Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| the feasibility of using high resolution genome sequencing of influenza a viruses to detect mixed infections and quasispecies. | the rapidly expanding availability of de novo sequencing technologies can greatly facilitate efforts to monitor the relatively high mutation rates of influenza a viruses and the detection of quasispecies. both the mutation rates and the lineages of influenza a viruses are likely to play an important role in the natural history of these viruses and the emergence of phenotypically and antigenically distinct strains. | 2009 | 19771155 |
| evaluation of twenty rapid antigen tests for the detection of human influenza a h5n1, h3n2, h1n1, and b viruses. | twenty rapid antigen assays were compared for their ability to detect influenza using dilutions of virus culture supernatants from human isolates of influenza a h5n1 (clade 1 and 2 strains), h3n2 and h1n1 viruses, and influenza b. there was variation amongst the rapid antigen assays in their ability to detect different influenza viruses. six of the 12 assays labeled as distinguishing between influenza a and b had comparable analytical sensitivities for detecting both influenza a h5n1 strains, al ... | 2009 | 19774693 |
| comparative efficacy of inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines. | the efficacy of influenza vaccines may vary from year to year, depending on a variety of factors, and may differ for inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. | 2009 | 19776407 |
| detection of influenza a(h1n1)v virus by real-time rt-pcr. | influenza a(h1n1)v virus was first identified in april 2009. a novel real-time rt-pcr for influenza a(h1n1)v virus was set up ad hoc and validated following industry-standard criteria. the lower limit of detection of the assay was 384 copies of viral rna per ml of viral transport medium (95% confidence interval: 273-876 rna copies/ml). specificity was 100% as assessed on a panel of reference samples including seasonal human influenza a virus h1n1 and h3n2, highly pathogenic avian influenza a vir ... | 2009 | 19758541 |
| [type and subtype distribution of influenza virus and genetic evolution of hemagglutinin in shanghai area in duration of 2004 - 2008]. | to analyze the type and subtype distribution of influenza virus and the genetic evolution of hemagglutinin (ha) in shanghai area during 2004 to 2008. | 2009 | 19534952 |
| amantadine-resistant influenza a (h3n2) viruses in iran. | adamantanes have been used for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza a virus (iav) infections worldwide. however, they have limited use because of increasing number of resistant viruses during recent years. in investigating the frequency of amantadine-resistant iavs (h3n2) circulating in iran in 2005-2008, we found that m2 sequences of recently circulating viruses that were amantadine-resistant contained a ser31asn mutation. thus, adamantanes should not be used for treatment or prophylaxis ... | 2009 | 19537916 |
| differential suppressive effect of promyelocytic leukemia protein on the replication of different subtypes/strains of influenza a virus. | promyelocytic leukemia protein (pml) plays an important role in the defense against a number of viruses, including influenza a virus. however, the sensitivity of influenza a virus subtypes/strains to pml is unknown. we investigated the role of pml in the replication of different influenza a virus subtypes/strains using pan-pml knock-down a549 cells and pml-vi-overexpressed mdck cells. we found that (i) depletion of pan-pml by sirna rendered a549 cells more susceptible to influenza a virus strain ... | 2009 | 19703418 |
| using a mutual information-based site transition network to map the genetic evolution of influenza a/h3n2 virus. | mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution pathways of influenza a is of critical importance in the vaccine development and drug design of influenza virus. in this article, we have analyzed more than 4000 a/h3n2 hemagglutinin (ha) sequences from 1968 to 2008 to model the evolutionary path of the influenza virus, which allows us to predict its future potential drifts with specific mutations. | 2009 | 19706746 |
| [comparative study of avian influenza virus propagation in the cell culture and chick embryos]. | comparative reproduction studies of 7 avian influenza virus strains (h5n1, h5n2, h3n2, h4n6, h7n7) in vero and mdck cell lines have indicated that the mdck cell line is an optimal substrate for all study strains. the maximum viral output depends on trypsin concentrations and infection doses, which can differ for individual viral strains. the use of the optimal parameters of avian influenza virus replication in the mdck cell lines yields virus titers comparable with virus reproduction in the chic ... | 2009 | 19708550 |
| differences in patient age distribution between influenza a subtypes. | since the spring of 1977, two subtypes of influenza a virus (h3n2 and h1n1) have been seasonally infecting the human population. in this work we study the distribution of patient ages within the populations that exhibit the symptomatic disease caused by each of the different subtypes of seasonal influenza viruses. when the publicly available extensive information is pooled across multiple geographical locations and seasons, striking differences emerge between these subtypes. we report that the s ... | 2009 | 19718262 |
| identification of amino acid residues of influenza a virus h3 ha contributing to the recognition of molecular species of sialic acid. | to identify a determinant of human h3 hemagglutinin (ha) amino acid residues linked to the recognition of molecular species of sialic acid, we generated six mutant viruses possessing either the wild-type ha gene from a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2) or a genetically single-mutated ha gene at position 137, 144, 155, 158 or 193 from a genetic backbone of a/wsn/33 (h1n1) by reverse genetics. we evaluated the binding ability with four types of synthetic sialylglycolipids. the results indicate that the amino ac ... | 2009 | 19720062 |
| virologically confirmed population-based burden of hospitalization caused by influenza a and b among children in hong kong. | we sought to determine the virologically confirmed hospitalization rates associated with influenza virus infection among hong kong children. | 2009 | 19722912 |
| detection and subtyping of influenza a virus based on a short oligonucleotide microarray. | we report the design and characterization of a microarray with 46 short virus-specific oligonucleotides for detecting influenza a virus of 5 subtypes: h1n1, h1n2, h3n2, h5n1, and h9n2. a unique combination of 3 specific modifications was introduced into the microarray assay: (1) short probes of 19 to 27 nucleotides, (2) simple amplification of full-length hemagglutinin and neuraminidase cdnas with universal primers, and (3) klenow-mediated labeling and further amplification of the samples before ... | 2009 | 19733996 |
| recent human influenza a/h3n2 virus evolution driven by novel selection factors in addition to antigenic drift. | examination of the evolutionary dynamics of complete influenza viral genomes reveals that other processes, in conjunction with antigenic drift, play important roles in viral evolution and selection, but there is little biological evidence to support these genomic data. previous work demonstrated that after the a/fujian/411/2002-like h3n2 influenza a epidemic during 2003-2004, a preexisting nondominant fujian-like viral clade gained a small number of changes in genes encoding the viral polymerase ... | 2009 | 19743921 |
| single residue deletions along the length of the influenza ha fusion peptide lead to inhibition of membrane fusion function. | a panel of eight single amino acid deletion mutants was generated within the first 24 residues of the fusion peptide domain of the of the hemagglutinin (ha) of a/aichi/2/68 influenza a virus (h3n2 subtype). the mutant has were analyzed for folding, cell surface transport, cleavage activation, capacity to undergo acid-induced conformational changes, and membrane fusion activity. we found that the mutant deltaf24, at the c-terminal end of the fusion peptide, was expressed in a non-native conformat ... | 2009 | 19755201 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of h3n2 human influenza a viruses in cheongju, south korea. | to investigate the genetic characteristics of human influenza viruses circulating in chungbuk province, we tested 510 clinical samples of nasopharyngeal suction from pediatric patients diagnosed with respiratory illness between june 2007 and june 2008. genetic characterization of the ha genes of h3n2 isolates indicated the relative higher similarity to a/virginia/04/07 (99.6%) rather than that of a/wisconsin/67/2005 (98.4%), a northern hemisphere 2007-2008 vaccine strain, based on amino acid seq ... | 2009 | 19229496 |
| a serological survey of avian origin canine h3n2 influenza virus in dogs in korea. | canine h3n2 influenza viruses of avian origin were recently isolated and found to induce disease in dogs. results of serologic analysis indicate that avian origin canine influenza virus can spread rapidly through local dog populations, which indicates its potential for becoming established in dogs throughout korea. | 2009 | 19231112 |
| a human case of swine influenza virus infection in europe--implications for human health and research. | swine are susceptible to the same influenza a virus subtypes as humans--h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2--and the histories of influenza in pigs and people are closely linked. many swine influenza viruses are a result of reassortment and their genes are composed of human and avian and/or swine virus genes. indeed, it is known that both human and avian influenza viruses occasionally transmit to pigs, and that pigs can serve as "mixing vessels" for these viruses, meaning that viruses can exchange genetic mater ... | 2009 | 19232229 |
| amplification of four genes of influenza a viruses using a degenerate primer set in a one step rt-pcr method. | we designed a degenerate primer set that yielded full-length amplification of hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix (m), and non-structural protein (nsp) genes of influenza a viruses in a single reaction mixture. these four genes were amplified from 15 ha (1-15) and 9 na (1-9) subtypes of influenza a viruses of avian (n=16) origin. in addition, 272 field isolates of avian origin were tested by this method. full-length amplification of ha, na, m, and nsp genes was obtained in 242 (88.9%) ... | 2009 | 19447141 |
| sulfated membrane adsorbers for economic pseudo-affinity capture of influenza virus particles. | strategies to control outbreaks of influenza, a contagious respiratory tract disease, are focused mainly on prophylactic vaccinations in conjunction with antiviral medications. currently, several mammalian cell culture-based influenza vaccine production processes are being established, such as the technologies introduced by novartis behring (optaflu) or baxter international inc. (celvapan). downstream processing of influenza virus vaccines from cell culture supernatant can be performed by adsorb ... | 2009 | 19449393 |
| ocular infection of mice with influenza a (h7) viruses: a site of primary replication and spread to the respiratory tract. | avian h7 influenza viruses have been responsible for poultry outbreaks worldwide and have resulted in numerous cases of human infection in recent years. the high rate of conjunctivitis associated with avian h7 subtype virus infections may represent a portal of entry for avian influenza viruses and highlights the need to better understand the apparent ocular tropism observed in humans. to study this, mice were inoculated by the ocular route with viruses of multiple subtypes and degrees of virulen ... | 2009 | 19458003 |
| rapid spread of drug-resistant influenza a viruses in the basque country, northern spain, 2000-1 to 2008-9. | a worldwide increase of adamantane-resistant influenza a(h3n2) and oseltamivir-resistant influenza a(h1n1) viruses has been observed in recent years. the aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of antiviral drug-resistant influenza a in a region of northern spain. resistance to adamantanes was detected in 45.3% (68/150) of influenza ah3 viruses analysed for the period from 2000-1 to 2008-9. adamantane-resistance was absent in our region during the 2000-1 to 2002-3 influenza seasons. howe ... | 2009 | 19460286 |
| full factorial analysis of mammalian and avian influenza polymerase subunits suggests a role of an efficient polymerase for virus adaptation. | amongst all the internal gene segments (pb2. pb1, pa, np, m and ns), the avian pb1 segment is the only one which was reassorted into the human h2n2 and h3n2 pandemic strains. this suggests that the reassortment of polymerase subunit genes between mammalian and avian influenza viruses might play roles for interspecies transmission. to test this hypothesis, we tested the compatibility between pb2, pb1, pa and np derived from a h5n1 virus and a mammalian h1n1 virus. all 16 possible combinations of ... | 2009 | 19462010 |
| high genetic and antigenic similarity between a swine h3n2 influenza a virus and a prior human influenza vaccine virus: a possible immune pressure-driven cross-species transmission. | in late april of 2009, a global outbreak of human influenza was reported. the causative agent is a highly unusual reassortant h1n1 influenza virus carrying genetic segments derived from swine, human and avian influenza viruses. in this study, we compared the ha, na and other gene segments of a swine h3n2 influenza a virus, a/swine/guangdong/z5/2003, which was isolated from pigs in 2003 in guangdong province, china, to the predominant human and swine h3n2 viruses. we found that the similarity of ... | 2009 | 19463787 |
| attenuated antibody reaction for the primary antigen but not for the recall antigen of influenza vaccination in patients with non-hodgkin b-cell lymphoma after the administration of rituximab-chop. | to assess the humoral response to the influenza vaccine in patients undergoing r-chop therapy (rituximab combined with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and predonisolone) for non-hodgkin lymphoma (nhl), the anti-hemagglutinin (ha) titer in 7 nhl patients undergoing therapy was compared with those in 10 control group subjects in the 2005/2006 season. four weeks after vaccination, the ha titers against the influenza type a h1n1 and type b antigens, the same antigens that had been used i ... | 2009 | 19474512 |
| cluster analysis of the origins of the new influenza a(h1n1) virus. | in march and april 2009, a new strain of influenza a(h1n1) virus has been isolated in mexico and the united states. since the initial reports more than 10,000 cases have been reported to the world health organization, all around the world. several hundred isolates have already been sequenced and deposited in public databases. we have studied the genetics of the new strain and identified its closest relatives through a cluster analysis approach. we show that the new virus combines genetic informa ... | 2009 | 19480812 |
| protein intrinsic disorder and influenza virulence: the 1918 h1n1 and h5n1 viruses. | the 1918 h1n1 virus was a highly virulent strain that killed 20-50 million people. the cause of its virulence remains poorly understood. | 2009 | 19493338 |
| reassortment between avian h5n1 and human h3n2 influenza viruses in ferrets: a public health risk assessment. | this study investigated whether transmissible h5 subtype human-avian reassortant viruses could be generated in vivo. to this end, ferrets were coinfected with recent avian h5n1 (a/thailand/16/04) and human h3n2 (a/wyoming/3/03) viruses. genotype analyses of plaque-purified viruses from nasal secretions of coinfected ferrets revealed that approximately 9% of recovered viruses contained genes from both progenitor viruses. h5 and h3 subtype viruses, including reassortants, were found in airways ext ... | 2009 | 19493997 |
| antiviral resistance in influenza viruses circulating in central and south america based on the detection of established genetic markers. | recent influenza antiviral resistance studies reveal an alarming increase in both adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) resistant viral strains worldwide, particularly in asia, europe and the united states. | 2009 | 19496844 |
| genetic and antigenic evolution of swine influenza viruses in europe and evaluation of their zoonotic potential. | swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory viral infection of pigs that has become enzootic in areas densely populated with pigs. like other influenza a viruses, swine influenza virus (siv) is genetically unstable and able to accumulate antigenic drifts and/or antigenic shifts. the pig is susceptible to both avian and human influenza viruses and can serve as an intermediate host in influenza virus ecology. zoonotic agents may emerge in pigs following the modification of an established sw ... | 2009 | 19497089 |
| mechanism of the antiviral effect of hydroxytyrosol on influenza virus appears to involve morphological change of the virus. | hydroxytyrosol (ht), a small-molecule phenolic compound, inactivated influenza a viruses including h1n1, h3n2, h5n1, and h9n2 subtypes. ht also inactivated newcastle disease virus but not bovine rotavirus, and fowl adenovirus, suggesting that the mechanism of the antiviral effect of ht might require the presence of a viral envelope. pretreatment of mdck cells with ht did not affect the propagation of h9n2 virus subsequently inoculated onto the cells, implying that ht targets the virus but not th ... | 2009 | 19501255 |
| co-circulation of two genetically distinct sub-groups of a/h3n2 influenza strains during the 2006-2007 epidemic season in corsica island, france. | influenza virus is one of the major viral respiratory pathogens infecting human beings. | 2009 | 19502107 |
| infection of mice with a human influenza a/h3n2 virus induces protective immunity against lethal infection with influenza a/h5n1 virus. | the transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a viruses of the h5n1 subtype from poultry to man and the high case fatality rate fuels the fear for a pandemic outbreak caused by these viruses. however, prior infections with seasonal influenza a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 viruses induce heterosubtypic immunity that could afford a certain degree of protection against infection with the hpai a/h5n1 viruses, which are distantly related to the human influenza a viruses. to assess the protective ef ... | 2009 | 19538996 |
| preparing the outbreak assistance laboratory network in the netherlands for the detection of the influenza virus a(h1n1) variant. | late april 2009, human infection with variant influenza virus a(h1n1)v emerged in the northern americas posing a threat that this virus may become the next pandemic influenza virus. | 2009 | 19540155 |
| fecal detection of influenza a virus in patients with concurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. | in seasonal influenza, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are sometimes observed, especially among young children. however, fecal excretion of seasonal influenza virus has seldom been studied. | 2009 | 19540157 |
| evaluation of multiple test methods for the detection of the novel 2009 influenza a (h1n1) during the new york city outbreak. | in response to the novel influenza a h1n1 outbreak in the ny city area, 6090 patient samples were submitted over a 5-week period for a total of 14,114 viral diagnostic tests, including rapid antigen, direct immunofluorescence (dfa), viral culture and pcr. little was known about the performance of the assays for the detection of novel h1n1 in the background of seasonal h1n1, h3n2 and other circulating respiratory viruses. in addition, subtyping influenza a became critical for the identification o ... | 2009 | 19540158 |
| development of a real-time rt-pcr for the detection of swine-lineage influenza a (h1n1) virus infections. | a novel influenza a virus, subtype h1n1 of swine-lineage (h1n1 swl) has transmitted rapidly to many regions of the world with evidence of sustained transmission within some countries. rapid detection and differentiation from seasonal influenza is essential to instigate appropriate patient and public health management and for disease surveillance. | 2009 | 19540799 |
| emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza a virus (s-oiv) h1n1 virus in humans. | a recently emerged novel influenza a h1n1 virus continues to spread globally. the virus contains a novel constellation of gene segments, the nearest known precursors being viruses found in swine and it likely arose through reassortment of two or more viruses of swine origin. h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 subtype swine influenza viruses have occasionally infected humans before but such zoonotic transmission events did not lead to sustained human-to-human transmission in the manner this swine-origin influen ... | 2009 | 19540800 |
| structural and evolutionary characteristics of ha, na, ns and m genes of clinical influenza a/h3n2 viruses passaged in human and canine cells. | canine (mdck) cells and chicken eggs are usually used for isolation of human influenza viruses. viruses isolated by these procedures often differ from those present in the clinical specimens, since adaptive changes occur during virus transmission from the human host to cells of heterologous origin. | 2009 | 19546028 |
| influenza a virus in taiwan, 1980-2006: phylogenetic and antigenic characteristics of the hemagglutinin gene. | limited amount of information is available in taiwan on the genetic or antigenic characteristics of influenza a virus prior to the establishment of a taiwan surveillance network in 2000. isolates of h1n1 and h3n2 viruses in taiwan between 1980 and 2006 were studied, and part of the hemagglutinin gene was analyzed due to its importance in terms of viral infection and antibody neutralization. results from a phylogenetic analysis indicate continuous evolutionary topology in h3n2 isolates, and two d ... | 2009 | 19551820 |
| lower cellular immune responses to influenza a (h3n2) in the elderly. | influenza epidemic is an important cause of severe illness in the elderly. age-dependent morbidity of influenza in the elderly is associated with weakened immunity. the baseline age-related memory t cell activity in chinese persons who are exposed to influenza virus through natural infection, are associated with the protective response to the virus after vaccination, thus providing important pre-vaccination information. a cohort from the general population was established at the end of an influe ... | 2009 | 19551830 |
| t-cell tolerance for variability in an hla class i-presented influenza a virus epitope. | to escape immune recognition, viruses acquire amino acid substitutions in class i human leukocyte antigen (hla)-presented cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) epitopes. such viral escape mutations may (i) prevent peptide processing, (ii) diminish class i hla binding, or (iii) alter t-cell recognition. because residues 418 to 426 of the hypervariable influenza a virus nucleoprotein (np(418-426)) epitope are consistently bound by class i hla and presented to ctl, we assessed the impact that intraepitope s ... | 2009 | 19553306 |
| palmitoylation of the influenza a virus m2 protein is not required for virus replication in vitro but contributes to virus virulence. | the influenza a virus m2 protein has important roles during virus entry and in the assembly of infectious virus particles. the cytoplasmic tail of the protein can be palmitoylated at a cysteine residue, but this residue is not conserved in a number of human influenza a virus isolates. recombinant viruses encoding m2 proteins with a serine substituted for the cysteine at position 50 were generated in the a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and a/udorn/72 (h3n2) genetic backgrounds. the recombinant viruses were not a ... | 2009 | 19553312 |
| mixed infection and the genesis of influenza virus diversity. | the emergence of viral infections with potentially devastating consequences for human health is highly dependent on their underlying evolutionary dynamics. one likely scenario for an avian influenza virus, such as a/h5n1, to evolve to one capable of human-to-human transmission is through the acquisition of genetic material from the a/h1n1 or a/h3n2 subtypes already circulating in human populations. this would require that viruses of both subtypes coinfect the same cells, generating a mixed infec ... | 2009 | 19553313 |
| infection of human retinal pigment epithelial cells with influenza a viruses. | ocular involvement in influenza a virus diseases is common but usually limited to mild conjunctivitis. rarely, inflammation of the choriocapillaris may result in atrophia of the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe). primary human retinal pigment epithelial (rpe) cells were infected with seasonal (h1n1 a/new caledonia/20/99, h3n2 a/california/7/2004) or highly pathogenic avian h5n1 (a/thailand/1(kan-1)/04, a/vietnam/1203/04, a/vietnam/1194/04) influenza strains. | 2009 | 19553611 |
| a trivalent virus-like particle vaccine elicits protective immune responses against seasonal influenza strains in mice and ferrets. | there is need for improved human influenza vaccines, particularly for older adults who are at greatest risk for severe disease, as well as to address the continuous antigenic drift within circulating human subtypes of influenza virus. we have engineered an influenza virus-like particle (vlp) as a new generation vaccine candidate purified from the supernatants of sf9 insect cells following infection by recombinant baculoviruses to express three influenza virus proteins, hemagglutinin (ha), neuram ... | 2009 | 19554101 |
| differential transcription-activating capability of ns1 proteins from different influenza virus subtypes expressed in yeast. | influenza a virus ns1 protein is an important regulatory factor with multiple functions and contributes greatly to viral pathogenesis. in the present study, transcription-activating potential of ns1 from different influenza a virus subtypes was examined in yeast two-hybrid system. the bait vectors containing different ns1 genes, along with an empty prey vector, were transformed into yeast ah109(for growth assay on qdo plate and alpha-galactosidase assay), and y187(for beta-galactosidase assay). ... | 2009 | 19557332 |
| influenza-like illness sentinel surveillance in peru. | acute respiratory illnesses and influenza-like illnesses (ili) are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. despite the public health importance, little is known about the etiology of these acute respiratory illnesses in many regions of south america. in 2006, the peruvian ministry of health (moh) and the us naval medical research center detachment (nmrcd) initiated a collaboration to characterize the viral agents associated with ili and to describe the clinical and epidemiolog ... | 2009 | 19568433 |
| broad neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus from vaccinated healthy donors. | human monoclonal antibodies (humabs) prepared from patients with viral infections could provide information on human epitopes important for the development of vaccines as well as potential therapeutic applications. through the fusion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a total of five influenza-vaccinated volunteers, with newly developed murine-human chimera fusion partner cells, named spymeg, we obtained 10 hybridoma clones stably producing anti-influenza virus antibodies: one for influe ... | 2009 | 19580789 |
| pomegranate (punica granatum) purified polyphenol extract inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir. | influenza epidemics cause numerous deaths and millions of hospitalizations each year. because of the alarming emergence of resistance to anti-influenza drugs, there is a need to identify new naturally occurring antiviral molecules. we tested the hypothesis that pomegranate polyphenol extract (ppe) has anti-influenza properties. using real time pcr, plaque assay, and tcid 50% hemagglutination assay, we have shown that ppe suppresses replication of influenza a virus in mdck cells. ppe inhibits agg ... | 2009 | 19586764 |
| syntheses and biological evaluations of carbosilane dendrimers uniformly functionalized with sialyl alpha(2-->3) lactose moieties as inhibitors for human influenza viruses. | a series of carbosilane dendrimers uniformly functionalized with sialyl lactose moieties (neu5ac alpha2-->3gal beta1-->4glc) was systematically synthesized, and biological evaluations for anti-influenza virus activity using the glycodendrimers were performed. the results suggested that the glycodendrimers had unique biological activities depending on the form of their core frame, and dumbbell(1)6-amide type glycodendrimer 7 showed particularly strong inhibitory activities against human influenza ... | 2009 | 19589684 |
| viral loads and duration of viral shedding in adult patients hospitalized with influenza. | the goal of this study was to characterize viral loads and factors affecting viral clearance in persons with severe influenza. | 2009 | 19591575 |
| dynamics of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses in the netherlands, 2005-2008. | in the netherlands, influenza specific antivirals are used for the therapy of influenza in nursing homes and hospitals, for prophylaxis in high risk groups and neuraminidase inhibitors are stockpiled as part of pandemic preparedness plans. to monitor the antiviral susceptibility profile, human influenza virus isolates derived from the dutch influenza surveillance in 2005-2006 (n=87), 2006-2007 (n=58) and 2007-2008 (n=128) were analyzed with phenotypic assays and sequencing. for adamantanes, a hi ... | 2009 | 19591877 |
| dating the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses. | pandemic influenza viruses cause significant mortality in humans. in the 20th century, 3 influenza viruses caused major pandemics: the 1918 h1n1 virus, the 1957 h2n2 virus, and the 1968 h3n2 virus. these pandemics were initiated by the introduction and successful adaptation of a novel hemagglutinin subtype to humans from an animal source, resulting in antigenic shift. despite global concern regarding a new pandemic influenza, the emergence pathway of pandemic strains remains unknown. here we est ... | 2009 | 19597152 |
| single-reaction genomic amplification accelerates sequencing and vaccine production for classical and swine origin human influenza a viruses. | pandemic influenza a viruses that emerge from animal reservoirs are inevitable. therefore, rapid genomic analysis and creation of vaccines are vital. we developed a multisegment reverse transcription-pcr (m-rtpcr) approach that simultaneously amplifies eight genomic rna segments, irrespective of virus subtype. m-rtpcr amplicons can be used for high-throughput sequencing and/or cloned into modified reverse-genetics plasmids via regions of sequence identity. we used these procedures to rescue a co ... | 2009 | 19605485 |
| molecular and phylogenetic analysis and vaccine strain match of human influenza a(h3n2) viruses isolated in northern greece between 2004 and 2008. | influenza a viruses are characterized by a unique genome structure, causing genetic instability, especially to the genes of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. the objectives of this research was molecular and phylogenetic analysis of influenza a(h3n2) strains that circulated in northern greece since 2004, particularly the identification of sequence variations and the comparison of circulating viruses with vaccine strains. since 2004 in northern greece, a total of 216 clinical samples were positiv ... | 2009 | 19615420 |
| evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a statin/caffeine combination against h5n1, h3n2 and h1n1 virus infection in balb/c mice. | the development of novel antiviral drugs is necessary for the prevention and treatment of a potential avian influenza pandemic. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel statin/caffeine combination against h5n1, h3n2 and h1n1 virus infection in a murine model. in h5n1-, h3n2- and h1n1-infected balb/c mice, 50mug statin/200mug caffeine effectively ameliorated lung damage and inhibited viral replication and was at least as effective as oseltamivir and ribavirin. the ... | 2009 | 19616097 |
| pathogen exposure in feral swine populations geographically associated with high densities of transitional swine premises and commercial swine production. | surveys for evidence of exposure to pseudorabies virus (prv), brucella suis, swine influenza virus (siv; human-like h1n1, reassortant type h1n1, h1n2-like h1n1 and h3n2), porcine circovirus 2 (pcv 2), and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) in feral swine (sus scrofa) were conducted in areas where feral swine were geographically associated with high densities of transitional swine premises in south carolina and high densities of commercial swine production in north caroli ... | 2009 | 19617481 |
| procedures to eliminate h3n2 swine influenza virus from a pig herd. | a three-site pig herd infected with a h3n2 swine influenza virus (siv) underwent a herd siv elimination programme using herd closure and partial depopulation. the herd consisted of sow, nursery and finishing units, 1 to 2 km apart. disease was noted in the sow unit and then the nursery unit. the herd temporarily stopped introduction of replacement animals, and replacement gilt introductions in the breeding herd was changed from monthly to quarterly. gilts from a serologically negative source wer ... | 2009 | 19617611 |
| triple combination of oseltamivir, amantadine, and ribavirin displays synergistic activity against multiple influenza virus strains in vitro. | the recurring emergence of influenza virus strains that are resistant to available antiviral medications has become a global health concern, especially in light of the potential for a new influenza virus pandemic. currently, virtually all circulating strains of influenza a virus in the united states are resistant to either of the two major classes of anti-influenza drugs (adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors). thus, new therapeutic approaches that can be rapidly deployed and that will addres ... | 2009 | 19620324 |
| [influenza surveillance results in 2007-2008 winter season in nine provinces of turkey]. | influenza virus infections constitute a serious public health problem owing to their epidemic and pandemic potential. turkish ministry of health established the national influenza surveillance programme in two institutes to detect the virus types leading to the illness and the efficiency of the seasonal vaccine. influenza surveillance is performed by refik saydam hygiene center, national influenza laboratory in nine provinces (which are located at central, northeast, south and east parts of turk ... | 2009 | 19621608 |
| [monitoring of antibodies to influenza a virus in populations of different regions of west siberia]. | to study levels of antibodies to influenza virus in sera of subjects residing in different regions of west siberia in order to assess the risk of infection with avian influenza virus h5n1. | 2009 | 19621827 |
| elastase-dependent live attenuated swine influenza a viruses are immunogenic and confer protection against swine influenza a virus infection in pigs. | influenza a viruses cause significant morbidity in swine, resulting in a substantial economic burden. swine influenza virus (siv) infection also poses important human public health concerns. vaccination is the primary method for the prevention of influenza virus infection. previously, we generated two elastase-dependent mutant sivs derived from a/sw/saskatchewan/18789/02(h1n1): a/sw/sk-r345v (r345v) and a/sw/sk-r345a (r345a). these two viruses are highly attenuated in pigs, making them good cand ... | 2009 | 19625412 |
| synthesis of sialic acid derivatives having a c=c double bond substituted at the c-5 position and their glycopolymers. | glycomonomers of sialic acid in which the acetamide group at c-5 was converted into two kinds of c=c double bond substituents were prepared and the fully protected glycomonomers were directly polymerized before deprotection steps. radical polymerization with acrylamide in dmf in the presence of ammonium persulfate and n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine proceeded smoothly and gave corresponding sialopolymers. interestingly glycomonomers had hemagglutination inhibitory activities not only for h1 ... | 2009 | 19631531 |
| two genotypes of h1n2 swine influenza viruses appeared among pigs in china. | h1n2 is one of the main subtypes of influenza, which circulates in swine all over the world. | 2009 | 19632889 |
| [elicitation of protective immune responses by a recombinant adenovirus expressing hemagglutinin of h3n2 siv in swine]. | to evaluate the immunity of the adenovirus recombinant rad-ha-gfp encoding an h3n2 swine influenza virus hemagglutinin. | 2009 | 19637575 |
| rapid multiplex reverse transcription-pcr typing of influenza a and b virus, and subtyping of influenza a virus into h1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, n1 (human), n1 (animal), n2, and n7, including typing of novel swine origin influenza a (h1n1) virus, during the 2009 outbreak in milwaukee, wisconsin. | a large outbreak of novel influenza a (h1n1) virus (swine origin influenza virus [s-oiv]) infection in milwaukee, wi, occurred in late april 2009. we had recently developed a rapid multiplex reverse transcription-pcr enzyme hybridization assay (fluplex) to determine the type (a or b) and subtype (h1, h2, h3, h5, h7, h9, n1 [human], n1 [animal], n2, or n7) of influenza viruses, and this assay was used to confirm the diagnoses for the first infected patients in the state. the analytical sensitivit ... | 2009 | 19641063 |
| prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip), 2009. | this report updates the 2008 recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine for the prevention and control of seasonal influenza (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2008;57[no. rr-7]). information on vaccination issues related to the recently identified novel influenza a h1n1 virus will be published later in 2009. the 2009 seasonal influenza ... | 2009 | 19644442 |
| a dose-ranging study of a subunit respiratory syncytial virus subtype a vaccine with and without aluminum phosphate adjuvantation in adults > or =65 years of age. | we studied the safety and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-a vaccine containing subunit antigens f, g and m in older persons, and its effect on influenza vaccine immunogenicity. in a dose-ranging, placebo-controlled, blinded trial 561 adults > or =65 years of age at five canadian sites were randomized to one intramuscular injection of either 100, 50 or 25 microg rsv-a-alum vaccine or 100 microg non-adjuvanted rsv-a vaccine, or alum-placebo. all participants were offered inac ... | 2009 | 19651171 |
| evaluation of rapid influenza diagnostic tests for detection of novel influenza a (h1n1) virus - united states, 2009. | the recent appearance and worldwide spread of novel influenza a (h1n1) virus has highlighted the need to evaluate commercially available, widely used, rapid influenza diagnostic tests (ridts) for their ability to detect these viral antigens in respiratory clinical specimens. as an initial assessment, cdc conducted an evaluation of multiple ridts. sixty-five clinical respiratory specimens collected during april-may 2009 that had previously tested positive either for novel influenza a (h1n1) or fo ... | 2009 | 19661856 |
| [cloning and characterization of m1 gene of h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus]. | influenza a virus matrix protein (m1) is encoded by a spliced mrna derived from rna segment 7 and plays an important role in the virus life cycle. in the present study, we extracted the viral genome rnas from allantoic fluid of 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs infected with swine influenza a virus (siv) h3n2 subtype and amplified the siv m1 gene by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using the isloated viral genome rnas as template. the amplified cdna was cloned into an expression ... | 2009 | 19670634 |
| antibodies to pb1-f2 protein are induced in response to influenza a virus infection. | pb1-f2 is a small influenza a virus (iav) protein encoded by an alternative (+1) reading frame of the pb1 gene. while dispensable for iav replication in cultured cells, pb1-f2 has been implicated in iav pathogenicity. to better understand pb1-f2 expression in vivo and its immunogenicity, we analyzed anti-pb1-f2 antibodies (abs) in sera of mice infected intranasally (i.n.) with a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) virus and human acute and convalescent sera collected from the influenza h3n2 winter 2003-2004 epidemic ... | 2009 | 19672555 |
| [rescue of h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus and substitution of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase]. | to study the mechanisms of trans-species transmission of influenza virus for developing novel vaccine of influenza in future. | 2009 | 19673419 |
| mechanisms of the action of povidone-iodine against human and avian influenza a viruses: its effects on hemagglutination and sialidase activities. | influenza virus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality and has marked social and economic impacts throughout the world. the influenza surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na), act cooperatively to support efficient influenza a virus replication and provide the most important targets for anti-influenza chemotherapy. in this study, povidone-iodine (pvp-i), which has a broad-spectrum microbicidal property, was examined for its inhibitory effects against influen ... | 2009 | 19678928 |
| what will the next influenza season bring about: seasonal influenza or the new a(h1n1)v? an analysis of german influenza surveillance data. | for the next influenza season (winter 2009-10) the relative contributions to virus circulation and influenza-associated morbidity of the seasonal influenza viruses a(h3n2), a(h1n1) and b, and the new influenza a(h1n1)v are still unknown. we estimated the chances of seasonal influenza to circulate during the upcoming season using data of the german influenza sentinel scheme from 1992 to 2009. we calculated type and subtype-specific indices for past exposure and the corresponding morbidity indices ... | 2009 | 19679036 |
| h3n2 influenza a virus replicates in immortalized human first trimester trophoblast cell lines and induces their rapid apoptosis. | epidemiological data suggested that pandemic influenza increased the risks of spontaneous abortion and premature labor, while seasonal influenza also increased the risk of schizophrenia in adolescence. however, their pathogenesis is so far unknown. | 2009 | 19694639 |
| [differential incorporation of genomic segments into the influenza a virus reassortants in mixed infection]. | the gene composition of the viral population obtained via mixed infection of embryonated chick eggs with influenza viruses at a high multiplicity of infection was analyzed. in mixed infection caused by influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and a/duck/czechoslovakia/56 (h4n6) viruses, the population showed a preponderance of the reassortants whose content of genomic segments originating from either of the parent virus deviated strongly from the random pattern: the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a/wsn/33 (h1n1) v ... | 2009 | 19253723 |
| transdermal influenza immunization with vaccine-coated microneedle arrays. | influenza is a contagious disease caused by a pathogenic virus, with outbreaks all over the world and thousands of hospitalizations and deaths every year. due to virus antigenic drift and short-lived immune responses, annual vaccination is required. however, vaccine coverage is incomplete, and improvement in immunization is needed. the objective of this study is to investigate a novel method for transdermal delivery using metal microneedle arrays (mn) coated with inactivated influenza virus to d ... | 2009 | 19274084 |
| effects of clinacanthus siamensis leaf extract on influenza virus infection. | ethanolic extracts of 20 medicinal plants were screened for influenza virus na inhibition and in vitro antiviral activities using mdck cells in an mtt assay. the vaccine proteins of influenza virus a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), mouse-adapted influenza virus a/guizhou/54/89 (a/g)(h3n2) and mouse-adapted influenza virus b/ibaraki/2/85 (b/i) were used in the na inhibition assay, and mouse-adapted influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/g and b/i were used in the in vitro antiviral assay. the results ... | 2009 | 19291089 |
| cross-protective potential of a novel monoclonal antibody directed against antigenic site b of the hemagglutinin of influenza a viruses. | the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a viruses has been classified into sixteen distinct subtypes (h1-h16) to date. the ha subtypes of influenza a viruses are principally defined as serotypes determined by neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition tests using polyclonal antisera to the respective ha subtypes, which have little cross-reactivity to the other ha subtypes. thus, it is generally believed that the neutralizing antibodies are not broadly cross-reactive among ha subtypes. in this stu ... | 2009 | 19300497 |
| broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies against ha2 glycopeptide of influenza a virus hemagglutinin of h3 subtype reduce replication of influenza a viruses of human and avian origin. | the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) prepared to the ha2 glycopeptide (gp) of a/dunedin/4/73 (h3n2) hemagglutinin was tested against influenza a viruses of h3, h4, and h7 subtypes. only one (cf2) out of six mabs reacted with influenza a viruses of all three subtypes (h3, h4 and h7). the inter-subtype reactivity of this mab (cf2) is in accord with the highly conservative sequence in the previously defined mab-binding site i, i.e. the aa 1-38 of n-terminus of ha2 gp. mab cf2 as well as i ... | 2009 | 19301946 |
| pathogenesis of swine influenza virus (thai isolates) in weanling pigs: an experimental trial. | the objective of this study is to investigate the pathogenesis of swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h1n1 and h3n2 (thai isolates) in 22-day-old spf pigs. | 2009 | 19317918 |
| verification of the combimatrix influenza detection assay for the detection of influenza a subtype during the 2007-2008 influenza season in toronto, canada. | the increase in adamantine resistance in influenza a (h3n2) and the emergence of oseltamivir resistance in influenza a (h1n1) has necessitated the use of rapid methodologies to detect influenza subtype. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the combimatrix influenza detection system compared to the fda approved luminex respiratory virus panel (rvp) assay for influenza a subtyping. verification of the combimatrix influenza detection system was carried out using the luminex rvp assay as a refe ... | 2009 | 19321005 |
| influenza antiviral resistance testing in new york and wisconsin, 2006 to 2008: methodology and surveillance data. | the need for effective influenza antiviral susceptibility surveillance methods has increased due to the emergence of near-universal adamantane resistance in influenza a/h3n2 viruses during the 2005-2006 season and the appearance of oseltamivir resistance in the influenza a/h1n1 virus subtype during the 2007-2008 season. the two classes of influenza antivirals, the neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) and the adamantanes, are well characterized, as are many mutations that can confer resistance to thes ... | 2009 | 19321726 |
| possibility of mutation prediction of influenza hemagglutinin by combination of hemadsorption experiment and quantum chemical calculation for antibody binding. | we have performed a quantum-chemical mp2/6-31g* calculation for the hemagglutinin (ha) antigen-antibody system of the h3n2 influenza virus with the fragment molecular orbital method, which provides one of the world's largest ab initio electron-correlated calculations for biomolecular systems. on the basis of the calculated interfragment interaction energies (ifies) representing the molecular interactions between the amino acid residues in the antigen-antibody complex, we have identified those re ... | 2009 | 19323468 |
| influenza virus resistance to antiviral agents: a plea for rational use. | although influenza vaccine can prevent influenza virus infection, the only therapeutic options to treat influenza virus infection are antiviral agents. at the current time, nearly all influenza a/h3n2 viruses and a percentage of influenza a/h1n1 viruses are adamantane resistant, which leaves only neuraminidase inhibitors available for treatment of infection with these viruses. in december 2008, the centers for disease control and prevention released new data demonstrating that a high percentage ... | 2009 | 19323631 |
| [development and preclinical study of new generation virosomal split influenza vaccine "grifor"]. | new russian virosomal split vaccine against influenza "grifor" was developed. the vaccine is represented by mix of highly purified protective external and internal antigens of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses. developed technology of manufacture allowed to provide presentation of external antigens of influenza virus in the form of virosomes, and presentation of internal antigens in the form of micelles with maximal preservation of their antigenic activity. using electron microscopy, ele ... | 2009 | 19338232 |
| parotitis in a child infected with triple-reassortant influenza a virus in canada in 2007. | swine h3n2 influenza virus designated a/ontario/1252/2007 was isolated from a child with parotitis. diagnosis was confirmed by viral isolation and serological assays. a/ontario/1252/2007 was related to h3n2 triple reassortants that emerged in swine in the united states in 1998. three of five tested household members were also seropositive for a/ontario/1252/2007. | 2009 | 19339469 |
| characterization of conserved properties of hemagglutinin of h5n1 and human influenza viruses: possible consequences for therapy and infection control. | epidemics caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) are a continuing threat to human health and to the world's economy. the development of approaches, which help to understand the significance of structural changes resulting from the alarming mutational propensity for human-to-human transmission of hpaiv, is of particularly interest. here we compare informational and structural properties of the hemagglutinin (ha) of h5n1 virus and human influenza virus subtypes, which are import ... | 2009 | 19351406 |
| prediction of the pharmacodynamically linked variable of oseltamivir carboxylate for influenza a virus using an in vitro hollow-fiber infection model system. | mdck cells transfected with the human beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 gene (ax-4 cells) were used to determine the drug susceptibility and pharmacodynamically linked variable of oseltamivir for influenza virus. for dose-ranging studies, five hollow-fiber units were charged with 10(2) a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2) influenza virus-infected ax-4 cells and 10(8) uninfected ax-4 cells. each unit was treated continuously with different oseltamivir carboxylate concentrations in virus growth mediu ... | 2009 | 19364864 |
| differential rna silencing suppression activity of ns1 proteins from different influenza a virus strains. | the ns1 gene of influenza a virus encodes a multi-functional protein that plays an important role in counteracting cellular antiviral mechanisms such as the interferon (ifn), protein kinase r and retinoic acid-inducible gene product i pathways. in addition, ns1 has recently been shown to have rna interference (rnai) or rna silencing suppression (rss) activity. this study analysed the ifn antagonistic activity of ns1 and the rss activity for several influenza subtypes: h1n1, h3n2, h5n1 and h7n7. ... | 2009 | 19369407 |
| minimal molecular constraints for respiratory droplet transmission of an avian-human h9n2 influenza a virus. | pandemic influenza requires interspecies transmission of an influenza virus with a novel hemagglutinin (ha) subtytpe that can adapt to its new host through either reassortment or point mutations and transmit by aerosolized respiratory droplets. two previous pandemics of 1957 and 1968 resulted from the reassortment of low pathogenic avian viruses and human subtypes of that period; however, conditions leading to a pandemic virus are still poorly understood. given the endemic situation of avian h9n ... | 2009 | 19380727 |
| the origin and global emergence of adamantane resistant a/h3n2 influenza viruses. | resistance to the adamantane class of antiviral drugs by human a/h3n2 influenza viruses currently exceeds 90% in the united states and multiple asian countries. adamantane resistance is associated with a single amino acid change (s31n) in the m2 protein, which was shown to rapidly disseminate globally in 2005 in association with a genome reassortment event. however, the exact origin of influenza a/h3n2 viruses carrying the s31n mutation has not been characterized, particularly in south-east asia ... | 2009 | 19394063 |
| novel swine influenza virus subtype h3n1 in italy. | to date, three subtypes of swine influenza viruses, h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 have been isolated in italy. in 2006, a novel swine influenza virus subtype (h3n1) was isolated from coughing pigs. rt-pcr performed on lung tissues, experimental infection in pigs with the novel isolate, and cloning the virus by plaque assay confirmed this unique h and n combination. the novel isolate was also antigenically and genetically characterized. genetic and phylogenetic analysis showed that the complete ha gene of ... | 2009 | 19398171 |
| molecular analysis of human influenza virus in tehran, iran. | to date there are no reports of molecular and phylogenetic analyses of human influenza virus in tehran, iran. | 2009 | 19401630 |
| glycan analysis in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production: influence of host cell line and virus strain on the glycosylation pattern of viral hemagglutinin. | mammalian cell culture processes are commonly used for production of recombinant glycoproteins, antibodies and viral vaccines. since several years there is an increasing interest in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production to overcome limitations of egg-based production systems, to improve vaccine supply and to increase flexibility in vaccine manufacturing. with the switch of the production system several key questions concerning the possible impact of host cell lines on antigen quality, ... | 2009 | 19410619 |
| cross-reactive antibodies in middle-aged and elderly volunteers after mf59-adjuvanted subunit trivalent influenza vaccine against b viruses of the b/victoria or b/yamagata lineages. | this study evaluated whether mf59-adjuvanted subunit trivalent influenza vaccine for the 2003/04 winter season (a/moscow/10/99, h3n2; a/new caledonia/20/99, h1n1; b/hong kong/330/01) would confer protection against mismatched and frequently co-circulating variants of influenza b/victoria- and b/yamagata-like virus strains. haemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibodies were measured in middle-aged and elderly volunteers against the homologous b/victoria-like vaccine strain (b/hong kong/330/01) and ... | 2009 | 19410623 |
| the n-terminal region of the pa subunit of the rna polymerase of influenza a/hongkong/156/97 (h5n1) influences promoter binding. | the rna polymerase of influenza virus is a heterotrimeric complex of pb1, pb2 and pa subunits which cooperate in the transcription and replication of the viral genome. previous research has shown that the n-terminal region of the pa subunit of influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) virus is involved in promoter binding. | 2009 | 19421324 |
| different neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibilities of human h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in germany from 2001 to 2005/2006. | in the flu season 2005/2006 amantadine-resistant human influenza a viruses (fluav) of subtype h3n2 circulated in germany. this raises questions on the neuraminidase inhibitor (nai) susceptibility of fluav. to get an answer, chemiluminescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assays were performed with 51 h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 fluav isolated in germany from 2001 to 2005/2006. according to the mean ic(50) values (0.38-0.91 nm for oseltamivir and 0.76-1.13 nm for zanamivir) most h1n1 and h3n2 fluav wer ... | 2009 | 19428593 |
| ativs: analytical tool for influenza virus surveillance. | the who global influenza surveillance network has routinely performed genetic and antigenic analyses of human influenza viruses to monitor influenza activity. although these analyses provide supporting data for the selection of vaccine strains, it seems desirable to have user-friendly tools to visualize the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses for the purpose of surveillance. to meet this need, we have developed a web server, ativs (analytical tool for influenza virus surveillance), for anal ... | 2009 | 19429686 |