Publications

suicide deaths in england and wales, 1982-92: the contribution of occupation and geography.	following two previous articles which described changes that are occurring in suicide rates and trends in factors known to be associated with suicides, this article examines in greater depth the effect of occupation and geography on suicide mortality. for both men and women the highest risk occupations are mostly in social class i or ii. the occupations at highest risk, which include several medical-related professions, and the method of suicide they choose, suggest that easy access to means of ...	1995	7664129
migration and social change: a longitudinal study of the social mobility of 'immigrants' in england and wales.	"data from the opcs longitudinal study is used to examine the social mobility of 'immigrants' in england and wales between 1971 and 1981. three issues are raised: (i) in what respects and to what degree do 'immigrants' differ in their social mobility characteristics from the norm set by the population as a whole?; (ii) in what respects and to what degree do 'immigrants' differ amongst themselves in their social mobility characteristics according to their country of origin?; and (iii) how do 'sec ...	1995	12291075
the detailed human geography of britain.	"this article contains eight cartograms which help to provide answers to a variety of social and demographic questions about modern britain. how english is england? how is the pattern of birth-places changing? is there a north-south divide in the nation's health? are the inner cities less healthy than rural areas? has the changing pattern of unemployment eroded the economic divide between north and south? how do the various political, social and demographic patterns of modern britain relate to ...	1995	12347655
response to the human fertilisation and embryology authority's consultation document on research and fertility treatment using human ova and ovarian tissue obtained from live women, cadavers or fetuses.		1995	11660189
bristol study continues to cause debate.		1995	11654278
every child a perfect child?		1995	11656466
police service in victorian and edwardian london: a somwhat atypical case of a hazardous occupation.	british society in the nineteenth century showed a growing concern with public-health issues and with occupational hazards. police service, which is at the centre of this paper, was not viewed by many as a hazardous occupation. using the london metropolitan police as a case study, the paper suggests that working conditions in the victorian and edwardian police had detrimental effects on the health of officers. it is true that medical statistics of the time showed that police officers in london h ...	1995	11609064
understanding adverse events: human factors.	(1) human rather than technical failures now represent the greatest threat to complex and potentially hazardous systems. this includes healthcare systems. (2) managing the human risks will never be 100% effective. human fallibility can be moderated, but it cannot be eliminated. (3) different error types have different underlying mechanisms, occur in different parts of the organisation, and require different methods of risk management. the basic distinctions are between: slips, lapses, trips, and ...	1995	10151618
information in general medical practice: a qualitative approach.	the aims of the study reported here were to describe the information-related behavior of general medical practitioners, to study information communication in general practices, and to establish guidelines for good practice. general practitioners (gps) were interviewed, and information and communication audits also involving other staff at the practices were undertaken. the main reasons why gps needed information were for patient care, managing the practice, legal and ethical matters, and teachin ...	1995	10152474
health care in the courts. r v cambridge district health authority.		1995	10184446
management ... working day of a health services manager. north staffordshire hospital.	physiotherapy needs to change to be relevant and appropriate to the delivery of health care in the future: departments in acute units will become smaller as therapists' expertise is required in the community. sue jackson, physiotherapy manager, north staffordshire hospital, describes the first steps in this culture change--and other professional and human resource issues.	1994	10133762
abortion: a constitutional problem in european perspective.		1994	11656792
the regulation of assisted conception in england.		1994	11654549
towards a standard application form for lrecs.		1994	11653107
court allows second man the right to die.		1994	11644511
re-thinking skilled international labour migration: world cities and banking organisations.	"highly skilled professional and managerial labour migration has become an important facet of the contemporary world economy. the operations of transnational corporations have created more opportunities for skilled migrants to work abroad.... there is a growing interest amongst economic geographers to examine this form of migration through an appreciation of global economic restructuring, labour market change and world cities. consequently, this paper introduces a new conceptual framework...[whi ...	1994	12320415
man behind the instrument. moynihan, berkeley george andrew (1865-1936).		1994	7633064
man behind the instrument (9). mcindoe, archibald hector (1900-1960).		1994	7633089
hepatitis b outbreak in a drug trials unit: investigation and recommendations.	in autumn 1990 three young men developed acute hepatitis b. they belonged to a group of 24 young male volunteers who had taken part in a trial in a residential unit for drug trials in july and august 1990. a further case of acute hepatitis b and a carrier of hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag) were detected by serological testing of the volunteers. volunteers, in two groups of twelve, had occupied the unit at different times during the trial. the four cases occurred in the group that contained the hbe ...	1994	7509238
influenza in england and wales: activity declines.		1994	7509241
seroprevalence of hepatitis b and c in a merseyside hospital for the mentally handicapped.	this study reports the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis b virus (hbv) and c virus (hcv), and the frequency of potential exposure to these viruses among patients and staff in six long-stay wards of a hospital caring for mentally handicapped adults from the mersey region. a retrospective survey of risk behaviour among 134 patients and questionnaire survey of 75 nursing staff was performed. serum samples from both groups were tested for hbv markers and patient sera for antibodies to hcv by enz ...	1994	7509754
possible association of influenza a with fetal loss: investigation of a cluster of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths.	it has been suspected that influenza infection is associated with fetal or perinatal mortality, but little recent evidence supports this hypothesis. a small cluster of early and late fetal deaths in early 1986 prompted an epidemiological investigation. women whose pregnancies were affected (cases) were compared with women whose pregnancies had a normal outcome (controls). case pregnancies were distinguished by a significant excess of recent flu-like illness (p = 0.006), and were significantly mo ...	1994	7513232
identification of rare and novel mutations in the cftr genes of cf patients in southern england.	cystic fibrosis patients referred to two genetics centres in southern england and not found to carry common cf-associated mutations in one or both of their cftr genes have been subjected to an extensive mutation search. the whole of the coding region of the cftr gene, all intron-exon boundaries and 5' and 3' untranslated regions have been examined by a combination of single stranded conformational polymorphism analysis and chemical mismatch detection; 48 chromosomes with rare mutations have been ...	1994	7515303
prevalence of hepatitis c antibodies in clinical health-care workers.	health-care workers are known to be at risk from occupational transmission of blood-borne viruses, including hepatitis c. there may be serious implications following infection with hepatitis c including possible transmission to patients. we determined the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) antibodies among health-care workers at risk of occupational contact with blood and body fluids and among source patients in reported blood-exposure incidents. anonymised stored blood samples from health-ca ...	1994	7516460
salmonella in humans, england and wales: quarterly report.		1994	7517274
surveillance of htlv infection in england and wales: 1986-1992.	the epidemiology of infection with human t cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus (htlv) types i and ii in england and wales between 1986 and 1992 has been studied. two sources of data have been reviewed: reports of cases of infection received by the phls communicable disease surveillance centre, and information about people infected with htlv-i and ii provided on laboratory request forms sent to the virus reference division of the phls central public health laboratory. most patients were of caribbean or ...	1994	7519514
surveillance of waterborne disease in england and wales.	a pilot scheme, designed to improve the information on waterborne disease available nationally, was set up in five health regions from october 1991 to march 1992. consultants in communicable disease control were asked to report each month on confirmed and suspected cases of waterborne disease, and microbiological and other contamination incidents. twelve events were reported to the phls communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) in six months: five involved human illness and seven were cont ...	1994	7522805
survey of human immunodeficiency virus infection among pregnant women in england and wales: 1990-93.	we report on the first four years (1990-93) of a survey within the national hiv prevalence monitoring programme. the survey's objective is to monitor the prevalence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in pregnant women in london and elsewhere in england. the survey--based in forty centres that offer antenatal care in london, greater manchester, west yorkshire, and adjacent non-metropolitan areas--uses repeated cross sectional serosurveillance for anti-hiv-1 and 2 and the unl ...	1994	7527276
survey of local policies for prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis.	district policies for the primary and secondary prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis in england, wales, jersey, and the isle of man were surveyed in 1992. consultants in communicable disease control were asked to describe past, present, and proposed prenatal screening programmes and current health education policies. one hundred and eighty-seven out of 196 districts responded to a postal questionnaire. one district had a prenatal screening programme for toxoplasmosis and five were discussing p ...	1994	7527277
influenza surveillance, england and wales: october 1993 to june 1994.	this report summarises the information obtained by surveillance of influenza activity in england and wales from 30 october 1993 to 24 june 1994 (weeks 93/44 to 94/25). a moderate epidemic of influenza occurred, which was earlier than in recent years. it followed an increase in influenza activity reported in scotland in early october. activity spread from north to south. influenza a(h3n2) viruses accounted for over 98% of isolates typed, but a few strains of influenza b were identified.	1994	7531565
borrelia burgdorferi infection in uk horses.	antibody levels (igg and igm) to borrelia burgdorferi were measured in the sera and synovial fluids of uk horses. western blotting against b. burgdorferi was also used on samples from seropositive horses. a low incidence of seropositivity was shown in horses from most parts of the uk. this increased in areas that have a high incidence of human and canine borreliosis (norfolk and south coast). leptospira infections of horses did not cause cross reactions in the b. burgdorferi elisa. most horses d ...	1994	8542836
implementation of an antenatal serum screening programme for down's syndrome in two districts (brighton and eastbourne). the brighton and eastbourne down's syndrome screening group.	to evaluate the introduction to two health districts of an antenatal serum screening programme for down's syndrome using the triple test-measurement of alpha fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol, and human chorionic gonadotrophin concentrations in second trimester serum samples.	1994	8790485
uk cervical cancer screening programme: setting a research agenda.	the uk national cervical cancer screening programme aims at reducing the incidence of and mortality from carcinoma of the cervix. it is generally agreed that high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia should be treated aggressively, but the appropriate management strategies for women with lesser degrees of abnormality are uncertain because of the inability to distinguish lesions that are likely to progress to invasive disease from those that will regress spontaneously. the role of human papil ...	1994	8790530
john coakley lettsom and "the highest and most divine profession, that can engage human intellect".		1994	9156154
the development of cimetidine: 1964-1976. a human story.	there was still controversy regarding the physiology of acid secretion in 1964 when a team at smith kline & french laboratories in england started a project to prove the existence of more than one receptor for histamine and to find a substance capable of blocking the effects not blocked by the commonly used antihistamines. the team was convinced that histamine was the final mediator of acid secretion. after 8 years, james black and his coworkers published evidence of the first histamine2-recepto ...	1994	7806839
[the man behind the bankart injury. he introduced a new technique for shoulder joint dislocation].		1994	7808109
lung cancer among newspaper printers exposed to ink mist: a study of trade union members in manchester, england.	a nested case-control study of lung cancer among men exposed to ink mist in newspaper production with rotary letterpress technology is presented. it is based within a historical cohort of 9232 printing workers in manchester (1949-63). men who operated newspaper rotary letterpress machines had a lung cancer standardised mortality ratio (smr) of 179 (95% confidence interval (95% ci) 144-218) when compared with rates for england and wales for the follow up period 1950-83. when adjustment was made f ...	1994	8111469
nerve gas volunteers demand follow-up study.		1994	8114922
prevalence of human astrovirus serotypes in the oxford region 1976-92, with evidence for two new serotypes.	results of serotyping on 291 astrovirus-positive stools collected between 1976 and 1992 showed that about two-thirds (64.9%) were serotype 1. infections were more frequent in the fourth quarter of the year and there was a suggestion that during the past 5 years serotype 1 has occurred with greater frequency in alternate years. evidence is provided for the existence of two new serotypes, 6 and 7.	1994	8119358
use of plasmid profile typing for surveillance of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans, poultry and eggs.	plasmids were found in 1022 of 1089 (94%) of drug-sensitive strains of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans (sporadic and outbreak cases), poultry (chickens) and eggs in england and wales in the 5-year period 1988-92 and 25 plasmid profile patterns were identified. strains characterized by a single plasmid of 38 mda predominated (= plasmid profile type se 38), comprising over 90% of isolates from humans, 70% from poultry and 92% from eggs. eleven profile types were identified in strai ...	1994	8119362
ten-year follow-up of 50 patients with bulimia nervosa.	long-term outcome studies for people suffering from bulimia nervosa are few. ten years after presentation, we followed up 50 patients (49 women, 1 man) who were originally involved in a double-blind, controlled trial of the antidepressant mianserin. standardised interviews and questionnaires were used to assess eating attitudes and behaviour, psychiatric status and social functioning. a dsm-iii-r diagnosis was given where appropriate. sufficient information to make a diagnosis was obtained for 4 ...	1994	8137114
influenza and meningococcal disease.		1994	7903753
parvovirus b19 outbreak on an adult ward.	in november and december 1992, an outbreak of parvovirus b19 infection occurred among patients and staff on an adult mixed surgical ward at a large hospital in london. three patients and 15 staff members were serologically confirmed as acute cases. the attack rate among susceptible members of staff was 47%. in those infected, arthralgia (80%) and rash (67%) were the most common symptoms. of six susceptible in-patients on the ward, three became infected. one of the in-patients who had carcinoma o ...	1994	7925671
sequence similarity of human caliciviruses and small round structured viruses.	the application of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using primers directed to the rna dependent rna polymerase region within orf1 of norwalk virus (nv) showed that 31 percent of morphologically typical human caliciviruses (hucv) and 57% of small round structured viruses (srsvs) produced a product of 470 bp similar to the nv control, nv 8fiia/68/us. alignment of the amino acid sequences of morphologically typical hucvs with previously published sequences for srsvs, nv, and ...	1994	7931187
asylum and the protection of human rights.	there are now some 18.5 million refugees in the world, many more displaced persons within their own country, and the number in both groups is steadily increasing. some of the problems of seeking asylum and providing the resources for the individual needs of displaced persons are considered. small non-governmental agencies such as the ockenden venture have a degree of flexibility which is particularly helpful. the increasing reluctance of all countries to offer asylum makes work in the displaced ...	1994	7935169
regular partners and risky behaviour: why do gay men have unprotected intercourse?	studies in both the uk and the usa continue to show that gay and bisexual men put themselves at risk of exposure to hiv through unprotected intercourse, most often with regular partners. as part of a larger study of homosexually active men, 310 men who had had unprotected anal intercourse with a man in the previous year were asked to describe the last occasion on which this had happened. the majority of men had had unprotected intercourse with a regular partner and did not perceived it as risky, ...	1994	7948089
a 10 year survey of the epidemiology and clinical aspects of listeriosis in a provincial english city.	between january 1983 and december 1992 29 cases of human listeriosis were recorded in bristol, giving an incidence for the decade of 0.35 infections/10(5) population/annum. for those less than a year old the incidence was 5.2/10(5) population/annum and for adults increased from 0.029/10(5)/annum for those aged 20-49 years to 0.65/10(5)/annum for those over 80 years of age. social classes i and ii were over represented in those infected while classes iv and v were under represented when compared ...	1994	7963642
molecules, management and medical outcomes: an international review.	the first major joint conference between the royal college of physicians of london and the american college of physicians was held at the royal college of physicians on 7-8 june 1993. the large enthusiastic audience from the uk and the usa demonstrated the cordiality which exists between the two colleges. the objective of the conference was to further an exchange of ideas about the influence of science and technology upon current and future medical practice. four major areas were chosen for revi ...	1994	7965978
ectoparasite control on sheep farms in england and wales: the method, type and timing of insecticidal treatment.	the chemical control of sheep ectoparasites raises important environmental, health and welfare issues. there is increasing concern about the possible harmful effects of pesticides on human health and the role of dipping in the contamination of natural watercourses. a longitudinal survey was conducted in 1991, the last year of compulsory dipping for the control of sheep scab, to obtain information about the chemical control of ectoparasites on 485 farms in england and wales. organophosphate insec ...	1994	7975072
natural history of trisomy 13.	the poor prognosis of patients with trisomy 13 has long been accepted and has been ascribed to brain and heart malformations. it has been suggested, however, that the long term survival is better than was previously thought and that cardiac surgery may be justified. this population based study reviews the incidence, antenatal diagnosis, spectrum of survival from congenital heart disease, and mode of death for patients with trisomy 13 in the northern health region from 1985 to 1992. there was an ...	1994	7979530
fluoride profiles in different surfaces of human permanent molar enamels from a naturally fluoridated and a non-fluoridated area.	the surfaces, sites and depths of fluoride profiles of enamel from a naturally fluoridated area (west hartlepool, whp, 1.9 parts/10(6) f in drinking water) and a non-fluoridated area (leeds, lds, < 0.1 parts/10(6) f in drinking water) were examined in detail. using a regression curve, y = ax-b, comparisons of fluoride concentrations were made at depths of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30 microns at occlusal, middle and cervical sites of buccal, lingual, mesial and distal molar enamel surfaces. in the oute ...	1994	7980123
evaluation of an antenatal hiv testing programme in an inner london health district.	to study an antenatal human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing programme in an inner london health district.	1994	7999726
salivary diagnosis of measles: a study of notified cases in the united kingdom, 1991-3.	to validate a method for salivary diagnosis of measles and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of notified cases of measles.	1994	8167513
british family heart study: its design and method, and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. family heart study group.	the aim of this paper is to describe the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in families screened systematically by nurses in british general practice, and in subgroups with reported hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes and coronary heart disease.	1994	8179948
palaeoanthropology. time for boxgrove man.		1994	8183361
a hominid tibia from middle pleistocene sediments at boxgrove, uk.	fossil hominids from the earlier middle pleistocene of europe are very rare and the mauer mandible is generally accepted as the most ancient, with an estimated age of 500 kyr. we report here on the discovery of a human tibia, in association with stone tools, from calcareous silts at the lower palaeolithic site of boxgrove, west sussex, uk (fig. 1). the silt units are correlated by mammalian biostratigraphy to an, as yet unnamed, major temperate stage or interglacial that immediately pre-dates th ...	1994	8183368
england's oldest human bone steps out.		1994	8191277
sir henry thompson bt, the first english urologist.	sir henry thompson was a gifted victorian. as a surgeon he achieved early recognition by successfully removing king leopold of belgium's bladder stone where two other eminent surgeons had failed. he was undoubtedly the most famous surgeon of his age, a position he was to occupy for some 30 years. as well as professional eminence he achieved success in an extraordinarily wide range of endeavours. he was an accomplished artist, exhibiting 12 times at the royal academy, a connoisseur and collector ...	1994	8199818
prenatal exposure to influenza and the development of schizophrenia: is the effect confined to females?	the question of whether prenatal exposure to influenza epidemics is associated with an increased risk of later schizophrenia remains controversial. the authors examined this relationship, using data on the dates of birth and gender of 3,827 schizophrenic patients born in england and wales between 1938 and 1965 and first admitted to hospitals in the 1980s, the numbers of live births between 1938 and 1965, and the numbers of deaths attributed to influenza between 1937 and 1965. the analysis showed ...	1994	8267108
high prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 in female anogenital herpes simplex in newcastle upon tyne 1983-92.	this retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of the viral types and temporal epidemiology in patients with ano-genital herpes between 1983-92. one thousand one hundred and thirty-five patients with anogenital herpes were available for analysis. the annual incidence of anogenital herpes nearly tripled over the period of 7 years (1986-92) from 59 to 171 cases. the percentage of hsv-1 infection in female cases (63-79%) was much higher than in other reported studies and remaine ...	1994	7819356
sartorial eloquence: does it exist in the paediatrician-patient relationship?	to evaluate children's and parents' perceptions of hospital doctors' attire.	1994	7819997
iga antibodies in human milk: epidemiological markers of previous infections?	the concept of an enteromammary link in secretory iga (siga) antibody production was tested by hypothesising that specific siga antibody profiles in human milk might be an epidemiological marker for enteropathogens in a community. milk from three subject groups was studied: 64 sri lankan women living in poor suburbs of colombo, 20 asian immigrant women domiciled in birmingham, for a median period of five years (range 14 days-16 years), and 75 white women living in birmingham. an enzyme linked im ...	1994	7820715
mechanisms modifying glucose oxidation in diabetes mellitus.	the glucose fatty acid cycle as formulated 30 years ago and reviewed in the minkowski lecture in 1966 described short term effects of fatty acids (minutes) to decrease uptake, glycolysis and oxidation of glucose in heart and skeletal muscles. such short term effects have since been extended to include inhibition of glucose uptake and glycolysis and stimulation of gluconeogenesis in liver and these effects have also been convincingly demonstrated in man in vivo. more recently a longer term effect ...	1994	7821731
introduction to pandemic influenza through history.	for the past 400 years, epidemics resembling influenza have been recorded in many countries. epidemics from as early as the 16th century in england and the 18th century in the usa are recognizable as influenza, even in the absences of precise knowledge of their causative agents.	1994	7843353
a mathematical model for the european spread of influenza.	following a study modelling the geographical spread of influenza in france, on the basis of population movements through the use of railroad data, we applied the same methodology on a european scale. we simulated an epidemic within a network of 9 european cities (amsterdam, berlin, budapest, copenhagen, london, madrid, milano, paris, stockholm), only taking into account regular between-cities air transport. transportation data were obtained from the international civil aviation organization (199 ...	1994	7843359
the prediction of epidemics of respiratory infection.	experience from 25 years of clinical monitoring of influenza and related illnesses has been considered in relation to the prediction of epidemics of influenza. the monitoring has taken place in a network of sentinel practices in england and wales who report new episodes of illness weekly as they occur. the practice data are aggregated at the birmingham research unit of the royal college of general practitioners and weekly rates per 100,000 population are published in age-specific groups. major e ...	1994	7843362
surveillance of influenza in the united kingdom. pandemic and interpandemic period.	in the united kingdom the morbidity surveillance is carried out by the general practitioner spotter practice schemes (rcgp), the medical officers of schools association (mosa) and the emergency bed service. mortality data is provided weekly by the office of population and censuses and surveys (opcs). phls communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) collects all information and publishes the findings weekly in the communicable disease report (cdr). there are 53 public health laboratories situ ...	1994	7843366
john hunter and the natural history of the human teeth: dentistry, digestion, and the living principle.		1994	7844341
clinical practice and the perceived importance of identifying high risk patients.	the royal free nhs trust is implementing a universal precautions policy for blood and body fluids. anticipating the introduction of this policy, a questionnaire was sent to a sample of staff and students who work with patients or clinical specimens. the questionnaire covered: views about identifying 'high risk' patients and specimens; perceived risks of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b infection from blood exposures; and current practices to avoid exposure to blood. over half t ...	1994	7844346
sequence conservation of the major outer capsid glycoprotein of human group c rotaviruses.	several outbreaks of group c rotavirus infection have occurred in the united kingdom, in one instance infection was associated with the death of a 4-month-old infant in the bristol area. the origin of human group c rotavirus is unknown although there has been some speculation that porcine species may be a possible source of human infection. direct reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction sequencing of vp7 genes from two uk outbreaks (bristol and preston) and sequence analysis from a spora ...	1994	7852957
the "makyng" and re-making of man: 1. mary shelley's frankenstein, and transplant surgery.		1994	7853300
the makyng and re-making of man: 2. mary shelley, or, the modern pandora, and gene therapy.		1994	7853301
antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2 as serological marker of sexual lifestyle in populations.	to examine the epidemiology of antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2 and to assess its suitability as a serological marker of sexual behaviour in populations with high and low prevalences.	1994	7866079
associations between human and farm animal infections with salmonella typhimurium dt104 in herefordshire.	reports of human infection with salmonella typhimurium definitive type (dt) 104 have generated considerable interest. we undertook a descriptive study of infections with s. typhimurium dt 104 infection in humans and farm animals in herefordshire between 1991 and 1993. laboratory reports of human salmonellosis, sent to the consultant in communicable disease control, were compared with cases identified using statutory incident reports of salmonella in animals, birds and their products, received fr ...	1994	7787923
local research ethics committees. widely differing responses to a national survey protocol.	the diversity in responses of local research ethics committees (lrecs) is illustrated with reference to consideration of the protocols for a national survey of physical activity, fitness and health in healthy volunteers. the survey included a questionnaire administered in the home, followed by a physical appraisal carried out in a mobile laboratory. the study was eventually approved by the 30 local committees to which it was submitted, but there was marked variation in the type of enquiries rece ...	1994	8006869
the complete sequence of a human astrovirus.	we have determined the complete genomic sequence of human astrovirus serotype 1 isolated in newcastle upon tyne. the genome is 6813 nucleotides long and contains three sequential open reading frames (orfs). the two closest to the 5' end are linked by a ribosomal frameshifting motif and contain sequence motifs indicative of non-structural virus proteins: serine protease and rna-dependent rna polymerase. a nuclear addressing sequence is also located here. the 3' orf encodes the virion structural p ...	1994	8021608
comparison of the effect of fluoride and non-fluoride toothpaste on tooth wear in vitro and the influence of enamel fluoride concentration and hardness of enamel.	the effect of the presence of fluoride in toothpaste on tooth wear was investigated in extracted human premolar teeth collected from two geographic areas with different fluoride concentrations in the public water supply. nine teeth from each area were divided bucco-lingually into matched pairs and subjected to a wear regime in vitro. the regime consisted of 5 minutes immersion in 6% citric acid buffered at ph 3.5, followed by 200 cycles of linear tooth-brushing in a slurry of either a fluoride o ...	1994	8024870
uptake of influenza vaccine. epidemic of 1989-90 improved uptake.		1994	8038652
apparent increase in the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 genital infections among women.		1994	8039792
guilty of perpetuating the myth that john hunter suffered from syphilis after inoculating himself from a chancre.		1994	8042337
the occurrence and seasonal changes in the isolation of listeria spp. in shop bought food stuffs, human faeces, sewage and soil from urban sources.	eight hundred and twenty-two shop-bought food specimens, 136 soil and 692 faecal specimens were cultured for listeria spp. in a regular, year round survey. 19.7% (162/822) of the foods, 93.9% (108/115) of the sewage, 14.7% (20/136) soils and 1% (7/692) of faeces yielded listeria spp. with 10.5% foods, 60.0% sewage, 0.7% soils and 0.6% faeces containing l. monocytogenes. no seasonal variation was noted in isolates from either sewage or foods, with l. monocytogenes and l. innocua being the commone ...	1994	8043351
respiratory symptoms and dust exposure in lancashire cotton and man-made fiber mill operatives.	a cross-sectional study of work-related symptoms and cotton dust exposure was made in 404 man-made fiber and 1,048 cotton operatives in lancashire spinning mills; 39 cotton-exposed operatives (3.7%) had symptoms of byssinosis. this was associated on regression analysis with cumulative lifetime cotton dust exposure (p < 0.001), total years spent carding (p < 0.001), and currently working in the carding area (p = 0.0041). smoking habit did not differ significantly between byssinotic and nonbyssino ...	1994	8049827
domino heart transplantation: the papworth experience.	the use of donor hearts from heart-lung recipients, the so-called domino procedure, began at papworth hospital in november 1988. between then and september 1992, 198 heart transplantations and 86 heart-lung transplantations were performed. fifty-three heart-lung recipients donated their hearts for use in the domino procedure. thirty-two domino hearts were transplanted at papworth and 21 were exported to other centers. institution of the domino procedure allowed us to perform 19% more heart trans ...	1994	8061019
epidemiology of genital herpes.	new serological methods, based on the detection of type-specific antibodies to herpes simplex virus (hsv) glycoproteins, have allowed a reappraisal of the prevalence of genital herpes. during the 1980s, genital herpes continued to be an infection of epidemic proportions in many developed countries. in the usa, although there was evidence of a decline in the age-specific prevalence of hsv type 1 (hsv-1) infection, the seroprevalence of hsv type 2 (hsv-2) has continued to increase. among those att ...	1994	8063020
zoonotic aspects of mycobacterium bovis infection.	the bovine tuberculosis eradication campaigns in many industrially developed countries have led to a huge reduction in the incidence of human tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis. overt disease in man may, however, manifest decades after the initial infection and the occurrence of such disease raises several important questions. in particular, it is important to determine whether man-to-man transmission occurs, thereby rendering man a continuing reservoir of infection, and whether, if this ...	1994	8073621
social, behavioural and medical factors in the aetiology of testicular cancer: results from the uk study. uk testicular cancer study group.	although many risk factors have been proposed for the aetiology of testicular cancer, only a history of cryptorchidism is well established. all risk factors previously suggested have been explored in this study. this population-based case-control study was carried out in nine health regions in england and wales and included 794 men, aged 15-49 years, diagnosed with a testicular germ cell tumour between 1 january 1984 and 30 september 1986, each with an individually age-matched control. cases and ...	1994	8080739
identification of adenoviruses in faeces from patients with diarrhoea at the hospitals for sick children, london, 1989-1992.	faecal samples from 137 patients that had been shown to contain adenoviruses by electron microscopy were identified in a series of enzyme immunoassays (eia) using a single monoclonal antibody (mab) to adenovirus 40 and four different mabs to adenovirus 41. adenoviruses were partially characterised by restriction enzyme analysis (rea) of dna extracts using smai. samples were also run in a commercial eia (adenovirus ideia; dako, ltd.) which detects group antigen. the majority (84%) of adenoviruses ...	1994	8083654
seroprevalence of antibodies to human herpesviruses in england and hong kong.	the age-related prevalence of antibodies to herpesviruses was compared in england and hong kong. altogether 327 sera from england and 266 sera from hong kong were tested for antibodies to herpes simplex virus (hsv), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6). herpesvirus infections were common in both countries but generally were acquired earlier and were more prevalent in hong kong. over 90% of children in hong kong were infect ...	1994	8083655
establishment of human tissue banks.	mounting interest in europe over the incorporation of the human biological model in the laboratory has been fuelled by scientific advances and the much improved accessibility to human tissue. the collection of tissue is complicated by a host of ethical considerations and lack of public awareness of the benefits of donation to research and education. in the united states, the international institute for the advancement of medicine (iiam) has been successful in networking the cooperation of organ ...	1994	8086227
hepatitis a antibodies in attenders of london travel clinics: cost-benefit of screening prior to hepatitis a immunisation.	the seroprevalence of hepatitis a antibodies in travellers attending london travel clinics increases with age and screening may eliminate the need for vaccination at present for approximately 40% of adults. the duration of protection by current hepatitis a vaccine(s) is still to be established.	1994	7897370
re-evaluation of a radiation protection cost benefit analysis study in brachytherapy.	cost benefit analysis has been in use for many years as a method for making a comparison between the costs of radiation protection and the benefits of reduced radiation exposure. it is advocated by the international commission on radiological protection (icrp) and the national radiological protection board (nrpb) has given more specific advice relating to the value of the man sv to be used in the calculation of cost benefit. the purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in the nrpb adv ...	1994	8298876
the socio-economic impact of human salmonella enteritidis infection.	recent government and public concern about the recorded increase in human salmonellosis in the uk and abroad has stimulated investigations of both the causes and consequences of these infections. this paper discusses the framework for economic analysis of food-borne disease and problems associated with the estimation of costs. a brief review of the literature in this area is given and the results of a national study of the costs of human salmonellosis in england and wales are presented and used ...	1994	8155469
seroprevalence studies using a recombinant norwalk virus protein enzyme immunoassay.	a recombinant norwalk virus (nv) protein enzyme immunoassay was used to study the age of acquisition of nv igg in various populations. in london, england, there was little evidence of infection during the first 2 years of life. however, the prevalence of nv igg rose steadily throughout the period that children attend school, reaching a peak of 70% in the group aged 11-16 years. high levels of maternal antibody were detected in infants aged < 3 months. comparison of the acquisition of antibodies ...	1994	8158109
fettler's disease with smoke inhalation: particles within the lung.	in august 1985, a 72-year-old man died in the manchester air disaster. transmission electron microscopy of his lung tissue revealed not only inhaled smoke particles, but a large population of distinctive particles with different characteristics. these contain silicon and iron, as well as carbon and oxygen, and are thought to be related to his occupation as a fettler and to the extensive fibrosis seen on routine histology.	1994	8159076
genetic linkage of cone-rod retinal dystrophy to chromosome 19q and evidence for segregation distortion.	inherited retinal dystrophies are the most common cause of childhood blindness in the developed world. cone-rod retinal dystrophies are severe examples of this group of disorders. analysis of a large cone-rod dystrophy pedigree suggested that inheritance within the family was influenced by meiotic drive (p = 0.008), a rare segregation distortion in human genetics. two-point linkage analysis showed significant linkage with three markers mapping to chromosome 19q. multipoint analysis gave a maximu ...	1994	8162077
influenza and respiratory syncytial virus surveillance.		1994	8640280
modern management of genital warts in women.	genital warts are common and are a sexually transmitted disease affecting all socioeconomic groups and life-styles. they are caused by the human papillomavirus (hpv) and are highly contagious. genital warts are often symptomless, but occasionally cause itching, bleeding after intercourse burning and pain. referral to a genitourinary medicine clinic is recommended, where specialist treatment and counselling are available. special care is needed with children or if the patient is pregnant. at the ...	1994	8680165
practice nurses: characteristics, workload and training needs.	this study set out to identify the present and future training needs of practice nurses in south west thames regional health authority and to examine these needs within the nurses' current and changing workloads and social, educational and occupational profiles.	1994	8312031
["the man with the lantern". founding of the first children's home in england by dr. barnardo].		1993	8319540
professor sir robert macintosh, 1897-1989: personal reflections on a remarkable man and his career.		1993	8323886