Publications

time course and cellular localization of sars-cov nucleoprotein and rna in lungs from fatal cases of sars.	cellular localization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in the lungs of patients with sars is important in confirming the etiological association of the virus with disease as well as in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. to our knowledge, there have been no comprehensive studies investigating viral infection at the cellular level in humans.	2006	16379499
homozygous l-sign (clec4m) plays a protective role in sars coronavirus infection.	severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by infection of a previously undescribed coronavirus (cov). l-sign, encoded by clec4m (also known as cd209l), is a sars-cov binding receptor that has polymorphism in its extracellular neck region encoded by the tandem repeat domain in exon 4. our genetic risk association study shows that individuals homozygous for clec4m tandem repeats are less susceptible to sars infection. l-sign is expressed in both non-sars and sars-cov-infected lung. compar ...	2006	16369534
sars coronavirus nucleocapsid immunodominant t-cell epitope cluster is common to both exogenous recombinant and endogenous dna-encoded immunogens.	correspondence between the t-cell epitope responses of vaccine immunogens and those of pathogen antigens is critical to vaccine efficacy. in the present study, we analyzed the spectrum of immune responses of mice to three different forms of the sars coronavirus nucleocapsid (n): (1) exogenous recombinant protein (n-gst) with freund's adjuvant; (2) dna encoding unmodified n as an endogenous cytoplasmic protein (pn); and (3) dna encoding n as a lamp-1 chimera targeted to the lysosomal mhc ii compa ...	2006	16387339
pyridine n-oxide derivatives are inhibitory to the human sars and feline infectious peritonitis coronavirus in cell culture.	evaluation of a wide variety of pyridine n-oxide derivatives on their inhibitory activity against feline coronavirus (fipv strain) and human sars-cov (frankfurt strain-1) in cell culture.	2006	16387746
immunogenicity and protective efficacy in monkeys of purified inactivated vero-cell sars vaccine.	in 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) resulted in hundreds of infections and deaths globally. we aim to assess immunogenicity and protective efficacy of purified inactivated vero-cell sars vaccine in monkeys.	2006	16388880
immunogenicity and protective efficacy in monkeys of purified inactivated vero-cell sars vaccine.	in 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) resulted in hundreds of infections and deaths globally. we aim to assess immunogenicity and protective efficacy of purified inactivated vero-cell sars vaccine in monkeys.	2006	16388880
evaluation of affymetrix severe acute respiratory syndrome resequencing genechips in characterization of the genomes of two strains of coronavirus infecting humans.	severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was discovered during a recent global outbreak of atypical pneumonia. a number of immunologic and molecular studies of the clinical samples led to the conclusion that a novel coronavirus (sars-cov) was associated with the outbreak. later, a sars resequencing genechip was developed by affymetrix to characterize the complete genome of sars-cov on a single genechip. the present study was carried out to evaluate the performance of sars resequencing genechips. ...	2006	16391044
sars: clinical presentation, transmission, pathogenesis and treatment options.	sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) appeared as the first emerging infectious disease of this century. it is fortunate that the culprit virus can be grown without much difficulty from a commonly used cell line, allowing an unlimited supply of isolates for further molecular studies and leading to the development of sensitive diagnostic assays. how the virus has successfully jumped the species barrier is still a mystery. the superspreading events that occurred within hospital, hotel and high- ...	2006	16411895
murine encephalitis caused by hcov-oc43, a human coronavirus with broad species specificity, is partly immune-mediated.	the human coronavirus hcov-oc43 causes a significant fraction of upper respiratory tract infections. most coronaviruses show a strong species specificity, although the sars-coronavirus crossed species from palm civet cats to infect humans. similarly, hcov-oc43, likely a member of the same coronavirus group as sars-cov, readily crossed the species barrier as evidenced by its rapid adaptation to the murine brain [mcintosh, k., becker, w.b., chanock, r.m., 1967. growth in suckling-mouse brain of "i ...	2006	16413043
important role for the transmembrane domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein during entry.	the spike protein (s) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is responsible for receptor binding and membrane fusion. it contains a highly conserved transmembrane domain that consists of three parts: an n-terminal tryptophan-rich domain, a central domain, and a cysteine-rich c-terminal domain. the cytoplasmic tail of s has previously been shown to be required for assembly. here, the roles of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of s in the infectivity and membrane fusio ...	2006	16415007
discovering severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3cl protease inhibitors: virtual screening, surface plasmon resonance, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays.	an integrated system has been developed for discovering potent inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3c-like protease (sars-cov 3cl(pro)) by virtual screening correlating with surface plasmon resonance (spr) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) technologies-based assays. the authors screened 81,287 small molecular compounds against specs database by virtual screening; 256 compounds were subsequently selected for biological evaluation. through spr technology-bas ...	2006	17092912
evaluation of a novel vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype-based assay for detection of neutralizing antibody responses to sars-cov.	severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus (sars-cov) is the causative agent of sars. the s protein of sars-cov is a major target for neutralizing antibodies (nabs) in infected patients. we developed a neutralization assay using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) bearing sars-cov-s protein (vsv-sars-st19). a total of 56 serum samples collected from 22 healthcare workers in the hanoi french hospital during the sars epidemic in 2003 were evaluated and compared to the conventi ...	2006	17063504
the spleen as a target in severe acute respiratory syndrome.	it has been proposed that immune injury is the central mechanism of pathogenesis of the infectious disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). to gain a better understanding of immune injury in the spleen, we investigated the number and distribution of various immune cell types in the spleens of sars patients. we performed autopsies on six confirmed sars cases, with six normal subjects as controls; spleen samples from these autopsies were examined with hematoxylin and eosin (h&e) sections ...	2006	17077309
role of laboratory variables in differentiating sars-coronavirus from other causes of community-acquired pneumonia within the first 72 h of hospitalization.	the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) recommend that sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) testing be considered in epidemiologically high-risk patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) if no alternative diagnosis is identified after 72 h. the aim of this study was to identify routine laboratory variables that might indicate the need for sars-cov testing. routine hematological/biochemical variables in patients with laboratory-confirmed sars (2003) were compared with thos ...	2006	17077967
analysis of costs attributable to an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome at a french hospital.		2006	17080396
nucleocapsid amino acids 211 to 254, in particular, tetrad glutamines, are essential for the interaction between the nucleocapsid and membrane proteins of sars-associated coronavirus.	gst pull-down assays were used to characterize the sars-cov membrane (m) and nucleocapsid (n) interaction, and it was found that the amino acids 211-254 of n protein were essential for this interaction. when tetrad glutamines (q) were replaced with glutamic acids (e) at positions of 240-243 of the n protein, the interaction was disrupted.	2006	17082754
sars/avian coronaviruses.	in the hunt for the aetiology of the sars outbreak in 2003, a newly developed virus dna micro-array was successfully used to hybridise pcr products obtained by random amplification of nucleic acids extracted from a cell culture infected with material from a sars patient. the sars agent was found to hybridise with micro-array probes from both coronaviruses and astroviruses, but one of the coronavirus probes and the four astrovirus probes contained redundant sequences, spanning a highly conserved ...	2006	17058491
societal responses to familiar versus unfamiliar risk: comparisons of influenza and sars in korea.	this study examines the connections between familiar (influenza) and unfamiliar (sars) risks among the general public in a sars affected society. using a survey of 350 respondents in chonju, we find that risk perceptions and a belief that influenza vaccination reduces the incidence of sars explain behavioral intentions for influenza vaccination and purchase responses to a hypothetical sars vaccine. those respondents who believe that an influenza vaccination will very likely reduce sars incidence ...	2006	17054529
binding interaction of quercetin-3-beta-galactoside and its synthetic derivatives with sars-cov 3cl(pro): structure-activity relationship studies reveal salient pharmacophore features.	the 3c-like protease (3cl(pro)) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is one of the most promising targets for discovery of drugs against sars, because of its critical role in the viral life cycle. in this study, a natural compound called quercetin-3-beta-galactoside was identified as an inhibitor of the protease by molecular docking, spr/fret-based bioassays, and mutagenesis studies. both molecular modeling and q189a mutation revealed that gln189 plays a key rol ...	2006	17046271
viral ion channel proteins in model membranes: a comparative study by x-ray reflectivity.	we have investigated the effect of the transmembrane domain of three viral ion channel proteins on the lipid bilayer structure by x-ray reflectivity and scattering from oriented planar bilayers. the proteins show a similar effect on the lipid bilayer structural parameters: an increase in the lipid bilayer hydrophobic core, a decrease in the amplitude of the vertical density profile and a systematic change in the ordering of the acyl chains as a function of protein-to-lipid ratio. these results a ...	2006	17019591
adaptive evolution of the spike gene of sars coronavirus: changes in positively selected sites in different epidemic groups.	it is believed that animal-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) is the cause of the sars outbreak worldwide. the spike (s) protein is one of the best characterized proteins of sars-cov, which plays a key role in sars-cov overcoming species barrier and accomplishing interspecies transmission from animals to humans, suggesting that it may be the major target of selective pressure. however, the process of adaptive evolution of s protein and the exact p ...	2006	17020602
preparation of his-tagged armored rna phage particles as a control for real-time reverse transcription-pcr detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.	armored rna has been increasingly used as both an external and internal positive control in nucleic acid-based assays for rna virus. in order to facilitate armored rna purification, a his6 tag was introduced into the loop region of the ms2 coat protein, which allows the exposure of multiple his tags on the surface during armored rna assembly. the his-tagged armored rna particles were purified to homogeneity and verified to be free of dna contamination in a single run of affinity chromatography. ...	2006	17021082
a second, non-canonical rna-dependent rna polymerase in sars coronavirus.	in (+) rna coronaviruses, replication and transcription of the giant approximately 30 kb genome to produce genome- and subgenome-size rnas of both polarities are mediated by a cognate membrane-bound enzymatic complex. its rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) activity appears to be supplied by non-structural protein 12 (nsp12) that includes an rdrp domain conserved in all rna viruses. using sars coronavirus, we now show that coronaviruses uniquely encode a second rdrp residing in nsp8. this protei ...	2006	17024178
upregulation of mitochondrial gene expression in pbmc from convalescent sars patients.	the observations that lymphopenia is common in severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) patients and that peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) could be infected by sars-cov indicate that pbmc could be useful in identifying the gene expression profile in convalescent patients and tracing the host response to sars-cov infection. in this study, the altered genes expressions in the pbmc of convalescent sars patients were investigated with suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh). we found tha ...	2006	17024565
full-length genome sequences of two sars-like coronaviruses in horseshoe bats and genetic variation analysis.	bats were recently identified as natural reservoirs of sars-like coronavirus (sl-cov) or sars coronavirus-like virus. these viruses, together with sars coronaviruses (sars-cov) isolated from human and palm civet, form a distinctive cluster within the group 2 coronaviruses of the genus coronavirus, tentatively named group 2b (g2b). in this study, complete genome sequences of two additional group 2b coronaviruses (g2b-covs) were determined from horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum (g2b-cov rf1) ...	2006	17030870
full-length genome sequences of two sars-like coronaviruses in horseshoe bats and genetic variation analysis.	bats were recently identified as natural reservoirs of sars-like coronavirus (sl-cov) or sars coronavirus-like virus. these viruses, together with sars coronaviruses (sars-cov) isolated from human and palm civet, form a distinctive cluster within the group 2 coronaviruses of the genus coronavirus, tentatively named group 2b (g2b). in this study, complete genome sequences of two additional group 2b coronaviruses (g2b-covs) were determined from horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum (g2b-cov rf1) ...	2006	17030870
expression of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in sars-cov-infected ace2+ cells in sars patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of sars.	the authors have previously shown that acute lung injury (ali) produces a wide spectrum of pathological processes in patients who die of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and that the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleoprotein is detectable in the lungs, and other organs and tissues, in these patients. in the present study, immunohistochemistry (ihc) and in situ hybridization (ish) assays were used to analyse the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), sars-cov spike (s) prot ...	2006	17031779
sars-cov nucleocapsid protein binds to hubc9, a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme of the sumoylation system.	sars-cov is a newly identified coronavirus (cov) that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). the sars-cov nucleocapsid (n) protein is an important structural and functional protein. to identify cellular proteins that interact with the sars-cov n protein and to elucidate the possible involvement of n protein in sars-cov pathogenesis, a human lymphocyte cdna library was screened using a yeast two-hybrid system assay. hubc9, a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme of sumoylation system, was found ...	2006	16998888
[a new method for visual sars dna sequences analysis].	traditional dna sequence analysis is based on sequence alignment, while a new dna visual sequence analysis is proposed in this paper. based on s. wolfram's cellular automation theory, the method transfers one-dimensional dna sequence into two-demensional visual image. applying this method to sars dna sequence analysis, a characteristic of sars-cov differing from non-sars is discovered. compared with all known coronaviruses' images, it is found that this is a unique characteristic of sars virus, ...	2006	17002096
carboxyl terminus of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein: self-association analysis and nucleic acid binding characterization.	coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein envelops the genomic rna to form long helical nucleocapsid during virion assembly. since n protein oligomerization is usually a crucial step in this process, characterization of such an oligomerization will help in the understanding of the possible mechanisms for nucleocapsid formation. the n protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) was recently discovered to self-associate by its carboxyl terminus. in this study, to further address ...	2006	17002283
are nonhuman primates good models for sars?		2006	17002511
evaluation of inactivation methods for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in noncellular blood products.	severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) has been detected in the blood of infected individuals, which may have the potential to contaminate donated blood and plasma-derived products in the event of a future outbreak. effective methods for inactivating the sars-cov in protein solutions are described in this report.	2006	17002634
immunization of mice with a dna vaccine based on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein fragment 1.	according to data in genbank, a gene encoding sars spike protein fragment 1 (s1) was synthesized. after recombination with an immunostimulatory sequence (iss), the gene was cloned into the plasmid pires to produce pires-iss-s1. on confirmation of the expression of s1 protein by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), after the transfection of pires-iss-s1 into bhk-21 cells, the dna vaccine was repeatedly administrated to balb/c mice. cd4+ and cd8+ spleen t lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cyto ...	2006	16987069
risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus transmission aboard commercial aircraft.	severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) was introduced to the united states through air travel. although the risk of sars-cov transmission within aircraft cabins has been addressed by several studies, the magnitude of the risk remains unclear.	2006	16987125
lessons from sars: control of acute lung failure by the sars receptor ace2.	angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), a second angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace), regulates the renin-angiotensin system by counterbalancing ace activity. accumulating evidence in recent years has demonstrated a physiological and pathological role of ace2 in the cardiovascular systems. recently, it has been shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus, the cause of sars, utilizes ace2 as an essential receptor for cell fusion and in vivo infections in mice. intriguingly, ac ...	2006	16988814
quantitative comparison of the efficiency of antibodies against s1 and s2 subunit of sars coronavirus spike protein in virus neutralization and blocking of receptor binding: implications for the functional roles of s2 subunit.	neutralizing effects of antibodies targeting the c-terminal stalk (s2) subunit of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus have previously been reported, although its mechanism remained elusive. in this study, high titered mouse antisera against the n-terminal globular (s1) and s2 subunits of the s protein were generated and total immunoglobulin g (igg) was purified from these antisera. the efficiency of these purified iggs in virus neutralization and blocking of recept ...	2006	16989815
amino acids 1 to 422 of the spike protein of sars associated coronavirus are required for induction of cyclooxygenase-2.	the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has been identified as sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). to evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in the viral infection, in this study, we investigated the role of sars-cov spike (s) protein in the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2). expression of cox-2 stimulated by the s protein was verified by rt-pcr and western blot assay. to explore the relationship between s and cox-2, we constructed a series of plasmids contai ...	2006	16991002
modification of sars-cov s1 gene render expression in pichia pastoris.	s1 gene fragment containing receptor-binding region was amplified by several sets of primers using over-lap pcr. the native s1 gene was modified at a + t abundant regions; n.t.777-1683, n.t.1041-1050, n.t.1236-1248, n.t.1317-1335, n.t.1590-1605; based on the same amino acid sequences. the modified gene was cloned into a yeast expression vector ppic9k. the resultant plasmid ppic9k- s1 was transformed into pichia pastoris gs 115 and the protein expression was induced with methanol. sds-page confir ...	2006	16991004
[identification of mimotope peptides which bind to the sars-cov spike protein specific monoclonal antibody 2c5 with phage-displayed peptides library].	to identify the epitope of sars-cov spike protein specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) 2c5. the antibody was used as target and three rounds of bio-panning were conducted with phage-display peptide library. after the third panning, 20 phage-plague clones were randomly picked and analyzed for the binding ability with the mab 2c5 by elisa. the display sequence analysis demonstrated that among the twenty phage clones, eight clones displayed the same seven-peptide tpeqqft. all these eight ...	2006	17037189
the coronavirus replicase: insights into a sophisticated enzyme machinery.		2006	17037497
biochemical aspects of coronavirus replication.		2006	17037498
deubiquitinating activity of the sars-cov papain-like protease.		2006	17037501
non structural proteins 8 and 9 of human coronavirus 229e.		2006	17037503
the nsp2 proteins of mouse hepatitis virus and sars coronavirus are dispensable for viral replication.	the results presented here demonstrate that the mhv and sars-cov nsp2 proteins are not required for the production of infectious virus, for polyprotein expression or processing, or for viral replication complex formation in cell culture. the nsp2 protein domain resides in a region of the coronavirus replicase that is relatively nonconserved across coronaviruses. in fact, the size and amino acid sequence variability of nsp2 across the different coronaviruses has led some investigators to speculat ...	2006	17037506
identification and characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus subgenomic rnas.		2006	17037509
identification and characterization of a unique ribosomal frameshifting signal in sars-cov orf3a.		2006	17037510
adp-ribose-1"-phosphatase activities of the human coronavirus 229e and sars coronavirus x domains.		2006	17037511
stem-loop 1 in the 5' utr of the sars coronavirus can substitute for its counterpart in mouse hepatitis virus.		2006	17037514
structure, expression, and intracellular localization of the sars-cov accessory proteins 7a and 7b.		2006	17037516
sumoylation of the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by interaction with ubc9.		2006	17037517
sars coronavirus accessory orfs encode luxury functions.		2006	17037522
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein of sars-cov.		2006	17037523
ultrastructure of sars-cov, fipv, and mhv revealed by electron cryomicroscopy.		2006	17037527
viroporin activity of sars-cov e protein.		2006	17037530
insights from the association of sars-cov s-protein with its receptor, ace2.		2006	17037532
attachment factor and receptor engagement of sars coronavirus and human coronavirus nl63.		2006	17037533
interactions between sars coronavirus and its receptor.		2006	17037534
proteolysis of sars-associated coronavirus spike glycoprotein.		2006	17037535
enhancement of sars-cov infection by proteases.		2006	17037538
increased viral titers and subtle changes in plaque morphology upon passage of sars-cov in cells from different species.		2006	17037539
analysis of sars-cov receptor activity of ace2 orthologs.		2006	17037542
pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus for functional analysis of sars coronavirus spike protein.		2006	17037546
subcellular localization of sars-cov structural proteins.		2006	17037547
dissection of the fusion machine of sars-coronavirus.		2006	17037552
characterization of persistent sars-cov infection in vero e6 cells.		2006	17037553
sars-cov, but not hcov-nl63, utilizes cathepsins to infect cells: viral entry.		2006	17037556
sars and other coronaviruses in humans and animals.		2006	17037578
infection of human airway epithelia by sars coronavirus is associated with ace2 expression and localization.		2006	17037581
a sars-cov-specific protein enhances virulence of an attenuated strain of mouse hepatitis virus.		2006	17037583
synergistic inhibition of sars-coronavirus replication by type i and type ii ifn.		2006	17037585
mustela vison ace2 functions as a receptor for sars-coronavirus.		2006	17037586
mustela vison ace2 functions as a receptor for sars-coronavirus.		2006	17037586
pathological and virological analyses of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infections in experimental animals.		2006	17037588
identification of ferret ace2 and its receptor function for sars-coronavirus.		2006	17037589
sars cov replication and pathogenesis in human airway epithelial cultures.		2006	17037593
immunogenicity of sars-cov: the receptor-binding domain of s protein is a major target of neutralizing antibodies.		2006	17037594
resurrection of an "extinct" sars-cov isolate gd03 from late 2003.		2006	17037596
sars coronavirus vaccine development.		2006	17037597
development of vaccines and passive immunotherapy against sars coronavirus using mouse and scid-pbl/hu mouse models.	we have investigated novel vaccines strategies against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) cov infection using cdna constructs encoding the structural antigens; spike (s), membrane (m), envelope (e), or nucleocapsid (n) protein, derived from sars cov (strain hku39849, tw1, or ffm-1). as sars-cov is thought to infect the alveolar epithelial cell of the lung,in the present study, a type ii alveolar epithelial cell clone, t7, was used to analyze the mechanism of ctl against sars cov membrane a ...	2006	17037598
inhibition and escape of sars-cov treated with antisense morpholino oligomers.		2006	17037599
identification of essential genes as a strategy to select a sars candidate vaccine using a sars-cov infectious cdna.		2006	17037601
structure and dynamics of sars coronavirus main proteinase (mpro).		2006	17037602
highly attenuated vaccinia virus dis as a potential sars vaccine.		2006	17037603
renilla luciferase as a reporter to assess sars-cov mrna transcription regulation and efficacy of anti-sars-cov agents.		2006	17037604
protein nanopatterns and biosensors using gold binding polypeptide as a fusion partner.	an efficient strategy for immobilizing proteins on a gold surface was developed by employing the gold binding polypeptide (gbp) as a fusion partner. using the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) envelope protein (scvme), and core streptavidin (csa) of streptomyces avidinii as model proteins, specific immobilization of the gbp-fusion proteins onto the gold nanoparticles and generation of protein nanopatterns on the bare gold surface ...	2006	17037921
the relationship of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus with avian and other coronaviruses.	in february 2003, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in humans in guangdong province, china, and caused an epidemic that had severe impact on public health, travel, and economic trade. coronaviruses are worldwide in distribution, highly infectious, and extremely difficult to control because they have extensive genetic diversity, a short generation time, and a high mutation rate. they can cause respiratory, enteric, and in some cases hepatic and neurological diseas ...	2006	17039827
zoonotic viral diseases and the frontier of early diagnosis, control and prevention.	public awareness of the human health risks of zoonotic infections has grown in recent years. currently, concern of h5n1 flu transmission from migratory bird populations has increased with foci of fatal human cases. this comes on the heels of other major zoonotic viral epidemics in the last decade. these include other acute emerging or re-emerging viral diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), west-nile virus, ebola virus, monkeypox, as well as the more inapparent insidious slow ...	2006	17040245
emerging respiratory viruses: challenges and vaccine strategies.	the current threat of avian influenza to the human population, the potential for the reemergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus, and the identification of multiple novel respiratory viruses underline the necessity for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies to combat viral infection. vaccine development is a key component in the prevention of widespread viral infection and in the reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with many viral ...	2006	17041137
identifying epitopes responsible for neutralizing antibody and dc-sign binding on the spike glycoprotein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.	the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) uses dendritic cell-specific icam-3 grabbing nonintegrin (dc-sign) to facilitate cell entry via cellular receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. for this project, we used recombinant baculoviruses expressing different lengths of sars-cov spike (s) protein in a capture assay to deduce the minimal dc-sign binding region. our results identified the region location between amino acid (aa) residues 324 to 386 of the s protein. ...	2006	17041212
the large 386-nt deletion in sars-associated coronavirus: evidence for quasispecies?	the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is reported to have deletions of various sizes. recently, the large 386-nucleotide deletion (l386del) comprising nucleotide positions 27719-28104 and spanning open reading frames 9-11 has been reported in the genomes of some human isolates from hong kong. in this study, archived specimens from 71 patients with sars who were admitted to the new territory east cluster hospitals in hong kong were analyzed to determine whether t ...	2006	16941348
preparation and characterization of a novel monoclonal antibody specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein.	severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus nucleocapsid (sars-cov n) protein has been found to be important to the processes related to viral pathogenesis, such as virus replication, interference of the cell process and modulation of host immune response; detection of the antigen has been used for the early diagnosis of infection. we have used recombinant n protein expressed in insect cells to generate 17 mabs directed against this protein. we selected five mabs that could be used in various ...	2006	16942813
detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in stool specimens by commercially available real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assays.	three commercially available real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assays (the artus realart hpa coronavirus lightcycler, the artus realart hpa coronavirus rotor-gene, and the eragen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pol assay) and three rna extraction methodologies were evaluated for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus rna from 91 stool specimens. the assays' sensitivities were highest (58% to 75%) for specimens obtained 8 to 21 days after symptom onset. the ...	2006	16943352
waste water disinfection during sars epidemic for microbiological and toxicological control.	to evaluate the disinfection of wastewater in china.	2006	16944772
accumulation of recombinant sars-cov spike protein in plant cytosol and chloroplasts indicate potential for development of plant-derived oral vaccines.	plants are promising candidates as bioreactors for the production of oral recombinant proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry. as an initial step toward provision of an oral vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), we have expressed a partial spike (s) protein of sars-cov in the cytosol of nuclear-transformed plants and in the chloroplasts of plastid-transformed plants. in the construction of both nuclear and plastid transformation vectors, a 2-kilobase nu ...	2006	16946403
molecular modeling studies of peptide drug candidates against sars.	flexible alignment and docking studies were conducted for the three octapeptides, atlqanev, avlqsgfr, and atlqaias, that were cleavable by sars-cov mpro. it has been observed that all pharmacophores of the three peptides overlap very well, and that atlqanev binds best with the receptor, followed by avlqsgfr, and then atlqaias. during the process of docking the octapeptides to the sars enzyme, the residues of the catalytic dyad, i.e., his-41 and cys-145 are actively involved in forming the hydrog ...	2006	16948478
structural basis of neutralization by a human anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome spike protein antibody, 80r.	severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a newly emerged infectious disease that caused pandemic spread in 2003. the etiological agent of sars is a novel coronavirus (sars-cov). the coronaviral surface spike protein s is a type i transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates initial host binding via the cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), as well as the subsequent membrane fusion events required for cell entry. here we report the crystal structure of the s1 receptor bindi ...	2006	16954221
airflows around oxygen masks: a potential source of infection?	patients with respiratory infections often require the use of supplemental oxygen via oxygen masks, which, in the hospital, may become sources of aerosolized infectious pathogens. to assess this risk, a human lung model (respiration rate, 12 breaths/min) was designed to test the potential for a simple oxygen mask at a common setting (4 l/min) to disperse potentially infectious exhaled air into the surrounding area. a laser sheet was used to illuminate the exhaled air from the mask, which contain ...	2006	16963681
over-expression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3b protein induces both apoptosis and necrosis in vero e6 cells.	the genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus encodes for eight accessory viral proteins with no known homologues in other coronaviruses. one of these is the 3b protein, which is encoded by the second open reading frame in subgenomic rna 3 and contains 154 amino acids. here, a detailed time-course study was performed to compare the apoptosis and necrosis profiles induced by full-length 3b, a 3b mutant that was deleted by 30 amino acids from the c terminus (3bdelta124-154) and t ...	2006	16965829
sars: systematic review of treatment effects.	the sars outbreak of 2002-2003 presented clinicians with a new, life-threatening disease for which they had no experience in treating and no research on the effectiveness of treatment options. the world health organization (who) expert panel on sars treatment requested a systematic review and comprehensive summary of treatments used for sars-infected patients in order to guide future treatment and identify priorities for research.	2006	16968120
amino acid residues critical for rna-binding in the n-terminal domain of the nucleocapsid protein are essential determinants for the infectivity of coronavirus in cultured cells.	the n-terminal domain of the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein adopts a fold resembling a right hand with a flexible, positively charged beta-hairpin and a hydrophobic palm. this domain was shown to interact with the genomic rna for coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). based on its 3d structure, we used site-directed mutagenesis to identify residues essential for the rna-binding activity of the ibv n protein and viral infe ...	2006	16971454