus thuringiensis has been widely used as a biopesticide for a long time. here we report the finished and annotated genome sequence of b. thuringiensis mutant strain bmb171, an acrystalliferous mutant strain with a high transformation frequency obtained and stocked in our laboratory.201020525827
novel strategy for protein production using a peptide tag derived from bacillus thuringiensis cry4aa.numerous proteins cannot be sufficiently prepared by ordinary recombinant dna techniques because they are unstable or have deleterious effects on the host cell. one idea to prepare such proteins is to produce them as protein inclusions. here we developed a novel system to effectively prepare proteins by using peptide tags derived from the insecticidal cry toxin of a soil bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis. fusion with this peptide tag, designated 4aacter, facilitates the formation of protein incl ...201020528915
biosynthesis of a new udp-sugar, udp-2-acetamido-2-deoxyxylose, in the human pathogen bacillus cereus subspecies cytotoxis nvh 391-98.we have identified an operon and characterized the functions of two genes from the severe food-poisoning bacterium, bacillus cereus subsp. cytotoxis nvh 391-98, that are involved in the synthesis of a unique udp-sugar, udp-2-acetamido-2-deoxyxylose (udp-n-acetyl-xylosamine, udp-xylnac). uglcnacdh encodes a udp-n-acetyl-glucosamine 6-dehydrogenase, converting udp-n-acetylglucosamine (udp-glcnac) to udp-n-acetyl-glucosaminuronic acid (udp-glcnaca). the second gene in the operon, uxnacs, encodes a ...201020529859
why drought tolerance is not the new bt. 201020531328
plasmid protein tubr uses a distinct mode of hth-dna binding and recruits the prokaryotic tubulin homolog tubz to effect dna partition.the segregation of plasmid dna typically requires three elements: a dna centromere site, an ntpase, and a centromere-binding protein. because of their simplicity, plasmid partition systems represent tractable models to study the molecular basis of dna segregation. unlike eukaryotes, which utilize the gtpase tubulin to segregate dna, the most common plasmid-encoded ntpases contain walker-box and actin-like folds. recently, a plasmid stability cassette on bacillus thuringiensis pbtoxis encoding a ...201020534443
synergistic activity between bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab and cry1ac toxins against maize stem borer (chilo partellus swinhoe).to select a toxin combination for the management of maize stem borer (chilo partellus) and to understand possible mechanism of synergism among bacillus thuringiensis cry1a toxins tested.201020536706
biochemical characterization of two purified proteins of the ib-16 bacillus thuringiensis strains and their toxicity against the sheep nematode haemonchus contortus in vitro.the aim of this study was to characterize the biochemical composition of two main ib-16 bacillus thuringiensis proteins and to determine their toxicity on the blood-feeder nematode, haemonchus contortus. the soluble toxin of ib-16 strain of b. thuringiensis produces five main bands of proteins, the chemical composition of which might play an important role on the lethal activity. two bands of proteins around 25 and 70 kda were chosen and purified by hplc using a hydrogel column and sephadex-bead ...201020537121
enzymic disruption of n-aroyl-l-homoserine lactone-based quorum sensing. 201020544776
rnai-mediated knockdown of a spodoptera frugiperda trypsin-like serine-protease gene reduces susceptibility to a bacillus thuringiensis cry1ca1 protoxin.sft6 has been identified in a subtracted cdna library of spodoptera frugiperda larval midgut transcripts as a serine-protease gene downregulated within 24 h of intoxication with bacillus thuringiensis cry1ca1 protein. in the present study, the specific role of sft6 during cry1ca1 intoxication was investigated by rt-pcr and in vivo rna interference. quantitative real-time rt-pcr analysis showed sft6 mrna levels in the midgut tissue were significantly reduced after injecting or feeding 4th-instar ...201020545748
transformation of coffee (coffea arabica l. cv. catimor) with the cry1ac gene by biolistic, without the use of markers.the transformation of coffee plantlets with the cry1ac gene of bacillus thuringiensis was achieved by biolistic using either the whole pubc plasmid or only the ubi-cry1ac-nos genetic cassette. the cry1ac gene was inserted into coffee plants in order to confer resistance to the leaf miner leucoptera coffeella, an insect responsible for considerable losses in coffee crops. bearing in mind that the genetic cassettes used for this study lack reporter genes and/or selection marker genes, the paramete ...201020549067
monitoring of bt11 and bt176 genetically modified maize in food sold commercially in brazil from 2005 to 2007.the first genetically modified (gm) maize lines were approved for trading in brazil after december 2007 and they were t25, mon810, bt11, nk603 and ga21. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was employed to monitor the presence of bt11 and nested pcr was used to detect the presence of bt176 in 81 maize-derived products (maize flour, corn meal, maize flour flakes and polenta) that were sold in brazilian market from 2005 to 2007, before the release of gm maize in brazil.201020549814
population-level effects of spinosad and bacillus thuringiensis israelensis in daphnia pulex and daphnia magna: comparison of laboratory and field microcosm exposure conditions.because exposure to toxicants not only results in mortality but also in multiple sublethal effects, the use of life-table data appears particularly suitable to assess global effects on exposed populations. the present study uses a life table response approach to assess population-level effects of two insecticides used against mosquito larvae, spinosad (8 μg/l) and bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti, 0.5 μl/l), on two non target species, daphnia pulex and daphnia magna (crustacea: clado ...201020552396
testing insecticide resistance management strategies: mosaic versus rotations.developing scientifically valid, economically acceptable insecticide resistance management (irm) programs is critical for sustainable insect management. the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), has demonstrated an ability to develop resistance to many different classes of insecticides, including proteins produced by the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt). recently it has developed resistance to the novel compounds spinosad and indoxacarb. in greenhouse cage experiments, a labo ...201020552665
glucose induced fractal colony pattern of bacillus thuringiensis.growing colonies of bacteria on the surface of thin agar plates exhibit fractal patterns as a result of nonlinear response to environmental conditions, such as nutrients, solidity of the agar medium and temperature. here, we examine the effect of glucose on pattern formation by growing colonies of bacillus thuringiensis isolate kpwp1. we also present the theoretical modeling of the colony growth of kpwp1 and the associated spatio-temporal patterns. our experimental results are in excellent agree ...201020553734
generation of chitin-derived oligosaccharides toxic to pathogenic bacteria using chia74, an endochitinase native to bacillus thuringiensis.to demonstrate that an endochitinase (chia74) native to bacillus thuringiensis can be used to generate chitin-derived oligosaccharides (ogs) with antibacterial activity against a number of aetiological agents of disease, including bacteria that cause diarrhoeal and emetic syndromes in humans.201020557451
a viral histone h4 suppresses expression of a transferrin that plays a role in the immune response of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella.a transferrin (tf) gene has been predicted from an expressed sequence tag of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella. it encodes 681 amino acid residues that share 80-90% sequence homologies with other lepidopteran tfs. the gene was constitutively expressed in all developmental stages of p. xylostella. double-stranded rna (dsrna) specific to the tf gene was prepared and microinjected into the larvae. we hypothesize that the dsrna treatment suppressed the tf gene expression level and it signifi ...201020491980
integration of insecticidal protein vip3aa1 into beauveria bassiana enhances fungal virulence to spodoptera litura larvae by cuticle and per os infection.the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana acts slowly on insect pests through cuticle infection. vegetative insecticidal proteins (vip3a) of bacillus thuringiensis kill lepidopteran pests rapidly, via per os infection, but their use for pest control is restricted to integration into transgenic plants. a transgenic b. bassiana strain (bbv28) expressing vip3aa1 (a vip3a toxin) was thus created to infect the larvae of the oriental leafworm moth spodoptera litura through conidial ingestion and ...201020495052
culex mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) egg laying in traps loaded with bacillus thuringiensis variety israelensis and baited with skatole.the southern house mosquito, culex quinquefasciatus, is an important human health pest as a vector of several pathogens, including agents of lymphatic filariasis and arboviruses like west nile virus. we conducted preliminary experiments in recife, brazil, to explore applications of culex oviposition attractants in combination with bacillus thuringiensis variety israelensis (bti) in an attract-and-kill approach. simple, cost-effective oviposition traps, br-ovt, loaded with bti and baited with or ...201020496581
environmental factors determining the epidemiology and population genetic structure of the bacillus cereus group in the field.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and its insecticidal toxins are widely exploited in microbial biopesticides and genetically modified crops. its population biology is, however, poorly understood. important issues for the safe, sustainable exploitation of bt include understanding how selection maintains expression of insecticidal toxins in nature, whether entomopathogenic bt is ecologically distinct from related human pathogens in the bacillus cereus group, and how the use of microbial pesticides alte ...201020502683
swapping the chitin-binding domain in bacillus chitinases improves the substrate binding affinity and conformational stability.chitinase from bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus licheniformis consisting of an n-terminal catalytic domain (gh18) and a c-terminal chitin-binding domain (chbd), were cloned and characterised. in order to study the importance of individual domains, chimeric chitinases (btgh-blichbd and bligh-btchbd) were constructed using domain swapping as a strategy to exchange the cbd of btgh-chbd with that of bligh-chbd and vice versa. both chimeric chitinases showed increased affinity to colloidal chitin. ...201020502809
a six-year study of insect emergence from temporary flooded wetlands in central sweden, with and without bti-based mosquito control.in temporary wetlands in the river dalälven floodplains, recurrent but irregular floods induce massive hatching of the flood-water mosquito aedes sticticus, which causes enormous nuisance. flood-water mosquito control using the biological larvicide bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) was commenced in parts of the floodplains during 2002, and here we report the first six years of full-season monitoring of general insect emergence from temporary wetlands with and without treatment. emerg ...201020504386
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of a full-length active form of the cry4ba toxin from bacillus thuringiensis.to obtain a complete structure of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba mosquito-larvicidal protein, a 65 kda functional form of the cry4ba-r203q mutant toxin was generated for crystallization by eliminating the tryptic cleavage site at arg203. the 65 kda trypsin-resistant fragment was purified and crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. the crystals belonged to the rhombohedral space group r32, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 184.62, c = 187.36 a. diffraction data were collec ...201020516610
detection of the mosquitocidal toxin genes encoding cry11 proteins from bacillus thuringiensis using a novel pcr-rflp method.a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) method for detection of cry11 genes from bacillus thuringiensis was established. based on the analysis of conserved regions of the cry11 genes, 2 oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a 1459-bp fragment of the cry11aa gene, and a 1471-bp of the cry11ba and cry11bb genes. the amplification products were digested with restriction endonuclease hinfi. exotic b. thuringiensis strains and native isolates collect ...201020461289
photorhabdus adhesion modification protein (pam) binds extracellular polysaccharide and alters bacterial attachment.photorhabdus are gram-negative nematode-symbiotic and insect-pathogenic bacteria. the species photorhabdus asymbiotica is able to infect humans as well as insects. we investigated the secreted proteome of a clinical isolate of p. asymbiotica at different temperatures in order to identify proteins relevant to the infection of the two different hosts.201020462430
combined molecular dynamics and continuum solvent studies of the pre-pore cry4aa trimer suggest its stability in solution and how it may form pore.abstract: cry4aa toxin is one of the highly specific mosquito-larvicidal proteins produced by the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis. it is thought to form pores in the larval midgut membrane that cause membrane leakage and subsequent insect death. therefore, cry4aa and other cry toxins have been used as efficient and safe bacterial insecticides to control the disease-carrying mosquitoes such as aedes, anopheles, and culex. however, we still do not clearly understand how cry ...201020465833
mirid bug outbreaks in multiple crops correlated with wide-scale adoption of bt cotton in china.long-term ecological effects of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crops on nontarget pests have received limited attention, more so in diverse small holder-based cropping systems of the developing world. field trials conducted over 10 years in northern china show that mirid bugs (heteroptera: miridae) have progressively increased population sizes and acquired pest status in cotton and multiple other crops, in association with a regional increase in bt cotton adoption. more specifically, our ...201020466880
a real-time pcr method to quantify spores carrying the bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis cry4aa and cry4ba genes in soil.to develop a rapid real-time pcr method for the specific detection and quantification of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) spores present in the environment.201020477894
cloning and characterization of truncated cry1ab gene from a new indigenous isolate of bacillus thuringiensis.the insecticidal crystal protein(s) encoded by cry gene(s) of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been used for insect control both as biopesticides and in transgenic plants. a new 3'-truncated cry1ab gene was cloned from an indigenous isolate of bt, a19-31. nucleotide sequencing and homology search revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of cry1ab toxin of bt strain a19-31 had a variation of two amino acid residues with the holotype sequence, cry1ab1. expression of the 3'-truncated cry1ab ge ...201020480206
attraction of the parasitoid cotesia marginiventris to host (spodoptera frugiperda) frass is affected by transgenic maize.we assessed in the laboratory the attraction of the parasitoid cotesia marginiventris (cresson) toward odors emitted by conventional maize (zea mays l. ssp. mays) and bt (bacillus thuringiensis) maize seedlings following actual or simulated injury by spodoptera frugiperda (smith), the parasitoid's host, and emitted by the host's frass, produced following consumption of conventional or bt maize seedlings. females of c. marginiventris exhibited similarly strong responses to conventional and bt mai ...201020480228
increase in midgut microbiota load induces an apparent immune priming and increases tolerance to bacillus thuringiensis.the insect immune system is comprised of both humoral and cellular components that are mobilized in response to parasitic or pathogenic infections. activation of the immune response implies a considerable expenditure of energy and that is why insects rely on inducible pathways that are activated after coming into contact with the pathogenic agent. known as immune priming, insects can prolong the activation of the immune response and transmit their immune status to the next generation. starting f ...201020482744
optimization of fenton oxidation pre-treatment for b. thuringiensis - based production of value added products from wastewater sludge.fenton oxidation pretreatment was investigated for enhancement of biodegradability of wastewater sludge (wws) which was subsequently used as substrate for the production of value- added products. the response surface method with fractional factorial and central composite designs was applied to determine the effects of fenton parameters on solubilization and biodegradability of sludge and the optimization of the fenton process. maximum solubilization and biodegradability were obtained as 70% and ...201020381232
bacillus marcorestinctum sp. nov., a novel soil acylhomoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal quenching bacterium.a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from soil samples and designated strain lqq. this organism strongly quenches the acylhomoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal. the lqq strain exhibits phenotypic characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus bacillus. it is positive in catalase and no special growth factor is needed. it uses glucose as sole carbon source. the dna g + c content is 39.8 mol %. the closest relatives b ...201020386651
effects of bt maize on agrotis segetum (lepidoptera: noctuidae): a pest of maize seedlings.the lepidopteran stemborers busseola fusca (fuller) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), sesamia calamistis (hampson) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), and chilo partellus (swinhoe) (lepidoptera: crambidae) are effectively controlled by bt maize that expresses the cry1ab insecticidal protein. another noctuid species, the cutworm agrotis segetum (denis and schiffermüller) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), which is the most common and injurious pest of maize seedlings in south africa, is exposed to bt toxin for a part of it ...201020388305
exposure and nontarget effects of transgenic bt corn debris in streams.corn (zea mays l.) transformed with a gene from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) comprises 49% of all corn in the united states. the input of senesced corn tissue expressing the bt gene may impact stream-inhabiting invertebrates that process plant debris, especially trichopteran species related to the target group of lepidopteran pests. our goal was to assess risk associated with transgenic corn debris entering streams. first, we show the input of corn tissue after harvest was extended ...201020388306
impacts of six bt rice lines on nontarget rice feeding thrips under laboratory and field conditions.nontarget impacts of six transgenic bt rice lines (expressing the cry1ab or cry1ab/cry1ac protein) on the thrips, stenchaetothrips biformis (bagnall), attacking the rice seedling and tillering stages, were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. laboratory results showed relatively longer larval, pupal development and preoviposition durations of s. biformis. although it had a shorter oviposition period, female adult longevity and less total laid eggs were found when fed on some tested b ...201020388307
midgut juice components affect pore formation by the bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin cry9ca.the pore-forming ability of the bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry9ca, its two single-site mutants r164a and r164k, and the 55-kda fragment resulting from its proteolytic cleavage at r164 was evaluated under a variety of experimental conditions using an electrophysiological assay. all four toxin preparations depolarized the apical membrane of freshly isolated third-instar manduca sexta midguts bathing in a solution containing 122 mm kcl at ph 10.5, but the 55-kda fragment was considerably more act ...201020399787
striking activation of nalt and nasal passages lymphocytes induced by intranasal immunization with cry1ac protoxin.cry1ac protoxin from bacillus thuringiensis is a potent mucosal immunogen and adjuvant. when delivered intranasally (i.n.) cry1ac elicits significant antibody response and is able to improve vaccination against naegleria fowleri infection, but the functional effects occurring in nasal lymphocytes when this protein is administered alone have not been determined. here, we investigated the effects of i.n. immunization with cry1ac on antibody production, lymphocyte activation and cytokine production ...201020415781
microbiological studies of ethnic meat products of the eastern himalayas.native microorganisms from some ethnic meat products of the eastern himalayas such as lang kargyong, yak kargyong, faak kargyong, lang satchu, yak satchu and suka ko masu were isolated and characterized. the bacterial isolates included lactobacillus sake, lactobacillus curvatus, lactobacillus divergens, lactobacillus carnis, lactobacillus sanfrancisco, lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus casei, lactobacillus brevis, enterococcus faecium, leuconostoc mesenteroides, pediococcus pentosaceous, ba ...201020416835
compositions of forage and seed from second-generation glyphosate-tolerant soybean mon 89788 and insect-protected soybean mon 87701 from brazil are equivalent to those of conventional soybean (glycine max).brazil has become one of the largest soybean producers. two monsanto co. biotechnology-derived soybean products are designed to offer benefits in weed and pest management. these are second-generation glyphosate-tolerant soybean, mon 89788, and insect-protected soybean, mon 87701. the second-generation glyphosate-tolerant soybean product, mon 89788, contains the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene derived from agrobacterium sp. strain cp4 (cp4 epsps). mon 87701 contains the cry1ac ge ...201020420455
study of the aminopeptidase n gene family in the lepidopterans ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) and bombyx mori (l.): sequences, mapping and expression.aminopeptidases n (apns) are a class of ectoenzymes present in lepidopteran larvae midguts, involved in the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins mode of action. in the present work, seven aminopeptidases have been cloned from the midgut of ostrinia nubilalis, the major lepidopteran corn pest in the temperate climates. six sequences were identified as apns because of the presence of the hexxh(x)18e and gamen motifs, as well as the signal peptide and the gpi-anchor sequences. the remaining sequence ...201020420910
chemical modulators of the innate immune response alter gypsy moth larval susceptibility to bacillus thuringiensis.the gut comprises an essential barrier that protects both invertebrate and vertebrate animals from invasion by microorganisms. disruption of the balanced relationship between indigenous gut microbiota and their host can result in gut bacteria eliciting host responses similar to those caused by invasive pathogens. for example, ingestion of bacillus thuringiensis by larvae of some species of susceptible lepidoptera can result in normally benign enteric bacteria exerting pathogenic effects.201020423490
characterization of tunisian bacillus thuringiensis strains with abundance of kurstaki subspecies harbouring insecticidal activities against the lepidopteran insect ephestia kuehniella.the study of 257 crystal-producing bacillus thuringiensis isolates from bioinsecticide free soil samples collected from different sites in tunisia, was performed by pcr amplification, using six primer pairs specific for cry1, cry2, cry3, cry4, and vip3a genes, by the investigation of strain plasmid pattern, crystal morphology and delta-endotoxin content and by the assessment of insecticidal activities against the lepidopteran insect ephestia kuehniella. based on plasmid pattern study, 11 represe ...201020424844
impact of water renewal on the residual effect of larvicides in the control of aedes aegypti.this study was carried out to evaluate the residual effect of three larvicides under laboratory conditions for 100 days in aedes aegypti. the larval mortality rate was measured without water renewal or with daily water renewal (80%). with temephos, there was 100% mortality in both groups until the 70th day. in the bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti)-wdg test, there was no difference during the first 20 days. with bti-g, without water renewal, mortality was sustained above 90% for up to 35 d ...201020428685
dispersal and movement behavior of neonate european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) on non-bt and transgenic bt corn.neonate movement and dispersal behavior of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae), were investigated under controlled conditions on bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and non-bt corn, zea mays l., to assess plant abandonment, dispersal from their natal plant, and silking behavior after bt and non-bt preexposure. with continuous airflow, neonates on a bt corn plant for 24 h abandoned that plant 1.78 times more frequently than neonates on a non-bt corn plant. indire ...201020429445
why do f1 screens estimate higher frequencies of cry2ab resistance in helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) than do f2 screens?f2 and f1 tests to detect resistance to cry2ab in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) were performed during the 2007-2008 summer. f2 tests indicated a resistance frequency of 0.006, which is similar to the published resistance frequencies for this species during the summers spanning 2002-2006. in contrast f1 tests indicated a resistance frequency of 0.033. thus, f1 tests isolated cry2ab resistance alleles almost six-fold more frequently than the f2 method. a discrepancy might ...201020429464
the use of biotin-binding proteins for insect control.biotin-binding proteins (bbps), expressed in transgenic plants, are insecticidal to a very wide range of insects. the expression levels required are generally low (approximately 100 ppm), and although higher than required for bacillus thuringiensis (bt) delta-endotoxins, bbps are effective across a broader range of insect orders and other invertebrates than the bt cry proteins. avidin and streptavidin, in particular, have been reported as causing death or severe growth reduction in at least 40 s ...201020429467
thuricin cd, a posttranslationally modified bacteriocin with a narrow spectrum of activity against clostridium difficile.the last decade has seen numerous outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), which presented significant challenges for healthcare facilities worldwide. we have identified and purified thuricin cd, a two-component antimicrobial that shows activity against c. difficile in the nanomolar range. thuricin cd is produced by bacillus thuringiensis dpc 6431, a bacterial strain isolated from a human fecal sample, and it consists of two distinct peptides, trn-alpha and trn-beta, that ac ...201020435915
enhancing cry1ac toxicity by expression of the helicoverpa armigera cadherin fragment in bacillus thuringiensis.insect cadherin proteins localized in the midgut epithelium were identified as receptors for bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins (cry toxins). these cadherins facilitated toxin monomer oligomerization and mediated oligomer binding to secondary receptors. it has been reported that manduca sexta, helicoverpa armigera, anopheles gambiae and diabrotica virgifera cadherin toxin binding regions function as synergists for cry1a, cry4ba and cry3a toxicity against target insects. in the ...201020438837
molecular cloning and characterization of a short peptidoglycan recognition protein (pgrp-s) with antibacterial activity from the bumblebee bombus ignitus.peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps) are pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune system that recognize peptidoglycan, a unique bacterial cell wall component. here we cloned and characterized pgrp-s from the bumblebee bombus ignitus (bipgrp-s). the bipgrp-s gene consists of four exons that encode 194 amino acid residues. comparative analysis indicates that the predicted amino acid sequence of bipgrp-s shares a high identity with enzymatically active pgrp-s proteins and contains t ...201020447414
distribution of phenotypes among bacillus thuringiensis strains.an extensive collection of bacillus thuringiensis isolates from around the world were phenotypically profiled using standard biochemical tests. six phenotypic traits occurred in 20-86% of the isolates and were useful in distinguishing isolates: production of urease (u; 20.5% of isolates), hydrolysis of esculin (e; 32.3% of isolates), acid production from salicin (a; 37.4% of isolates), acid production from sucrose (s; 34.0% of isolates), production of phospholipase c or lecithinase (l; 79.7% of ...201020447792
adsorption of alexa-labeled bt toxin on mica, glass, and hydrophobized glass: study by normal scanning confocal fluorescence.we studied the kinetics of adsorption of alexa-labeled bt toxin cry1aa, in monomer and oligomer states, on muscovite mica, acid-treated hydrophilic glass, and hydrophobized glass, in the configuration of laminar flow of solution in a slit. normal confocal fluorescence through the liquid volume allows the visualization of the concentration in solution over the time of adsorption, in addition to the signal due to the adsorbed molecules at the interface. the solution signal is used as calibration f ...201020450173
synthesis, characterization and biological study on cr(3+), zro(2+), hfo(2+) and uo(2)(2+) complexes of oxalohydrazide and bis(3-hydroxyimino)butan-2-ylidene)-oxalohydrazide.cr(3+), zro(2+), hfo(2+) and uo(2)(2+) complexes of oxalohydrazide (h(2)l(1)) and oxalyl bis(diacetylmonoxime hydrazone) [its iupac name is oxalyl bis(3-hydroxyimino)butan-2-ylidene)oxalohydrazide] (h(4)l(2)) have been synthesized and characterized by partial elemental analysis, spectral (ir; electronic), thermal and magnetic measurements. [cr(l(1))(h(2)o)(3)(cl)].h(2)o, [zro(hl(1))(2)].c(2)h(5)oh, [uo(2)(l(1))(h(2)o)(2)] [zro(h(3)l(2))(cl)](2).2h(2)o, [hfo(h(3)l(2))(cl)](2).2h(2)o and [uo(2)(h( ...201020451440
screen of bacillus thuringiensis toxins for transgenic rice to control sesamia inferens and chilo suppressalis.transgenic rice to control stem borer damage is under development in china. to assess the potential of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) transgenes in stem borer control, the toxicity of five bt protoxins (cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, cry1ba and cry1ca) against two rice stem borers, sesamia inferens (pink stem borer) and chilo suppressalis (striped stem borer), was evaluated in the laboratory by feeding neonate larvae on artificial diets containing bt protoxins. the results indicated that cry1ca exhibited ...201020452358
chinese green light for gm rice and maize prompts outcry. 201020458293
gm crops and gender issues. 201020458298
amplified fragment length homoplasy: in silico analysis for model and non-model species.aflp markers are widely used in evolutionary genetics and ecology. however the frequent occurrence of non-homologous co-migrating fragments (homoplasy) both at the intra- and inter-individual levels in aflp data sets is known to skew key parameters in population genetics. geneticists can take advantage of the growing number of full genome sequences available for model species to study aflp homoplasy and to predict it in non-model species.201020459671
effects of an active immunization on the immune response of laying japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) fed with or without genetically modified bacillus thuringiensis-maize.potentially adverse effects of diets containing transgenic plants are a concern for many consumers, particularly in europe. for bacillus thuringiensis-maize, several studies in livestock and poultry showed that the zootechnical data provide no indication for such adverse effects. these studies were all done in homeostatic situations; it remained open whether a deflection of the regulatory physiological systems might yield divergent dynamic responses in b. thuringiensis-maize-fed animals. we ther ...201020460657
malaria elimination: when the tools are great but implementation falters. 201020133988
is mosquito larval source management appropriate for reducing malaria in areas of extensive flooding in the gambia? a cross-over intervention trial.larviciding to control malaria was assessed in rural areas with extensive seasonal flooding. larval and adult mosquitoes and malaria incidence were surveyed routinely in four 100-km(2) areas either side of the gambia river. baseline data were collected in 2005. microbial larvicide was applied to all water bodies by hand application with water-dispersible granular formulations and corn granules weekly from may to november in two areas in 2006 and in the other two areas in 2007 in a cross-over des ...201020133989
comparative study of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ia and cry1aa delta-endotoxins: activation process and toxicity against prays oleae.cry1ia and cry1aa proteins exhibited toxicities against prays oleae with lc(50) of 189 and 116 ng/cm(2), respectively. the ability to process cry1ia11 protoxin by trypsin, chymotrypsin and p. oleae larvae proteases was studied and compared to that of cry1aa11. after solubilization under high alkaline condition (50mm naoh), cry1aa11 was converted into a major fragment of 65 kda, whereas cry1ia11 protoxin was completely degraded by p. oleae larvae proteases and trypsin and converted into a major f ...201020123104
a recombinant immunosuppressive protein from pimpla hypochondriaca (rvpr1) increases the susceptibility of lacanobia oleracea and mamestra brassicae larvae to bacillus thuringiensis.the precise mechanisms underlying bacillus thuringiensis-mediated killing of pest insects are not clear. in some cases, death may be due to septicaemia caused by bt and/or gut bacteria gaining access to the insect haemocoel. since insects protect themselves from microbes using an array of cellular and humoral immune defences, we aimed to determine if a recombinant immunosuppressive wasp venom protein (rvpr1) could increase the susceptibility of two pest lepidoptera (lacanobia oleracea and mamest ...201020123105
isolation, characterization and biological role of camelysin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.the present study reports a simple rapid method for isolating the zinc-containing metalloprotease camelysin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) by extraction from intact bacterial cells with egg l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine containing monolamellar liposomes, followed by separation on a sucrose gradient. characterization of the isolated camelysin revealed a molecular weight of 23 kda and a pi of 6.2. the camelysin exhibited maximal activity against the substrate azocasein at a tem ...201020127334
diverse cadherin mutations conferring resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ac in helicoverpa armigera.transgenic cotton expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins has been widely adopted to control some key lepidopteran pests including the bollworm helicoverpa armigera. evolution of resistance to bt cotton by target pests is a major threat to the continued success of bt cotton. previous results revealed 3 null alleles (r1-r3) of a cadherin gene (ha_btr) conferring cry1ac resistance in h. armigera. an f(1) screen of 123 single-pair families was conducted between a cry1ac-resistant strain (the ...201020079435
midgut gpi-anchored proteins with alkaline phosphatase activity from the cotton boll weevil (anthonomus grandis) are putative receptors for the cry1b protein of bacillus thuringiensis.cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are used for insect control. they interact with specific receptors located on the host cell surface and are activated by host proteases following receptor binding resulting in midgut epithelial cells lysis. in this work we had cloned, sequenced and expressed a cry1ba toxin gene from the b thuringiensis s601 strain which was previously shown to be toxic to anthonomus grandis, a cotton pest. the cry1ba6 protein expressed in an acrystaliferous b. thuringi ...201020079436
the quorum-quenching n-acyl homoserine lactone acylase pvdq is an ntn-hydrolase with an unusual substrate-binding pocket.in many gram-negative pathogens, their virulent behavior is regulated by quorum sensing, in which diffusible signals such as n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) act as chemical messaging compounds. enzymatic degradation of these diffusible signals by, e.g., lactonases or amidohydrolases abolishes ahl regulated virulence, a process known as quorum quenching. here we report the first crystal structure of an ahl amidohydrolase, the ahl acylase pvdq from pseudomonas aeruginosa. pvdq has a typical alph ...201020080736
evidence of the involvement of e358, a498 and c571 of a new cry1ac delta-endotoxin of bacillus thuringiensis in its high insecticidal activity against ephestia kuehniella.a new cry1ac-type gene was cloned from bacillus thuringiensis strain blb1, sequenced and expressed. the deduced amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has a predicted molecular mass of 132.186 kda. the amino acid sequence alignment of blb1 cry1ac with those of the published ones showed that this is a new delta-endotoxin. when compared with cry1ac of bacillus thuringiensis strain hd1, it was found that blb1 cry1ac harbours three mutations: v358e localized in domain ii and v498a and y571c localize ...201020084474
pepsin degradation of cry1a(b) protein purified from genetically modified maize (zea mays).the aim of this work was to study the in vitro digestion of cry1a(b) protein by pepsin. to perform this work, a protein fraction purified from transgenic maize by immunoadsorption was employed. the undigested fraction showed several bands of molecular weight ranging between 14 and 70 kda when assayed by sds-page. these bands were identified as corresponding to cry1a(b) protein by immunochemical techniques and mass spectrometry. the rate of degradation of the purified fraction by pepsin estimated ...201020088594
detection of cry1ab toxin in the leaves of mon 810 transgenic maize.the distribution of cry1ab toxin was detected in the leaves of genetically modified maize of genetic event mon 810 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. cry1ab toxin contents in the leaves at reproductive (milk, r3) phenological stage were measured to be between 3,878 and 11,148 ng cry1ab toxin/g fresh weight. toxin content was significantly lesser (significant difference (sd) = 1,823 ng cry1ab toxin/g fresh leaf weight, p < 0.01) in leaves at the lowest leaf level, than at higher leaf levels, p ...201020091160
inheritance of cry1ac resistance and associated biological traits in the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).the analysis of reciprocal genetic crosses between resistant helicoverpa armigera strain (bh-r) (227.9-fold) with susceptible vadodara (va-s) strain showed dominance (h) of 0.65-0.89 and degree of dominance (d) of 0.299-0.782 suggesting cry1ac resistance as a semi-dominant trait. the d and h values of f(1) hybrids of female resistant parent were higher than female susceptible parent, showing maternally enhanced dominance of cry1ac resistance. the progeny of f(2) crosses, backcrosses of f(1) hybr ...201020097203
a case study for assessment of microbial community dynamics in genetically modified bt cotton crop fields.bt cotton was the first genetically modified crop approved for use in india. however, only a few studies have been conducted to assess the feasibility of its commercial application. bt cotton is genetically modified to express a proteinaceous endotoxin (cry) encoded by cry gene of bacillus thuringiensis that has specific insecticidal activity against bollworms. therefore, the amount of pesticides used for growing bt cotton is postulated to be considerably low as compared to their non-bt counterp ...201020098990
the master transcription factor spo0a is required for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (phb) accumulation and expression of genes involved in phb biosynthesis in bacillus thuringiensis.bacillus thuringiensis is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that can accumulate poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (phb) as a carbon and energy storage substance in response to nutritional stress. the regulatory mechanism for phb biosynthesis in b. thuringiensis and diverse bacillus species is still poorly understood. we now report that disruption of the sigh gene or the gene encoding the master sporulation transcription factor spo0a severely impaired phb accumulation in b. thuringiensis. complementa ...201020100285
design, recombinant expression, and antibacterial activity of the cecropins-melittin hybrid antimicrobial peptides.in order to evaluate their antibacterial activities and toxicities, the cecropins-melittin hybrid antimicrobial peptide, ca(1-7)-m(4-11) (cam) and cb(1-7)-m(4-11) (cbm), were designed by apd2 database. the recombinant hybrid antimicrobial peptides were successfully expressed and purified in pichia pastoris. antimicrobial activity assay showed that both of the two hybrid antimicrobial peptides had strong antibacterial abilities against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aerugino ...201020111863
adhesion of spores of bacillus thuringiensis on a planar surface.adhesion of spores of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and spherical silica particles on surfaces was experimentally and theoretically investigated in this study. topography analysis via atomic force microscopy (afm) and electron microscopy indicates that bt spores are rod shaped, approximately 1.3 mum in length and approximately 0.8 mum in diameter. the adhesion force of bt spores and silica particles on gold-coated glass was measured at various relative humidity (rh) levels by afm. it was expected ...201019928904
variant cry1ia toxins generated by dna shuffling are active against sugarcane giant borer.sugarcane giant borer (telchin licus licus) is a serious sugarcane pest in americas whose endophytic lifestyle hampers effective chemical and biological controls. therefore, development of alternative control methods is extremely important. envisaging development of transgenic plants resistant to this pest, we investigated the effect of the bacillus thuringiensis cry protein cry1ia12synth (truncated protein lacking c-terminus with plant codon usage) and variants against t. l. licus. cry1ia12synt ...201019931577
physical characteristics of spores of food-associated isolates of the bacillus cereus group.all 47 food-borne isolates of bacillus cereus sensu stricto, as well as 10 of 12 food-borne, enterotoxigenic isolates of bacillus thuringiensis, possessed appendages. spores were moderately to highly hydrophobic, and each had a net negative charge. these characteristics indicate that spores of food-associated b. thuringiensis and not only b. cereus sensu stricto have high potential to adhere to inert surfaces.201020023097
impact of bacillus thuringiensis strains on survival, reproduction and foraging behaviour in bumblebees (bombus terrestris).bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and its protein crystals are used worldwide, either as a spray or when expressed in transgenic crops, for the control of pest insects. however, owing to their intensive use, there exists a debate regarding the involvement of this microbial insecticide in bee colony losses. in this study, in a tiered approach using laboratory microcolonies, an evaluation was made of the potential lethal and sublethal hazards on colony reproduction and foraging behaviour of workers of t ...201020024947
characterisation and toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis strains from hazelnut pests and fields.in order to find and identify more toxic insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) strains, a survey was carried out of b. thuringiensis isolate pests belonging to coleoptera, lepidoptera and diptera and from soils in hazelnut fields. of 16 isolates having bacillus cereus-b. thuringiensis morphology, eight were classified as b. thuringiensis because of the production of parasporal delta-endotoxin crystals.201020024949
diversity of bacillus thuringiensis isolated from western ghats of tamil nadu state, india.the western ghats of india is the one of the world's 10 "hottest biodiversity hotspots" that runs along the western part of india through four states including tamil nadu. the only biodiversity reserve in the western ghats is the nilgiri biosphere located in the tamil nadu state. in the present study, 525 soil samples were collected from all the 14 different divisions of the western ghats in tamil nadu state, india. a total of 316 new isolates of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) that produce paraspor ...201020033169
characterization and expression of cry4cb1 and cry30ga1 from bacillus thuringiensis strain hs18-1.we characterized a novel bacillus thuringiensis isolate native to china (hs18-1) that shows a spherical crystal harboring two major proteins of about 70 and 130kda, and contains three novel cry genes (cry4cb1, cry30ga1, cry54-type). furthermore, the cry4cb1 and cry30ga1 genes were expressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3): plyss. insecticidal activity tests showed that the cry4cb1 protein exhibited larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti (diptera) and the cry30ga1 protein was toxic to both a. a ...201020034496
antisera-mediated in vivo reduction of cry1ac toxicity in helicoverpa armigera.a functional assessment of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin receptors in the midgut of lepidopteran insects will facilitate understanding of the toxin mode of action and provide effective strategies to counter the development of resistance. in this study, we produced anti-aminopeptidase (apn) and anti-cadherin sera with purified cry1ac toxin-binding apn or cadherin fragments from heliocoverpa armigera. antisera were evaluated for their effects on cry1ac toxicity through bioassays. our results i ...201020035762
interactions between bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 and midgut bacteria in larvae of gypsy moth and spruce budworm.we examined interaction between bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 (foray 48b) and larval midgut bacteria in two lepidopteran hosts, lymantria dispar and choristoneura fumiferana. the pathogen multiplied in either moribund (c. fumiferana) or dead (l. dispar) larvae, regardless of the presence of midgut bacteria. inoculation of l. dispar resulted in a pronounced proliferation of enteric bacteria, which did not contribute to larval death because b. thuringiensis was able to kill larvae in ...201020035766
occurrence of psychrotolerant bacillus cereus group strains in ice creams.the occurrences of bacillus cereus group strains in 40 ice cream samples were investigated. among 109 isolated b. cereus group strains confirmed by 16s rdna sequence analysis only 50 were identified as b. cereus and one as b. thuringiensis by using fda (u.s. food and drug administration) standard, indicating the two identification standards were highly inconsistent. furthermore, the psychrotolerant growth properties and the occurrence of specific psychrotolerant genes of the isolates were also s ...201020036024
the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 is involved in insect defense against cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis.the insecticidal cry toxins are pore-forming toxins produced by the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis that disrupt insect-midgut cells. in this work we analyzed the response of two different insect orders, the lepidopteran manduca sexta and dipteran aedes aegypti to highly specific cry toxins, cry1ab and cry11aa, respectively. one pathway activated in different organisms in response to a variety of pore-forming toxins is the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 pathway (mapk p38) that activates a ...201020040372
development of real time pcr assays for detection and quantification of transgene dna of a bacillus thuringiensis (bt) corn hybrid in soil samples.real time pcr assays were developed to detect and quantify the transgene dna of a commercially released bacillus thuringiensis (bt) corn (zea mays l.) hybrid (dkc42-23), which was derived from the event mon863 and also carried a neomycin phosphotransferase gene (the nptii gene). we applied the real time pcr assays to investigate the persistence of the transgene dna in a field trial grown with dkc42-23 over 3 years, in combination with bacterial natural transformation. the results showed that und ...201020044792
a mathematical model of exposure of non-target lepidoptera to bt-maize pollen expressing cry1ab within europe.genetically modified (gm) maize mon810 expresses a cry1ab insecticidal protein, derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), toxic to lepidopteran target pests such as ostrinia nubilalis. an environmental risk to non-target lepidoptera from this gm crop is exposure to harmful amounts of bt-containing pollen deposited on host plants in or near mon810 fields. an 11-parameter mathematical model analysed exposure of larvae of three non-target species: the butterflies inachis io (l.), vanessa atalanta ( ...201020053648
changes in the haemocytes of agrotis ipsilon larvae (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in relation to dimilin and bacillus thuringiensis infections.five types of haemocytes are observed in the fourth larval instar of the black cutworm, agrotis ipsilon: prohaemocytes (prs), plasmatocytes (pls), granulocytes (grs), spherule cells (sps) and adipohaemocytes (ads). infection of a. ipsilon fourth larval instar with bacillus thuringiensis and dimilin resulted in a reduction of the total haemocyte count. changes in the differential haemocyte population during bacterial and dimilin infections have been assessed. the prs % decreased significantly whi ...201020056427
in vitro digestion of cry1ab proteins and analysis of the impact on their immunoreactivity.a pepsin resistance test performed at ph 1.2 and with high pepsin to protein ratio is one of the steps of the weight-of-evidence approach used for assessment of allergenicity of new proteins. however, the use of other in vitro digestibility tests, performed in more physiologically relevant conditions and in combination with immunological assays so as to increase the value of the information gained from the studies of stability of a novel protein to digestion for the overall allergenicity assessm ...201020136083
biochemical and molecular characterization of delta-endotoxins in bacillus thuringiensis.the delta-endotoxins (delta-etx) of four native strains (rt7, rt19, rt25, and rt25), and one reference strain (4l1) of bacillus thuringiensis were biochemically and molecularly characterized to determine their potential toxic activity against lepidopteran larvae. crystals of delta-etx were purified through a two-phase system to determine their morphology, molar mass, solubility, and resistance to proteinases. toxic activity and cry gene content were also determined. crystals from native strains ...201020140714
evolution of resistance to the bacillus sphaericus bin toxin is phenotypically masked by combination with the mosquitocidal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis.two insecticidal bacteria are used as larvicides to control larvae of nuisance and vector mosquitoes in many countries, bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis and b. sphaericus. field studies show both are effective, but serious resistance, as high as 50 000-fold, has evolved where b. sphaericus is used against culex mosquitoes. to improve efficacy and deal with even greater potential problems of resistance, we previously developed several recombinant larvicidal bacteria that combine the best m ...201020141526
analysis of cry8ka5-binding proteins from anthonomus grandis (coleoptera: curculionidae) midgut.biotech crops expressing bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins present a valuable approach for insect control. cry8ka5, which is highly toxic to the cotton boll weevil (anthonomus grandis), was used as a model to study toxin-ligand interactions. three cry-binding proteins were detected after toxin overlay assays. following de novo sequencing, a heat-shock cognate protein and a v-atpase were identified, whilst a approximately 120 kda protein remained unknown. additional cry8ka5-binding proteins were ...201020144614
effects of transgenic rice expressing bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab protein on ground-dwelling collembolan community in postharvest seasons.during 2005-2008, field studies were conducted at two locations in chongqing, china, to assess the potential effects of transgenic rice expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1ab protein on the nontarget ground-dwelling collembolan community in three postharvest seasons. collembolans in non-bt and bt rice fields were sampled with pitfall traps during each of two postharvest seasons of 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 and litterbag traps during each of three postharvest seasons of 2005/2006, 2006/2007, ...201020146862
india. after acrimonious debate, india rejects gm eggplant. 201020150453
pore-forming properties of the bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry9ca in manduca sexta brush border membrane vesicles.the toxicity and pore-forming ability of the bacillus thuringiensis cry9ca insecticidal toxin, its single-site mutants, r164a and r164k, and the 55-kda fragment resulting from its proteolytic cleavage at residue 164 were investigated using manduca sexta neonate larvae and fifth-instar larval midgut brush border membrane vesicles, respectively. neither the mutations nor the proteolytic cleavage altered cry9ca toxicity. compared with cry1ac, cry9ca and its mutants formed large poorly selective por ...201020153718
spatial and temporal changes in genetic structure of greenhouse and field populations of cabbage looper, trichoplusia ni.trichoplusia ni is a subtropical moth that migrates annually from southern california to southern british columbia, canada where it invades vegetable greenhouses and field crops. the heated greenhouse environment has altered the natural extinction-recolonization dynamics of t. ni populations, and allows year-round persistence in some locations. in addition, the extensive use of the biopesticide, bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (bt) in some greenhouses has selected for resistance. here ...201020163547
evaluation [corrected] of transgenic event cbh 351 (starlink) corn in pig.this study examined the influence of transgenic event cbh (starlink; sl)-derived hybrid corn on growth, health and physiological functions of pigs, as well as the possibility of transferring the cry9c gene or cry9c protein to the blood, liver or muscles, in comparison with pigs fed a diet with non-transgenic (isogenic) corn (non-sl). the diet for the sl group was composed of 70% sl corn, and the diet for the non-sl group was composed of 70% non-sl corn. forty pigs approximately 3 months in age w ...201020163679
construction of a bacillus thuringiensis engineered strain with high toxicity and broad pesticidal spectrum against coleopteran insects.a newly engineered strain, denominated biot185, was constructed through integrating the cry8ca2 gene into the endogenous plasmid of bt185 (contains cry8ea1) by homologous recombination. the thermosensitive plasmid vector was eliminated by the rising temperature of recombinant cultures. no antibiotic gene or other unnecessary genes were introduced to the new strain. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis demonstrated that the cry8ca2 gene was expressed ...201020165944
characterization of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ac in plutella xylostella from china.a field population (sz) of plutella xylostella, collected from the cabbage field in shenzhen, guangdong province of china in 2002, showed 2.3-fold resistance to cry1aa, 110-fold to cry1ab, 30-fold to cry1ac, 2.1-fold to cry1f, 5.3-fold to cry2aa and 6-fold resistance to bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (btk) compared with a susceptible strain (roth). the szbt strain was derived from the sz population through 20 generations of selection with activated cry1ac in the laboratory. while the szbt ...201020167218
characterization of a cry1ac toxin-binding alkaline phosphatase in the midgut from helicoverpa armigera (hübner) larvae.midgut membrane-bound alkaline phosphatases (malp) tethered to the brush border membrane surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchor have been proposed as crucial for cry1ac intoxication. in the present work, two full-length cdnas-encoding alkaline phosphatases in the midgut of helicoverpa armigera larvae were cloned and named haalp1 (genbank accession no. eu729322) and haalp2 (genbank accession no. eu729323), respectively. these two clones displayed high identity (above 94%) at the a ...201020170658
three kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors from the red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii and the characterization, function analysis of hcpcspi2.three kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors, hcpcspi2, hppcspi3, and hppcspi4, with complete cdna sequences, were identified from a cdna library of the red swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii. semi-quantitative rt-pcr shows that hcpcspi2 exists mainly in hemocytes while both hppcspi3 and hppcspi4 were detected in the hepatopancreas and the heart. homology comparison and phylogenic analysis indicate that hppcspi3 and hppcspi4 shared high identity and formed the same group, and both of them were ...201020170735
role of alkaline phosphatase from manduca sexta in the mechanism of action of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin.cry toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis have been recognized as pore-forming toxins whose primary action is to lyse midgut epithelial cells in their target insect. in the case of the cry1a toxins, a prepore oligomeric intermediate is formed after interaction with cadherin receptor. the cry1a oligomer then interacts with glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptors. two manduca sexta glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, aminopeptidase (apn) and alkaline phosphatase (alp), have ...201020177063
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