Publications

lens lipids and maximum lifespan.	unlike in most organs, the lipid composition of lenses varies dramatically among species and with age. the focus of this study is to assess how these changes relate to lifespan. studies on cataract suggest that the lens may serve as a window into the processes leading to accelerated mortality. as a first step toward elucidating cellular processes in the lens that may serve as markers for accelerated mortality, we examined the correlation between species-dependent and age-related lens lipid compo ...	2004	15642313
effect of foodstuff contamination by aflatoxin on the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) in al ain, united arab emirates.	twenty young female adult one-humped racing camels (camelus dromedarius) kept in camps scattered outside al ain city and aged between 3- and 6-years-old, died after a short clinical illness. affected camels were dull, inappetant and pyrexic, with submandibular oedema and enlargement of submandibular lymph nodes. of 100 camels within the camps, 31 showed clinical signs. at necropsy examination, the liver of dead animals appeared yellowish, enlarged, congested and friable. the main hepatic histolo ...	2004	15648938
molecular identification and immunohistochemical localization of atrial natriuretic peptide in the heart of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).	atrial and b-type natriuretic peptide (anp and bnp) are cardiac hormones synthesized and secreted by the myoendocrine cells of the heart. they exert potent actions on body fluid balance. since various body organs including the heart are under high physiological stress during water and food deprivation in the desert nomads, we intended to perform molecular biological and histological studies of anp in the heart of the dromedary camel camelus dromedarius. initially, we isolated cdnas encoding anp ...	2004	15596386
foot-and-mouth disease in the americas: epidemiology and ecologic changes affecting distribution.	foot-and-mouth disease(fmd) was first recorded in south america (sa) circa 1870, in buenos aires, argentina, in uruguay, and in southern brazil as a result of the introduction of cattle from europe during the early days of colonization. livestock production to trade with neighboring countries was established in the la plata region, and the trade of livestock and products with chile, northeastern and central western states of brazil, to peru, bolivia, and paraguay spread fmd, which reached venezu ...	2004	15604472
use of the miniature anion exchange centrifugation technique to isolate trypanosoma evansi from goats.	deae (anion exchanger diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose and mini anion exchange centrifugation technique (maect) allow salivarian trypanosomes to be separated from the blood of affected animals. the purpose of this study was to assess the maect in goats infected with t. evansi. five adult canary goats were inoculated intravenously with at least 1 x 10(5) t. evansi isolated from a dromedary camel in the canary islands. the goats were monitored for specific antibodies and parasite detection. the inocul ...	2004	15604483
performance of serological tests for trypanosoma evansi in experimentally inoculated goats.	natural trypanosoma evansi infection in the canary islands has only been diagnosed in the camel population, but dissemination of the disease in other hosts has not been excluded. the objective of this work was to assess the performance of serological antibody tests in experimentally inoculated goats. five canarian goats were inoculated intravenously with at least 1 x 10(5) t. evansi. the animals were kept for 8 months and checked monthly for the presence of the parasite and specific antibodies. ...	2004	15604484
the electronic states of polyfluorene copolymers with alternating donor-acceptor units.	we calculate the electronic states of the low bandgap polyfluorene-based copolymer dio-pfdtbt, which consists of alternating 9,9-dioctyl-9h-fluorene and 4,7-di-thiophen-2-ylbenzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole (tbt) units, and compare with the steady-state absorption, emission, and excitation spectrum. using the semiempirical quantum-chemical (zindo) method we can assign the characteristic bands of the "camel-back" absorption spectrum to one charge transfer state at lower energy localized on the tbt unit, an ...	2004	15606285
some endotoxin-induced clinical and biochemical changes in plasma of camels (camelus dromedarius).	intravenous administration of endotoxin, prepared from e. coli serotype o55:b5, at a dose of 0.1 microg/kg body weight to calves and adult camels induced fever and increased haematocrit, triiodothyronine and cortisol values. the endotoxin-treated animals showed significantly decreased (p < 0.05) total protein, urea, glucose and creatinine. a significant increase was seen in the activity of aspartate aminotransaminase and creatine kinase. these results demonstrate high sensitivity of camels to en ...	2004	15609870
a pcr system for detection of species and genotypes of the echinococcus granulosus-complex, with reference to the epidemiological situation in eastern africa.	we describe the development of a specific and sensitive pcr/semi-nested pcr system for the rapid diagnosis of echinococcus granulosus genotype g1, e. granulosus genotype g6/7, and echinococcus ortleppi (g5). diagnosis of g1 and the group g5/6/7 is performed by a simple pcr, while discrimination between e. ortleppi (g5) and g6/7 involves a subsequent semi-nested pcr step. the target sequence for amplification is part of the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene. specificity of the pcrs was 100% when evalua ...	2004	15064129
identification of multiple hla-dr-restricted epitopes of the tumor-associated antigen camel by cd4+ th1/th2 lymphocytes.	cd4(+) th cells play an important role in the induction and maintenance of adequate cd8(+) t cell-mediated antitumor responses. therefore, identification of mhc class ii-restricted tumor antigenic epitopes is of major importance for the development of effective immunotherapies with synthetic peptides. camel and ny-eso-orf2 are tumor ags translated in an alternative open reading frame from the highly homologous lage-1 and ny-eso-1 genes, respectively. in this study, we investigated whether cd4(+) ...	2004	15067093
separation and purification of ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus).	ovulation in the bactrian camel depends upon ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma. the present study was conducted to isolate and purify the bioactive fractions from the seminal plasma of these camels. the seminal plasma was fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and six fractions were obtained. the bioactive potential of each fraction was estimated from its effect on rat pituitary tissue cultured in vitro and by the effect of an intramuscular injection of the fraction into f ...	2004	15074769
induction of camel/ny-eso-orf2-specific cd8+ t cells upon stimulation with dendritic cells infected with a modified ad5 vector expressing a chimeric ad5/35 fiber.	delivery of the full-length tumor antigen might be more successful in immunotherapy than single peptides and has the advantage that patients no longer need to be selected for their hla type. in this study, we tested the in vitro induction of camel/ny-eso-orf2-specific t cells by dendritic cells infected with an adenovirus (ad) type 5 vector containing the fiber shaft and knob of human serotype ad35 (ad5f35 vector). our data show induction of cd8(+) t cells specific for the known hla-a(*)0201-bin ...	2004	14726960
crystal structure of a human vh: requirements for maintaining a monomeric fragment.	the variable domain of dromedary immunoglobulins comprises only the heavy chain and is missing the light-chain variable domain. this single domain is sufficient for antigen recognition and binding-half that required by other mammals. human antibody-vhs have previously been camelized to be soluble stable fragments that retain antigen binding. such engineered vhh are of interest in drug development, since they are nonimmunogenic, and in other biotechnology applications. we present the structure of ...	2004	14730966
echinococcus granulosus strain typing in north africa: comparison of eight nuclear and mitochondrial dna fragments.	recent studies of echinococcus granulosus molecular strain typing have enabled a better understanding of the transmission cycle of cystic echinococcosis. there have been many publications in this area but there is a need for the evaluation of these tools. we have attempted to respond to this need in our study, which assessed 8 dna fragments of 40 e. granulosus cysts from north africa. parasitological material was collected from 5 types of intermediate hosts, in 5 different countries. the primers ...	2004	15030010
cystic echinococcosis in argentina: evolution of metacestode and clinical expression in various echinococcus granulosus strains.	echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts were examined in 41 patients from neuquén and tucumán provinces in argentina. sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (co1) revealed in 19 patients common sheep strain (g1), in 6 patients tasmania sheep strain (g2), in 1 patient cattle strain (g5), and in 15 patients camel strain (g6). in argentina the only known is the domestic cycle that affects dogs and herbivorous, including ovine, swine, cattle and goats. these strains produced a ...	2004	15350868
histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of the haemal nodes of the dromedary camel.	haemal nodes are lymphoid organs found in various mammals and some birds. the structure of haemal nodes has been described in a number of species but not yet in the camel. therefore, haemal nodes from 10 camels were studied histologically and tested for cd3, cd22, major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii/dr, alpha-smooth muscle actin and for the demonstration of acid and alkaline phosphatases. the haemal nodes were of spherical or kidney shape with one or two hili and had a capsule and tr ...	2004	15352881
characterization of streptococcus bovis from the rumen of the dromedary camel and rusa deer.	isolation and characterization of streptococcus bovis from the dromedary camel and rusa deer.	2004	15355536
first record of the camel tick rhipicephalus muhsamae in kenya on a one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).		2004	15368758
the zinc and copper content of the plasma of sudanese camels (camelus dromedarius).	a study was undertaken to investigate the variations in the content of zinc and copper in the plasma of sudanese camels (camelus dromedarius). a total of 993 arabi camels, aged 0.5-8 years, were used to assess the effect of season, age, sex and physiological status on the plasma concentrations of copper and zinc. there was an increase in the concentration of cu and a decrease in the concentration of zn in the plasma with age. the concentrations of both cu and zn in the plasma were higher in the ...	2004	15379430
detection of trypanosoma evansi in camels using pcr and catt/t. evansi tests in kenya.	camel trypanosomosis (surra) causes high morbidity and is an impediment to the camel husbandry in kenya. the lack of a sensitive diagnostic test has hindered the collection of accurate epidemiological data and institution of control programmes. a cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts of kenya to estimate the prevalence of trypanosoma evansi (t. evansi) and to compare four diagnostic tests: polymerase chain reaction (pcr), card agglutination test (catt/t. evansi), microhaematocri ...	2004	15381299
chemical basis for the affinity maturation of a camel single domain antibody.	affinity maturation of classic antibodies supposedly proceeds through the pre-organization of the reactive germ line conformational isomer. it is less evident to foresee how this can be accomplished by camelid heavy-chain antibodies lacking light chains. although these antibodies are subjected to somatic hypermutation, their antigen-binding fragment consists of a single domain with restricted flexibility in favor of binding energy. an antigen-binding domain derived from a dromedary heavy-chain a ...	2004	15383540
observations on the clinical examination of the camel (camelus dromedarius) in the field.	camels usually inhabit remote areas, where diagnostic facilities and laboratories are very scarce. the species differences between the camel and other domestic animals necessitate some specific examination techniques. the objective of this study was to describe the clinical examination methods and sources of common errors that require special consideration in the camel. young camels are examined in the standing position, while adults require restraint. restraining procedures, both standing and i ...	2004	15449833
salmonella prevalence and distribution of serotypes in apparently healthy slaughtered camels (camelus dromedarius) in eastern ethiopia.	the present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and distribution of salmonella from apparently healthy slaughtered camels in eastern ethiopia. a total of 714 samples (faeces, mesenteric, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles) from 119 slaughtered camels were analysed. salmonellae were detected from 116 (16.2%) of the 714 samples examined. eighteen (15.1%) faeces, 19 (15.9%) mesenteric lymph nodes, 14 (11.8%) livers and 17 (14.3%) spleen samples (n = 119 for ...	2004	15449834
pseudotuberculosis in dromedary camels in the canary islands.		2004	15449835
single domain antibodies derived from dromedary lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes sensing conformational variants of prostate-specific antigen.	the importance of the lymphocyte source to generate hybridomas or to construct antibody gene libraries from which to identify potent monoclonal antibodies is understudied. however, the few comparative studies that exist seem to favor the lymph node tissue as a b-cell source. here the peripheral blood and lymph node lymphocytes of a dromedary immunized with prostate-specific antigen (psa) have been employed to clone two independent gene banks of the variable domains of heavy-chain antibodies (i.e ...	2004	15459193
episodic molecular evolution of pituitary growth hormone in cetartiodactyla.	the sequence of growth hormone (gh) is generally strongly conserved in mammals, but episodes of rapid change occurred during the evolution of primates and artiodactyls, when the rate of gh evolution apparently increased substantially. as a result the sequences of higher primate and ruminant ghs differ markedly from sequences of other mammalian ghs. in order to increase knowledge of gh evolution in cetartiodactyla (artiodactyla plus cetacea) we have cloned and characterized gh genes from camel (c ...	2004	15461431
characterization of the nucleotide sequence of a polyubiquitin gene (pubc1) from arabian camel, camelus dromedarius.	molecular amplification and sequencing of genomic dna that encodes camel polyubiquitin (pubc1) was performed by a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using various sets of primers. the amplification generated a number of dna fragments, which were sequenced and compared with the polyubiquitin coding sequences of various species. one dna fragment that conformed to 325 bp was found to be 95 and 88% homologous to the sequences of human polyubiquitin b and c, respectively. the dna translated into 108 ami ...	2004	15469688
isolation of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli from a south american camelid (lama guanicoe) with diarrhea.	shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli belonging to serotype o26:h11 was isolated from a 2-month-old guanaco with severe watery diarrhea. e. coli colonies carried the stx1 and eae genes, showed localized adherence to hep-2 cells, and produced enterohemolysin. a serological response to lipopolysaccharide o26 was observed at the onset of diarrhea.	2004	15472347
camel bite: an unusual type of head injury in an infant.	small children are predisposed for animal bite wounds in the craniofacial region, because the likelihood of sustaining trunk and extremity injuries increases with height. the clinical picture of animal bite wounds is highly variable. depending on the dental anatomy of the biting animal, such wounds may range from sharp stitch wounds to extensive lacerations with or without tissue loss. the ears and nose are injured most often because of their exposed location. nevertheless, depressed skull fract ...	2004	15486878
[self-regulation systems to control tobacco advertising. an empirical analysis.].	objective: against the background of the debate aroused by the tobacco advertising ban as a result of directive 98/43/ec and of the proposed directive of 5/9/2001, we aimed to evaluate how self-regulation of tobacco advertising systems has worked in the last 5 years and to evaluate its effectiveness and relevance as a potential tool in public health prevention. methods: we performed a content and discourse analysis of all advertisements appearing in the sunday supplements of the three weekly new ...	2004	15498406
magnetic resonance imaging of the normal brain in a newborn dromedary camel.		2004	15501156
vegetative endocarditis associated with escherichia coli in a dromedary camel.		2004	15509019
t7 rna polymerase-directed expression of an antibody fragment transgene in plastids causes a semi-lethal pale-green seedling phenotype.	a t7 promoter-controlled transgene, abl, encoding a camel single-domain antibody fragment that binds to the model antigen chicken egg-white lysozyme was introduced into the plastid genome of tobacco. abl expression was activated in the transplastomic line by introducing a nuclear transgene, st7, encoding a light-regulated plastid-targeted t7rnap by cross-pollination. the resulting abl x st7 progeny seedlings developed a pale-green phenotype and ceased growth soon after germination. high levels o ...	2004	15517992
actinomycosis in a one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	an actinomycotic granuloma caused by actinomyces viscosus is reported in a dromedary camel. two hard, cutaneous, large granulamatous nodules were present on both sides of the postero-ventral side of the mandible exhibiting exudation and necrosis. after radical excision of the lesion, the daily treatment with penicillin-streptomycin combination was continued for 4 weeks. about 8 and 24 weeks from the initial treatment, no new nodules were noticed.	2004	15533120
spontaneous parthenogenesis and development of camel (camelus dromedarius) oocytes.		2004	15537149
use of a non-traditional university ambulatory practice to teach large animal medicine.	while many other veterinary schools have moved away from a traditional university-based ambulatory practice, the ohio state university's large animal practice has continued to provide a cost-effective and valuable method of preparing students for today's careers in veterinary medicine. the practice provides a full array of services to production, equine, and camelid clients, including herd health, individual animal medicine and surgery, and emergency services. acquiring established practices fro ...	2004	15551233
production and characterization of a new antibody specific for the mutant egf receptor, egfrviii, in camelus bactrianus.	egfrviii is the type iii deletion mutant form of the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) with transforming activity. this tumor-specific antigen is ligand independent, contains a constitutively active tyrosine kinase domain and has been shown to be present in a number of human malignancies. in this study, we report the production and characterization of camel antibodies that are directed against the external domain of the egfrviii. antibodies developed in camels are smaller (i.e. igg2 and ig ...	2004	15557755
superovulatory response and embryo recovery after treatment with different gonadotrophins during induced luteal phase in camelus dromedarius.	superovulation, embryo recovery and transfer were attempted in 19 dromedary camels of about 6-10 years of age, and having calved at least once. superovulation was done using two commercially available porcine fsh preparations, fsh-i (ii donors) and fsh-2 (8 donors) during a luteal phase created by inducing ovulation with hcg. the superovulatory response was assessed by ultrasonography. the embryo recovery was attempted non-surgically in sitting position on day 8 and day 7 after first mating in o ...	2004	15560516
adults only: the prevalence of tobacco promotions in bars and clubs in the boston area.	to document the nature and prevalence of tobacco promotions in bars and clubs in a major us city.	2004	15564626
a comparative evaluation of parasitological, serological and dna amplification methods for diagnosis of natural trypanosoma evansi infection in camels.	a representative number of 217 camels (camelus dromedarius) from different areas of western rajasthan state, india, were examined from july 2002 to may 2003 for trypanosoma evansi infection. the tests used were parasitological (wet blood film, wbf; stained thin blood smear, tbs), immunodiagnostic (double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for antigen detection, ag-elisa), and dna amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). these techniques were compared and the best effici ...	2004	15567041
chronological and ultrastructural changes in camel (camelus dromedarius) oocytes during in vitro maturation.	cumulus-oocyte complexes (cocs) were collected from non-pregnant camels at a local slaughterhouse by aspiration from antral follicles (2-6 mm). in experiment i, camel cocs (n=304) were matured in vitro in hams-f10, fixed at different time intervals (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, or 48 h) and stained with 1% aceto-orcein to assess nuclear changes in culture. a majority of the oocytes (81.5%) underwent germinal vesicle break down (gvbd) between 6 and 12h. forty-eight percent of the oocytes were obser ...	2004	15910926
the effect of harvesting technique on efficiency of oocyte collection and different maturation media on the nuclear maturation of oocytes in camels (camelus dromedarius).	the purpose of this investigation was to develop an efficient method for harvesting oocytes from dromedary camel ovaries and to examine the effect of different maturation media on their subsequent maturation in vitro. oocytes were collected by aspirating the follicular contents using a needle attached to a syringe (method i, n=163 ovaries) or to a constant aspirating pressure, applied by a vacuum pump (method ii, n=117 ovaries). individual follicles were excised from ovaries and follicles were p ...	2004	15910927
offspring resulting from transfer of cryopreserved embryos in camel (camelus dromedarius).	the dromedary embryos, collected at hatched blastocyst stage, survived freezing and thawing in the presence of a high concentration of ethylene glycol (7.0 mol/l) with sucrose (0.5 mol/l) and direct plunging in liquid nitrogen. the rate of survival, as judged by the morphological appearance of the embryos after thawing, was high (92%). the transfer of frozen-thawed embryos into the recipients during the breeding (n=20) and non-breeding season (n=25) resulted in two and one pregnancy, respectivel ...	2004	15910931
prostate-specific antigen immunosensing based on mixed self-assembled monolayers, camel antibodies and colloidal gold enhanced sandwich assays.	prostate-specific antigen (psa) is a valuable biomarker for prostate cancer screening. we developed a psa immunoassay on a commercially available surface plasmon resonance biosensor. our psa receptor molecule consists of a single domain antigen-binding fragment, cabpsa-n7, derived from dromedary heavy-chain antibodies and identified after phage display. it binds psa with a high k(on) value of 1.9x10(6) m-1 s-1, and was covalently immobilised on a gold substrate via a mixed self-assembled monolay ...	2004	16076438
efficient targeting of conserved cryptic epitopes of infectious agents by single domain antibodies. african trypanosomes as paradigm.	antigen variation is a successful defense system adopted by several infectious agents to evade the host immune response. the principle of this defense strategy in the african trypanosome paradigm involves a dense packing of variant surface glycoproteins (vsg) exposing only highly variable and immuno-dominant epitopes to the immune system, whereas conserved epitopes become inaccessible for large molecules. reducing the size of binders that target the conserved, less-immunogenic, cryptic vsg epito ...	2004	14527957
antimicrobial resistance pattern of salmonella serotypes isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered camels (camelus dromedarius) in eastern ethiopia.	a total of 714 samples consisting of faeces, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles (each 119) were collected from november 2001 to april 2002 from apparently healthy slaughtered camels (camelus dromedarius) in eastern ethiopia. one hundred sixteen (16.2%) salmonella strains belonging to 16 different serovars were isolated. all salmonella strains isolated were examined for antimicrobial resistance to 17 selected antimicrobials. the minimum inhibitory concentra ...	2004	14964122
intratesticular morphometric, cellular and endocrine changes in dromedary bulls exhibiting azoospermia.	twenty bulls, aged 7-12 years and selected from six dromedary farms were used in this study. fifteen previously fertile animals were divided into fertile (controls) and infertile groups on the basis of abnormal scrotal contents following palpation and azoospermic ejaculates collected by electroejaculation. an examination of the clinical and histological findings as well as the testicular patterns of oestradiol-17beta, testosterone and histamine indicated that three bulls displayed normal ranges ...	2004	14975395
changes in adolescent cigarette-brand preference, 1989 to 1996.	to understand changes in cigarette-brand choice by adolescents in the context of demographic differences and advertising.	2004	14977159
an assessment of the productivity for meat and the carcass yield of camels (camelus dromedarius) and of the consumption of camel meat in the eastern region of ethiopia.	a survey on camel meat productivity and consumption was conducted in jijiga and harar towns in 1999. almost all the camels slaughtered were adults, predominantly males. measurements of height, hump girth and thoracic girth were used to estimate the live weight. all the measurements were significantly greater in the male than in the female camels. average live and carcass weights were 400 and 211 kg, respectively. males were significantly heavier (p < 0.05) and had better dressing percentages tha ...	2004	14979560
the nervous supply to the nasal cavity of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus).	the bactrian camel is an important domestic animal in some of the desert and semi-desert areas of the world. however, there is no detailed report about the nervous supply to the nasal cavity of the bactrian camel. in the present study, seven heads of adult bactrian camels were collected and the nerve distribution in the nasal cavity was dissected grossly. the results demonstrated that the nerves supplying to the nasal cavity included the olfactory nerve, the ethmoidal nerve from the ophthalmic n ...	2004	14989357
the nerve supply to the orbit of the bactrian camel.	the bactrian camel is an important domestic animal in some desert and semi-desert areas of the world, but there is no detailed description of the nervous supply to the orbit in this animal. in this study, 10 heads of adult bactrian camels were collected and the nerves supplying the orbit were examined grossly. the results showed that the nerves supplying the orbit included the optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, the branches of ophthalmic nerve and the maxillary nerve ...	2004	14989358
esterase and lipase in camel tick hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae) during embryogenesis.	esterase and lipase activity showed significant changes during embryogenesis of camel tick hyalomma dromedarii. from the elution profile of chromatography on deae-cellulose, six forms of h. dromedarii esterase (el to evi) can be distinguished. esterase eiii was purified to homogeneity after chromatography on sepharose 6b. the molecular mass of esterase eiii was 45 kda for the native enzyme and represented a monomer of 45 kda by sds-page. esterase eiii had an acidic pi at 5.3. lipase activity was ...	2004	14990212
tetanus in a camel (camelus dromedarius)--a case report.	twenty days after an open castration, a 5-year-old dromedary was presented to the dubai camel hospital with severe central nervous symptoms. the dromedary showed the following signs: off feed, stiff gait with extended neck, external swelling of the preputial sheath and groin region, and foamy saliva drooling from the mouth. the dromedary was unable to swallow. three days after admission, the camel developed lockjaw, and on the fifth day it was unable to stand owing to paralysis of the hindquarte ...	2004	15080538
species of ticks on camels and their seasonal population dynamics in eastern ethiopia.	a study was conducted to identify the species of ticks found on camels (camelus dromedarius) and their seasonal population dynamics in eastern ethiopia. collection and identification of the ticks were undertaken at 2-month intervals from december 1997 to august 1999. on each occasion, all the visible adult ticks were collected from one side of the body of each of the same 17 camels. the most abundant species of ticks on the camels were rhipiephalus pulchellus (85.2%), hyalomma dromedarii (5.9%), ...	2004	15080539
phage-display as a tool for quantifying protein stability determinants.	to address questions of protein stability, researchers have increasingly turned to combinatorial approaches that permit the rapid analysis of libraries of protein variants. phage-display has proved to be a powerful tool for analyzing protein stability due to the large library size and the robustness of the phage particle to a variety of denaturing conditions. with the b1 domain of protein g (gb1) and a camelid heavy chain antibody as model systems, we are using phage-display libraries to experim ...	2004	15096201
application and assessment of a dipstick assay in the diagnosis of hydatidosis and trichinosis.	the aim of the present work was to apply and evaluate a dipstick assay for the serodiagnosis of human hydatidosis as well as human and experimental trichinosis using camel hydatid cyst fluid (hcf) and trichinella spiralis muscle larval (tsml) antigens, respectively, and compare this to enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (eitb) and falcon assay screening test-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (fast-elisa). sera samples were collected from patients with confirmed hydatidosis and trichinosis ...	2004	15103552
evaluation of the card agglutination test (catt/t. evansi) for detection of trypanosoma evansi infection in water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) in egypt.	a card agglutination test (catt/t. evansi) was evaluated for detection of antibodies against trypanosoma evansi (t. evansi) in experimentally and naturally infected buffaloes. four calves were inoculated with a strain of t. evansi isolated from a dromedary camel. parasitological examination of the calves revealed trypanosomes in the blood from days 4 to 9 post-inoculation (pi). general emaciation appeared from day 26 pi and aggravated until the end of the experiment (day 88 pi). antibodies again ...	2004	15110402
using morphometry of the larval rostellar hooks to distinguish iranian strains of echinococcus granulosus.	human cystic echinococcosis is widely distributed throughout iran, where sheep, cattle, goats, camels and other animals act as intermediate hosts. it appears that morphometry of the rostellar hooks on the protoscoleces of the causative parasite, echinococcus granulosus, can be used to separate the strains or variants of the parasite to be found in humans and livestock in iran. multivariate statistical procedures, including principal-component analysis and discriminant-function analysis (dfa), we ...	2004	15119967
lack of gender effect on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexamethasone in the camel after intravenous administration.	the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexamethasone were studied in six male and six female camels after a single intravenous dose (0.05 mgkg(-1) body weight) of dexamethasone. the pharmacokinetic parameters of the two-compartment pharmacokinetic model for female and male camels, respectively (mean+/-sem) were as follows: terminal elimination half-lives were 8.02+/-1.15 and 7.33+/-0.80 h, total body clearances were 95.5+/-16.0 and 124.5+/-11.9 ml h(-1) per kg, volumes of distribution at s ...	2004	15120956
molecular characterization of egyptian human and anima echinococcus granulosus isolates by rapd-pcr technique.	five primers of known, but arbitrary nucleotide sequence (oph-03, oph-05, oph-12, oph-15, oph-18) were used to detect genetic variability in egyptian human, camel and pig e. granulosus isolates. oph-03, oph-05 & oph-15 proved useful as genetic markers of strain variation, while oph-12 and oph-18 allowed distinction at the genus level i.e. diversified from cysticercus tenuicollis. oph-03 was the most effective giving sharp distinct banding pattern and the least values of similarity coefficients. ...	2004	15125518
association of some hla-drb1 antigens with echinococcus granulosus specific humoral immune response.	an elisa system using crude camel hydatid fluid antigen was used to detect specific igg and igg1 in sera of 35 cystic echinococcosis (ce) patients in whom the distribution of class ii hla-dr3 and hla-dr11 was determined. the recorded sensitivities were 88.6 % and 94.35 % for igg and igg1 respectively. in patients with high humoral immune response a statistically highly significant increased frequency of hla-dr3 (p<0.01) was recorded for igg with high relative risk value (rr=3.2) and reasonable e ...	2004	15125526
structural tolerance of bacterial autotransporters for folded passenger protein domains.	in this report we investigate the capacity of bacterial autotransporters (at) to translocate folded protein domains across the outer membrane (om). polypeptides belonging to the at family contain a c-terminal domain that supports the secretion of the n-domain (the passenger) across the om of gram-negative bacteria. despite some controversial data, it has been widely accepted that n-passenger domains of at must be unfolded and devoid of disulphide bonds for efficient translocation. to address whe ...	2004	15130125
ancient ecology of 15-million-year-old browsing mammals within c3 plant communities from panama.	middle miocene mammals are known from approximately 15 million-year-old sediments exposed along the panama canal of central america, a region that otherwise has an exceedingly poor terrestrial fossil record. these land mammals, which represent a part of the ancient terrestrial herbivore community, include an oreodont merycochoerus matthewi, small camel-like protoceratid artiodactyl paratoceras wardi, two horses anchitherium clarencei and archaeohippus sp., and two rhinos menoceras barbouri and f ...	2004	15148598
an s-layer heavy chain camel antibody fusion protein for generation of a nanopatterned sensing layer to detect the prostate-specific antigen by surface plasmon resonance technology.	the bacterial cell surface layer (s-layer) protein of bacillus sphaericus ccm 2177 assembles into a square lattice structure and recognizes a distinct type of secondary cell wall polymer (scwp) as the proper anchoring structure in the rigid cell wall layer. for generating a nanopatterned sensing layer with high density and well defined distance of the ligand on the outermost surface, an s-layer fusion protein incorporating the sequence of a variable domain of a heavy chain camel antibody directe ...	2004	15149195
affinity transfer by cdr grafting on a nonimmunoglobulin scaffold.	neocarzinostatin (ncs) is a small "all beta" protein displaying the same overall fold as immunoglobulins. this protein possesses a well-defined hydrophobic core and two loops structurally equivalent to the cdr1 and cdr3 of immunoglobulins. ncs is the most studied member of the enediynechromoprotein family, and is clinically used as an antitumoral agent. ncs has promise as a drug delivery vehicle if new binding specificities could be conferred on its protein scaffold. previous studies have shown ...	2004	15169956
echinococcus granulosus strain differentiation based on sequence heterogeneity in mitochondrial genes of cytochrome c oxidase-1 and nadh dehydrogenase-1.	genetic analyses of echinococcus granulosus isolates from different intermediate host species have demonstrated substantial levels of variation for some genotype (strain) clusters. to determine the range of genetic variability within and between genotypes we amplified and cloned partial cox1 and nadh1 genes from 16 isolates of e. granulosus from 4 continents. furthermore, we sequenced different clones from a pcr product to analyse the intra-individual genetic variance. the findings showed a mode ...	2004	15180325
placental glycosylation in peccary species and its relation to that of swine and dromedary.	comparison has been made between glycans at the fetomaternal interface of two tayassu species (new world peccaries or wild pigs) and those of swine (true pigs) and dromedary, which have similar epitheliochorial placentae. plastic sections of near-term fetomaternal interface from tayassu tajacu (120 days gestation) and tayassu pecari (140 days gestation) were stained with 20 lectins and compared with those of swine (109 days) and dromedary (375 days). both tayassu species showed similar staining ...	2004	15193872
warning signs as countermeasures to camel-vehicle collisions in saudi arabia.	the camel-vehicle collision (cvc) problem has been increasing in saudi arabia and countermeasures are urgently needed to alleviate the heavy losses from such accidents. a research project was funded by the saudi arabian government to investigate the problem and to develop techniques to deal with it. among the different techniques investigated were camel-crossing warning signs. in this study, seven camel-crossing warning signs were tested to determine if they would reduce the number of cvcs on ru ...	2004	15203352
delivery levels and behavior of 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, and other toxic volatile organic compounds in mainstream tobacco smoke from two brands of commercial cigarettes.	mainstream tobacco smoke (mts) was collected from camel and marlboro cigarettes for the determination of the delivery levels and equilibrium gas/particle partitioning constants k(p) (m(3) microg(-)(1)) of 26 volatile organic compounds (vocs) of toxicological interest. k(p) values are important for understanding the fractional distribution of each compound of interest between the gas and the particle phases of mts. the experimental method involved (i) drawing a smoke sample into a teflon sampling ...	2004	15206901
camelized rabbit-derived vh single-domain intrabodies against vif strongly neutralize hiv-1 infectivity.	we recently developed a specific single-chain antibody from immunized rabbits to hiv-1 vif protein that was expressed intracellularly and inhibited reverse transcription and viral replication. the vif of hiv-1 overcomes the innate antiviral activity of a cytidine deaminase apobec3g (cem15) that induces g to a hypermutation in the viral genome, resulting in enhancement of viral replication infectivity. here, we have developed a minimal scaffold vh fragment with intrabody properties derived from a ...	2004	15210352
population receptivity to tobacco advertising/promotions and exposure to anti-tobacco media: effect of master settlement agreement in california: 1992-2002.	tobacco marketing contributes to adolescent smoking initiation, and the master settlement agreement (msa), therefore, included relevant restrictions. we analyzed data from large population surveys of californians, conducted in 1992 (11,905 adults, ages 18 years and older), 1993 (5,531 adolescents, ages 12 to 17 years), and 1996 (6,252 adolescents, 18,616 adults) before the msa, and in 1999 (6,090 adolescents, 14,729 adults) and 2002 (5,857 adolescents, 20,525 adults) following its implementation ...	2004	15231102
light and transmission electron microscopy of immature camelus dromedarius oocyte.	in order to provide a consistent system for laboratory production of embryos, the characteristics of immature camel oocyte must first be described. the objective of this study was to define ultrastructural features of immature camel oocyte. ovaries were obtained from camels at a local abattoir, and then transported to the laboratory within 2 h. camelus cumulus oocyte complexes (cocs) were aspirated from 2-6 mm follicles using a 22-gauge needle. excellent and good quality cocs were selected and p ...	2004	15239809
pharmacokinetics of progesterone in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarim).	the effect of ovariectomy or administration of progesterone (p4) on the disposition kinetics of p4 was determined in dromedary camels. the disappearance of p4 from peripheral circulation of the camel following ovariectomy or after a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of 1 mg kg(-1) body weight followed a bioexponential curve. both curves were parallel indicating that the disappearance of injected p4 behaved similarly to endogenous p4. the mean (+/- sd) half-life calculated from the slower compo ...	2004	15276776
foot-and-mouth disease in camelids: a review.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in south american camelids, in dromedaries and bactrians is reviewed. recent well-executed experimental studies in new world camels indicate that, although the llama and alpaca can be infected with fmd virus (fmdv) by direct contact, they are not very susceptible and do not pose a risk in transmitting fmd to susceptible animal species. they do not become fmdv carriers. reports on fmd in dromedaries are, however, conflicting. serological investigations in africa and t ...	2004	15301761
trypanosomiasis-induced infertility in dromedary (camelus dromedarius) bulls: changes in plasma steroids concentration and semen characteristics.	the effect of trypanosomiasis on concentrations of plasma steroids and semen characteristics was studied in 24 dromedary bulls. based upon the parasitological and serological diagnosis, 18 bulls were found infected with trypanosoma evansi (group 2) and six were found to be free from infection and served as controls (group 1). the infected animals exhibited signs of anaemia indicated by the decrease of packed cell volume (pcv) and haemoglobin concentration (hb), pale mucus membranes, weight loss, ...	2004	15302388
use of real-time ultrasonography for control of follicular activity and pregnancy diagnosis in the one humped camel (camelus dromedarius) during the non-breeding season.	ovaries of 16 adult pleuriparous, non-pregnant and non-lactating one humped female camels (camelus dromedarius) belonging to national research centre on camel, at bikaner, india, were examined for the presence of follicular activity (< or = 0.5 cm diameter) using real-time ultrasonography during june-august, which is considered to be non-breeding season in india. follicles > or = 1.0 cm diameter were found in eight females. these animals were mated with virile studs. in four out of eight camels ...	2004	15302400
vertebral malformation, syringomyelia, and ventricular septal defect in a dromedary camel (camelius dromedarius).	an occipitoatlantoaxial malformation and ventricular septal defect (vsd) were diagnosed in a 36-hour-old female camel. physical examination revealed a firm protrusion of the dorsal aspect of the atlas and axis, tilting of the head to the left, and a grade v/vi systolic murmur. neurological examination revealed proprioceptive deficits and ataxia of all 4 limbs. radiographic examination and necropsy demonstrated malformation, fusion of the atlas to the occiput and hypoplasia of the dens of the axi ...	2004	15305748
secretion of proteins with dimerization capacity by the haemolysin type i transport system of escherichia coli.	the tolerance of the haemolysin transport system (hly) for exporting dimeric protein substrates to the supernatants of escherichia coli cultures was examined. a strong dimerization domain (i.e. an amphipathic alpha-helix capable of forming a leucine zipper in the yeast transcription factor gcn4) was inserted into an epitope-tagged version of the 23 kda c-terminal secretion signal of haemolysin (ehlya). the zipper-containing polypeptide (zehlya) was effectively secreted by e. coli cells carrying ...	2004	15306015
production of novel recombinant single-domain antibodies against tandem repeat region of muc1 mucin.	recently, the existence of "heavy-chain" antibody in camelidae has been described. however, as yet there is no data on the binding of this type of antibody to peptides. in addition, there was not any report of production of single-domain antibodies in two-humped camels (camelus bactrianus). in the present study, these questions are addressed. we showed the feasibility of immunizing old world camels, cloning the repertoire of the variable domain of their heavy-chain antibodies, panning and select ...	2004	15312305
production of dromedary (camelus dromedarius) embryos by ivm and ivf and co-culture with oviductal or granulosa cells.	the general objective of this work was to produce dromedary embryos from cumulus-oocyte complexes (cocs) that were matured, fertilized and co-cultured in vitro. a total of 1598 cocs were recovered from 457 ovaries; 1308 were deemed suitable for ivm and were cultured at 38.5 degrees c, 5% co2, and >95% humidity for 36 h in tcm-199 supplemented with 10% heat-treated fetal calf serum (fcs), 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (egf), 1 microg/ml fsh, and 500 microm cysteamine. matured cocs (n = 88) wer ...	2004	15325545
expression of the peptidoglycan recognition protein, pgrp, in the lactating mammary gland.	the peptidoglycan recognition protein, pgrp, known as an intracellular component of neutrophils, has been isolated from camel (camelus dromedarius) milk by acid precipitation followed by heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography of the supernatant. the mean concentration in milk was about 120 mg/l. it decreased during lactation by 19% and increased in the event of severe mastitis by 45%. the protein bound to lactic acid bacteria and other gram-positive bacteria with an affinity similar to that r ...	2004	15328291
activities of synthetic peptides against human pathogenic bacteria.	the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria requires development of new antimicrobial agents. synthesis and experimental application of the hybrids peptides may be one of the interesting possibilities in antimicrobial treatment. the aim of the present investigation is to determinate in vitro activities of two synthetic peptide amides: cecropin-melittin hybrid peptide (camel) and protegrin analogue (ib-367) against control strains and multi-resistant clinical isolate ...	2004	15330266
urinary excretion of purine derivatives as an index of microbial protein synthesis in the camel (camelus dromedarius).	five experiments were carried out to extend knowledge of purine metabolism in the camel (camelus dromedarius) and to establish a model to enable microbial protein outflow from the forestomachs to be estimated from the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (pd; i.e. xanthine, hypoxanthine, uric acid, allantoin). in experiment 1, four camels were fasted for five consecutive days to enable endogenous pd excretion in urine to be determined. total pd excretion decreased during the fasting period to ...	2004	15333153
reaching youth at the point of sale: cigarette marketing is more prevalent in stores where adolescents shop frequently.	although numerous studies describe the quantity and nature of tobacco marketing in stores, fewer studies examine the industry's attempts to reach youth at the point of sale. this study examines whether cigarette marketing is more prevalent in stores where adolescents shop frequently.	2004	15333890
physico-chemical and antigenic characterization of unconventional heavy chain antibodies of indian desert camel (camelus dromedarius l.).	heavy chain antibodies (hcabs) of igg2 and igg3 subtypes were purified from the sera of indian desert camel (camelus dromedarius l.) by ammonium sulphate precipitation, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose and affinity chromatography on protein a-sepharose and protein g-sepharose, and characterized by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agar gel immunodiffusion (agid), counter-immunoelectrophoresis (ciep), immunoelectrophoresis (iep), elisa and immunoblotting. igg2 and i ...	2004	22900358
crystal structure of a shark single-domain antibody v region in complex with lysozyme.	cartilaginous fish are the phylogenetically oldest living organisms known to possess components of the vertebrate adaptive immune system. key to their immune response are heavy-chain, homodimeric immunoglobulins called new antigen receptors (ignars), in which the variable (v) domains recognize antigens with only a single immunoglobulin domain, akin to camelid heavy-chain v domains. the 1.45 angstrom resolution crystal structure of the type i ignar v domain in complex with hen egg-white lysozyme ...	2004	15319492
eradication of the camelid biting louse, bovicola breviceps.		2004	15149072
phage-displayed antibody libraries of synthetic heavy chain complementarity determining regions.	a structure-based approach was used to design libraries of synthetic heavy chain complementarity determining regions (cdrs). the cdr libraries were displayed as either monovalent or bivalent single-chain variable fragments (scfvs) with a single heavy chain variable domain scaffold and a fixed light chain variable domain. using the structure of a parent antibody as a guide, we restricted library diversity to cdr positions with significant exposure to solvent. we introduced diversity with tailored ...	2004	15066433
hydroxyproline concentrations in ocular tissues of arabian camel (camelus dromedarius linn.).	hydroxyproline (hyp) concentrations (total, free, peptide-bound and protein-bound) in camel eye tissues were determined. total hyp concentration was highest in iris, followed by ciliary body, sclera, cornea, lens and retina; the difference between total hyp concentration of iris and sclera (p < 0.05) and cornea, lens and retina (p < 0.001) was statistically significant. cornea had the highest concentration of free hyp, followed by ciliary body, retina, iris, sclera and lens (p < 0.001). peptide- ...	2003	22900375
developmental changes in localization of steroid synthesis enzymes in camelid placenta.	the uninucleate trophoblast of epitheliochorial camelid placenta produces multinucleate giant cells starting between day 30 and day 35 of pregnancy. the giant cells are found scattered along the trophoblast at similar frequency throughout gestation. light microscope immunocytochemistry indicates that the four steroid synthesis enzymes (cholesterol side chain cleavage, 3beta-hydroxysteroid de-hydrogenase, 17alpha-hydroxylase and aromatase) are present in all uninucleate trophoblast cells between ...	2003	12887280
observations on little known diseases of camels (camelus dromedarius) in the horn of africa.	the camel is a comparatively hardy animal and is less susceptible to many of the diseases that affect other livestock species in the same areas. despite that, the camel may contract many other diseases, some of which are still unknown. pastoralists have for centuries herded camels in the arid and semi-arid areas of kenya, and elsewhere in the horn of africa, and they have encountered and named many new diseases. however, the exact causes of many of these illnesses, such as lahaw-gaal, firaanfir, ...	2003	15005561
isolation and characterization of raw heparin from dromedary intestine: evaluation of a new source of pharmaceutical heparin.	heparin, a heterogeneous anionic polysaccharide, is the glycosaminoglycan (gag) used clinically an anticoagulant. this anticoagulant activity is primarily derived from its binding to the serine protease inhibitor antithrombin iii, a potent inhibitor of thrombin (factor iia) and factor xa. heparin is a complex natural product and its in vitro synthesis is not yet possible due to the difficulty of organizing the many biosynthetic enzymes required for its synthesis. the principle natural sources fo ...	2003	15012907
plague in kazakhstan at the present time.	since 1990 to 2002, 19 human plague cases and 2 bacteria-carriers cases were registered in natural plague foci on the territory of the republic. for last 12 years plague in forms of bubonic and bubonic-septic was diagnosed in kazakhstan. out of 19 patients (14 men--73.6% and 5 women--26.3%), 13 persons recovered (8.4%), 6 persons died (31.6%). employment of the treatment in the new scheme sharply lowered lethality from plague. live attenuated y. pestis ev vaccine available for human and camel us ...	2003	15029833
production of nuclear transfer llama (lama glama) embryos from in vitro matured llama oocytes.	to date, there have been no reports of somatic cell nuclear transfer in llamas. the application of this methodology to the camelid industry could be helpful in the propagation of genetically valuable animals. the objective of this study was to produce nuclear transfer llama embryos comparing the development of these llama embryos cultured in either cr1aa medium (treatment a) or g1.2 medium (treatment b) medium. llamas were superstimulated by double dominant follicle reduction 12 days apart, foll ...	2003	14588137
acaricidal effects of cardiac glycosides, azadirachtin and neem oil against the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae).	the cardiac glycoside, digitoxin, from digitalis purpurea l (scrophulariaceae), a cardiac glycosidal (cardenolide) extract from calotropis procera (ait) r br (asclepiadaceae), azadirachtin and neem oil from azadirachta indica a juss (meliaceae) were tested for their effects against larvae and adult stages of the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii koch (acari: ixodidae). the contact lc50 values of the first three materials against adults were 4.08, 9.63 and >40.7 microg cm(-2), respectively, whereas ...	2003	14620053
a seroprevalence study of camel brucellosis in three camel-rearing regions of ethiopia.	a cross-sectional investigation was made into the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels in three arid and semi-arid camel-rearing regions of ethiopia (afar, somali and borena) between november 2000 and april 2001. when sera collected from 1442 accessible camels were screened with the rose bengal plate test (rbpt). 82 (5.7%) of them reacted. the results of a complement fixation test (cft) on those sera that had given a positive reaction to the screening test then indicated a 4.2% prevalence of ...	2003	14620582
brucellosis and q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in chad.	as a part of a research-and-action partnership between public health and veterinary medicine, the relationships between the seroprevalences of brucellosis and q-fever in humans and livestock were evaluated in three nomadic communities of chad (fulani cattle breeders, and arab camel and cattle breeders). nomad camps were visited between april 1999 and april 2000. a total of 860 human and 1637 animal sera were tested for antibodies against brucella spp., and 368 human and 613 animal sera for coxie ...	2003	14623412
safety and efficacy against mange and nematodes of three formulations of abamectin in arabian camels.		2003	14627239
metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma and diffuse hyperplastic gastritis resembling human menétrier's disease in a camel (camelus ferus bactrianus).	a captive 16-year-old male camel (camelus ferus bactrianus) was euthanized after a prolonged period of inappetence leading to cachexia. at necropsy, there was a 7 cm large, tan, firm, well-demarcated nodule in the tunica muscularis and serosa of the distal region of c3. histologically, a gastric adenocarcinoma was diagnosed. numerous metastases were found in the liver and the hepatic lymph nodes, in the wall of the portal vein and the aorta, in the lung, heart, and pleura parietalis. osseous met ...	2003	14633229
the main challenges facing camel reproduction research in the 21st century.	the reproductive efficiency of camels under their natural pastoral conditions is low. the reasons for this low reproductive efficiency include the short breeding season, the late age of reaching puberty and the long gestation period of 13 months. the introduction of controlled breeding programmes is important but several problems have to be considered. for example, oestrous behaviour is very vague and difficult to interpret, as it does not often relate to follicular development in the ovaries. i ...	2003	14635925