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combinations of the ghd7, ghd8 and hd1 genes largely define the ecogeographical adaptation and yield potential of cultivated rice.rice cultivars have been adapted to favorable ecological regions and cropping seasons. although several heading date genes have separately made contributions to this adaptation, the roles of gene combinations are still unclear. we employed a map-based cloning approach to isolate a heading date gene, which coordinated the interaction between ghd7 and ghd8 to greatly delay rice heading. we resequenced these three genes in a germplasm collection to analyze natural variation. map-based cloning demon ...201526147403
map-based cloning and characterization of bph29, a b3 domain-containing recessive gene conferring brown planthopper resistance in rice.rice (oryza sativa l.) production, essential for global food security, is threatened by the brown planthopper (bph). the breeding of host-resistant crops is an economical and environmentally friendly strategy for pest control, but few resistance gene resources have thus far been cloned. an indica rice introgression line rbph54, derived from wild rice oryza rufipogon, has been identified with sustainable resistance to bph, which is governed by recessive alleles at two loci. in this study, a map-b ...201526136269
laba1, a domestication gene associated with long, barbed awns in wild rice.common wild rice (oryza rufipogon), the wild relative of asian cultivated rice (oryza sativa), flaunts long, barbed awns, which are necessary for efficient propagation and dissemination of seeds. by contrast, o. sativa cultivars have been selected to be awnless or to harbor short, barbless awns, which facilitate seed processing and storage. the transition from long, barbed awns to short, barbless awns was a crucial event in rice domestication. here, we show that the presence of long, barbed awns ...201526082172
genetic analysis of seed-shattering genes in rice using an f₃:₄ population derived from an oryza sativa x oryza rufipogon cross.seed shattering of wild plant species is thought to be an adaptive trait to facilitate seed dispersal. for rice breeding, seed shatter-ing is an important trait for improving breeding strategies, particularly when developing lines use interspecific hybrids and introgression of genes from wild species. we developed f₃:₄ recombinant inbred lines from an interspecific cross between oryza sativa cv. ilpoombyeo and oryza rufipogon. in this study, we genetically analyzed known shat-tering-related loci ...201525730074
pcr-based indel markers co-dominant between oryza sativa, japonica cultivars and closely-related wild oryza species.wild relatives genetically close to cultivars are precious genetic resources for plant breeding. oryza rufipogon, o. barthii, o. glumaepatula, o. meridionalis and o. longistaminata are such wild species, and are also categorized as aa genome species based on their structural similarities. chromosome segment substitution lines (cssls) are a powerful resource in breeding and genetics, and numerous rice cssls have been produced. this study aimed to develop dna markers for evaluation of cssls direct ...201526366120
the birth of a black rice gene and its local spread by introgression.the origin and spread of novel agronomic traits during crop domestication are complex events in plant evolution. wild rice (oryza rufipogon) has red grains due to the accumulation of proanthocyanidins, whereas most cultivated rice (oryza sativa) varieties have white grains induced by a defective allele in the rc basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) gene. although the events surrounding the origin and spread of black rice traits remain unknown, varieties with black grains due to anthocyanin accumulation ...201526362607
an-2 encodes a cytokinin synthesis enzyme that regulates awn length and grain production in rice.a wide range of morphological and physiological traits have changed between cultivated rice oryza sativa and wild rice oryza rufipogon under domestication. here, we report cloning of the an-2 gene, encoding the lonely guy like protein 6 (oslogl6), which catalyzes the final step of cytokinin synthesis in o. rufipogon. the near-isogenic line harboring a wild allele of an-2 in the genetic background of the awnless indica guangluai 4 shows that an-2 promotes awn elongation by enhancing cell division ...201526283047
genome-wide survey and expression analysis of the osca gene family in rice.reception of and response to exogenous and endogenous osmotic changes is important to sustain plant growth and development, as well as reproductive formation. hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channels (osca) were first characterised as an osmosensor in arabidopsis and are involved in the perception of extracellular changes to trigger hyperosmolality-induced [ca(2+)]i increases (oici). to explore the potential biological functions of oscas in rice, we performed a bioinformatics and express ...201526503287
convergent loss of awn in two cultivated rice species oryza sativa and oryza glaberrima is caused by mutations in different loci.a long awn is one of the distinct morphological features of wild rice species. this organ is thought to aid in seed dispersal and prevent predation by animals. most cultivated varieties of oryza sativa and oryza glaberrima, however, have lost the ability to form long awns. the causal genetic factors responsible for the loss of awn in these two rice species remain largely unknown. here, we evaluated three sets of chromosome segment substitution lines (cssls) in a common o. sativa genetic backgrou ...201526338659
fine mapping of s37, a locus responsible for pollen and embryo sac sterility in hybrids between oryza sativa l. and o. glaberrima steud.hybrid sterility locus s37 between oryza glaberrima and oryza sativa results in both pollen and embryo sac sterility. interspecific crossing between african cultivated rice oryza glaberrima and oryza sativa cultivars is hindered by hybrid sterility. to dissect the mechanism of interspecific hybrid sterility, we developed a near-isogenic line (nil)-s37 using dianjingyou1 (djy1) as the recipient parent and an african cultivated rice variety as the donor parent. empty pollen and embryo sac sterilit ...201526169392
do nerica rice cultivars express resistance to striga hermonthica (del.) benth. and striga asiatica (l.) kuntze under field conditions?the parasitic weeds striga asiatica and striga hermonthica cause high yield losses in rain-fed upland rice in africa. two resistance classes (pre- and post-attachment) and several resistant genotypes have been identified among nerica (new rice for africa) cultivars under laboratory conditions (in vitro) previously. however, little is known about expression of this resistance under field conditions. here we investigated (1) whether resistance exhibited under controlled conditions would express un ...201526089591
genome-wide comparison of asian and african rice reveals high recent activity of dna transposons.dna (class ii) transposons are ubiquitous in plant genomes. however, unlike for (class i) retrotransposons, only little is known about their proliferation mechanisms, activity, and impact on genomes. asian and african rice (oryza sativa and o. glaberrima) diverged approximately 600,000 years ago. their fully sequenced genomes therefore provide an excellent opportunity to study polymorphisms introduced from recent transposon activity.201525954322
rapid turnover of antimicrobial-type cysteine-rich protein genes in closely related oryza genomes.defensive and reproductive protein genes undergo rapid evolution. small, cysteine-rich secreted peptides (crps) act as antimicrobial agents and function in plant intercellular signaling and are over-represented among reproductively expressed proteins. because of their roles in defense, reproduction and development and their presence in multigene families, crp variation can have major consequences for plant phenotypic and functional diversification. we surveyed the crp genes of six closely relate ...201525842177
mapping of seed shattering loci provides insights into origin of weedy rice and rice domestication.seed shattering is an important trait that distinguishes crop cultivars from the wild and weedy species. the genetics of seed shattering was investigated in this study to provide insights into rice domestication and the evolution of weedy rice. quantitative trait locus (qtl) analysis, conducted in 2 recombinant inbred populations involving 2 rice cultivars and a weedy rice accession of the southern united states, revealed 3-5 qtls that controlled seed shattering with 38-45% of the total phenotyp ...201524336929
the biosynthesis, structure and gelatinization properties of starches from wild and cultivated african rice species (oryza barthii and oryza glaberrima).the molecular structure and gelatinization properties of starches from domesticated african rice (oryza glaberrima) and its wild progenitor (oryza barthii) are determined and comparison made with asian domesticated rice (oryza sativa), the commonest commercial rice. this suggests possible enzymatic processes contributing to the unique traits of the african varieties. these have similar starch structures, including smaller amylose molecules, but larger amounts of amylose chains across the whole a ...201526050893
genome-wide analysis of dof family transcription factors and their responses to abiotic stresses in chinese cabbage.chinese cabbage is an important leaf vegetable that experienced long-term cultivation and artificial selection. dof (dna-binding one zinc finger) transcription factors, with a highly conserved dof domain, are members of a major plant-specific transcription factor family that play important roles in many plant biological processes. the dof family transcription factors, one of the most important families of transcriptional regulators in higher plants, are involved in massive aspects of plant growt ...201525636232
main ustilaginoidins and their distribution in rice false smut balls.rice false smut has become an increasingly serious fungal disease in rice (oryza sativa l.) production worldwide. ustilaginoidins are bis-naphtho-γ-pyrone mycotoxins previously isolated from the rice false smut balls (fsbs) infected by the pathogen villosiclava virens in rice spikelets on panicles. to investigate the main ustilaginoidins and their distribution in rice fsbs, five main bis-naphtho-γ-pyrones, namely ustilaginoidins a (1), g (2), b (3), i (4) and c (5), were isolated and identified ...201526473920
transcriptomic analysis and the expression of disease-resistant genes in oryza meyeriana under native condition.oryza meyeriana (o. meyeriana), with a gg genome type (2n = 24), accumulated plentiful excellent characteristics with respect to resistance to many diseases such as rice shade and blast, even immunity to bacterial blight. it is very important to know if the diseases-resistant genes exist and express in this wild rice under native conditions. however, limited genomic or transcriptomic data of o. meyeriana are currently available. in this study, we present the first comprehensive characterization ...201526640944
root-derived short-chain suberin diacids from rice and rape seed in a paddy soil under rice cultivar treatments.suberin-derived substituted fatty acids have been shown to be potential biomarkers for plant-derived carbon (c) in soils across ecosystems. analyzing root derived suberin compounds bound in soil could help to understand the root input into a soil organic carbon pool. in this study, bound lipids were extracted and identified in root and topsoil samples. short-chain suberin diacids were quantified under rice (oryza sativa l.) and rape (brassica campestris) rotations with different cultivar combina ...201525961557
two distinct classes of protein related to gtb and rrm are critical in the sclerotial metamorphosis process of rhizoctonia solani ag-1 ia.sheath blight of rice, caused by rhizoctonia solani kühn ag-1 ia [teleomorph: thanatephorus cucumeris (frank) donk], is one of the major diseases of rice (oryza sativa l.) worldwide. sclerotia produced by r. solani ag-1 ia are crucial for their survival in adverse environments and further dissemination when environmental conditions become conducive. differentially expressed genes during three stages of sclerotial metamorphosis of r. solani ag-1 ia were investigated by utilizing complementary dna ...201525763752
draft genome sequence of the rice kernel smut tilletia horrida strain qb-1.tilletia horrida is the most destructive fungal pathogen of rice (oryza sativa l.). the 20,105,270-bp draft genome sequence of t. horrida strain qb-1 is reported here. genes encoding proteins associated with key virulence factors were predicted, and this can provide information for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms in t. horrida.201526112782
over-expression of a glutamate dehydrogenase gene, mggdh, from magnaporthe grisea confers tolerance to dehydration stress in transgenic rice.heterologous expression of a fungal nadp(h)-gdh gene ( mggdh ) from magnaporthe grisea can improve dehydration stress tolerance in rice by preventing toxic accumulation of ammonium. glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh; ec 1.4.1.2 and ec 1.4.1.4) may act as a stress-responsive enzyme in detoxification of high intracellular ammonia and production of glutamate for proline synthesis under stress conditions. in present study, a fungal nadp(h)-gdh gene (mggdh) from magnaporthe grisea was over-expressed in ri ...201525486886
genome analysis of rice-blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae field isolates from southern india.the indian subcontinent is the center of origin and diversity for rice (oryza sativa l.). the o. sativa ssp. indica is a major food crop grown in india, which occupies the first and second position in area and production, respectively. blast disease caused by magnaporthe oryzae is a major constraint to rice production. here, we report the analysis of genome architecture and sequence variation of two field isolates, b157 and mg01, of the blast fungus from southern india. the 40 mb genome of b157 ...201526484270
natural variation of rice blast resistance gene pi-d2.studying natural variation in rice resistance genes of cultivated and wild rice relatives can predict resistance stability to rice blast fungus. in the present study, the protein coding regions of the rice r gene pi-d2 in 35 rice accessions, including oryza sativa l. subsp. indica kato (aus), indica (ind), temperate japonica (tej), tropical japonica (trj), aromatic (aro); subgroups of oryza sativa; 6 accessions of wild rice varieties; o. nivara; and o. rufipogon were analyzed. a total of 13 nucl ...201525730062
alterations in gas exchange and oxidative metabolism in rice leaves infected by pyricularia oryzae are attenuated by silicon.rice blast, caused by pyricularia oryzae, is the most important disease in rice worldwide. this study investigated the effects of silicon (si) on the photosynthetic gas exchange parameters (net co2 assimilation rate [a], stomatal conductance to water vapor [gs], internal-to-ambient co2 concentration ratio [ci/ca], and transpiration rate [e]); chlorophyll fluorescence a (chla) parameters (maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem ii [fv/fm], photochemical [qp] and nonphotochemical [npq] que ...201525607719
effect of arsenite-oxidizing bacterium b. laterosporus on arsenite toxicity and arsenic translocation in rice seedlings.arsenite [as (iii)] oxidation can be accelerated by bacterial catalysis, but the effects of the accelerated oxidation on arsenic toxicity and translocation in rice plants are poorly understood. herein we investigated how an arsenite-oxidizing bacterium, namely brevibacillus laterosporus, influences as (iii) toxicity and translocation in rice plants. rice seedlings of four cultivars, namely guangyou ming 118 (gm), teyou hang ii (th), shanyou 63 (sy) and minghui 63 (mh), inoculated with or without ...201526024808
full genome sequence of brevibacillus laterosporus strain b9, a biological control strain isolated from zhejiang, china.brevibacillus laterosporus was newly classified from bacillus laterosporus, which has ability to be used as a biological control agent in crop field. b. laterosporus strain b9 is an aerobic, motile, gram-positive, spore-forming rod that was isolated from a field of oryza sativa in zhejiang, china in 2011. this bacterium has been confirmed to be a strong antagonist against bacterial brown strip of rice caused by acidovorex avenae subsp. avenae. here we describe the features of b. laterosporus str ...201526022423
functional characterization of a transition metal ion transporter, oszip6 from rice (oryza sativa l.).micronutrients are important for the growth and development of plants, which deploy families of transporters for their uptake and distribution. we have functionally characterized a novel transition metal ion transporter from rice, oszip6 (oryza sativa zinc regulated transporter, iron regulated transporter-like protein 6). the transporter was found to be transcriptionally activated in shoot and root tissues in response to deficiency in fe(2+), zn(2+) and mn(2+). oszip6 was expressed in xenopus la ...201526476396
disruption of the rice nitrate transporter osnpf2.2 hinders root-to-shoot nitrate transport and vascular development.plants have evolved to express some members of the nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (npf) to uptake and transport nitrate. however, little is known of the physiological and functional roles of this family in rice (oryza sativa l.). here, we characterized the vascular specific transporter osnpf2.2. functional analysis using cdna-injected xenopus laevis oocytes revealed that osnpf2.2 is a low-affinity, ph-dependent nitrate transporter. use of a green fluorescent protein tagged osnp ...201525923512
transport function of rice amino acid permeases (aaps).the transport function of four rice (oryza sativa) amino acid permeases (aaps), osaap1 (os07g04180), osaap3 (os06g36180), osaap7 (os05g34980) and osaap16 (os12g08090), was analyzed by expression in xenopus laevis oocytes and electrophysiology. osaap1, osaap7 and osaap16 functioned, similarly to arabidopsis aaps, as general amino acid permeases. osaap3 had a distinct substrate specificity compared with other rice or arabidopsis aaps. osaap3 transported the basic amino acids lysine and arginine we ...201525907566
confirming a major qtl and finding additional loci responsible for field resistance to brown spot (bipolaris oryzae) in rice.brown spot is a devastating rice disease. quantitative resistance has been observed in local varieties (e.g., 'tadukan'), but no economically useful resistant variety has been bred. using quantitative trait locus (qtl) analysis of recombinant inbred lines (rils) from 'tadukan' (resistant) × 'hinohikari' (susceptible), we previously found three qtls (qbs2, qbs9, and qbs11) that conferred resistance in seedlings in a greenhouse. to confirm their effect, the parents and later generations of rils we ...201526069447
silicon induces resistance to the brown spot fungus cochliobolus miyabeanus by preventing the pathogen from hijacking the rice ethylene pathway.although numerous studies have shown the ability of silicon (si) to mitigate a wide variety of abiotic and biotic stresses, relatively little is known about the underlying mechanism(s). here, we have investigated the role of hormone defense pathways in si-induced resistance to the rice brown spot fungus cochliobolus miyabeanus. to delineate the involvement of multiple hormone pathways, a multidisciplinary approach was pursued, combining exogenous hormone applications, pharmacological inhibitor e ...201525625327
gc-ei-tof-ms analysis of in vivo carbon-partitioning into soluble metabolite pools of higher plants by monitoring isotope dilution after 13co2 labelling.the established gc-ei-tof-ms method for the profiling of soluble polar metabolites from plant tissue was employed for the kinetic metabolic phenotyping of higher plants. approximately 100 typical gc-ei-ms mass fragments of trimethylsilylated and methoxyaminated metabolite derivatives were structurally interpreted for mass isotopomer analysis, thus enabling the kinetic study of identified metabolites as well as the so-called functional group monitoring of yet non-identified metabolites. the monit ...201517475294
the rice transcription factor wrky53 suppresses herbivore-induced defenses by acting as a negative feedback modulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity.the mechanisms by which herbivore-attacked plants activate their defenses are well studied. by contrast, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that allow them to control their defensive investment and avoid a defensive overshoot. we characterized a rice (oryza sativa) wrky gene, oswrky53, whose expression is rapidly induced upon wounding and induced in a delayed fashion upon attack by the striped stem borer (ssb) chilo suppressalis. the transcript levels of oswrky53 are independent of ...201526453434
characterization of competitive interactions in the coexistence of bt-transgenic and conventional rice.transgene flow through pollen and seeds leads to transgenic volunteers and feral populations in the nature, and consumer choice and economic incentives determine whether transgenic crops will be cultivated in the field. transgenic and non-transgenic plants are likely to coexist in the field and natural habitats, but their competitive interactions are not well understood.201525928331
anti-aging potential of phytoextract loaded-pharmaceutical creams for human skin cell longetivity.the exposure to ultraviolet radiations (uvr) is the key source of skin sunburn; it may produce harmful entities, reactive oxygen species (ros), leading to aging. the skin can be treated and protected from the injurious effects of ros by using various pharmaceutical formulations, such as cream. cream can be loaded with antioxidants to quench ros leading to photo-protective effects. moreover, modern medicines depend on ethnobotanicals for protection or treatment of human diseases. this review arti ...201526448818
analysis of aliphatic waxes associated with root periderm or exodermis from eleven plant species.aliphatic waxes can be found in association with suberized tissues, including roots. non-polar lipids were isolated by rapid solvent extraction of mature regions of intact roots from eleven angiosperms, including both monocots and dicots. the majority of roots analyzed were taproots or tuberous taproots that had undergone secondary growth and thus were covered by a suberized periderm. the exceptions therein were maize (zea mays l.) and rice (oryza sativa l.), which present a suberized exodermis. ...201526143051
effects of winter covering crop residue incorporation on ch₄ and n₂o emission from double-cropped paddy fields in southern china.residue management in cropping systems is useful to improve soil quality. however, the studies on the effects of residue management on methane (ch4) and nitrous oxide (n2o) emission from paddy field in southern china are few. therefore, the emissions of ch4 and n2o were investigated in double cropping rice (oryza sativa l.) systems with different winter covering crops using the static chamber-gas chromatography technique to assess the effects of different covering crops on the emissions of green ...201525913315
genomic selection and association mapping in rice (oryza sativa): effect of trait genetic architecture, training population composition, marker number and statistical model on accuracy of rice genomic selection in elite, tropical rice breeding lines.genomic selection (gs) is a new breeding method in which genome-wide markers are used to predict the breeding value of individuals in a breeding population. gs has been shown to improve breeding efficiency in dairy cattle and several crop plant species, and here we evaluate for the first time its efficacy for breeding inbred lines of rice. we performed a genome-wide association study (gwas) in conjunction with five-fold gs cross-validation on a population of 363 elite breeding lines from the int ...201525689273
simple and efficient way to detect small polymorphic bands in plants.there are many ways to detect polymorphism. in this study we use the microsatellite markers to detect the polymorphism for the salt tolerance. this method has been successfully conducted in oryza sativa and brassica juncea. the results are reproducible. in contrast to previous methods, our method is simple and quite accurate for detecting the polymorphic bands. in this study instead of using agarose gel and ethidium bromide staining, we used non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel and a low-cost impro ...201526484259
growth and cadmium phytoextraction by swiss chard, maize, rice, noccaea caerulescens, and alyssum murale in ph adjusted biosolids amended soils.past applications of biosolids to soils at some locations added higher cd levels than presently permitted. cadmium phytoextraction would alleviate current land use constraints. unamended farm soil, and biosolids amended farm and mine soils were obtained from a fulton co., il biosolids management facility. soils contained 0.16, 22.8, 45.3 mg cd kg(-1) and 43.1, 482, 812 mg zn kg(-1) respectively with initial ph 6.0, 6.1, 6.4. in greenhouse studies, swiss chard (beta vulgaris var. cicla), a cd-acc ...201525174422
quantitative profiling of feruloylated arabinoxylan side-chains from graminaceous cell walls.graminaceous arabinoxylans are distinguished by decoration with feruloylated monosaccharidic and oligosaccharidic side-chains. although it is hypothesized that structural complexity and abundance of these feruloylated arabinoxylan side-chains may contribute, among other factors, to resistance of plant cell walls to enzymatic degradation, quantitative profiling approaches for these structural units in plant cell wall materials have not been described yet. here we report the development and applic ...201526834763
how to isolate a plant's hypomethylome in one shot.genome assembly remains a challenge for large and/or complex plant genomes due to their abundant repetitive regions resulting in studies focusing on gene space instead of the whole genome. thus, dna enrichment strategies facilitate the assembly by increasing the coverage and simultaneously reducing the complexity of the whole genome. in this paper we provide an easy, fast, and cost-effective variant of mre-seq to obtain a plant's hypomethylome by an optimized methyl filtration protocol followed ...201526421293
molecular characterization and in silico analysis of sorghum panallergens: profilin and polcalin.in india, 20-30% of the human population suffer from allergic rhinitis and 15% of them develop asthma. plant pollens are one of the causative aeroallergens and are mixture of a number of molecules including major and minor allergens (panallergens). profilin and polcalcin are the known pollen specific panallergens. allergenicity of the sorghum plant in andhra pradesh was found to be 54.9%. but the allergens responsible have not been characterized well. this study highlights identification and mol ...201526669015
coapplication of chicken litter biochar and urea only to improve nutrients use efficiency and yield of oryza sativa l. cultivation on a tropical acid soil.the excessive use of nitrogen (n) fertilizers in sustaining high rice yields due to n dynamics in tropical acid soils not only is economically unsustainable but also causes environmental pollution. the objective of this study was to coapply biochar and urea to improve soil chemical properties and productivity of rice. biochar (5 t ha(-1)) and different rates of urea (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of recommended n application) were evaluated in both pot and field trials. selected soil chemical prop ...201526273698
roseomonas oryzicola sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of rice (oryza sativa l.).a gram-stain-negative, coccobacilli-shaped bacterium, designated yc6724t, was isolated from the rhizosphere of rice in jinju, korea. the taxonomy of strain yc6724t was studied using a polyphasic approach. strain yc6724t grew optimally at 30 °c and ph 7.0-8.0. comparative 16s rrna gene sequence analyses showed that the strain was most closely related to roseomonas soli 5n26t (98.4 % 16s rrna gene sequence similarity), roseomonas lacus thg33t(97.3 %) and roseomonas terrae ds-48t (97.3 %). sequence ...201526443678
flectobacillus rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere soil of oryza sativa (l.), and emended description of the genus flectobacillus.a gram-stain-negative, aerobic, pale orange, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain, designated jc289t was isolated from a rhizosphere soil sample of the plant oryza sativa (l.). 16s rrna gene sequence analysis clearly allocated strain jc289t to the flectobacillus cluster, showing highest sequence similarities to flectobacillus roseus gfa-11t (99.5 %), flectobacillus major atcc 29496t (96.7 %) and flectobacillus lacus cl-gp79t (94.6 %). major (>5 %) fatty acids of strain jc289t were c16 : 1ω5c, ...201526297007
barnyard grasses were processed with rice around 10000 years ago.rice (oryza sativa) is regarded as the only grass that was selected for cultivation and eventual domestication in the yangtze basin of china. although both macro-fossils and micro-fossils of rice have been recovered from the early neolithic site of shangshan, dating to more than 10,000 years before present (bp), we report evidence of phytolith and starch microfossils taken from stone tools, both for grinding and cutting, and cultural layers, that indicating barnyard grass (echinochloa spp.) was ...201526536839
competition between rice (oryza sativa l.) and (barnyardgrass (echinochloa crus-galli (l.) p. beauv.) as affected by methanol foliar application.pot experiment was conducted in iran, to evaluate the effect of methanol on competition between rice (oryza sativa) and barnyardgrass (echinochloa crus-galli). the experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with a factorial treatment arrangement and three replicates. factors were two aqueous methanol foliar applications (0, and 14% v/v) and five rice: barnyardgrass ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:6, and 0:100). replacement series diagrams for aboveground dry weight illustrate ...201526062115
the lasioseius phytoseioides species group (acari: blattisociidae): new characterisation, description of a new species, complementary notes on seven described species and a taxonomic key for the group.the lasioseius phytoseioides species group was first characterised over 50 years ago. two species of this group, lasioseius chaudhrii (wu & wang) and lasioseius parberlesei bhattacharyya, have been considered potentially effective as biological control agents of pest mites of the family tarsonemidae on rice (oryza sativa l.) in asia. a new characterisation of the species group is presented, taking into account a new species here described, lasioseius piracicabensis moraes & pérez-madruga n. sp., ...201526249936
micromonospora oryzae sp. nov., isolated from roots of upland rice.an actinomycete strain designated as cp2r9-1t was isolated from root internal tissues of upland rice (oryza sativa). based on the polyphasic approach, strain cp2r9-1t was characterized as a member of the genus micromonospora. meso-diaminopimelic acid and 3-oh-diaminopimelic acid were present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. the polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, two unidentified phospholi ...201526238346
mapping of a cellulose-deficient mutant named dwarf1-1 in sorghum bicolor to the green revolution gene gibberellin20-oxidase reveals a positive regulatory association between gibberellin and cellulose biosynthesis.here, we show a mechanism for expansion regulation through mutations in the green revolution gene gibberellin20 (ga20)-oxidase and show that gas control biosynthesis of the plants main structural polymer cellulose. within a 12,000 mutagenized sorghum bicolor plant population, we identified a single cellulose-deficient and male gametophyte-dysfunctional mutant named dwarf1-1 (dwf1-1). through the sorghum propinquum male/dwf1-1 female f2 population, we mapped dwf1-1 to a frameshift in ga20-oxidase ...201526198258
a natural rice rhizospheric bacterium abates arsenic accumulation in rice (oryza sativa l.).a natural rice rhizospheric isolate abates arsenic uptake in rice by increasing fe plaque formation on rice roots. rice (oryza sativa l.) is the staple food for over half of the world's population, but its quality and yield are impacted by arsenic (as) in some regions of the world. bacterial inoculants may be able to mitigate the negative impacts of arsenic assimilation in rice, and we identified a nonpathogenic, naturally occurring rice rhizospheric bacterium that decreases as accumulation in r ...201526059607
micromonospora endophytica sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacteria of thai upland rice (oryza sativa).an actinobacterial strain, dcwr9-8-2(t), was isolated from a leaf of thai upland rice (oryza sativa) collected in chumporn province, thailand. strain dcwr9-8-2(t) is gram-stain-positive aerobic bacteria that produce single spores directly on the vegetative hypha. cell wall peptidoglycan of this strain exhibits meso-diaminopimelic acid and glycine, the reducing sugars of whole-cell hydrolysate are arabinose, glucose, ribose, xylose and small amount of mannose. the phospholipid profiles in the mem ...201525966850
effect of paddy-upland rotation on methanogenic archaeal community structure in paddy field soil.methanogenic archaea are strict anaerobes and demand highly reduced conditions to produce methane in paddy field soil. however, methanogenic archaea survive well under upland and aerated conditions in paddy fields and exhibit stable community. in the present study, methanogenic archaeal community was investigated in fields where paddy rice (oryza sativa l.) under flooded conditions was rotated with soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) under upland conditions at different rotation histories, by polym ...201525113614
characterization of a novel clade of xanthomonas isolated from rice leaves in mali and proposal of xanthomonas maliensis sp. nov.four bacterial strains, designated m89, m92, m97(t), and m106, were isolated in a previous study from surface-sterilized leaves of rice (oryza sativa) or murainagrass (ischaemum rugosum) at three sites in mali, africa. here they were examined by a polyphasic taxonomic approach and analysis of a whole-genome sequence. phylogenetic analyses based on 16s rrna sequence and multilocus sequence analysis of seven genes showed that these four strains formed a distinct lineage representing a novel specie ...201525588569
streptomyces oryzae sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from stems of rice plant.an actinomycete strain s16-07(t), isolated from surface-sterilized stems of rice plant (oryza sativa l.), was characterized using a polyphasic approach. phylogenetic analysis of 16s rrna gene sequences indicated affiliation of the strain belonged to the genus streptomyces. the highest levels of sequence similarity were found with streptomyces smyrnaeus sm3501(t) (97.7% similarity), s. abikoensis nbrc 13860(t) (97.6% similarity) and s. thermocarboxydovorans nbrc 16324(t) (97.5% similarity). the c ...201525586021
growth enhancement of rice (oryza sativa) by phosphate solubilizing gluconacetobacter sp. (mtcc 8368) and burkholderia sp. (mtcc 8369) under greenhouse conditions.two indigenous rhizospheric phosphate solubilizing isolates psb 12 identified as gluconacetobacter sp. (mtcc 8368) and psb 73 identified as burkholderia sp. (mtcc 8369) were examined for their growth enhancement potential of rice (jyothi ptb 39) under pot culture assays. the results showed significant impact on microbial count and psb population, phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity, available phosphorous in the soil, plant nutrient uptake and yield parameters. gluconacetobacter sp. + rp60 tre ...201528324538
effects of bisphenol a on chlorophyll fluorescence in five plants.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bisphenol a (bpa) on plant photosynthesis and determine whether the photosynthetic response to bpa exposure varies in different plants. chlorophyll fluorescence techniques were used to investigate the effects of bpa on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in tomato (lycopersicum esculentum), lettuce (lactuca sativa), soybean (glycine max), maize (zea mays), and rice (oryza sativa) seedlings. low-dose (1.5 or 3.0 mg l(-1)) bpa exposure improved ...201526154046
cadmium availability from granulated and bulk-blended phosphate-potassium fertilizers.recent field experiments have shown that high chloride (cl) in irrigation waters can increase soil cadmium (cd) uptake by crops because of the formation of soluble ion-pair complexes of cd with cl in soil solution. the present study was aimed at testing a hypothesis that kcl in granulated pk fertilizers may enhance cd uptake by crops from cd-containing p fertilizers because of close contact between cd and cl in the same granules. less effect would be expected if the same granular pk fertilizers ...201514535337
chemiluminescence during rice seed imbibition at different temperatures.the chemiluminescence (cl) of rice (oryza sativa l.) seeds at different temperatures and the cl spectra of rice seed, caryopses and seed coat were studied during early imbibition. compared with the cl of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and soybean (glycine max l. merr.) seeds, the cl of rice seeds had a non-linear, logarithmic-like increase of intensity in the temperature range 30-50 degrees c. the van't hoff coefficient q(10) = i(t+10)/i(t) was equal to 2. the emission spectrum of whole rice seed, ...201516100741
data set from a comprehensive phosphoproteomic analysis of rice variety irbb5 in response to bacterial blight.bacterial blight (bb) caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) has become one of the most devastating diseases for rice, a major food source for over half of the world populations. to investigate the roles of protein phosphorylation in rice bacterial blight resistance, a quantitative phosphoproteomic study was conducted in rice variety irbb5 at 0 h and 24 h after xoo infection. 2367 and 2223 phosphosites on 1334 and 1297 representative proteins were identified in 0 h and 24 h after xoo infe ...201526862573
talen-based mutagenesis of lipoxygenase lox3 enhances the storage tolerance of rice (oryza sativa) seeds.the deterioration of rice grain reduces the quality of rice, resulting in serious economic losses for farmers. lipoxygenases (loxs) catalyze the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids with at least one cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene to form hydroperoxide, which is a major factor influencing seed longevity and viability. recently, genome editing, an essential tool employed in reverse genetics, has been used experimentally to investigate basic plant biology or to modify crop plants for the improveme ...201526641666
osmads26 negatively regulates resistance to pathogens and drought tolerance in rice.functional analyses of mads-box transcription factors in plants have unraveled their role in major developmental programs (e.g. flowering and floral organ identity) as well as stress-related developmental processes, such as abscission, fruit ripening, and senescence. overexpression of the rice (oryza sativa) mads26 gene in rice has revealed a possible function related to stress response. here, we show that osmads26-down-regulated plants exhibit enhanced resistance against two major rice pathogen ...201526424158
mutation of spotted leaf3 (spl3) impairs abscisic acid-responsive signalling and delays leaf senescence in rice.lesion mimic mutants commonly display spontaneous cell death in pre-senescent green leaves under normal conditions, without pathogen attack. despite molecular and phenotypic characterization of several lesion mimic mutants, the mechanisms of the spontaneous formation of cell death lesions remain largely unknown. here, the rice lesion mimic mutant spotted leaf3 (spl3) was examined. when grown under a light/dark cycle, the spl3 mutant appeared similar to wild-type at early developmental stages, bu ...201526276867
rice xa21 primed genes and pathways that are critical for combating bacterial blight infection.rice bacterial blight (bb) is a devastating rice disease. the xa21 gene confers a broad and persistent resistance against bb. we introduced xa21 into oryza sativa l ssp indica (rice 9311), through multi-generation backcrossing, and generated a nearly isogenic, blight-resistant 9311/xa21 rice. using next-generation sequencing, we profiled the transcriptomes of both varieties before and within four days after infection of bacterium xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. the identified differentially expre ...201526184504
genome-wide distribution, organisation and functional characterization of disease resistance and defence response genes across rice species.the resistance (r) genes and defense response (dr) genes have become very important resources for the development of disease resistant cultivars. in the present investigation, genome-wide identification, expression, phylogenetic and synteny analysis was done for r and dr-genes across three species of rice viz: oryza sativa ssp indica cv 93-11, oryza sativa ssp japonica and wild rice species, oryza brachyantha. we used the in silico approach to identify and map 786 r -genes and 167 dr-genes, 672 ...201525902056
temporal aspects of copper homeostasis and its crosstalk with hormones.to cope with the dual nature of copper as being essential and toxic for cells, plants temporarily adapt the expression of copper homeostasis components to assure its delivery to cuproproteins while avoiding the interference of potential oxidative damage derived from both copper uptake and photosynthetic reactions during light hours. the circadian clock participates in the temporal organization of coordination of plant nutrition adapting metabolic responses to the daily oscillations. this timely ...201525941529
the wrky45-2 wrky13 wrky42 transcriptional regulatory cascade is required for rice resistance to fungal pathogen.blast caused by fungal magnaporthe oryzae is a devastating disease of rice (oryza sativa) worldwide, and this fungus also infects barley (hordeum vulgare). at least 11 rice wrky transcription factors have been reported to regulate rice response to m. oryzae either positively or negatively. however, the relationships of these wrkys in the rice defense signaling pathway against m. oryzae are unknown. previous studies have revealed that rice wrky13 (as a transcriptional repressor) and wrky45-2 enha ...201525624395
transcriptome-based analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in the rice response to xanthomonas oryzae infection.mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase cascades, with each cascade consisting of a map kinase kinase kinase (mapkkk), a map kinase kinase (mapkk), and a map kinase (mapk), play important roles in dicot plant responses to pathogen infection. however, no single map kinase cascade has been identified in rice, and the functions of map kinase cascades in rice - pathogen interactions are unknown.201525642300
fine mapping of rbg2, a quantitative trait locus for resistance to burkholderia glumae, on rice chromosome 1.bacterial grain rot (bgr), caused by the bacterial pathogen burkholderia glumae, is a destructive disease of rice. at anthesis, rice panicles are attacked by the pathogen, and the infection causes unfilled or aborted grains, reducing grain yield and quality. thus, increasing the level of bgr resistance is an important objective for rice breeding. a quantitative trait locus (qtl) on rice chromosome 1 that controls bgr resistance was previously detected in backcross inbred lines (bils) derived fro ...201525620876
hypothetical protein avin_16040 as the s-layer protein of azotobacter vinelandii and its involvement in plant root surface attachment.a proteomic analysis of a soil-dwelling, plant growth-promoting azotobacter vinelandii strain showed the presence of a protein encoded by the hypothetical avin_16040 gene when the bacterial cells were attached to the oryza sativa root surface. an avin_16040 deletion mutant demonstrated reduced cellular adherence to the root surface, surface hydrophobicity, and biofilm formation compared to those of the wild type. by atomic force microscopy (afm) analysis of the cell surface topography, the delet ...201526276116
chitin nanofiber elucidates the elicitor activity of polymeric chitin in plants.chitin, an n-acetyl-d-glucosamine polymer, is a component of fungal cell walls and a microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern that elicits plant defense responses. as polymeric chitin is difficult to handle due to its insolubility in water, many studies on chitin-induced immune responses have used water-soluble low-molecular weight chitin instead. thus, it is unclear if polymeric chitin can induce resistance. here, we examined the elicitor activity of chitin nanofiber (cnf) of submicron thi ...201526697049
the arabidopsis thaliana tcp transcription factors: a broadening horizon beyond development.the tcp family of transcription factors is named after the first 4 characterized members, namely teosinte branched1 (tb1) from maize (zea mays), cycloidea (cyc) from snapdragon (antirrhinum majus), as well as proliferating cell nuclear antigen factor1 (pcf1) and pcf2 from rice (oryza sativa). phylogenic analysis of this plant-specific protein family unveils a conserved bhlh-containing dna-binding motif known as the tcp domain. in accordance with the structure of this shared domain, tcp proteins ...201526039357
overexpression of an ap2/erf type transcription factor oserebp1 confers biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in rice.ap2/erf-type transcription factors regulate important functions of plant growth and development as well as responses to environmental stimuli. a rice ap2/erf transcription factor, oserebp1 is a downstream component of a signal transduction pathway in a specific interaction between rice (oryza sativa) and its bacterial pathogen, xoo (xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). constitutive expression of oserebp1 in rice driven by maize ubiquitin promoter did not affect normal plant growth. microarray analysi ...201526035591
epigenetic changes in hybrids.genome-wide approaches to the study of hybrid vigor have identified epigenetic changes in the hybrid nucleus in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), maize (zea mays), and rice (oryza sativa). dna methylation associated with 24-nucleotide small interfering rnas exhibits transallelic effects in hybrids of arabidopsis and other species. some of the transmethylation changes are inherited and some affect gene expression. hybrids have larger leaves than those of the parents and have increases in cell s ...201526002907
a novel pyrimidin-like plant activator stimulates plant disease resistance and promotes growth.plant activators are chemicals that induce plant defense responses to a broad spectrum of pathogens. here, we identified a new potential plant activator, 5-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-methyl-2-(2-pyridyl)pyrimidin-4-ol, named ppa (pyrimidin-type plant activator). compared with benzothiadiazole s-methyl ester (bth), a functional analog of salicylic acid (sa), ppa was fully soluble in water and increased fresh weight of rice (oryza sativa) and arabidopsis plants at low concentrations. in addition, ppa a ...201525849038
infection of ustilaginoidea virens intercepts rice seed formation but activates grain-filling-related genes.rice false smut has become an increasingly serious disease in rice (oryza sativa l.) production worldwide. the typical feature of this disease is that the fungal pathogen ustilaginoidea virens (uv) specifically infects rice flower and forms false smut ball, the ustiloxin-containing ball-like fungal colony, of which the size is usually several times larger than that of a mature rice seed. however, the underlying mechanisms of uv-rice interaction are poorly understood. here, we applied time-course ...201525319482
the wrky45-dependent signaling pathway is required for resistance against striga hermonthica parasitism.the root hemiparasite witchweed (striga spp.) is a devastating agricultural pest that causes losses of up to $1 billion us annually in sub-saharan africa. development of resistant crops is one of the cost-effective ways to address this problem. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance are not well understood. to understand molecular events upon striga spp. infection, we conducted genome-scale rna sequencing expression analysis using striga hermonthica-infected rice (oryza sativa) ...201526025049
proteomic analysis of copper-binding proteins in excess copper-stressed roots of two rice (oryza sativa l.) varieties with different cu tolerances.to better understand the mechanisms involved in the heavy metal stress response and tolerance in plants, a proteomic approach was used to investigate the differences in cu-binding protein expression in cu-tolerant and cu-sensitive rice varieties. cu-binding proteins from cu-treated rice roots were separated using a new imac method in which an ida-sepharose column was applied prior to the cu-imac column to remove metal ions from protein samples. more than 300 protein spots were reproducibly detec ...201525919452
the tyrosine aminomutase tam1 is required for β-tyrosine biosynthesis in rice.non-protein amino acids, often isomers of the standard 20 protein amino acids, have defense-related functions in many plant species. a targeted search for jasmonate-induced metabolites in cultivated rice (oryza sativa) identified (r)-β-tyrosine, an isomer of the common amino acid (s)-α-tyrosine in the seeds, leaves, roots, and root exudates of the nipponbare cultivar. assays with 119 diverse cultivars showed a distinct presence/absence polymorphism, with β-tyrosine being most prevalent in temper ...201525901084
transcriptional slippage and rna editing increase the diversity of transcripts in chloroplasts: insight from deep sequencing of vigna radiata genome and transcriptome.we performed deep sequencing of the nuclear and organellar genomes of three mungbean genotypes: vigna radiata ssp. sublobata tc1966, v. radiata var. radiata nm92 and the recombinant inbred line ril59 derived from a cross between tc1966 and nm92. moreover, we performed deep sequencing of the ril59 transcriptome to investigate transcript variability. the mungbean chloroplast genome has a quadripartite structure including a pair of inverted repeats separated by two single copy regions. a total of 2 ...201526076132
phytoene desaturase from oryza sativa: oligomeric assembly, membrane association and preliminary 3d-analysis.recombinant phytoene desaturase (pds-his6) from rice was purified to near-homogeneity and shown to be enzymatically active in a biphasic, liposome-based assay system. the protein contains fad as the sole protein-bound redox-cofactor. benzoquinones, not replaceable by molecular oxygen, serve as a final electron acceptor defining pds as a 15-cis-phytoene (donor):plastoquinone oxidoreductase. the herbicidal pds-inhibitor norflurazon is capable of arresting the reaction by stabilizing the intermedia ...201526147209
preferential association of endophytic bradyrhizobia with different rice cultivars and its implications for rice endophyte evolution.plant colonization by bradyrhizobia is found not only in leguminous plants but also in nonleguminous species such as rice. to understand the evolution of the endophytic symbiosis of bradyrhizobia, the effect of the ecosystems of rice plantations on their associations was investigated. samples were collected from various rice (oryza sativa) tissues and crop rotational systems. the rice endophytic bradyrhizobia were isolated on the basis of oligotrophic properties, selective medium, and nodulation ...201525710371
the strigolactone biosynthesis gene dwarf27 is co-opted in rhizobium symbiosis.strigolactones are a class of plant hormones whose biosynthesis is activated in response to phosphate starvation. this involves several enzymes, including the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 7 (ccd7) and ccd8 and the carotenoid isomerase dwarf27 (d27). d27 expression is known to be responsive to phosphate starvation. in medicago truncatula and rice (oryza sativa) this transcriptional response requires the gras-type proteins nsp1 and nsp2; both proteins are essential for rhizobium induced root n ...201526503135
host and non-host roots in rice: cellular and molecular approaches reveal differential responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.oryza sativa, a model plant for arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis, has both host and non-host roots. large lateral (llr) and fine lateral (flr) roots display opposite responses: llr support am colonization, but flr do not. our research aimed to study the molecular, morphological and physiological aspects related to the non-host behavior of flr. rna-seq analysis revealed that llr and flr displayed divergent expression profiles, including changes in many metabolic pathways. compared with llr, ...201526322072
activation of symbiosis signaling by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in legumes and rice.establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions involves plant recognition of diffusible signals from the fungus, including lipochitooligosaccharides (lcos) and chitooligosaccharides (cos). nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria that associate with leguminous plants also signal to their hosts via lcos, the so-called nod factors. here, we have assessed the induction of symbiotic signaling by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (myc) fungal-produced lcos and cos in legumes and rice (oryza sativa). we show ...201525724637
the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a determinant for rice-endophyte colonization by non-photosynthetic bradyrhizobium.plant associations by bradyrhizobia have been detected not only in leguminous plants, but also in non-leguminous species including rice. bradyrhizobium sp. sutn9-2 was isolated from aeschynomene americana l., which is a leguminous weed found in the rice fields of thailand. this strain promoted the highest total rice (oryza sativa l. cultivar pathum thani 1) dry weight among the endophytic bradyrhizobial strains tested, and was, thus, employed for the further characterization of rice-bradyrhizobi ...201526582551
ensifer-mediated transformation: an efficient non-agrobacterium protocol for the genetic modification of rice.while agrobacterium-mediated transformation (amt) remains the most widely used technique for gene transfer in plants, interest exists for the use of non-agrobacterium gene delivery systems due to freedom-to-operate issues that remain with amt across several jurisdictions. in addition, the plant pathogenic mode of action of agrobacterium tumefaciens significantly increases the costs to passage engineered cultivars through the regulatory process. ensifer adhaerens (ov14) is a soil-related bacteriu ...201526543735
a census of nuclear cyanobacterial recruits in the plant kingdom.the plastids and mitochondria of the eukaryotic cell are of endosymbiotic origin. these events occurred ~2 billion years ago and produced significant changes in the genomes of the host and the endosymbiont. previous studies demonstrated that the invasion of land affected plastids and mitochondria differently and that the paths of mitochondrial integration differed between animals and plants. other studies examined the reasons why a set of proteins remained encoded in the organelles and were not ...201525794152
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline augmentation in scented indica rice (oryza sativa l.) varieties through δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (p5cs) gene transformation.2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2ap) has been identified as a principal aroma compound in scented rice varieties. δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (p5cs) gene is reported to regulate the proline synthesis in plants and acts as the precursor of 2ap. two scented indica rice varieties, namely ambemohar 157 and indrayani, were subjected to agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation containing p5cs gene. overexpression of p5cs led to a significant increase in proline, p5cs enzyme activity ...201526340891
comparative whole-genome analyses of selection marker-free rice-based cholera toxin b-subunit vaccine lines and wild-type lines.we have developed a rice-based oral cholera vaccine named mucorice-ctb (cholera toxin b-subunit) by using an agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated co-transformation system. to assess the genome-wide effects of this system on the rice genome, we compared the genomes of three selection marker-free mucorice-ctb lines with those of two wild-type rice lines (oryza sativa l. cv. nipponbare). mutation profiles of the transgenic and wild-type genomes were examined by next-generation sequencing (ngs).201525653106
efficient generation of marker-free transgenic rice plants using an improved transposon-mediated transgene reintegration strategy.marker-free transgenic plants can be developed through transposon-mediated transgene reintegration, which allows intact transgene insertion with defined boundaries and requires only a few primary transformants. in this study, we improved the selection strategy and validated that the maize (zea mays) activator/dissociation (ds) transposable element can be routinely used to generate marker-free transgenic plants. a ds-based gene of interest was linked to green fluorescent protein in transfer dna ( ...201525371551
rice, indica (oryza sativa l.).indica varieties, which are generally recalcitrant to tissue culture and transformation, occupy 80 % of rice cultivation area in the world. therefore, transformation method for indica rice must be improved greatly so that global rice production would take full advantage of cutting-edge biotechnology. an efficient protocol for indica transformation mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens is hereby described. immature embryos collected from plants in a greenhouse are cocultivated with a. tumefaciens ...201525300838
root associated bacillus sp. improves growth, yield and zinc translocation for basmati rice (oryza sativa) varieties.plant associated rhizobacteria prevailing in different agro-ecosystems exhibit multiple traits which could be utilized in various aspect of sustainable agriculture. two hundred thirty four isolates were obtained from the roots of basmati-385 and basmati super rice varieties growing in clay loam and saline soil at different locations of punjab (pakistan). out of 234 isolates, 27 were able to solubilize zinc (zn) from different zn ores like zinc phosphate [zn3 (po4)2], zinc carbonate (znco3) and z ...201526635754
differential responses of oryza sativa secondary metabolism to biotic interactions with cooperative, commensal and phytopathogenic bacteria.profiling of plant secondary metabolite allows to differentiate the different types of ecological interactions established between rice and bacteria. rice responds to ecologically distinct bacteria by altering its content of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. plants' growth and physiology are strongly influenced by the biotic interactions that plants establish with soil bacterial populations. plants are able to sense and to respond accordingly to ecologically distinct bacteria, by ...201526303982
the efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis spp. galleriae against rice water weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae) for integrated pest management in california rice.rice water weevil (lissorhoptrus oryzophilus kushel) is the most damaging insect pest of rice in the united states. larval feeding on the roots stunt growth and reduce yield. current pest management against the weevil in california relies heavily on pyrethroids that can be damaging to aquatic food webs. examination of an environmentally friendly alternative biopesticide based on bacillus thuringiensis spp. galleriae chemistry against rice water weevil larvae showed moderate levels of activity in ...201526470102
development of photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive male sterility rice expressing transgene bacillus thuringiensis.stem borers and leaffolders are the main pests that cause severe damage in rice (oryza sativa l.) production worldwide. we developed the first photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive male sterility (ptsms) rice 208s with the cry1ab/1ac bacillus thuringiensis (bt) gene, through sexual crossing with huahui 1 (elite line with the cry1ab/1ac gene). the novel 208s and its hybrids presented high and stable resistance to stem borers and leaffolders, and the content of cry1ab/1ac protein in chlorophyllous tis ...201526366116
effects of colonization of the roots of domestic rice (oryza sativa l. cv. amaroo) by burkholderia pseudomallei.burkholderia pseudomallei is a saprophytic bacterium that causes melioidosis and is often isolated from rice fields in southeast asia, where the infection incidence is high among rice field workers. the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between this bacterium and rice through growth experiments where the effect of colonization of domestic rice (oryza sativa l. cv amaroo) roots by b. pseudomallei could be observed. when b. pseudomallei was exposed to surface-sterilized seeds, ...201525911477
brome mosaic virus infection of rice results in decreased accumulation of rna1.brome mosaic virus (bmv) (the russian strain) infects monocot plants and has been studied extensively in barley and wheat. here, we report bmv can systemically infect rice (oryza sativa var. japonica), including cultivars in which the genomes have been determined. the bmv capsid protein can be found throughout the inoculated plants. however, infection in rice exhibits delayed symptom expression or no symptoms when compared with wheat (triticum aestivum). the sequences of bmv rnas isolated from r ...201526024443
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