Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| genital carriage of the genus haemophilus in pregnancy: species distribution and antibiotic susceptibility. | recent reports have hypothesized that colonization of the maternal genital tract with non-capsulated haemophilus influenzae could result in neonatal invasive disease. in this study, genital carriage of the genus haemophilus was investigated in 510 pregnant women attending an italian hospital for routine controls. overall, vaginal carriage of the genus haemophilus was 9.0 % (46/510). a high colonization rate with haemophilus parainfluenzae (37/510, 7.3 %) was found; other species, such as haemoph ... | 2015 | 25976004 |
| interspecies transfer of the penicillin-binding protein 3-encoding gene ftsi between haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus haemolyticus can confer reduced susceptibility to β-lactam antimicrobial agents. | mutations in ftsi, encoding penicillin-binding protein 3, can cause decreased β-lactam susceptibility in haemophilus influenzae. sequencing of ftsi from clinical strains has indicated interspecies recombination of ftsi between h. influenzae and haemophilus haemolyticus. this study documented apparently unrestricted homologous recombination of ftsi between h. influenzae and h. haemolyticus in vitro. transfer of ftsi from resistant isolates conferred similar but not identical increases in the mics ... | 2015 | 25918135 |
| what the pediatrician should know about non-typeable haemophilus influenzae. | non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) live exclusively in the pharynges of humans and are increasingly recognized as pathogens that cause both localized infections of the respiratory tract (middle ear spaces, sinuses, and bronchi) and systemic infections such as bacteraemia and pneumonia. only one vaccine antigen of nthi, protein d, has been extensively studied in humans and its efficacy in preventing nthi otitis media is modest. recent genetic analyses reveal that nthi are closely related ... | 2015 | 25917803 |
| comparative profile of heme acquisition genes in disease-causing and colonizing nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus haemolyticus. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are gram-negative bacteria that colonize the human pharynx and can cause respiratory tract infections, such as acute otitis media (aom). since nthi require iron from their hosts for aerobic growth, the heme acquisition genes may play a significant role in avoiding host nutritional immunity and determining virulence. therefore, we employed a hybridization-based technique to compare the prevalence of five heme acquisition genes (hxua, hxub, hxuc, hemr, and ... | 2015 | 25903577 |
| difficult identification of haemophilus influenzae, a typical cause of upper respiratory tract infections, in the microbiological diagnostic routine. | haemophilus influenzae is a key pathogen of upper respiratory tract infections. its reliable discrimination from nonpathogenic haemophilus spp. is necessary because merely colonizing bacteria are frequent at primarily unsterile sites. due to close phylogenetic relationship, it is not easy to discriminate h. influenzae from the colonizer haemophilus haemolyticus. the frequency of h. haemolyticus isolations depends on factors like sampling site, patient condition, and geographic region. biochemica ... | 2015 | 25883794 |
| identifying haemophilus haemolyticus and haemophilus influenzae by sybr green real-time pcr. | sybr green real time pcr assays for protein d (hpd), fuculose kinase (fuck) and [cu, zn]-superoxide dismutase (sodc) were designed for use in an algorithm for the identification of haemophilus influenzae and h. haemolyticus. when tested on 127 h. influenzae and 60 h. haemolyticus all isolates were identified correctly. | 2015 | 25753676 |
| relationship between clinical site of isolation and ability to form biofilms in vitro in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with a range of infections, including various lower respiratory infections, otitis media, and conjunctivitis. there is some debate as to whether or not nthi produces biofilms and, if so, whether or not this is relevant to pathogenesis. although many studies have examined the association between in vitro biofilm formation and isolates from a specific infection type, few have made comparisons from isolates from a bro ... | 2015 | 25706230 |
| impact of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with azithromycin-containing regimens on maternal nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic sensitivity of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and staphylococcus aureus: a cross-sectional survey at delivery. | sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) plus azithromycin (az) (spaz) has the potential for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (iptp), but its use could increase circulation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with severe pediatric infections. we evaluated the effect of monthly spaz-iptp compared to a single course of sp plus chloroquine (spcq) on maternal nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and staphylo ... | 2015 | 25673788 |
| preparation and testing of a haemophilus influenzae type b/hepatitis b surface antigen conjugate vaccine. | the majority of conjugate vaccines focus on inducing an antibody response to the polysaccharide antigen and the carrier protein is present primarily to induce a t-cell dependent response. in this study conjugates consisting of poly(ribosylribitolphosphate) (prp) purified from haemophilus influenzae type b bound to hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag) virus like particles were prepared with the aim of inducing an antibody response to not only the prp but also the hbsag. a conjugate consistin ... | 2015 | 25659268 |
| basal cells contribute to innate immunity of the airway epithelium through production of the antimicrobial protein rnase 7. | basal cells play a critical role in the response of the airway epithelium to injury and are recently recognized to also contribute to epithelial immunity. antimicrobial proteins and peptides are essential effector molecules in this airway epithelial innate immunity. however, little is known about the specific role of basal cells in antimicrobial protein and peptide production and about the regulation of the ubiquitous antimicrobial protein rnase 7. in this study, we report that basal cells are t ... | 2015 | 25712218 |
| vaccination status and immune response to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in asplenic individuals. | overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (opsi) is immediately life-threatening and vaccination against encapsulated bacteria, in particular pneumococci, decreases its incidence. first, we investigated the adherence to vaccination guidelines in a retrospective study of the hospital records of splenectomised patients. second, patients were asked to complete a questionnaire and invited to participate in a study where 12-valent pneumococcal serotype-specific igg concentrations were determined before ... | 2015 | 25707692 |
| neonatal invasive haemophilus influenzae disease in england and wales: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) frequently causes noninvasive upper respiratory tract infections in children but can cause invasive disease, mainly in older adults. an increased burden of invasive nthi disease in the perinatal period has been reported by a number of studies. here we describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome of neonatal invasive h. influenzae disease in england and wales over a 5-year period. | 2015 | 25784720 |
| il-10/hmox1 signaling modulates cochlear inflammation via negative regulation of mcp-1/ccl2 expression in cochlear fibrocytes. | cochlear inflammatory diseases, such as tympanogenic labyrinthitis, are associated with acquired sensorineural hearing loss. although otitis media is extremely frequent in children, tympanogenic labyrinthitis is not commonly observed, which suggests the existence of a potent anti-inflammatory mechanism modulating cochlear inflammation. in this study, we aimed to determine the molecular mechanism involved in cochlear protection from inflammation-mediated tissue damage, focusing on il-10 and hemox ... | 2015 | 25780042 |
| analysis of haemophilus influenzae serotype f isolated from three japanese children with invasive h. influenzae infection. | in japan, publicly subsidized haemophilus influenzae serotype b vaccines became available in 2011; consequently, the incidence of invasive h. influenzae infection in paediatric patients of less than 5 years of age decreased dramatically. in 2013, the first case of h. influenzae serotype f (hif) meningitis in a japanese infant was reported, and another case of hif meningitis in a japanese infant was observed in 2013. we experienced a fatal paediatric case of hif bacteraemia in 2004; therefore, we ... | 2015 | 25657301 |
| nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of haemophilus influenzae among children younger than 5 years of age in beijing, china. | haemophilus influenzae is one of the main pathogens that cause community-acquired respiratory infections in children. our previous study showed that h. influenzae is the second most common pathogen causing pneumonia and accounts for 30-50% of bacterial meningitis among chinese children. h. influenzae carriage in children and its resistance to commonly used antimicrobials varies widely both geographically and over time. | 2015 | 25648185 |
| the impact of childhood vaccines on bacterial carriage in the nasopharynx: a longitudinal study. | there is increasing evidence that childhood vaccines have effects that extend beyond their target disease. the objective of this study was to assess the effects of routine childhood vaccines on bacterial carriage in the nasopharynx. | 2015 | 25642277 |
| hidden efficiencies: making completion of the pediatric vaccine schedule more efficient for physicians. | the objective of this work is to demonstrate the potential time and labor savings that may result from increased use of combination vaccinations. the study (gsk study identifier: ho-12-4735) was a model developed to evaluate the efficiency of the pediatric vaccine schedule, using time and motion studies. the model considered vaccination time and the associated labor costs, but vaccination acquisition costs were not considered. we also did not consider any efficacy or safety differences between f ... | 2015 | 25634165 |
| ndfip1 regulates itch ligase activity and airway inflammation via ubch7. | the ubiquitin-ligating enzyme (e3) itch plays a crucial role in the regulation of inflammation, and itch deficiency leads to severe airway inflammation. however, the molecular mechanisms by which itch function is regulated remain elusive. in this study, we found that nontypeable haemophilus influenzae induces the association of itch with ndfip1. both itch(-/-) and ndfip1(-/-) mice exhibited severe airway inflammation in response to nontypeable haemophilus influenza, which was associated with ele ... | 2015 | 25632008 |
| glucocorticoids suppress inflammation via the upregulation of negative regulator irak-m. | glucocorticoids are among the most commonly used anti-inflammatory agents. despite the enormous efforts in elucidating the glucocorticoid-mediated anti-inflammatory actions, how glucocorticoids tightly control overactive inflammatory response is not fully understood. here we show that glucocorticoids suppress bacteria-induced inflammation by enhancing irak-m, a central negative regulator of toll-like receptor signalling. the ability of glucocorticoids to suppress pulmonary inflammation induced b ... | 2015 | 25585690 |
| immunological effect of administration of sequential doses of haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the same versus alternating limbs in the routine infant immunisation schedule: an open-label randomised controlled trial. | the use of different limbs for the administration of sequential doses of an intradermal rabies vaccine was shown to result in reduced vaccine immunogenicity. we aimed to assess whether this phenomenon also occurs with routine infant vaccines. | 2015 | 25577661 |
| [brain abscess caused by haemophilus influenzae type e in a pediatric patient suffering from apert syndrome]. | we report a case of a brain abscess caused by haemophilus influenzae type e in a 12 year-old patient suffering from apert syndrome. apert syndrome is characterized by the premature closure of cranial sutures. in 2010 the patient suffered head trauma in the frontal area with cranial fracture and a cerebrospinal fluid fistula. in february 2013 he was admitted to hospital with fever, vomiting and generalized tonic-clonic seizure with deteriorating mental status/progressive sensory impairment. the c ... | 2015 | 25576411 |
| carriage of haemophilus influenzae is associated with pneumococcal vaccination in italian children. | the pneumococcal population changes observed after the implementation of children immunization with pneumococcal conjugative vaccines (pcv) might have affected the composition of the microbial flora inhabiting the same ecological niche of streptococcus pneumoniae. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pcv immunization, (pcv7 or pcv13), on s. pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae colonization in young children in italy. | 2015 | 26190092 |
| changes in pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization among children with respiratory tract infections before and after use of the two new extended-valency pneumococcal conjugated vaccines. | the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) replaced the 7-valent pcv (pcv7) in may 2010 in korea. we investigated the dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal (np) colonization in children with a respiratory illness before and after use of phid-cv and pcv13. | 2015 | 25712791 |
| vaccines for patients with copd. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow limitation. this disease is currently the fourth higher cause of death in the world, and it is predicted to be the third by the year 2020. patients with copd are frequently exposed to human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial and influenza virus, as well as to haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis. these infectious agents are responsible for exac ... | 2015 | 25706527 |
| nasopharyngeal vs. adenoid cultures in children undergoing adenoidectomy: prevalence of bacterial pathogens, their interactions and risk factors. | streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus colonization of the adenoids and nasopharynx in 103 preschool children who underwent adenoidectomy for recurrent upper respiratory tract infections was examined. bacterial interactions and risk factors for bacterial colonization of the nasopharynx and adenoids, separately, were analysed statistically. the prevalence of simultaneous isolation from both anatomical sites was 45·6% for s. pneumoniae, 29 ... | 2015 | 25703401 |
| immunogenicity and safety of 3-dose primary vaccination with combined dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib vaccine in canadian aboriginal and non-aboriginal infants. | this study compared immune responses of healthy aboriginal and non-aboriginal infants to haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) components of a dtap-hbv-ipv/hib combination vaccine, 1 month after completing dosing at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. of 112 infants enrolled in each group, 94 aboriginal and 107 non-aboriginal infants qualified for the immunogenicity analysis. anti-prp concentrations exceeded the protective minimum (≥0.15 μg/ml) in ≥97% of infants in both groups b ... | 2015 | 25701314 |
| naturally occurring bactericidal antibodies specific for haemophilus influenzae lipooligosaccharide are present in healthy adult individuals. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), a typical mucosal pathogen largely responsible for respiratory infections and pediatric otitis media, has been increasingly recognized as a significant cause of invasive disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. lipooligosaccharide (los) is a conserved molecule with an important role in h. influenzae virulence and immune evasion, and it may be considered as a vaccine candidate. however, abilities of h. influenzae los to induce protective imm ... | 2015 | 25738817 |
| small-plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance is enhanced by increases in plasmid copy number and bacterial fitness. | plasmids play a key role in the horizontal spread of antibiotic resistance determinants among bacterial pathogens. when an antibiotic resistance plasmid arrives in a new bacterial host, it produces a fitness cost, causing a competitive disadvantage for the plasmid-bearing bacterium in the absence of antibiotics. on the other hand, in the presence of antibiotics, the plasmid promotes the survival of the clone. the adaptations experienced by plasmid and bacterium in the presence of antibiotics dur ... | 2015 | 25824216 |
| adult non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis is characterised by airway luminal th17 pathway activation. | non-cystic fibrosis (cf) bronchiectasis is characterised by chronic airway infection and neutrophilic inflammation, which we hypothesised would be associated with th17 pathway activation. | 2015 | 25822228 |
| prediction of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doripenem in pediatric patients. | the aim of this paper was to predict the pharmacokinetics of doripenem in pediatrics from adult pharmacokinetic data and to investigate dosing regimens in pediatrics using monte-carlo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (pk/pd) simulations prior to the initiation of pediatric clinical trials. the pharmacokinetics in pediatrics was predicted by using a previously reported approach for β-lactam antibiotics. monte-carlo simulation was employed to assess dosing regimens in pediatrics based on the pred ... | 2015 | 25821174 |
| relationship between azithromycin susceptibility and administration efficacy for nontypeable haemophilus influenzae respiratory infection. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an opportunistic pathogen that is an important cause of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd). copd is an inflammatory disease of the airways, and exacerbations are acute inflammatory events superimposed on this background of chronic inflammation. azithromycin (azm) is a macrolide antibiotic with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and a clinically proven potential for aecopd prevention and management. relati ... | 2015 | 25712355 |
| implications of private sector hib vaccine coverage for the introduction of public sector hib-containing pentavalent vaccine in india: evidence from retrospective time series data. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccine has been available in india's private sector market since 1997. it was not until 14 december 2011 that the government of india initiated the phased public sector introduction of a hib (and dpt, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus)-containing pentavalent vaccine. our objective was to investigate the state-specific coverage and behaviour of hib vaccine in india when it was available only in the private sector market but not in the public sector. this baseline ... | 2015 | 25712822 |
| paediatric nodal marginal zone b-cell lymphadenopathy of the neck: a haemophilus influenzae-driven immune disorder? | many hyperplasias and lymphomas of marginal zone b-cells are associated with infection. we identified six children and one adolescent with cervical lymphadenopathy showing prominent polyclonal nodal marginal zone hyperplasia (pnmzh) and four adolescents with monoclonal paediatric nodal marginal zone lymphoma (pnmzl). the clonality status was assessed using biomed-2-ig pcr analysis. haemophilus influenzae was identified in all six cases of pnmzh that could be tested by direct culture (n = 3) or a ... | 2015 | 25722108 |
| selection and counterselection of hia expression reveals a key role for phase-variable expression of hia in infection caused by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | hia is a major adhesin of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and has long been investigated as a vaccine candidate. here we show that hia phase variation is controlled by changes in the length of a polythymidine tract located in the hia promoter. studies of an invasive clinical isolate (strain r2866) show that strains expressing high hia levels are more efficiently killed by opsonophagocytosis. an opsonophagocytic assay was used to select for a subpopulation of variants that expressed a l ... | 2015 | 25712964 |
| mass gathering and globalization of respiratory pathogens during the 2013 hajj. | every year, more than 10 million pilgrims arrive in the kingdom of saudi arabia for the hajj or umrah. crowding conditions lead to high rates of respiratory infections among the pilgrims, representing a significant cause of morbidity and a major cause of hospitalization. pre- and post-hajj nasal specimens were prospectively obtained from a paired cohort (692 pilgrims) and from nonpaired cohorts (514 arriving and 470 departing pilgrims) from 13 countries. the countries of residence included afric ... | 2015 | 25700892 |
| development and characterization of haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine prepared using different polysaccharide chain lengths. | capsular polysaccharide conjugates of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) are important components of several mono- or multi-valent childhood vaccines. however, their access to the most needy people is limited due to their high cost. as a step towards developing a cost effective and more immunogenic hib conjugate vaccine, we present a method for the preparation of hib capsular polysaccharide (prp)-tetanus toxoid (tt) conjugates using optimized prp chain length and conjugation conditions. reactiv ... | 2015 | 25907408 |
| dynamic properties of tympanic membrane in a chinchilla otitis media model measured with acoustic loading. | otitis media is the most common infectious disease in young children, which results in changes in the thickness and mechanical properties of the tympanic membrane (tm) and induces hearing loss. however, there are no published data for the dynamic properties of the tm in otitis media ears, and it is unclear how the mechanical property changes are related to tm thickness variation. this paper reports a study of the measurement of the dynamic properties of the tm in a chinchilla acute otitis media ... | 2015 | 25902287 |
| immunogenicity and safety of a heptavalent (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis b, poliomyelitis, haemophilus influenzae b, and meningococcal serogroup c) vaccine. | 2015 | 25691184 | |
| matrix metalloproteinases vary with airway microbiota composition and lung function in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. | despite growing evidence for the roles of airway remodeling and bacterial infection in the progression of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, relationships between collagen-degrading proteases and chronic airway infection are poorly understood. | 2015 | 25679336 |
| [susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibacterial agents (2009)]. | from october 2009 to september 2010, we collected the specimen from 432 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 16 institutions in japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and patients' characteristics. all of 479 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in infection, were examined. the isolated bacteria were: staphylococcus aureus 90, streptococcus pneumoniae 74, haemophi ... | 2015 | 25980052 |
| [susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibacterial agents (2008)]. | from october 2008 to september 2009, we collected the specimen from 374 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 15 institutions in japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and patients' characteristics. of 423 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in infection, 421 strains were examined. the isolated bacteria were: staphylococcus aureus 78, streptococcus pneumoniae 78, ... | 2015 | 25980051 |
| [susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibacterial agents (2007)]. | from october 2007 to september 2008, we collected the specimen from 362 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 14 institutions in japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and patients' characteristics. of 413 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in infection, 412 strains were examined. the isolated bacteria were: staphylococcus aureus 65, streptococcus pneumoniae 90, ... | 2015 | 25980050 |
| epidemiology of infectious meningitis in the state of amazonas, brazil. | in the state of amazonas, particularly in the capital manaus, meningitis has affected populations of different cultures and social strata over the years. bacterial meningitis is caused by several different species and represents a major issue of public health importance. the present study reports the meningitis case numbers with different etiologies in amazonas from january 1976 to december 2012. | 2015 | 26061374 |
| glucocorticoids and antibiotics, how do they get together? | antibiotic therapy in patients currently treated with corticosteroids is common in chronic respiratory diseases when exacerbation symptoms attributable to infection appear. among them, obstructive diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are major health issues affecting hundreds of million people worldwide that are frequently treated with inhaled corticosteroids. systemic corticosteroids are also used for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a less prevalent chronic re ... | 2015 | 26077592 |
| validation of infant immunization billing codes in administrative data. | ontario has a single payer provincial health insurance program. administrative data may provide a potentially robust source of information for post-marketing vaccine studies. vaccine-specific immunization billing codes were introduced in 2011. our objective was to validate ontario's universal health care administrative datasets to assess infant immunization status. electronic medical record data from the electronic medical record administrative data linked database (emrald) was used as the refer ... | 2015 | 26075651 |
| maternally acquired igg immunity in neonates born to renal transplanted women. | neonates born to renal transplanted women are exposed in utero to immunosuppressors and to antenatal conditions that may predispose the neonate to a high risk of prematurity and intrauterine growth retardation. these factors might interfere with the transfer of maternal igg immunity. total igg levels and specific antibodies to measles, varicella, tetanus, haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) and streptococcus pneumoniae (serotypes 4,6b,9v,14,18c,19f and 23f) were evaluated on maternal and cord bl ... | 2015 | 25987539 |
| vaccine preventable meningitis in malaysia: epidemiology and management. | worldwide bacterial meningitis accounts for more than one million cases and 135,000 deaths annually. profound, lasting neurological complications occur in 9-25% of cases. this review confirms the greatest risk from bacterial meningitis is in early life in malaysia. much of the disease burden can be avoided by immunization, particularly against haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) and streptococcus pneumoniae. despite inclusion of the hib vaccine in the national immunisation programme and the lice ... | 2015 | 25962101 |
| long-term survival of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis as isolates and in nasopharyngeal specimens in frozen stgg storage medium. | we evaluated survival in who-recommended stgg storage medium of bacteria causing respiratory-tract infection. streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis survived as single and mixed isolates stored at -70°c for 12.5 years, but haemophilus influenzae less than 4 years. all the bacteria survived in the nasopharyngeal specimens at -70°c for 11 years. | 2015 | 25937246 |
| identification of haemophilus influenzae type b isolates by use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is, in contrast to non-type b h. influenzae, associated with severe invasive disease, such as meningitis and epiglottitis, in small children. to date, accurate h. influenzae capsule typing requires pcr, a time-consuming and cumbersome method. matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) provides rapid bacterial diagnostics and is increasingly used in clinical microbiology laboratories. here, maldi-tof ms was evalu ... | 2015 | 25926500 |
| comparative genome analysis identifies novel nucleic acid diagnostic targets for use in the specific detection of haemophilus influenzae. | haemophilus influenzae is recognised as an important human pathogen associated with invasive infections, including bloodstream infection and meningitis. currently used molecular-based diagnostic assays lack specificity in correctly detecting and identifying h. influenzae. as such, there is a need to develop novel diagnostic assays for the specific identification of h. influenzae. whole genome comparative analysis was performed to identify putative diagnostic targets, which are unique in nucleoti ... | 2015 | 26166209 |
| recurrent, protracted and persistent lower respiratory tract infection: a neglected clinical entity. | community-acquired pneumonia is a potentially life-threatening disease affecting children worldwide. recurrent pneumonia episodes can lead to the development of chronic respiratory morbidity. chronic wet cough, a common pediatric complaint, is defined as a wet cough indicating excessive airway mucus that lasts for a minimum of 4 weeks. most children with a chronic wet cough do not suffer from underlying debilitating pulmonary disorders. rather, chronic wet cough is generally associated with neut ... | 2015 | 25917807 |
| longitudinal study on streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal colonization in hiv-infected and -uninfected infants vaccinated with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. | streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus are all potentially pathogenic, which frequently colonize the nasopharynx (np) prior to causing disease. we studied bacterial np-colonization in 321 hiv-infected and 243 hiv-uninfected children vaccinated with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. | 2015 | 25910923 |
| association between respiratory infections in early life and later asthma is independent of virus type. | lower respiratory tract infections in the first years of life are associated with later asthma, and this observation has led to a focus on the potential causal role of specific respiratory viruses, such as rhinoviruses and respiratory syncytial virus, in asthma development. however, many respiratory viruses and bacteria trigger similar respiratory symptoms and it is possible that the important risk factors for asthma are the underlying susceptibility to infection and the exaggerated reaction to ... | 2015 | 25910716 |
| comment on: "cost-effectiveness evaluation of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine in japanese children". | 2015 | 25908483 | |
| reply to farkouh ra et al. comment on "cost-effectiveness evaluation of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine in japanese children". | 2015 | 25908482 | |
| distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria from adults with community-acquired pneumonia or complicated skin and soft tissue infections in france: the nationwide french premium study. | the empirical therapy of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and complicated skin and soft tissue infections (csstis) must be based on updated bacterial distribution and susceptibility data. a nationwide study consecutively collected 1288 isolates from cap (n=467) and csstis (n=821) from 18 french hospitals between 2012 and 2013. the mic values of commonly used antimicrobial agents, including ceftaroline, were determined. bacterial distribution featured pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae, and s ... | 2015 | 26166208 |
| two or three primary dose regime for haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is an important cause of meningitis and pneumonia in children. despite the availability of hib conjugate vaccine, many countries are still to implement it in their immunization schedule. before introducing the vaccine in routine immunization programs, it is important to know not only the cumulative efficacy but also the efficacy of each vaccine dose. the primary objective of this review is to find whether two primary dose schedule of hib vaccine is equally eff ... | 2015 | 25984342 |
| therapeutic transcutaneous immunization with a band-aid vaccine resolves experimental otitis media. | transcutaneous immunization (tci) is a noninvasive strategy to induce protective immune responses. we describe tci with a band-aid vaccine placed on the postauricular skin to exploit the unique organization of the stratum corneum and to promote the development of immune responses to resolve active experimental otitis media due to nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi). this therapeutic immunization strategy induced significantly earlier resolution of middle ear fluid and rapid eradication of ... | 2015 | 26018536 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a candidate bioconjugate vaccine against shigella dysenteriae type 1 administered to healthy adults: a single blind, partially randomized phase i study. | shigellae cause severe disease in endemic countries, especially in children. several efficacy trials have been conducted with candidate vaccines against shigellae, but the lack of protection, the safety concerns, or manufacturing challenges hindered successful market approval. conjugated vaccines have been shown to be safe and effective for different pathogens (i.e., neisseria meningitidis, shigella pneumonia, haemophilus influenzae). the bio-conjugation technology, exploited here for the shigel ... | 2015 | 26162850 |
| detection of antibody responses against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis proteins in children with community-acquired pneumonia: effects of combining pneumococcal antigens, pre-existing antibody levels, sampling interval, age, and duration of illness. | we evaluated the effects of combining different numbers of pneumococcal antigens, pre-existing antibody levels, sampling interval, age, and duration of illness on the detection of igg responses against eight streptococcus pneumoniae proteins, three haemophilus influenzae proteins, and five moraxella catarrhalis proteins in 690 children aged <5 years with pneumonia. serological tests were performed on acute and convalescent serum samples with a multiplexed bead-based immunoassay. the median sampl ... | 2015 | 25894988 |
| relative contribution of p5 and hap surface proteins to nontypable haemophilus influenzae interplay with the host upper and lower airways. | nontypable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a major cause of opportunistic respiratory tract disease, and initiates infection by colonizing the nasopharynx. bacterial surface proteins play determining roles in the nthi-airways interplay, but their specific and relative contribution to colonization and infection of the respiratory tract has not been addressed comprehensively. in this study, we focused on the ompp5 and hap genes, present in all h. influenzae genome sequenced isolates, and encoding ... | 2015 | 25894755 |
| comparison of established diagnostic methodologies and a novel bacterial smpb real-time pcr assay for specific detection of haemophilus influenzae isolates associated with respiratory tract infections. | haemophilus influenzae is a significant causative agent of respiratory tract infections (rti) worldwide. the development of a rapid h. influenzae diagnostic assay that would allow for the implementation of infection control measures and also improve antimicrobial stewardship for patients is required. a number of nucleic acid diagnostics approaches that detect h. influenzae in rtis have been described in the literature; however, there are reported specificity and sensitivity limitations for these ... | 2015 | 26109443 |
| [epidemiological survey of haemophilus influenzae-positive hospitalized children: a retrospective analysis]. | to investigate the basic clinical characteristics and drug resistance of haemophilus influenzae (hi) infection in hospitalized children in the past two years. | 2015 | 26108322 |
| correction: antagonism of mir-328 increases the antimicrobial function of macrophages and neutrophils and rapid clearance of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) from infected lung. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004549.]. | 2015 | 26107387 |
| needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents. | hypodermic needles of different sizes (gauges and lengths) can be used for vaccination procedures. the gauge (g) refers to the outside diameter of the needle tubing. the higher the gauge number, the smaller diameter of the needle (eg a 25 g needle is 0.5 mm in diameter and is narrower than a 23 g needle (0.6 mm)). many vaccines are recommended for injection into muscle (intramuscularly), although some are delivered subcutaneously (under the skin) and intradermally (into skin). choosing an approp ... | 2015 | 26086647 |
| effect of ph and oxygen on biofilm formation in acute otitis media associated nthi clinical isolates. | biofilms occur in animal models of acute otitis media (aom) and in children with recurrent aom (raom) and chronic otitis media with effusion (ome). we therefore studied the ability of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) strains from children to form biofilms in vitro under conditions we presumed occurred in the middle ear during aom, raom, and ome. | 2015 | 25970856 |
| endoscopically-derived bacterial cultures in chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. | culture-directed antibiotic therapy represents an important component in the management paradigm of chronic rhinosinusitis (crs). the objective of this study was to systematically review the literature to assess culture yield of the most common aerobic and anaerobic pathogens. | 2015 | 25964173 |
| impaired antigen-specific immune response to vaccines in children with antibody production defects. | the impaired synthesis of antigen-specific antibodies, which is indispensable for an adaptive immune response to infections, is a fundamental pathomechanism that leads to clinical manifestations in children with antibody production defects. the aim of this study was to evaluate the synthesis of antigen-specific antibodies following immunization in relation to peripheral blood b cell subsets in young children with hypogammaglobulinemia. twenty-two children, aged from 8 to 61 months, with a defici ... | 2015 | 26018535 |
| does virus-bacteria coinfection increase the clinical severity of acute respiratory infection? | this retrospective cohort study investigated the presence of bacteria in respiratory secretions of patients hospitalized with acute respiratory infections and analyzed the impact of viral and bacterial coinfection on severity and the mortality rate. a total of 169 patients with acute respiratory infections were included, viruses and bacteria in respiratory samples were detected using molecular methods. among all samples, 73.3% and 59.7% were positive for viruses and bacteria, respectively; 45% c ... | 2015 | 25976175 |
| long-term trends in invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease among indigenous australian children following use of prp-omp and prp-t vaccines. | among indigenous populations with high incidence and early onset of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease, prp-omp vaccines are used in the united states and prp-t vaccines in canada. in australia, prp-omp vaccines were exclusively used in indigenous children from 1993 until they were replaced by prp-t between late 2005 and 2009. | 2015 | 25973940 |
| ampicillin-resistant haemophilus influenzae isolates in geneva: serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, and β-lactam resistance mechanisms. | the purpose of this study was to analyze the molecular mechanisms of ampicillin-resistant haemophilus influenzae isolated in geneva, switzerland. we investigated the association between specific patterns of amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 (with or without β-lactamase production) and β-lactam susceptibility. another main focus for this study was to compare the accuracy of disk diffusion and etest methods to detect resistance to ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. ... | 2015 | 26187432 |
| hypotonic hyporesponsive episode and the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine. | hypotensive-hyporesponsive episodes are rare events after immunizations performed for diphtheria, tetanus, haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis b virus vaccines, but most of the reported episodes have been associated with pertussis-containing vaccines. we report the case of a 3-month-old girl, previously healthy otherwise, presenting with the unusual event of a hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode after vaccination with the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine. diagnosis was established after a tho ... | 2015 | 25818964 |
| nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the surveillance committee of japanese society of chemotherapy, the japanese association for infectious diseases, and the japanese society for clinical microbiology in 2010: general view of the pathogens' antibacterial susceptibility. | the nationwide surveillance on antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens from patients in japan, was conducted by japanese society of chemotherapy, japanese association for infectious diseases and japanese society for clinical microbiology in 2010. the isolates were collected from clinical specimens obtained from well-diagnosed adult patients with respiratory tract infections during the period from january and april 2010 by three societies. antimicrobial susceptibility test ... | 2015 | 25817352 |
| whole-genome sequences of nonencapsulated haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in italy. | haemophilus influenzae is an important human pathogen involved in invasive disease. here, we report the whole-genome sequences of 11 nonencapsulated h. influenzae (nchi) strains isolated from both invasive disease and healthy carriers in italy. this genomic information will enrich our understanding of the molecular basis of nchi pathogenesis. | 2015 | 25814593 |
| control of middle ear inflammatory and ion homeostasis genes by transtympanic glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid treatments. | transtympanic steroid treatment will induce changes in ion homeostasis and inflammatory gene expression to decrease middle ear inflammation due to bacterial inoculation. | 2015 | 25811752 |
| the capsule biosynthesis locus of haemophilus influenzae shows conspicuous similarity to the corresponding locus in haemophilus sputorum and may have been recruited from this species by horizontal gene transfer. | the newly described species haemophilus sputorum has been cultured from the upper respiratory tract of humans and appears to have little pathogenic potential. the species encodes a capsular biosynthesis locus of approximately 12 kb composed of three distinct regions. region i and iii genes, involved in export and processing of the capsular material, show high similarity to the corresponding genes in capsulate lineages of the pathogenic species haemophilus influenzae; indeed, standard bexa and b ... | 2015 | 25794502 |
| nontypeable haemophilus influenzae induces sustained lung oxidative stress and protease expression. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a prevalent bacterium found in a variety of chronic respiratory diseases. the role of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation is not well defined. in this study we examined the effect of nthi on two important lung inflammatory processes 1), oxidative stress and 2), protease expression. bronchoalveolar macrophages were obtained from 121 human subjects, blood neutrophils from 15 subjects, and human-lung fibroblast and epithelial cell lin ... | 2015 | 25793977 |
| [resistance surveillance of major pathogens for adult community-acquired respiratory tract infections in china: a multicenter study 2012]. | to investigate antimicrobial resistance among pathogens responsible for adult community-acquired respiratory tract infections from 11 hospitals of china. | 2015 | 25791651 |
| morphological changes in the tympanic membrane associated with haemophilus influenzae-induced acute otitis media in the chinchilla. | the tympanic membrane (tm) couples sound waves entering the outer ear canal to mechanical vibrations of the ossicular chain in the middle ear. during acute otitis media (aom), dynamic structural changes in the tm can occur, which potentially affect sound transmission. it has remained unclear whether tm changes contribute significantly to the conductive hearing loss associated with human aom. studies that systematically and quantitatively assess the impact of morphological and mechanical characte ... | 2015 | 26183006 |
| [contemporary conception of immune response activation mecha- nism by conjugated polysaccharide vaccines]. | vaccination remains the most effective method of control of spread of a whole range of infections of both viral and bacterial nature. many bacterial pathogens (streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis and haemophilus influenzae) carry polysaccharide capsule on the surface, that is one of the elements of protection from host organism immune system. at the same time, vaccination with bacteria exopolysaccharides (eps) ensures infection neutralization. effectiveness of such vaccine prophylax ... | 2015 | 26259279 |
| trends and variations in the epidemiology of meningococcal disease in kuwait 1987-2013. | the introduction of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine and conjugate pneumococcal vaccine into routine childhood vaccination in kuwait has resulted in the emergence of neisseria meningitidis as the leading cause of invasive bacterial infection in children. currently, a quadrivalent acyw-135 meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine is administered as part of routine childhood vaccination in kuwait at the age of 2 years. conjugate meningococcal vaccines have been shown to be more ef ... | 2015 | 25779346 |
| development and laboratory evaluation of a real-time pcr assay for detecting viruses and bacteria of relevance for community-acquired pneumonia. | community-acquired pneumonia may present with similar clinical symptoms, regardless of viral or bacterial cause. diagnostic assays are needed to rapidly discriminate between causes, because this will guide decisions on appropriate treatment. therefore, a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay with duplex reactions targeting eight bacteria and six viruses was developed. technical performance was examined with linear plasmids. upper and lower respiratory tract specimens were used to compare the q ... | 2015 | 25772704 |
| vaccination coverage of children with inflammatory bowel disease after an awareness campaign on the risk of infection. | children with inflammatory bowel disease are at risk of vaccine-preventable diseases mostly due to immunosuppressive drugs. | 2015 | 25770456 |
| vaccine introduction in the democratic people's republic of korea. | the feasibility of mass vaccination campaigns for japanese encephalitis and haemophilus influenzae type b infections was explored in the democratic people's republic of korea using pilot vaccination studies. the experiences from these initial studies were then used to support larger vaccination campaigns in children at risk of these infections. we discuss the challenges and requirements for the inclusion of additional vaccines into the existing expanded program on immunization in the country. | 2015 | 25769209 |
| immunogenicity and safety of a combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella live vaccine (proquad ®) administered concomitantly with a booster dose of a hexavalent vaccine in 12-23-month-old infants. | concomitant administration of vaccines can facilitate vaccination uptake, provided that no clinically significant effect on either vaccine is identified. we investigated the concomitant administration, during the second year of life, of one dose of the combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine (proquad(®)) with a booster dose of a hexavalent vaccine. | 2015 | 25765966 |
| acute otorrhea in children with tympanostomy tubes: prevalence of bacteria and viruses in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. | acute tympanostomy-tube otorrhea is a common sequela in children with tympanostomy tubes. acute tympanostomy-tube otorrhea is generally a symptom of an acute middle ear infection, whereby middle ear fluid drains through the tube. the widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (pcv) has changed the bacterial prevalence in the upper respiratory tract of children, but its impact on bacterial and viral pathogens causing acute tympanostomy-tube otorrhea is yet unknown. | 2015 | 25764097 |
| trends in the epidemiology of invasive haemophilus influenzae disease in queensland, australia from 2000 to 2013: what is the impact of an increase in invasive non-typable h. influenzae (nthi)? | following the introduction of vaccination against haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), cases of invasive encapsulated hib disease have decreased markedly. this study aimed to examine subsequent epidemiological trends in invasive h. influenzae disease in queensland, australia and in particular, assess the clinical impact and public health implications of invasive non-typable h. influenzae (nthi) strains. a multicentre retrospective study was conducted from july 2000 to june 2013. databases of maj ... | 2015 | 25762194 |
| azithromycin for acute lower respiratory tract infections. | acute lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) range from acute bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis to pneumonia. approximately five million people die from acute respiratory tract infections annually. among these, pneumonia represents the most frequent cause of mortality, hospitalisation and medical consultation. azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic, structurally modified from erythromycin and noted for its activity against some gram-negative organisms associated with re ... | 2015 | 25749735 |
| novel blarob-1-bearing plasmid conferring resistance to β-lactams in haemophilus parasuis isolates from healthy weaning pigs. | haemophilus parasuis, the causative agent of glässer's disease, is one of the early colonizers of the nasal mucosa of piglets. it is prevalent in swine herds, and lesions associated with disease are fibrinous polyserositis and bronchopneumonia. antibiotics are commonly used in disease control, and resistance to several antibiotics has been described in h. parasuis. prediction of h. parasuis virulence is currently limited by our scarce understanding of its pathogenicity. some genes have been asso ... | 2015 | 25747001 |
| changing trends of acute otitis media bacteriology in central israel in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines era. | the widespread use of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) has changed acute otitis media (aom) bacteriology. only scattered data with regard to this effect of pcv13 have been published so far. | 2015 | 25741972 |
| the effect of oral polio vaccine at birth on infant mortality: a randomized trial. | routine vaccines may have nonspecific effects on mortality. an observational study found that opv given at birth (opv0) was associated with increased male infant mortality. we investigated the effect of opv0 on infant mortality in a randomized trial in guinea-bissau. | 2015 | 26219694 |
| cigarette smoke-induced disruption of pulmonary barrier and bacterial translocation drive tumor-associated inflammation and growth. | microorganisms have an important role in tumorgenesis by the induction of inflammation and by a direct impact on tumor cells. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer and microbial colonization. we asked whether bacterial pathogens act as tumor promoters during cs-induced pulmonary inflammation. in a metastatic lung cancer (lc) model, lewis lung carcinoma (llc) cells were injected in mice to initiate the growth of tumors in the lung. expos ... | 2015 | 26209273 |
| frequency of spontaneous resistance to peptide deformylase inhibitor gsk1322322 in haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, and streptococcus pneumoniae. | the continuous emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria is compromising the successful treatment of serious microbial infections. gsk1322322, a novel peptide deformylase (pdf) inhibitor, shows good in vitro antibacterial activity and has demonstrated safety and efficacy in human proof-of-concept clinical studies. in vitro studies were performed to determine the frequency of resistance (for) to this antimicrobial agent in major pathogens that cause respiratory tract and skin infection ... | 2015 | 26014938 |
| nonencapsulated streptococcus pneumoniae causes otitis media during single-species infection and during polymicrobial infection with nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | streptococcus pneumoniae strains lacking capsular polysaccharide have been increasingly reported in carriage and disease contexts. since most cases of otitis media involve more than one bacterial species, we aimed to determine the capacity of a nonencapsulated s. pneumoniae clinical isolate to induce disease in the context of a single-species infection and as a polymicrobial infection with nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. using the chinchilla model of otitis media, we found that nonencapsulat ... | 2015 | 26014114 |
| correlative mrna and protein expression of middle and inner ear inflammatory cytokines during mouse acute otitis media. | although the inner ear has long been reported to be susceptible to middle ear disease, little is known of the inflammatory mechanisms that might cause permanent sensorineural hearing loss. recent studies have shown inner ear tissues are capable of expressing inflammatory cytokines during otitis media. however, little quantitative information is available concerning cytokine gene expression in the inner ear and the protein products that result. therefore, this study was conducted of mouse middle ... | 2015 | 25922207 |
| phosphocholine-modified macromolecules and canonical nicotinic agonists inhibit atp-induced il-1β release. | il-1β is a potent proinflammatory cytokine of the innate immune system that is involved in host defense against infection. however, increased production of il-1β plays a pathogenic role in various inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, sepsis, stroke, and transplant rejection. to prevent detrimental collateral damage, il-1β release is tightly controlled and typically requires two consecutive danger signals. lps from gram-negative bacteria is a prototypical first signal induci ... | 2015 | 26202987 |
| carbohydrate-based vaccines: an overview. | vaccination is one of the key developments in the fight against infectious diseases. it is based on the principle that immunization with pathogen-derived antigens provides protection from the respective infection by inducing an antigen-specific immune response. the discovery by avery and heidelberger in the 1920s that capsular polysaccharides (cps) from streptococcus pneumoniae are immunoreactive was the starting point of the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines. cps-specific neutralizing ... | 2015 | 26169731 |
| antisera against certain conserved surface-exposed peptides of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae are protective. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) cause significant disease, including otitis media in children, exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and invasive disease in susceptible populations. no vaccine is currently available to prevent nthi disease. the interactions of nthi and the human host are primarily mediated by lipooligosaccharide and a complex array of surface-exposed proteins (seps) that act as receptors, sensors and secretion systems. we hypothesized that certain sep ... | 2015 | 26390432 |
| tem-1-encoding small plasmids impose dissimilar fitness costs on haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus parainfluenzae. | only two beta-lactamases, tem-1 and rob-1, have been observed in haemophilus influenzae, while four different tem but no rob enzymes have been found in haemophilus parainfluenzae. in order to investigate the mechanisms behind the dissemination of small beta-lactamase-encoding plasmids in h. influenzae and h. parainfluenzae, we assessed the fitness cost of three tem-1- (ppn223, pa1209, pa1606), one tem-15- (psf3) and one rob-1-bearing (pb1000) plasmid when expressed in either bacterial species. a ... | 2015 | 26385154 |
| impact of bacterial coinfection on clinical outcomes in pneumococcal pneumonia. | the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of bacterial coinfection on patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. we retrospectively analyzed the incidence, clinical features, microbial distributions, and outcomes of patients with bacterial coinfection in a cohort of 433 hospitalized patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. eighty-five patients (19.6 %) were diagnosed with bacterial coinfection; the most frequent pathogens were haemophilus influenzae (25 patients, 33.3 %), methicillin-suscep ... | 2015 | 26059041 |