Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| molecular epidemiology of sat3-type foot-and-mouth disease. | vp1 gene nucleotide sequences of 51 sat3-type foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses from seven southern and eastern african countries were used to infer a gene phylogeny. results obtained by phylogenetic analysis of the homologous 405 nt region corresponding to the c-terminal 128 amino acids of 1d and adjacent 7 amino acids of 2a indicate that there are six distinct virus lineages evolving independently in different geographical localities in accordance with the fmd topotype concept. topotypes i- ... | 2003 | 14618089 |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus receptors: comparison of bovine alpha(v) integrin utilization by type a and o viruses. | three members of the alpha(v) integrin family of cellular receptors, alpha(v)beta(1), alpha(v)beta(3), and alpha(v)beta(6), have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro. the virus interacts with these receptors via a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) amino acid sequence motif located within the betag-betah (g-h) loop of vp1. other alpha(v) integrins, as well as several other integrins, recognize and bind to rgd motifs on their natural lig ... | 2003 | 12551988 |
| stable expression of antisense rnas targeted to the 5' non-coding region confers heterotypic inhibition to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection. | the antiviral potential of transcripts targeted to the non-coding regions (ncrs) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna have been studied during transient and constitutive expression in susceptible bhk-21 cells. transient expression of antisense transcripts corresponding to the 5' and 3'ncrs, alone or in combination, confers specific inhibition of homologous (serotype c) virus infection in bhk-21 cells. constitutive expression of antisense 5'ncr transcripts (5'as) exerted higher levels of in ... | 2003 | 12560572 |
| identification and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus from primary suspect cases in korea in 2000. | the republic of korea had been free from foot and mouth disease (fmd) since 1934, until a recent outbreak in 2000. from march to april 2000, a total of 15 fmd outbreaks due to the serotype o virus were recorded. coincidental outbreaks of fmd in cattle or pigs by the serotype o virus were reported in the region, including taiwan, china, japan, russia and mongolia. in this report, the results of emergency investigations of fmd cases on a dairy farm located approximately 5-km from the demilitarized ... | 2003 | 12576697 |
| molecular epidemiological investigation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in korea in 2000. | the genetic relatedness of 7 korean type o field strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in clinical specimens collected from 5 different geographic locations in 2000 was investigated. the sequence of 162 nucleotides (nt 478-639) at the 3' end of the 1d (vp1) genes was determined from amplified cdna fragments, and subjected to the analysis for the sequence identity/divergence and phylogenetic relationship. the overall nucleotide sequence divergence among the 7 field strains was 0 to 3.8%, ... | 2003 | 12576698 |
| the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the netherlands in 2001. | an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in great britain was reported on 21 february 2001, followed by an outbreak of fmd in the netherlands a month later. this dutch index outbreak occurred on a mixed, veal-calf/dairy-goat farm in oene, in the central part of the netherlands. the most-likely route of infection was the import of irish veal-calves to this dutch herd via an fmd-contaminated staging point in france. with hindsight, more herds seemed to be infected by the time the index outbreak ... | 2003 | 12581598 |
| evaluation of genetically engineered derivatives of a chinese strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus reveals a novel cell-binding site which functions in cell culture and in animals. | adaptation of field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to grow in cells in culture can result in changes in viral properties that include acquisition of the ability to bind to cell surface heparan sulfate (hs). after 13 passages on bhk cells to produce a vaccine, a cathay topotype isolate of fmdv serotype o from china (o/cha/90) extended its cell culture host range and bound to heparin-sepharose, although it did not require cell surface hs as a receptor molecule. to understand these ... | 2003 | 12584350 |
| detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus from culture and clinical samples by reverse transcription-pcr coupled to restriction enzyme and sequence analysis. | a reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) method is presented for the highly sensitive and specific detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). a primer pair flanking a region of the viral polymerase gene (3d) corresponding to the c-terminus of the protein was designed and a single step rt-pcr reaction was developed. the assay allowed the detection of viral rna from a variety of animal samples and from a wide range of fmdv isolates of different origins and serotypes. the presence of an ahd i re ... | 2003 | 12588687 |
| antigenic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 field isolates using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. | foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 field isolates (n = 100) were compared using a panel of 11 monoclonal antibodies (mab) in sandwich elisa. the majority (over 89%) of the isolates showed either homologous (76% and above reactivity) or reduced affinity (20-75% reactivity) for the mabs 2a, 13, 40, 34 and 81, suggesting that these mab binding epitopes are conserved, whereas a more variable reactivity was observed for the mabs b3, 1a, 24, 72, 82 and 89. polyclonal relationship ('r' ... | 2003 | 12591202 |
| description of an epidemic simulation model for use in evaluating strategies to control an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. | to develop a spatial epidemic model to simulate intraherd and interherd transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. | 2003 | 12602589 |
| results of epidemic simulation modeling to evaluate strategies to control an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. | to assess estimated effectiveness of control and eradication procedures for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in a region of california. | 2003 | 12602590 |
| unr is required in vivo for efficient initiation of translation from the internal ribosome entry sites of both rhinovirus and poliovirus. | translation of picornavirus rnas is mediated by internal ribosomal entry site (ires) elements and requires both standard eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eifs) and ires-specific cellular trans-acting factors (itafs). unr, a cytoplasmic rna-binding protein that contains five cold-shock domains and is encoded by the gene upstream of n-ras, stimulates translation directed by the human rhinovirus (hrv) ires in vitro. to examine the role of unr in translation of picornavirus rnas in vivo, w ... | 2003 | 12610110 |
| longevity of antibody and cytokine responses following vaccination with high potency emergency fmd vaccines. | the ability of high potency emergency foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines to promote sustainable immune responses in sheep and pigs following a single application was examined. all vaccine formulations induced a rapid seroconversion in both species, as expected, which was maintained at near peak titres for up to 6 months in sheep and 7 months in pigs. the montanide isa 206 formulation gave the best results in sheep. vaccinated pigs challenged with homologous fmdv were protected from disease at ... | 2003 | 12615428 |
| development of a foot-and-mouth disease nsp elisa and its comparison with differential diagnostic methods. | the gene encoding the nonstructural protein (nsp) of o/skr/2000 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was constructed to express under the polyhedron promoter of baculovirus. the expression of nsp was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) and western blotting. the expressed nsp was applied as a diagnostic antigen for indirect-trapping elisa (i-elisa). an i-elisa using monoclonal antibody (mab) against 3a as trapping antibody was developed to differentiate infected from vaccinated ca ... | 2003 | 12615437 |
| innate immune responses following emergency vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs. | inactivated "emergency" foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccine of high potency will induce early protection against the disease, implying a critical role for innate immune defences. at 3 and 6 days post-vaccination (dpv), there was no evidence of vaccine-induced specific anti-fmdv antibodies (abs), nor enhanced uptake and destruction of opsonised virus by macrophages. sera from vaccinates and control animals showed similar capacity to neutralise the virus, and were not different from the pr ... | 2003 | 12615443 |
| use of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the rapid diagnosis of foot and mouth disease in south america. | foot and mouth disease (fmd) is a limiting factor for the economic progress of the animal industry in south america. the presence of the disease results in the imposition of national and international sanitary barriers to animals and animal products, and, most especially, a reduction in the availability of protein from animal origin and in income. rapid and accurate identification of infected animals, those with either clinical or subclinical disease as well as with persistent infection, is esse ... | 2003 | 12625404 |
| induction of lymphopenia and inhibition of t cell function during acute infection of swine with foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). | foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a picornavirus that causes an acute vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. this virus continues to be a threat to livestock worldwide with outbreaks causing severe economic losses. the present study shows an analysis of immune system phenotype and function during the acute phase of fmdv infection in swine. in the first days of infection, a significant lymphopenia is observed that involves all t cell subsets, cd4(+), cd8(+), and cd4(+)/cd8(+). this mark ... | 2003 | 12628764 |
| serotype and vp1 gene sequence of a foot-and-mouth disease virus from hong kong (2002). | the nucleotide sequence of the vp1 coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain hkn/2002, isolated from a disease outbreak occurring in hong kong in february 2002, was determined and compared with the sequences of other fmdvs. the vp1 coding region was 639 nucleotides in length and encoded a protein of 213 amino acid residues. comparison of the vp1 nucleotide sequence with those of other isolates indicated that hkn/2002 belonged to serotype o. a vp1-based sequence similarity tree ... | 2003 | 12646228 |
| prevalence of seroreagents to fmdv in the cattle population in poland: results of 9-year monitoring studies. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in sera of cattle in poland. the examinations were performed using the virus neutralization (vn) test and elisa methods: liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) and 3abc-elisa. during 1993-2001, about 681,000 samples of sera collected from animals held on the territory of poland were tested. of about 600,000 sera taken from animals exported to the european union, 963 samples (0.16%) were found to ... | 2003 | 12675463 |
| characterization of a novel rna-binding region of eif4gi critical for ribosomal scanning. | the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eif4gi binds several proteins and acts as a scaffold to promote preinitiation complex formation on the mrna molecule (48s). following mrna attachment this complex scans along the messenger in a 5' to 3' direction until it locates and recognizes the initiation start codon. by using a combination of retroviral and picornaviral proteases (hiv-2 and l respectively) in the reticulocyte lysate system, we have characterized a 40 amino acid (aa) region of eif ... | 2003 | 12682023 |
| protective immune response of the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) of foot and mouth disease virus type 'o' produced in pichia pastoris. | foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the aetiological agent of a highly contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hooved animals. the gene coding for the capsid polyprotein (p1) of fmdv from serotype 'o' vaccine strain (o75madras) was cloned and expressed in yeast pichia pastoris. the expressed p1 protein was characterised by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and western blot analysis. immunisation of guinea pigs with recombinant p1 induced fmdv type o specific ... | 2003 | 12686422 |
| crystal structure of swine vesicular disease virus and implications for host adaptation. | swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) is an enterovirus of the family picornaviridae that causes symptoms indistinguishable from those of foot-and-mouth disease virus. phylogenetic studies suggest that it is a recently evolved genetic sublineage of the important human pathogen coxsackievirus b5 (cbv5), and in agreement with this, it has been shown to utilize the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (car) for cell entry. the 3.0-a crystal structure of strain uk/27/72 svdv (highly virulent) reveals th ... | 2003 | 12692248 |
| construction and characterization of pentacistronic retrovirus vectors. | the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a sequence was combined with three different internal ribosome entry segments to construct and characterize three independent pentacistronic retroviruses of different sizes. efficient co-expression of the five proteins was successful and titres obtained for these pentacistronic virus vectors (final genome size approximately 7.9 kb) were comparable to those of vector systems with shorter genomes. other vectors constructed that exceeded the genome len ... | 2003 | 12692295 |
| efficacy of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in pigs with single dose immunization. | two experiments were conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of a commercial foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine in pigs born to well-vaccinated sows at various ages with a single injection under field conditions. the first experiment showed that single dose vaccination of pigs could be conducted at an age younger than 10 weeks. second experiment demonstrated that pigs vaccinated once at the age of 8 weeks had mean serum neutralization (sn) titer of 1.89+/-0.95 log(10)sn(50) with full protection ... | 2003 | 12706663 |
| retrospective genetic analysis of sat-1 type foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in west africa (1975-1981). | the complete 1d genome region encoding the immunogenic and phylogenetically informative vp1 gene was genetically characterized for 23 south african territories (sat)-1 viruses causing foot-and-mouth (fmd) disease outbreaks in the west african region between 1975 and 1981. the results indicate that two independent outbreaks occurred, the first involved two west african countries, namely niger and nigeria, whilst the second affected nigeria alone. in the former epizootic, virus circulation spanned ... | 2003 | 12713891 |
| sindbis virus vectors designed to express a foreign protein as a cleavable component of the viral structural polyprotein. | alphavirus-based expression vectors commonly use a duplicated 26s promoter to drive expression of a foreign gene. here we describe an expression strategy in which the foreign sequences are linked to the gene encoding the 2a protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus and then inserted in frame between the capsid and e3 genes of sindbis virus. during replication, the 2a fusion protein is synthesized as a component of the viral structural polyprotein that is then released by intramolecular cleavages ... | 2003 | 12719552 |
| genetic and antigenic analysis of two recently circulating genotypes of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus in india: evidence for positive selection in the capsid-coding genes. | we have analyzed isolates of two recently circulating genotypes (genotypes vi and vii) of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from india. maximum-likelihood models provided support for the presence of positively selected sites in the capsid-coding (p1) region. positive selection was detected at a number of amino acid positions behind a background of strong purifying selection. among the positively selected sites, four were identified at known critical antigenic residues (vp2 79, vp3 59 an ... | 2003 | 12721795 |
| rapid serological profiling by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its use as an epidemiological indicator of foot-and-mouth disease viral activity. | frequency distribution of reactivity levels of foot-and-mouth disease infection-specific antibodies in livestock populations was analysed. specific antibody responses against non-capsid polyprotein 3abc were assessed through a highly sensitive indirect enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay (i-elisa 3abc). a graphic display of data was designed based on three negative and three positive categories to illustrate reactivity patterns. the resulting patterns were correlated to the epidemiological status. ... | 2003 | 12721797 |
| scide: identification of stabilization centers in proteins. | summary: scide is a program to identify stabilization centers from known protein structures. these are residues involved in cooperative long-range contacts, which can be formed between various regions of a single polypeptide chain, or they can belong to different peptides or polypeptides in a complex. the server takes a pdb file as an input, and the result is presented in graphical or text format. availability: scide is available on the web at http://www.enzim.hu/scide. the source code can be ob ... | 2003 | 12724305 |
| effects of potassium and chloride on ribosome association with the rna of foot-and-mouth disease virus. | foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and other picornaviruses initiate translation of their polyprotein cap-independently at an internal site of the positive-strand viral rna. this process is mediated by the internal ribosome entry site (ires), a highly structured cis-acting rna element that binds translation initiation factors and ribosomal subunits. during their life cycle, picornaviruses induce proliferation of membrane structures involved in viral replication and an increase in membrane perme ... | 2003 | 12727344 |
| airborne transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from burnside farm, heddon-on-the-wall, northumberland, during the 2001 epidemic in the united kingdom. | the results of a detailed assessment of the atmospheric conditions when foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus was released from burnside farm, heddon-on-the-wall, northumberland at the start of the 2001 epidemic in the uk are consistent with the hypothesis that the disease was spread to seven of the 12 farms in the immediate vicinity of the source by airborne virus, and airborne infection could not be ruled out for three other premises; the remaining two premises were unlikely to have been infected ... | 2003 | 12739601 |
| viral internal ribosome entry site structures segregate into two distinct morphologies. | an increasing number of viruses have been shown to initiate protein synthesis by a cap-independent mechanism involving internal ribosome entry sites (iress). predictions of the folding patterns of these rna motifs have been based primarily on sequence and biochemical analyses. biophysical confirmation of the models has been achieved only for the ires of hepatitis c virus (hcv), which adopts an open structure consisting of two major stems. we have conducted an extensive comparison of flavivirus a ... | 2003 | 12743317 |
| surveillance of fmd virus non-structural protein antibodies in pig populations involved in an eradication programme. | 2003 | 12762489 | |
| mutagenesis versus inhibition in the efficiency of extinction of foot-and-mouth disease virus. | rna viruses replicate near the error threshold for maintenance of genetic information, and an increase in mutation frequency during replication may drive rna viruses to extinction in a process termed lethal mutagenesis. this report addresses the efficiency of extinction (versus escape from extinction) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by combinations of the mutagenic base analog 5-fluorouracil (fu) and the antiviral inhibitors guanidine hydrochloride (g) and heparin (h). selection of g- or ... | 2003 | 12768034 |
| comparisons of the complete genomes of asian, african and european isolates of a recent foot-and-mouth disease virus type o pandemic strain (panasia). | during the last 12 years, a strain of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus serotype o, named panasia, has spread from india throughout southern asia and the middle east. during 2000, this strain caused outbreaks in the republic of korea, japan, russia (primorsky territory), mongolia and south africa (kwazulu-natal province), areas which last experienced fmd outbreaks in 1934, 1908, 1964, 1974 and 1957, respectively. in february 2001, the panasia strain spread to the united kingdom where, in just o ... | 2003 | 12771429 |
| the implications of virus diversity within the sat 2 serotype for control of foot-and-mouth disease in sub-saharan africa. | sat 2 is the serotype most often associated with outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in livestock in southern and western africa and is the only sat type to have been recorded outside the african continent in the last decade. its epidemiology is complicated by the presence of african buffalo (syncerus caffer), which play an important role in virus maintenance and transmission. to assess the level of genetic complexity of this serotype among viruses associated with both domestic livestock a ... | 2003 | 12771430 |
| mapping epitopes in equine rhinitis a virus vp1 recognized by antibodies elicited in response to infection of the natural host. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is an important respiratory pathogen of horses and is of additional interest because of its close relationship and common classification with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). as is the case with fmdv, the vp1 capsid protein of erav has been shown to be a target of neutralizing antibodies. in fmdv vp1, such antibodies commonly recognize linear epitopes present in the betag-betah loop region. to map linear b cell epitopes in erav vp1, overlapping fragments spanni ... | 2003 | 12771431 |
| construction, expression, purification, refold and activity assay of a specific scfv fragment against foot and mouth disease virus. | an active form of a single-chain antibody (scfv) from the murine monoclonal antibody (mab) 1c7, which is specific for type o foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), was produced in escherichia coli. the complementary dnas encoding the variable regions of the heavy chain (vh) and light chain (vl) were connected by a (gly4ser)3 linker, using an assembly polymerase chain reaction. vh-(gly4ser)3-vl genes were screened by phage display technology. the sequencing results showed that the vh gene of scfv w ... | 2003 | 12777098 |
| recombinant adenovirus co-expressing capsid proteins of two serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv): in vitro characterization and induction of neutralizing antibodies against fmdv in swine. | human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) has been evaluated as a novel gene delivery vector for the development of live-viral vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). in this study, we constructed an ad5 vector co-expressing the capsid precursor proteins, p1, of fmd virus (fmdv) field strains a24 cruzeiro and o1 campos and examined the neutralizing antibody responses in swine after inoculation with the vector. to construct the ad5 vector, a bicistronic expression cassette containing a cytomegalovirus pro ... | 2003 | 12782369 |
| synthesis, structural characterization, and immunological properties of carbon nanotubes functionalized with peptides. | carbon nanotubes (nts) are becoming highly attractive molecules for applications in medicinal chemistry. the main problem of insolubility in aqueous media has been solved by developing a synthetic protocol that allows highly water-soluble carbon nts to be obtained. as a result, biologically active peptides can be easily linked through a stable covalent bond to carbon nts. we have demonstrated that a bound peptide from the foot-and-mouth disease virus, corresponding to the 141-159 region of the v ... | 2003 | 12785847 |
| phenotypic mixing and hiding may contribute to memory in viral quasispecies. | in a number of recent experiments with food-and-mouth disease virus, a deleterious mutant, red, was found to avoid extinction and remain in the population for long periods of time. since red characterizes the past evolutionary history of the population, this observation was called quasispecies memory. while the quasispecies theory predicts the existence of these memory genomes, there is a disagreement between the expected and observed mutant frequency values. therefore, the origin of quasispecie ... | 2003 | 12795816 |
| foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing: determination and statistical validation of a model using a serological approach. | european foot-and-mouth disease vaccine manufacturers are required to quantify the efficacy of their product in accordance with the european pharmacopoeia (ep). the method used most often to establish the potency of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines requires viral challenge of vaccinated cattle. alternative approaches, such as challenge-free serological assessments have many advantages over existing methods and could be used if robust statistical models could be developed that related antibody tit ... | 2003 | 12804854 |
| intranasal immunization of guinea pigs with an immunodominant foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide conjugate induces mucosal and humoral antibodies and protection against challenge. | guinea pigs immunized intranasally with a keyhole limpet hemocyanin-linked peptide, corresponding to the prominent g-h loop of the vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus, raised substantial levels of antipeptide and virus-neutralizing antibodies in sera and of peptide-specific secretory immunoglobulin a in nasal secretions. in groups of animals immunized intranasally without adjuvant, 86 percent were fully protected upon challenge with homotypic virus. surprisingly, animals given the peptid ... | 2003 | 12805448 |
| epidemiology and control of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the republic of ireland in 2001. | an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed in a flock of sheep on a farm in the cooley peninsula, county louth, on march 22, 2001. the virus was similar to other viruses of the serotype o panasian strain and virtually indistinguishable from other isolates from northern ireland and great britain. the epidemiological evidence suggested that infected sheep brought from great britain on february 19, 2001, were the source of the infection. the disease was eradicated by epidemiological invest ... | 2003 | 12825703 |
| genomic sequence analyses of segments 1 to 6 of dendrolimus punctatus cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. | the complete nucleotide sequences of genomic segments s1 to s6 from dendrolimus punctatus cypovirus 1 (dpcpv-1) have been determined. each segment of s1 to s6 possess a single open reading frame. conserved motifs 5' (aguaa) and 3'(guuagcc) were found at the ends of each segment. comparison of the proteins of dpcpv with those of other members in the family reoviridae lead us to suggest that s1, s3, s4 and s6 encode the viral structural protein vp1, vp2, vp3 and vp4, respectively. s5 encoded viral ... | 2003 | 12827465 |
| curing of foot-and-mouth disease virus from persistently infected cells by ribavirin involves enhanced mutagenesis. | bhk-21 cells persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be cured of virus by treatment with the antiviral nucleoside analogue ribavirin. to study whether the process involved an increase in the number of mutations in the mutant spectrum of the viral population, viral genomes were cloned from persistently infected cells treated or untreated with ribavirin. an increase of up to 10-fold in mutation frequencies associated with ribavirin treatment was observed in the viral gen ... | 2003 | 12842623 |
| a b cell-based sensor for rapid identification of pathogens. | we report the use of genetically engineered cells in a pathogen identification sensor. this sensor uses b lymphocytes that have been engineered to emit light within seconds of exposure to specific bacteria and viruses. we demonstrated rapid screening of relevant samples and identification of a variety of pathogens at very low levels. because of its speed, sensitivity, and specificity, this pathogen identification technology could prove useful for medical diagnostics, biowarfare defense, food- an ... | 2003 | 12855808 |
| benefit-cost analysis of vaccination and preemptive slaughter as a means of eradicating foot-and-mouth disease. | to assess relative costs and benefits of vaccination and preemptive herd slaughter to control transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv). | 2003 | 12856762 |
| complete alanine scanning of intersubunit interfaces in a foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid reveals critical contributions of many side chains to particle stability and viral function. | spherical virus capsids are large, multimeric protein shells whose assembly and stability depend on the establishment of multiple non-covalent interactions between many polypeptide subunits. in a foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid, 42 amino acid side chains per protomer are involved in noncovalent interactions between pentameric subunits that function as assembly/disassembly intermediates. we have individually truncated to alanine these 42 side chains and assessed their relevance for completion ... | 2003 | 12857761 |
| the pathogenesis and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. | the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is reviewed, taking account of knowledge gained from field and experimental studies and embracing investigations at the level of the virus, the cell, the organ, the whole animal and the herd or flock. the review also addresses the immune response and the carrier state in fmd. progress made in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease is highlighted in relation to developments in diagnosis and methods of control. | 2003 | 12859905 |
| detection of carrier cattle and sheep persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus by a rapid real-time rt-pcr assay. | the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in persistently infected carriers among exposed ruminants is of great importance in disease control. for this purpose, a real time, fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time rt-pcr) assay was evaluated for the identification of fmdv carrier animals. the results indicate that this real time rt-pcr assay may be suitable for detection of fmdv carrier animals. | 2003 | 12880924 |
| early dissemination of foot-and-mouth disease virus through sheep marketing in february 2001. | the results of epidemiological investigations suggest that livestock on up to 79 premises, spread widely throughout the british isles, may have been exposed to infection by foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus by the movement of infected sheep before the first case of the disease was confirmed at an abattoir in essex on february 20, 2001. a further 36 premises may have been infected by this route before the national livestock movement ban was imposed on february 23. | 2003 | 12885212 |
| identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus-specific linear b-cell epitopes to differentiate between infected and vaccinated cattle. | foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. for several years, vaccination of animals, which had proven to be successful for the eradication of the disease, has been forbidden in the united states and the european community because of the difficulty of differentiating between vaccinated and infected animals. in this study, detailed investigations of the bovine humoral immune response against fmd virus (fmdv) were performed with the aim of identifyi ... | 2003 | 12885881 |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus vp1 protein fused with cholera toxin b subunit expressed in chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast. | a chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast expression vector, pactbvp1, containing the fusion of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 gene and the cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) gene was constructed and transfered to the chloroplast genome of c. reinhardtii by the biolistic method. the transformants were identified by pcr, southern blot, western blot and elisa assays after selection on resistant medium and incubation in the dark. the ctbvp1 fusion protein was expressed in c. reinhardtii chlor ... | 2003 | 12889819 |
| model of the equine rhinitis a virus capsid: identification of a major neutralizing immunogenic site. | mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were employed to select neutralization escape mutants of equine rhinitis a virus (erav). amino acid changes in the erav mutants resulting in resistance to neutralization were identified in capsid protein vp1 at lys-114, pro-240 and thr-241. although the changes were located in different parts of the polypeptide chain, these mutants exhibited cross-resistance against all four mabs employed, indicating that these residues contribute to a single immunogenic site. ... | 2003 | 12917457 |
| induction of immunity in swine by purified recombinant vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus. | vp1, a capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), contains neutralizing epitopes of the virus. due to its poor water solubility, recombinant escherichia coli derived vp1 (rvp1) has previously been used mainly in a denatured form and is not well characterized. here, using sds to assist protein refolding and then removing sds with a detergent removing column, we have successfully purified rvp1 in two aqueous-soluble forms, i.e. monomer and dimer. studies showed that dimerization occurs ... | 2003 | 12922103 |
| a synthetic peptide containing the consensus sequence of the g-h loop region of foot-and-mouth disease virus type-o vp1 and a promiscuous t-helper epitope induces peptide-specific antibodies but fails to protect cattle against viral challenge. | a pilot study was carried out in cattle to determine the immunogenicity of a synthetic consensus peptide comprising the g-h loop region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type-o vp1 and a non-vp1 t-helper (th) epitope. cattle vaccinated intramuscularly either once (n = 5) or twice (n = 4) with 50 microg of the peptide preparation at a 21-day interval developed antibodies to the peptide as determined by elisa with the exception of one steer that received a single dose. however, neutralizing a ... | 2003 | 12922108 |
| biological effect of varying peptide binding affinity to the bola-drb3*2703 allele. | mhc class i and ii molecules are immunoregulatory cell surface glycoproteins, which selectively bind to and present antigenic peptides to t-lymphocytes. murine and human studies show that variable peptide binding affinity to mhc ii molecules influences th1/th2 responses by inducing distinctive cytokine expression. to examine the biological effects of peptide binding affinity to bovine mhc (bola), various self peptides (bola-dq and fibrinogen fragments) and non-self peptides from ovalbumin (ova), ... | 2003 | 12927080 |
| rna-dependent rna polymerase gene sequence from foot-and-mouth disease virus in hong kong. | a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv, hkn/2002) was isolated in hong kong in 2002. the nucleotide sequence of the 3d(pol) gene encoding the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase was determined and compared with that of the same gene from other fmdvs. the 3d(pol) gene was 1410 nucleotides in length encoding a protein of 470 amino acid residues. sequence comparisons indicated that hkn/2002 belonged to serotype o. an evolutionary tree based on the 3d(pol) sequences of 20 fmdv isolates revealed that th ... | 2003 | 12927804 |
| procedures for preventing the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus to pigs and sheep by personnel in contact with infected pigs. | the most effective method of containing an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is by the culling of livestock. however, qualified people must diagnose the disease before the culling can begin, and they must avoid susceptible animals after having been in contact with infected premises, to prevent them from transmitting the virus. to test the effectiveness of biosecurity procedures in preventing the transmission of fmd virus (o/uk/35/2001) investigators contacted and sampled pigs inoculated w ... | 2003 | 12934795 |
| synthetic peptides. | 2003 | 12958453 | |
| resistance of virus to extinction on bottleneck passages: study of a decaying and fluctuating pattern of fitness loss. | rna viruses display high mutation rates and their populations replicate as dynamic and complex mutant distributions, termed viral quasispecies. repeated genetic bottlenecks, which experimentally are carried out through serial plaque-to-plaque transfers of the virus, lead to fitness decrease (measured here as diminished capacity to produce infectious progeny). here we report an analysis of fitness evolution of several low fitness foot-and-mouth disease virus clones subjected to 50 plaque-to-plaqu ... | 2003 | 12960384 |
| molecular weapons against agricultural vulnerability and the war on terror. | the multiple reports in this issue of the journal from the agenda for action conference, coupled with the analysis by the national academy of sciences, the national research council, and the auditor general (uk) on bioterror preparedness and homeland security, highlight the immediate need for rapid disease detection and advanced diagnostic capabilities to protect the public health, animal agriculture, and the numerous associated economies in the united states. in response to the potentially deva ... | 2003 | 12970863 |
| additional thoughts on the funding of poliovirus research: some reflections stimulated by "parallel path: poliovirus research in the vaccine era" (m.s. garfinkel and d. sarewitz). | 2003 | 12971294 | |
| monitoring of fmd virus non-structural protein 3ab antibody in intensive pig farms after a severe outbreak of fmd. | 2003 | 12974342 | |
| transmission of fmd by people. | 2003 | 12974344 | |
| direct kinetic assay of interactions between small peptides and immobilized antibodies using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. | a surface plasmon resonance (spr) protocol is described for the direct kinetic analysis of small antigenic peptides interacting with immobilized monoclonal antibodies (mab). high peptide concentrations (up to 2.5 microm) and medium mab surface densities (about 1.5 ng/mm(2)) are needed to ensure measurable binding levels, and fast buffer flow rates (60 microl/min) are required to minimize diffusion-controlled kinetics. good reproducibility levels in the kinetic constants are obtained under these ... | 2002 | 11730856 |
| extensive antigenic and genetic variation among foot-and-mouth disease type a viruses isolated from the 1994 and 1995 foci in são paulo, brazil. | nine foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a isolates recovered from the field fmd foci in são paulo state, brazil, during 1994 and 1995 (a period preceding the last reported focus of fmd in 1996 in this state) were compared among themselves and with the reference vaccine strain a(24)cruzeiro. the techniques used were sandwich elisa, virus neutralization (vn), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) of the structural polypeptides and direct sequencing of the vp1-coding region (1d gene). res ... | 2002 | 11731156 |
| sensitivity of primary cells immortalised by oncogene transfection for the detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease and swine vesicular disease viruses. | primary cells derived from calf thyroid (cty), calf kidney (ck) and piglet kidney (pk) were immortalised by oncogene transfection and their susceptibility to infection by foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus and swine vesicular disease (svd) virus examined. eighty-five immortalised cell lines (47 cty, 20 ck and 18 pk) proved stable upon repeated cell culture passage and many supported the growth of fmd virus and several of the pk cell lines supported svd virus. however, none of the immortalised li ... | 2002 | 11750139 |
| anti-3ab antibodies in the chinese yellow cattle infected by the o/taiwan/99 foot-and-mouth disease virus. | the o/taiwan/99 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), a south asian topotype of serotype o, was introduced into taiwan in 1999. the chinese yellow cattle infected by the virus did not develop clinical lesions under experimental and field conditions. a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kit with the 3ab antigen, a polypeptide of fmdv non-structural (ns) proteins, was used to evaluate the development and duration of anti-3ab antibodies, proving active viral replication, in the chine ... | 2002 | 11750140 |
| duration and fitness dependence of quasispecies memory. | the duration and fitness dependence of memory in viral quasispecies evolving in cell culture have been investigated using two genetic markers of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). in lineages of antigenic variant fmdv red, which reverted to fmdv rgd, memory fmdv red genomes were detected after 50 infectious cycles, and memory level was fitness dependent. in growth-competition experiments between a reference fmdv rgd and two different fmdv red populations, a 7.6-fold higher fitness of the initi ... | 2002 | 11786012 |
| serological evidence of fmd subclinical infection in sheep population during the 1999 epidemic in morocco. | during 1999, 11 outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (fmd) were declared in the east and central part of morocco. all the fmd clinical cases reported were cattle. in order to analyse the serological status of sheep from the fmd outbreak areas, 598 sheep sera were tested using a liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) to detect antibodies against fmdv structural proteins. the study confirmed the presence of fmdv specific antibodies in 77 clinically normal sheep, indicating that unrecognised fmdv-infect ... | 2002 | 11792487 |
| a novel methodology to develop a foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) peptide-based vaccine in transgenic plants. | the expression of antigens in transgenic plants has been increasingly used as an alternative to the classical methodologies for antigen expression in the development of experimental vaccines. however, an important limitation in most cases is the low concentration of the recombinant antigens in the plant tissues, which reduces the possibilities of practical applications. because the site of insertion of the transferred dna into the cellular chromosomal dna is at random, different levels of foreig ... | 2002 | 11803075 |
| integrity of gh-loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus during virus inactivation: detection by epitope specific antibodies. | vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is prepared after inactivating the virus produced in cell culture. inactivation of the fmd virus (fmdv) was earlier done by formaline. however, several vaccine outbreaks, which occurred in europe revealed that the formaline treatment is not highly effective for virus inactivation. subsequently, binary ethyleneimine (bei) was identified as an effective inactivation reagent for fmdv. however, these chemical reagents are likely to have effect on whole vi ... | 2002 | 11803078 |
| a dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease elicits an immune response in swine which is enhanced by co-administration with interleukin-2. | a plasmid dna vaccine candidate (pceis) encoding two foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 epitopes (amino acid residues 141-160 and 200-213) has been demonstrated to have the ability to elicit both fmdv-specific t cell proliferation and neutralizing antibody against fmd in swine. in this study, the efficiency of the pceis dna vaccine when administrated by intramuscularly injection in swine was confirmed, and the immunogenicity of the pceis vaccine candidate was found to be enhanced through co ... | 2002 | 12034088 |
| immune responses of goats against foot-and-mouth disease quadrivalent vaccine: comparison of double oil emulsion and aluminium hydroxide gel vaccines in eliciting immunity. | the epidemiological role of small ruminants in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks has been generally neglected. although, the disease in these species is sub-clinical in nature, their role as virus carriers represents a reservoir for further infection and spread of disease. data on the usefulness of polyvalent fmd vaccine (fmdv) in goats is scant. thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the benefits of a highly potent polyvalent fmdv in goats. in the present investigations, fmdv q ... | 2002 | 12034105 |
| early antibody responses of cattle for foot-and-mouth disease quadrivalent double oil emulsion vaccine. | foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals. the multiplicity of fmdv serotypes in animals poses a central problem in the policy of vaccination and is of much concern to health authorities. hence it is the practice of vaccination with polyvalent vaccine for prophylactic measure. in the present report, we analysed the early antibody responses elicited by fmdv quadrivalent (fmdv o, a, c and asia 1 serotypes) double emulsion (montanide isa 206) vaccine ... | 2002 | 12034538 |
| genetic heterogeneity in the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader and 3c proteinases. | the leader and 3c proteinases of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are responsible for almost all the proteolytic processing events of the viral polyprotein precursor. investigation into the genetic heterogeneity of the regions encoding these proteins from isolates of six fmdv serotypes revealed the 3c proteinase to be more conserved than the leader proteinase. maximum likelihood analysis indicated similar phylogenetic groupings for the non-structural protein coding regions of both the leader ... | 2002 | 12036580 |
| evaluation of the portable cepheid smartcycler real-time pcr machine for the rapid diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. | the ability of the portable cepheid smartcycler real-time pcr machine to detect foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus sensitively and accurately was evaluated by comparing the results of the analyses of nasal swab and serum samples from experimentally infected animals with those obtained from the real-time pcr assay currently in use in the laboratory. the results indicated that the ability of the machine to detect viral rna is greatly affected by the pcr reagents used for the assay. when it was use ... | 2002 | 12046786 |
| use of a portable real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus. | to evaluate a portable real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay designed to detect all 7 viral serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). | 2002 | 12051502 |
| experimental studies with foot-and-mouth disease virus, strain o, responsible for the 2001 epidemic in the united kingdom. | in 2001, the united kingdom experienced its worst epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). to date approximately 3.9 million animals have been culled and direct and indirect revenue losses are probably in excess of pound 12 billion. this study was carried out to investigate the biological characteristics of the fmd virus strain o/ukg/2001 responsible for the epidemic. animal transmission experiments indicated that this strain is not host restricted and will infect the three main susceptible liv ... | 2002 | 12057606 |
| effective synthetic peptide vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease in swine. | we have designed a peptide-based vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) effective in swine. the peptide immunogen has a g-h loop domain from the vp1 capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and a novel promiscuous t helper (th) site for broad immunogenicity in multiple species. the g-h loop vp1 site was optimised for cross-reactivity to fmdv by the inclusion into the peptide of cyclic constraint and adjoining sequences. the incorporation of consensus residues into the hypervariabl ... | 2002 | 12057619 |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of sheep: implications for diagnosis and control. | 2002 | 12081308 | |
| the role of mathematical modelling in the control of the 2001 fmd epidemic in the uk. | mathematical models played an important role in guiding the development of the control policies in the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the uk. the variety of approaches that helped to guide the policy can sometimes be confusing. here, the different modelling exercises that were developed over the course of the epidemic are reviewed, describing the difficulties in interpreting the available data and the appropriateness of the various assumptions. | 2002 | 12088664 |
| differentiation of type a, asia1 and o foot-and-mouth disease virus variants, amplified by the same system, by sequencing of the capsid protein genes. | a reverse transcription-dependent polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) is described that amplifies the genes encoding the capsid proteins vp1-3 of at least three evolutionary lineages each of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus types a, asia1 and o. most of these lineages are circulating at present in asia and africa. the method is not only suitable to confirm suspected outbreaks of fmd, but also describes the modulation of major and minor antigenic sites in the course of an epizootic by nucleo ... | 2002 | 12088821 |
| novel polypeptide-comprising biopolymer systems. | covalent bioconjugation between anionic polyelecrolytes and polypeptide antigens chemically synthesized by solid-phase chemistry, were studied in hydrated reversed micelle systems. the epitops of foot-and-mouse disease virus vp1 protein (40--60 and 135--160 residues) were used as polypeptide antigens. the polypeptide-comprising biopolymer systems were obtained by two methods: 1) inclusion of peptides into electrostatic polyelectrolyte complexes of polycations with proteins, 2) inclusion of pepti ... | 2002 | 12118144 |
| viral infections and bovine mastitis: a review. | this review deals with the role of viruses in the aetiology of bovine mastitis. bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and parainfluenza 3 virus have been isolated from milk from cows with clinical mastitis. intramammary inoculations of bovine herpesvirus 1 or parainfluenza 3 virus-induced clinical mastitis, while an intramammary inoculation of foot-and-mouth disease virus resulted in necrosis of the mammary gland. subclinical mastitis has been induced after a ... | 2002 | 12119136 |
| serial passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus in sheep reveals declining levels of viraemia over time. | if an infectious agent is to maintain itself within a closed population by means of an unbroken serial chain of infections, it must maintain the level of infectiousness of individuals through time, or termination of the transmission chain is inevitable. one possible cause of diminution in infectiousness along serial chains of transmission may be that individuals are unable to amplify and transmit comparable levels of the infectious agent. here, the results are reported of a novel experiment desi ... | 2002 | 12124454 |
| quantities of infectious virus and viral rna recovered from sheep and cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus o uk 2001. | the profiles of virus production and excretion have been established for sheep experimentally infected with the uk 2001 strain of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus by inoculation and by direct and intensive contact. virus replicated rapidly in the inoculated sheep, from which a peak infectivity of airborne virus of 10(4.3) tcid(50) per sheep per 24 h was recovered. around 24 h later, contact-infected sheep excreted airborne virus maximally. similar amounts of airborne virus were recovered from ... | 2002 | 12124455 |
| foot-and-mouth disease. report urges u.k. to vaccinate herds. | 2002 | 12130760 | |
| interferons specifically suppress the translation from the internal ribosome entry site of hepatitis c virus through a double-stranded rna-activated protein kinase-independent pathway. | interferon (ifn) therapy is used worldwide as the best available treatment for hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection; however, little is known about how ifn or other drugs work against liver diseases. the effect of 6 drugs (glycyrrhizin, ursodeoxycholic acid, ribavirin, methylprednisolone, ifn-alpha, and ifn-beta) on hcv rna translation from the hcv internal ribosome entry site (ires) was investigated, using a bicistronic reporter containing the hcv ires. ifns suppressed both cap-dependent and hcv i ... | 2002 | 12134250 |
| differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected from vaccinated pigs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using nonstructural protein 3ab as the antigen and application to an eradication program. | baculovirus-expressed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural protein 3ab was used as the antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. this assay allowed the differentiation of vaccinated from infected pigs. serial studies were performed using sera collected from pigs in the field. positive reactions were found in sera from fattening pigs and sows 16 weeks and 3.5 years postoutbreak, respectively. there was, however, no positive reaction in sows with at least 10 vaccinations. mater ... | 2002 | 12149340 |
| macrophage phagocytosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus may create infectious carriers. | macrophages play critical roles in innate defences against virus infections, particularly pertinent to the rapid immune response required following emergency vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). consequently, macrophage-fmdv interaction was studied in vitro, in the absence of specific antibodies, to mimic the animal early postvaccination. a gradual loss of infectivity and viral antigen was observed over 48 hr, and no evidence of productive virus replication was found. from th ... | 2002 | 12153517 |
| a novel three-dimensional variant of the watershed transform for segmentation of electron density maps. | electron density maps at moderate resolution are often difficult to interpret due to the lack of recognizable features. this is especially true for electron tomograms that suffer in addition to the resolution limitation from low signal-to-noise ratios. reliable segmentation of such maps into smaller, manageable units can greatly facilitate interpretation. here, we present a segmentation approach targeting three-dimensional electron density maps derived by electron microscopy. the approach consis ... | 2002 | 12160708 |
| further studies on the early protective responses of pigs following immunisation with high potency foot and mouth disease vaccine. | the ability of an emergency oil adjuvanted foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine to elicit early protective immunity in pigs against direct contact homologous challenge was examined. all vaccinates showed reduced viraemia and shedding of fmdv, and certain animals were protected, showing no clinical signs. il-6, il-8 and il-12 were consistently detected in challenged animals that had been vaccinated. other cytokines--il-1, il-2, tnf, tgf and interferons--were not detected. this demonstrates that t ... | 2002 | 12163272 |
| modeling viral genome fitness evolution associated with serial bottleneck events: evidence of stationary states of fitness. | evolution of fitness values upon replication of viral populations is strongly influenced by the size of the virus population that participates in the infections. while large population passages often result in fitness gains, repeated plaque-to-plaque transfers result in average fitness losses. here we develop a numerical model that describes fitness evolution of viral clones subjected to serial bottleneck events. the model predicts a biphasic evolution of fitness values in that a period of expon ... | 2002 | 12163587 |
| detection of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus by real-time, fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. | a fluorogenic rt-pcr (5'-nuclease probe-based) assay using a primer/probe set designed from the internal ribosomal entry site region of the virus genome was developed for the specific detection of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in epithelial suspensions and cell culture virus preparations. the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) specifically detected fmd virus in sample submissions from the uk 2001 fmd outbreak with greater sensitivity than our con ... | 2002 | 12176143 |
| polycistronic viral vectors. | traditionally, vectors for gene transfer/therapy experiments were mono- or bicistronic. in the latter case, vectors express the gene of interest coupled with a marker gene. an increasing demand for more complex polycistronic vectors has arisen in recent years to obtain complex gene transfer/therapy effects. in particular, this demand is stimulated by the hope of a more powerful effect from combined gene therapy than from single gene therapy in a process whose parallels lie in the multi-drug comb ... | 2002 | 12189721 |
| contaminants in feed for food-producing animals. | outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and food borne microbial infections, dioxin contaminated animal products, the presence of veterinary drug residues, microbial resistance to antibiotics, mycotoxins, agricultural and industrial chemicals, etc. are serious concerns for the food industry in many countries. since the direct links between feed safety and safety of foods of animal origin are obvious, feed production and manufacture should be considered as an integral part of the food ... | 2002 | 12189948 |
| aspects of the persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in animals--the carrier problem. | foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a member of the aphthovirus genus in the picornaviridae family. seven distinct serotypes, each including a wide range of variants, have been defined. fmd, affects wild and domesticated ruminants and pigs, is difficult to control and is the major constraint to international trade in livestock and animal products. after the acute stage of infection, fmdv may cause a prolonged, asymptomatic but persistent infection in ruminants. also, vaccinated or naturally i ... | 2002 | 12191660 |