Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| comparison of the pathology caused by h1n1, h5n1, and h3n2 influenza viruses. | the spectrum of morbidity and mortality of h1n1, h5n1, and h3n2 influenza a viruses relates to the pathology they produce. in this review, we describe and compare the pathology of these viruses in human cases and animal models. the 1918 h1n1, the novel 2009 h1n1 pandemic virus, and h5n1 show inflammation, congestion, and epithelial necrosis of the larger airways (trachea, bronchi and bronchioles) with extension into the alveoli causing diffuse alveolar damage. seasonal influenza a viruses (h3n2 ... | 2010 | 20304252 |
| comparison of egg and high yielding mdck cell-derived live attenuated influenza virus for commercial production of trivalent influenza vaccine: in vitro cell susceptibility and influenza virus replication kinetics in permissive and semi-permissive cells. | currently medimmune manufactures cold-adapted (ca) live, attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) from specific-pathogen free (spf) chicken eggs. difficulties in production scale-up and potential exposure of chicken flocks to avian influenza viruses especially in the event of a pandemic influenza outbreak have prompted evaluation and development of alternative non-egg based influenza vaccine manufacturing technologies. as part of medimmune's effort to develop the live attenuated influenza vaccine (la ... | 2010 | 20307595 |
| treatment of severe cases of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza: review of antivirals and adjuvant therapy. | three worldwide influenza pandemics were reported in the 20th century: in 1918, 1957 and 1968. all three pandemics were caused by different sub-types of influenza a viruses: h1n1, h2n2 and h3n2 respectively. in early march 2009, the first cases of influenza -like illness (ili) were reported from mexico. this strain was identified as influenza a/ h1n1 strain. pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza most commonly causes a self-limited illness, however, significant morbidity and mortality were reported in t ... | 2010 | 20334616 |
| a two-tiered model for simulating the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of rapidly evolving viruses, with an application to influenza. | understanding the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of rapidly evolving pathogens is one of the most challenging problems facing disease ecologists today. to date, many mathematical and individual-based models have provided key insights into the factors that may regulate these dynamics. however, in many of these models, abstractions have been made to the simulated sequences that limit an effective interface with empirical data. this is especially the case for rapidly evolving viruses in ... | 2010 | 20335193 |
| vaccination with whole inactivated virus vaccine affects the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus a/h5n1 and immunodominance of virus-specific cd8+ t-cell responses in mice. | it was recently shown that the use of an experimental subunit vaccine protected mice against infection with a human a/h3n2 influenza virus, but consequently affected the induction of heterosubtypic immunity to a highly pathogenic a/h5n1 influenza virus, which was otherwise induced by the a/h3n2 infection. as whole inactivated virus (wiv) vaccines are widely used to protect against seasonal influenza and also contain inner viral proteins such as the nucleoprotein (np), the potential of a wiv vacc ... | 2010 | 20335492 |
| induction of cross-reactive antibodies against mimotopes of h5n1 hemagglutinin. | a sub-library based on peptide mimic 125 was designed and constructed, and 18 phagotopes specifically binding 8h5mab were isolated. antisera against three phagotopes, containing peptide 12mh-1, 12mh-5 and 12mh-8 reacted with 3 different h5n1 virus strains, but not with 2 h1n1 and 2 h3n2 viruses by dot blots. the affinity of 12mh-8 was approximately eight times more than 12mh-1 or 12mh-5 or parent peptide 125. furthermore, synthesized 12mh-1 and 12mh-8 could block the 8h5mab binding with 4 h5n1 v ... | 2010 | 20338700 |
| mammalian expression of virus-like particles for advanced mimicry of authentic influenza virus. | influenza a viruses are major human and animal pathogens with huge economic and societal impact from illness, hospitalizations, and deaths. virus-like particles (vlps) of influenza virus have been suggested as a vaccine candidate offering improved safety and efficacy. to develop this concept further, we established a flexible platform to efficiently generate different subtypes of mammalian-expressed influenza vlps. here we demonstrate that these mammalian vlps strongly resemble the authentic vir ... | 2010 | 20339535 |
| a new antigenic variant of human influenza a (h3n2) virus isolated from airport and community surveillance in taiwan in early 2009. | a new variant of influenza a h3n2 virus emerged in january 2009 and became the dominant strain in taiwan in april 2009. the variant was also detected in imported cases from various regions, including east and southeast asia and north america, indicating that it has circulated globally. compared to the 2009-2010 vaccine strain, a/brisbane/10/2007, the hemagglutinin gene of this variant exhibited five substitutions, e62k, n144k, k158n, k173q and n189k, which are located in the antigenic sites e, a ... | 2010 | 20347893 |
| performance of rapid influenza testing in hospitalized children. | influenza infection is associated with high hospitalization rates among young children. rapid diagnosis of influenza infection is particularly useful in order to prevent nosocomial infection and allows for the timely initiation of antiviral treatment. we evaluated the performance of a rapid influenza test in hospitalized children during the influenza season. all children (aged 6 months to 14 years) hospitalized with fever and/or respiratory symptoms, admitted during the 2005 influenza season, pa ... | 2010 | 20349200 |
| rapid selection of a transmissible multidrug-resistant influenza a/h3n2 virus in an immunocompromised host. | the overall impact of influenza virus infection in immunocompromised patients is largely unknown. antigenic drift and genetic variations during prolonged influenza infection have been demonstrated. in this report we describe a multidrug-resistant h3n2 influenza virus isolated from an immunocompromised patient after 5 days of therapy. | 2010 | 20350163 |
| pandemic (h1n1) 2009 infection in swine herds, manitoba, canada. | in manitoba, canada, several swine herds were infected by pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus in the summer of 2009. results of several investigations concluded that outbreaks of infection with this virus are similar in duration to outbreaks of infections with swine influenza viruses a (h1n1) and a (h3n2). | 2010 | 20350394 |
| triple reassortant swine influenza a (h3n2) virus in waterfowl. | 2010 | 20350405 | |
| preliminary estimates of mortality and years of life lost associated with the 2009 a/h1n1 pandemic in the us and comparison with past influenza seasons. | the on-going debate about the health burden of the 2009 influenza pandemic and discussions about the usefulness of vaccine recommendations has been hampered by an absence of directly comparable measures of mortality impact. here we set out to generate an "apples-to-apples" metric to compare pandemic and epidemic mortality. we estimated the mortality burden of the pandemic in the us using a methodology similar to that used to generate excess mortality burden for inter-pandemic influenza seasons. ... | 2010 | 20352125 |
| [characterization of m2 gene of h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus]. | m2 protein of influenza a virus is encoded by a spliced mrna derived from rna segment 7 and plays an important role in influenza virus replication. it is also a target molecule of anti-virus drugs. we extracted the viral genome rnas from mdck cells infected with swine influenza a virus (siv) h3n2 subtype and amplified the siv m2 gene by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using the isloated viral genome rnas as template. the amplified cdna was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vec ... | 2010 | 20353087 |
| broad-spectrum antiviral effect of agrimonia pilosa extract on influenza viruses. | influenza virus continues to emerge and re-emerge, posing new threats for humans. here we tested various korean medicinal plant extracts for potential antiviral activity against influenza viruses. among them, an extract of agrimonia pilosa was shown to be highly effective against all three subtypes of human influenza viruses including h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a subtypes and influenza b virus. the ec(50) value against influenza a virus, as tested by the plaque reduction assay on mdck cells, was 14 ... | 2010 | 20055938 |
| a ctl-based liposomal vaccine capable of inducing protection against heterosubtypic influenza viruses in hla-a*0201 transgenic mice. | the current vaccination strategy against influenza is to induce the production of antibodies directed against surface antigens of viruses. however, the frequent changes in the surface antigens of influenza viruses allow the viruses to avoid antibody-mediated immunity. on the other hand, it is known that cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) populations directed against internal antigens of influenza a virus are broadly cross-reactive to influenza virus subtypes. in the present study, liposomal conjugates ... | 2010 | 20060099 |
| analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of human influenza a/h3n2 viruses circulating in iran between 2005 and 2007: antigenic and phylogenetic relationships to vaccine strains. | to study the antigenic variations in influenza a/h3n2 viruses circulating in iran for characterization and phylogenetic relationships to vaccine strains. | 2010 | 20068347 |
| development of an immunochromatographic assay specifically detecting pandemic h1n1 (2009) influenza virus. | the pandemic caused by a new type of influenza virus, pandemic h1n1 (2009) influenza virus a (ah1pdm), has had a major worldwide impact. since hemagglutinin (ha) genes are among the most specific genes in the influenza virus genome, ah1pdm can be definitively diagnosed by viral gene analysis targeting the ha genes. this type of analysis, however, cannot be easily performed in clinical settings. while commercially available rapid diagnosis kits (rdks) based on immunochromatography can be used to ... | 2010 | 20071549 |
| maternal influenza infection during pregnancy impacts postnatal brain development in the rhesus monkey. | maternal infection with influenza and other pathogens during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk for schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders. in rodent studies, maternal inflammatory responses to influenza affect fetal brain development. however, to verify the relevance of these findings to humans, research is needed in a primate species with more advanced prenatal corticogenesis. | 2010 | 20079486 |
| viral agents responsible for febrile respiratory illnesses among military recruits training in tropical singapore. | military personnel are highly susceptible to febrile respiratory illnesses (fri), likely due to crowding, stress and other risk factors present in the military environment. | 2010 | 20079688 |
| antiviral drug profile of seasonal influenza viruses circulating in portugal from 2004/2005 to 2008/2009 winter seasons. | a research project on antiviral drug resistance of influenza viruses circulating in portugal has been carried out since 2007. here, the first results obtained regarding the evaluation of susceptibility to amantadine and oseltamivir are presented. information about antiviral prescription and exposure was available through the national influenza surveillance programme. amantadine susceptibility was evaluated by pyrosequencing for known resistance markers on 178 influenza a strains from 2004/2005 t ... | 2010 | 20083142 |
| a new panel of ns1 antibodies for easy detection and titration of influenza a virus. | the non-structural protein ns1 of the influenza a virus is a good target for the development of diagnostic assays. in this study, three ns1 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated by using recombinant ns1 protein of h5n1 virus and found to bind both the native and denatured forms of ns1. two of the mabs, 6a4 and 2h6, bind ns1 of three different strains of influenza a virus, namely h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1. epitope mapping revealed that residues 42-53 of h5n1 ns1 are essential for the interaction ... | 2010 | 20087939 |
| influenza virus inactivation for studies of antigenicity and phenotypic neuraminidase inhibitor resistance profiling. | introduction of a new influenza virus in humans urges quick analysis of its virological and immunological characteristics to determine the impact on public health and to develop protective measures for the human population. at present, however, the necessity of executing pandemic influenza virus research under biosafety level 3 (bsl-3) high-containment conditions severely hampers timely characterization of such viruses. we tested heat, formalin, triton x-100, and beta-propiolactone treatments fo ... | 2010 | 20089763 |
| conservation and diversity of influenza a h1n1 hla-restricted t cell epitope candidates for epitope-based vaccines. | the immune-related evolution of influenza viruses is exceedingly complex and current vaccines against influenza must be reformulated for each influenza season because of the high degree of antigenic drift among circulating influenza strains. delay in vaccine production is a serious problem in responding to a pandemic situation, such as that of the current h1n1 strain. immune escape is generally attributed to reduced antibody recognition of the viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins whose ... | 2010 | 20090904 |
| anti-influenza drug discovery: structure-activity relationship and mechanistic insight into novel angelicin derivatives. | by using a cell-based high throughput screening campaign, a novel angelicin derivative 6a was identified to inhibit influenza a (h1n1) virus induced cytopathic effect in madin-darby canine kidney cell culture in low micromolar range. detailed structure-activity relationship studies of 6a revealed that the angelicin scaffold is essential for activity in pharmacophore b, while meta-substituted phenyl/2-thiophene rings are optimal in pharmacophore a and c. the optimized lead 4-methyl-9-phenyl-8-(th ... | 2010 | 20092255 |
| detection of anti-influenza a nucleoprotein antibodies in pigs using a commercial influenza epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed for avian species. | influenza virus causes acute respiratory disease in pigs and is of concern for its potential public health significance. many subtypes of influenza virus have been isolated from pigs, and the virus continues to evolve in swine populations. current antibody assays have limited antigenic recognition, and accurate, broad-spectrum, high through-put screening tests are needed to detect infections in swine herds and to aid in the implementation of control measures. in the current study, a commercial b ... | 2010 | 20093676 |
| synthesis and anti-influenza virus activity of dihydrofuran-fused perhydrophenanthrenes with a benzyloxy-type side-chain. | as one of our ongoing research project concerning development of a novel anti-influenza virus agent, dihydrofuran-fused perhydrophenanthrenes were derivatized by means of williamson ether synthesis and suzuki-miyaura cross coupling reactions. newly synthesized compounds were subjected to evaluation of anti-influenza virus activity using influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2 subtype) virus strain by a plaque titration method. these investigations revealed that incorporation of benzyl-type ether substituen ... | 2010 | 20097080 |
| replication, pathogenesis and transmission of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus in non-immune pigs. | the declaration of the human influenza a pandemic (h1n1) 2009 (h1n1/09) raised important questions, including origin and host range [1], [2]. two of the three pandemics in the last century resulted in the spread of virus to pigs (h1n1, 1918; h3n2, 1968) with subsequent independent establishment and evolution within swine worldwide [3]. a key public and veterinary health consideration in the context of the evolving pandemic is whether the h1n1/09 virus could become established in pig populations ... | 2010 | 20140096 |
| single assay for simultaneous detection and differential identification of human and avian influenza virus types, subtypes, and emergent variants. | for more than four decades the cause of most type a influenza virus infections of humans has been attributed to only two viral subtypes, a/h1n1 or a/h3n2. in contrast, avian and other vertebrate species are a reservoir of type a influenza virus genome diversity, hosting strains representing at least 120 of 144 combinations of 16 viral hemagglutinin and 9 viral neuraminidase subtypes. viral genome segment reassortments and mutations emerging within this reservoir may spawn new influenza virus str ... | 2010 | 20140251 |
| influenza viruses differ in ability to infect macrophages and to induce a local inflammatory response following intraperitoneal injection of mice. | strains of influenza a virus show marked differences in their ability to infect murine macrophages (mphi) such that strain a/pr/8/34 (pr8; h1n1) infects mphi poorly while strain bjx109 (h3n2) infects mphi to high levels. given the central role of mphi in initiating and regulating inflammatory responses, we hypothesized that virus strains that infect mphi poorly may also be poor at initiating inflammatory responses. studies to compare the inflammatory response of mice after intranasal inoculation ... | 2010 | 20142836 |
| effect of inactivation method on the cross-protective immunity induced by whole 'killed' influenza a viruses and commercial vaccine preparations. | we have recently shown that intranasal (i.n.) administration of gamma-irradiated a/pr/8 [a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1)] protects mice against lethal avian influenza a/vietnam/1203/2004 (h5n1) and other heterosubtypic influenza a infections. here, we used gamma-irradiated, formalin- and uv-inactivated a/pc [a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2)] virus preparations and compared their ability to induce both homologous and heterosubtypic protective immunity. our data show that, in contrast to i.n. vaccination wit ... | 2010 | 20147516 |
| public hospital-based laboratory experience during an outbreak of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus infections. | the experience of a public hospital virology laboratory during a springtime 2009 outbreak of a novel influenza a (h1n1) virus in new york state is described. influenza virus was isolated from 145 of 613 respiratory swab specimens. symptoms of fever (temperature, 102.7 +/- 0.32 degrees f), cough, upper respiratory infection, myalgia, and headache were reported. atypical symptoms of nausea/vomiting and diarrhea were also observed. illness occurred mainly in patients <or=21 years of age (85/145 pat ... | 2010 | 20147645 |
| highly conserved sequences for human neutralization epitope on hemagglutinin of influenza a viruses h3n2, h1n1 and h5n1: implication for human monoclonal antibody recognition. | the epitope sequences within the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a virus h3n2 at amino acid residues 173-181 and 227-239 that forms anti-parallel beta-sheet structure are similarly recognized by human monoclonal antibodies (humabs), b-1 and d-1 that we recently obtained using the peripheral blood lymphocytes from two influenza-vaccinated volunteers. both humabs showed strong global neutralization of h3n2 strains. here we show the significant conservation of the beta-sheet region consisting of th ... | 2010 | 20152806 |
| [design and construction of the platform for comparative genomics]. | to design a versatile genome comparison and visualization platform based on browser/server mode supported by a local server. | 2010 | 20159684 |
| development and comparison of molecular assays for the rapid detection of the pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 virus. | human infection with the novel pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus was first identified in april 2009. two months later, the world health organization (who) had raised the pandemic level to phase 6. rapid case identification is essential for prompt patient management and public health actions. this study developed real-time and conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr and crt-pcr) assays for pandemic h1n1 detection, and compared their sensitivities with protocols devel ... | 2010 | 20166184 |
| influenza surveillance in a cohort of hiv-infected children and adolescents immunized against seasonal influenza. | during the 2006-2007 season, 19 hiv-uninfected and 33 hiv-infected children and adolescents with full immunovirologic response to haart were immunized against influenza and subsequently followed up. one month post-immunization all subjects had protective antibodies titres which persisted for the whole influenza season. seven vaccinees (four hiv-infected and three hiv-uninfected) were found to be infected by influenza viruses during the epidemic, but disease was lab-confirmed only in two hiv-infe ... | 2010 | 20105427 |
| serological response to influenza vaccine after hematopoetic stem cell transplantation. | vaccination is the best strategy to prevent influenza infection that is a potential cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. here, we evaluated the factors that may affect serological response to influenza vaccine in patients who have undergone hematopoetic stem cell transplantation (hsct). sixty-one hsct recipients were included in the study during the 2007-2008 influenza season. serum samples prior to vaccination and 6-10 weeks after vaccination were collected. samples we ... | 2010 | 20119669 |
| production of h5n1 (nibrg-14) inactivated whole virus and split virion influenza vaccines and analysis of immunogenicity in mice using different adjuvant formulations. | consecutive lots of h5n1 (a/vietnam/1194/2004 - nibrg-14) split virion and whole virus vaccines were produced in a pilot-scale laboratory. the average yields of vaccine doses (15 microg ha) per egg were 0.57 doses for h5n1 split virion vaccine and 1.12 for h5n1 whole virus vaccine, compared to 2.09 doses for the seasonal h3n2 split virion vaccine. h5n1 split virion vaccine lots complied with who protein content criteria, while some lots of the h5n1 whole virus vaccine showed protein content per ... | 2010 | 20123051 |
| characterization of two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in hungary in 2007. | two low pathogenic (lp) avian influenza virus strains, a/mallard/hungary/19616/07 (h3n8) and a/mute swan/hungary/5973/07 (h7n7), isolated as part of the national surveillance program in hungary, were fully sequenced and characterized. the two viruses showed the closest phylogenetic relationship regarding their acidic polymerase genes. the h7n7 hungarian virus and some h5n2 influenza viruses isolated from korean pigs appeared to have their basic polymerase gene 1 from a relatively recent common a ... | 2010 | 20363081 |
| long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor laninamivir octanoate (cs-8958) versus oseltamivir as treatment for children with influenza virus infection. | we conducted a double-blind, randomized controlled trial to compare a long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor, laninamivir octanoate, with oseltamivir. eligible patients were children 9 years of age and under who had febrile influenza symptoms of no more than 36-h duration. patients were randomized to 1 of 3 treatment groups: a group given 40 mg laninamivir (40-mg group), a group given 20 mg laninamivir (20-mg group), and an oseltamivir group. laninamivir octanoate was administered as a single inhal ... | 2010 | 20368393 |
| mixed infections of pandemic h1n1 and seasonal h3n2 viruses in 1 outbreak. | in early september 2009, an outbreak of influenza occurred at a college campus in beijing, china, in which both pandemic h1n1 and seasonal h3n2 viruses were detected. | 2010 | 20380566 |
| a computational analysis of the antigenic properties of haemagglutinin in influenza a h3n2. | motivation: modelling antigenic shift in influenza a h3n2 can help to predict the efficiency of vaccines. the virus is known to exhibit sudden jumps in antigenic distance, and prediction of such novel strains from amino acid sequence differences remains a challenge. results: from analysis of 6624 amino acid sequences of wild-type h3, we propose updates to the frequently referenced list of 131 amino acids located at or near the five identified antibody binding regions in haemagglutinin (ha). we i ... | 2010 | 20388627 |
| the effect of infliximab and timing of vaccination on the humoral response to influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. | to assess the effect of the timing of vaccination in relation to administration of infliximab on the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) and ankylosing spondylitis (as). | 2010 | 19246078 |
| pathogenesis and subsequent cross-protection of influenza virus infection in pigs sustained by an h1n2 strain. | the h1n1, h3n2 and, more recently, h1n2 subtypes of influenza a virus are presently co-circulating in swine herds in several countries. the objectives of this study were to investigate the pathogenesis of sw/italy/1521/98 (h1n2) influenza virus, isolated from respiratory tissues of pigs from herds in northern italy, and to evaluate its potential cross-protection against the sw/fin/2899/82 (h1n1) strain. in the pathogenesis test, eight pigs were intranasally infected with h1n2 virus; at pre-deter ... | 2010 | 19538454 |
| influenza epidemiology and characterization of influenza viruses in patients seeking treatment for acute fever in cambodia. | the epidemiology, symptomology, and viral aetiology of endemic influenza remain largely uncharacterized in cambodia. in december 2006, we established passive hospital-based surveillance to identify the causes of acute undifferentiated fever in patients seeking healthcare. fever was defined as tympanic membrane temperature >38 degrees c. from december 2006 to december 2008, 4233 patients were screened for influenza virus by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr). of t ... | 2010 | 19698213 |
| risk factors associated with pleuritis and cranio-ventral pulmonary consolidation in slaughter-aged pigs. | examination of lung lesions at the slaughterhouse is a useful tool to estimate the importance of respiratory disease at farm, regional or national level. the objective of the present work was to describe the prevalence of gross lung lesions at slaughter, with a special focus on pleuritis and cranio-ventral pulmonary consolidation, and to identify major risk factors for these lesions. data from 107 farms involving approximately 11,000 pigs enabled gross lung lesions to be correlated with serology ... | 2010 | 19527939 |
| rapid quantification of single-nucleotide mutations in mixed influenza a viral populations using allele-specific mixture analysis. | monitoring antiviral resistance in influenza is critical to public health epidemiology and pandemic preparedness activities. effective monitoring requires methods to detect low-level resistance and to monitor the change in resistance as a function of time and drug treatment. resistance-conferring single-nucleotide mutations in influenza virus are ideal targets for such methods. in the present study, fives sets of paired taqman allele-specific pcr (aspcr) assays were developed and validated for q ... | 2010 | 19761797 |
| comparison of the usefulness of the caco-2 cell line with standard substrates for isolation of swine influenza a viruses. | influenza a virus isolation is undertaken routinely in embryonated chicken eggs, but to improve virus detection various cell lines can be used. the caco-2 cell line was compared to the mdck cell line and embryonated chicken eggs for the isolation of h1n1, h1n2, h3n2 swine influenza a virus subtypes from clinical specimens. from 2006 to 2008, 104 influenza a samples found positive by pcr from 42 respiratory outbreaks in italian swine farms were examined by virus isolation. sixty swine influenza a ... | 2010 | 19781571 |
| influenza virus vaccination in kidney transplant recipients: serum antibody response to different immunosuppressive drugs. | this study prospectively accessed the immune response to the inactivated influenza vaccine in renal transplant recipients receiving either azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil (mmf). side effects were investigated. | 2010 | 19758368 |
| genetic relatedness of h6 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and domestic ducks in korea and their pathogenicity in animals. | we report the genetic characterization of h6 avian influenza (ai) viruses isolated from domestic ducks and wild birds in korea between april 2008 and april 2009. a phylogenetic analysis showed that the h6n1 viruses of wild birds and domestic ducks were of the same genotype (k-1) and were similar to the h6n1 virus isolated from a live poultry market in 2003, as six of the eight gene segments of those viruses had a common source. however, the h6n2 viruses of domestic poultry were separated into fo ... | 2010 | 19812266 |
| prime-boost immunization with ha/c3d dna followed by a recombinant pseudorabies virus boost enhanced protective immunity against h3n2 swine influenza virus in mice. | dna and recombinant virus vaccines against swine influenza virus (siv) have been pursued with promising results, but induce poor immunogenicity. this study evaluated the effects of a vaccine regimen in mice including priming with three dna vaccines expressing soluble ha (sha), complete ha (tmha), or sha fused with three copies murine c3d (sha-mc3d3) and boosting with recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing ha (rprv-ha). immune responses were monitored by elisa, hi assays, and virus neutralizat ... | 2010 | 19850311 |
| alphavirus replicon particle vaccines developed for use in humans induce high levels of antibodies to influenza virus hemagglutinin in swine: proof of concept. | a propagation-defective, single-cycle, alphavirus replicon particle (rp) system was used to produce two vaccines against human influenza virus a/wyoming/03/2003 (h3n2). one vaccine was prepared from venezeulan equine encephalitis virus (veev) strain 3014 and the other from veev strain tc-83. both vaccines induced high antibody titers to the influenza hemagglutinin (ha) protein and illustrated the potential of using alphavirus rp influenza vaccines in swine. | 2010 | 19853679 |
| a novel assay for influenza virus quantification using surface plasmon resonance. | quantification of hemagglutinin (ha) by single-radial immuno diffusion (srid) is the predominant method to ensure product potency in seasonal influenza vaccines. here a new method for quantification of influenza virus using biosensor technology is presented. the method employs quantification of virus via an inhibition assay format using ha proteins for h1n1, h3n2 and b immobilized on a sensor chip. initial results showed the assay to have higher sensitivity (detection range 0.5-10 microg/ml), hi ... | 2010 | 19857452 |
| protective memory responses are modulated by priming events prior to challenge. | human infections with highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza a viruses in the last decade have legitimized fears of a long-predicted pandemic. we thus investigated the response to secondary infections with an engineered, but still highly virulent, h5n1 influenza a virus in the c57bl/6 mouse model. mice primed with the h1n1 a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8) virus were partially protected from lethality following respiratory infection with the modified h5n1 virus a/vietnam/1203/04 (deltavn1203). in contras ... | 2010 | 19889782 |
| comparison of a rapid antigen test with nucleic acid testing during cocirculation of pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009 and seasonal influenza a/h3n2. | the rapid diagnosis of influenza is critical in optimizing clinical management. rapid antigen tests have decreased sensitivity in detecting pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009 virus compared to seasonal influenza a subtypes (53.4% versus 74.2%, p < 0.001). nucleic acid tests should be used to detect pandemic influenza virus when rapid antigen tests are negative. | 2010 | 19889892 |
| rapid and specific detection of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses with a ser31asn mutation by the cycling probe method. | amantadine is one of the antiviral agents used to treat influenza a virus infections, but resistant strains have widely emerged worldwide. in the present study, we developed a novel method to detect amantadine-resistant strains harboring the ser31asn mutation in the m2 gene based on the cycling probe method and real-time pcr. we also studied the rate of amantadine resistance in the 2007-2008 influenza season in japan. two different primer and cycling probe sets were designed for a/h1n1 and a/h3n ... | 2010 | 19889895 |
| evidence for persistence of and antiviral resistance and reassortment events in seasonal influenza virus strains circulating in cambodia. | the analysis of a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 influenza viruses collected between 2005 and 2008 in cambodia detected strains resistant to oseltamivir and confirmed widespread resistance to adamantanes. phylogenetic analyses revealed intrasubtype reassortment, probable reemergence of a/h3n2 viruses in two consecutive seasons, and cocirculation of different lineages in each subtype. | 2010 | 19889906 |
| universal influenza dna vaccine encoding conserved cd4+ t cell epitopes protects against lethal viral challenge in hla-dr transgenic mice. | the goal of the present study was to design a vaccine that would provide universal protection against infection of humans with diverse influenza a viruses. accordingly, protein sequences from influenza a virus strains currently in circulation (h1n1, h3n2), agents of past pandemics (h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) and zoonotic infections of man (h1n1, h5n1, h7n2, h7n3, h7n7, h9n2) were evaluated for the presence of amino acid sequences, motifs, that are predicted to mediate peptide epitope binding with high af ... | 2010 | 19895924 |
| influenza virus infections in dogs and cats. | during the last decade reports of influenza a virus infections in dogs and cats draw considerable attention to veterinary practitioners and scientists in the fields of virology and epidemiology. earlier experimental studies showed that dogs and cats are susceptible to influenza a virus infection, but animals did not develop clinical signs. in recent years transmission of influenza virus of subtype h3n8 from horses to dogs, however, was accompanied by severe clinical signs and the infection was s ... | 2010 | 19896216 |
| effects of the combination of favipiravir (t-705) and oseltamivir on influenza a virus infections in mice. | favipiravir (t-705 [6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide]) and oseltamivir were combined to treat influenza virus a/nws/33 (h1n1), a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), and a/duck/mn/1525/81 (h5n1) infections. t-705 alone inhibited viruses in cell culture at 1.4 to 4.3 microm. oseltamivir inhibited these three viruses in cells at 3.7, 0.02, and 0.16 microm and in neuraminidase assays at 0.94, 0.46, and 2.31 nm, respectively. oral treatments were given twice daily to mice for 5 to 7 days starting, generall ... | 2010 | 19901093 |
| development of a real-time rt-pcr assay for a novel influenza a (h1n1) virus. | a pandemic caused by a novel influenza a virus (h1n1) poses a serious public health threat. in this study, a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) assay based on the hemagglutinin gene was developed that discriminates the novel h1n1 from swine influenza virus, seasonal h1n1/h3n2 virus and the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus. the sensitivity of this assay was 0.2 50% tissue culture infective dose of virus and 200 copies of in vitro-transcribed target rna. three hundred and for ... | 2010 | 19815030 |
| probabilistic indoor transmission modeling for influenza (sub)type viruses. | to use a probability based transmission modeling approach to examine the influenza risk of infection virus in indoor environments. this was based on 10 years of data gathered from influenza-like illness sentinel physician and laboratory surveillance, and experimental viral shedding data in taiwan. | 2010 | 19818365 |
| transmission of pandemic h1n1 influenza virus and impact of prior exposure to seasonal strains or interferon treatment. | novel swine-origin influenza viruses of the h1n1 subtype were first detected in humans in april 2009. as of 12 august 2009, 180,000 cases had been reported globally. despite the fact that they are of the same antigenic subtype as seasonal influenza viruses circulating in humans since 1977, these viruses continue to spread and have caused the first influenza pandemic since 1968. here we show that a pandemic h1n1 strain replicates in and transmits among guinea pigs with similar efficiency to that ... | 2010 | 19828604 |
| the effects of influenza a virus pb1-f2 protein on polymerase activity are strain specific and do not impact pathogenesis. | the influenza a virus pb1-f2 protein has been implicated as a virulence factor, but the mechanism by which it enhances pathogenicity is not understood. the pb1 gene segment of the h1n1 swine-origin influenza virus pandemic strain codes for a truncated pb1-f2 protein which terminates after 11 amino acids but could acquire the full-length form by mutation or reassortment. it is therefore important to understand the function and impact of this protein. we systematically assessed the effect that pb1 ... | 2010 | 19828614 |
| sialyltransferases of marine bacteria efficiently utilize glycosphingolipid substrates. | bacterial sialyltransferases (sts) from marine sources were characterized using glycosphingolipids (gsls). bacterial sts were found to be beta-galacotoside sts. there were two types of sts: (1) st obtained from strains such as ishi-224, 05jtc1 (#1), ishi-467, 05jtd2 (#2), and faj-16, 05jte1 (#3), which form alpha2-3 sialic acid (sia) linkages, named alpha2-3st, (2) st obtained from strains such as ish-224, n1c0 (#4), pda-rec, 05jtb2 (#5), and pda-0160, 05jta2 (#6), which form alpha2-6 sia linkag ... | 2010 | 19837852 |
| detection of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against human h1 and h3 strains of influenza a viruses in pigs in ibadan, nigeria. | agricultural and commercial activities have continued to bring people and pigs into regular, close contact in ibadan, nigeria. this study was therefore designed to investigate the transmission of human influenza viruses to pigs in ibadan, using serological surveillance. serum specimens were collected from ninety-one (91/199) apparently healthy, unvaccinated landrace pigs at three locations within ibadan from april to june, 2008. two strains of human influenza virus a: a/brisbane/59/2007 (h1n1) a ... | 2010 | 19912605 |
| innate immune response to h3n2 and h1n1 influenza virus infection in a human lung organ culture model. | we studied cytokine responses to influenza virus pr8 (h1n1) and oklahoma/309/06 (ok/06, h3n2) in a novel human lung tissue model. exposure of the model to influenza virus rapidly activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling (mapk) pathways erk, p38 and jnk. in addition, rnase protection assay demonstrated the induction of several cytokine and chemokine mrnas by virus. this finding was reflected at the translational level as il-6, mcp-1, mip-1 alpha/beta, il-8 and ip-10 proteins were ... | 2010 | 19913271 |
| temperature sensitivity on growth and/or replication of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated from pigs and birds in mammalian cells. | influenza a viruses have been isolated from a wide range of animal species, aquatic birds being the reservoir for their genetic diversity. avian influenza viruses can be transmitted to humans, directly or indirectly through an intermediate host like pig. this study aimed to define in vitro conditions that could prove useful to evaluate the potential of influenza viruses to adapt to a different host. growth of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza viruses belonging to different lineages isolated from bir ... | 2010 | 19926410 |
| formulation and coating of microneedles with inactivated influenza virus to improve vaccine stability and immunogenicity. | microneedle patches coated with solid-state influenza vaccine have been developed to improve vaccine efficacy and patient coverage. however, dip coating microneedles with influenza vaccine can reduce antigen activity. in this study, we sought to determine the experimental factors and mechanistic pathways by which inactivated influenza vaccine can lose activity, as well as develop and assess improved microneedle coating formulations that protect the antigen from activity loss. after coating micro ... | 2010 | 19840825 |
| pandemic h1n1 2009 influenza a virus induces weak cytokine responses in human macrophages and dendritic cells and is highly sensitive to the antiviral actions of interferons. | in less than 3 months after the first cases of swine origin 2009 influenza a (h1n1) virus infections were reported from mexico, who declared a pandemic. the pandemic virus is antigenically distinct from seasonal influenza viruses, and the majority of human population lacks immunity against this virus. we have studied the activation of innate immune responses in pandemic virus-infected human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dc) and macrophages. pandemic a/finland/553/2009 virus, representing a t ... | 2010 | 19939920 |
| development of a rapid automated influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial virus a/b multiplex real-time rt-pcr assay and its use during the 2009 h1n1 swine-origin influenza virus epidemic in milwaukee, wisconsin. | rapid, semiautomated, and fully automated multiplex real-time rt-pcr assays were developed and validated for the detection of influenza (flu) a, flu b, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) from nasopharyngeal specimens. the assays can detect human h1n1, h3n2, and swine-origin (s-oiv) h1n1 flu a viruses and were effectively used to distinguish flu a infections (of all subtypes) from flu b and rsv infections during the current s-oiv outbreak in milwaukee, wi. the analytical limits of detection we ... | 2010 | 19959800 |
| pathology in dogs with experimental canine h3n2 influenza virus infection. | avian-lineage h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ)-associated respiratory disease, which can be fatal, emerged in south korean dogs in 2007. we show here that dogs experimentally infected with civ only developed respiratory tract diseases, as no extrapulmonary lesions and virus antigens were detected. this differs from the multiorgan diseases that avian influenza h5n1 induces in small experimental animals. however, the civ-infected dogs developed a distinctively severe, long-persistent bronchointer ... | 2010 | 19963232 |
| subtype identification of the novel a h1n1 and other human influenza a viruses using an oligonucleotide microarray. | a novel strain of influenza a (h1n1) virus was isolated in mexico and the us in march and april 2009. this novel virus spread to many countries and regions in a few months, and who raised the level of pandemic alert from phase 5 to phase 6 on june 11, 2009. the accurate identification of h1n1 virus and other human seasonal influenza a viruses is very important for further treatment and control of their infections. in this study, we developed an oligonucleotide microarray to subtype human h1n1, h ... | 2010 | 19998047 |
| severe pneumonia associated with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 outbreak, san luis potosí, mexico. | we describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of adults hospitalized with pneumonia during the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 outbreak. patients admitted to a general hospital in san luis potosí, mexico, from april 10 through may 11, 2009, suspected to have influenza virus-associated pneumonia were evaluated. we identified 50 patients with suspected influenza pneumonia; the presence of influenza virus was confirmed in 18: 11 with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus, 5 with unsubtypeable influenza a virus, ... | 2010 | 20031039 |
| pandemic (h1n1) 2009 surveillance and prevalence of seasonal influenza, singapore. | on april 25, 2009, singapore implemented strict containment measures for pandemic (h1n1) 2009 with enhanced surveillance and hospital isolation. in the first month, seasonal influenza, predominantly virus subtype h3n2, was diagnosed for 32% of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness. our findings underscore the high prevalence of seasonal influenza in singapore. | 2010 | 20031051 |
| enhancement of immune responses to influenza vaccine (h3n2) by ginsenoside re. | this study was designed to evaluate the adjuvant effect of ginsenoside re isolated from the root of panax ginseng on the immune responses elicited by split inactivated h3n2 influenza virus antigen in a mouse model. forty-eight icr mice were randomly distributed into six groups with 8 mice in each group. all animals were subcutaneously (s.c.) immunized twice on weeks 0 and 3 with 50 microg re, inactivated h3n2 influenza virus antigen equivalent to 10 or 100 ng of hemogglutinin (ha) or inactivated ... | 2010 | 20034596 |
| protective efficacy and immunogenicity of an inactivated avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza vaccine in dogs challenged with the virulent virus. | transmission of avian-origin influenza a virus (h3n2) to dogs had been reported and since then the h3n2 virus infection across south korea has been occurred repeatedly in the country's animal clinics and kennels. dog-to-dog transmission of the virus had also been experimentally demonstrated by direct contact. in this study, immunogenicity and protective efficacy against challenge exposure of the formalin-inactivated h3n2 influenza virus vaccine with a synthetic polymer adjuvant was investigated ... | 2010 | 20034748 |
| clarithromycin inhibits type a seasonal influenza virus infection in human airway epithelial cells. | human influenza viruses attach to sialic acid with an alpha2,6linkage (saalpha2,6gal) on the airway epithelial cells, and the entry of the viruses into the cells and uncoating of the viruses require low ph of endosomes. bafilomycin a(1), a macrolide antibiotic and a specific inhibitor of vacuolar h(+)-atpase, inhibits growth of type a and type b human influenza viruses in madin-darby canine kidney cells. however, the inhibitory effects of clinically used macrolide antibiotics on influenza virus ... | 2010 | 20040578 |
| proteomics-based characterization of hemagglutinins in different strains of influenza virus. | infection with influenza a (subtypes h1n1 and h3n2) or b viruses results in over half a million deaths worldwide every year. frequent antigenic changes (drift) in two major viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase lead to the constant emergence of antigenically distinct virus strains against which there is sub-optimal immunity in the population. consequently the suitability of the viral strains included in the trivalent influenza vaccine (tiv) has to be re-evaluated annually. ... | 2009 | 21137000 |
| [study on the antigenicity and ha1 gene characteristics of influenza a viruses during 2004-2008 year in china]. | to under stand influenza a viruses epidemic, antigenicity and genetic characteristics variation between the vaccine and circulation strains during 2004-2008 year in china. | 2009 | 20718339 |
| fitness of pandemic h1n1 and seasonal influenza a viruses during co-infection: evidence of competitive advantage of pandemic h1n1 influenza versus seasonal influenza. | on june 11, 2009 the world health organization (who) declared a new h1n1 influenza pandemic. this pandemic strain is as transmissible as seasonal h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses. major concerns facing this pandemic are whether the new virus will replace, co-circulate and/or reassort with seasonal h1n1 and/or h3n2 human strains. using the ferret model, we investigated which of these three possibilities were most likely favored. our studies showed that the current pandemic virus is more transmis ... | 2009 | 20029606 |
| [swine influenza virus: evolution mechanism and epidemic characterization--a review]. | pigs may play an important role in the evolution and ecology of influenza a virus. the tracheal epithelium of pigs contain both sa alpha 2,6 gal and sa alpha 2,3 gal receptors and can be infected with swine, human and avian viruses, therefore, pigs have been considered as an intermediate host for the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans or as mixing vessels for the generation of genetically reassortant viruses. evolution patterns among swine influenza viruses including evolution of ho ... | 2009 | 20030049 |
| direct multiplex reverse transcription-nested pcr detection of influenza viruses without rna purification. | this paper describes the development a of direct multiplex reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method, devised for simultaneous detection and typing of influenza viruses. this method combines the direct reverse transcription reaction without rna purification with the enhancement of sensitivity and specificity of nested pcr. the method successfully detected three major human influenza viruses: influenza virus a subtype 1 (h1n1) and subtype 3 (h3n2), and influenza b virus ... | 2009 | 19996703 |
| [safety and immunological effect of domestic split influenza virus vaccine]. | to evaluate the safety and immunological effect of domestic split influenza virus vaccine. | 2009 | 19954075 |
| amantadine- and oseltamivir-resistant variants of influenza a viruses in thailand. | amantadine and oseltamivir are used to treat influenza a virus infections; however, resistance to these drugs has been widely reported throughout the world. in this study, the frequency and genetic characteristics of the drug-resistant influenza a viruses that circulated in thailand from 2006 to 2008 were investigated. the nucleotide sequences of the na and m2 genes were elucidated in order to identify mutations that confer oseltamivir- and amantadine-resistant phenotypes, respectively. a total ... | 2009 | 19850010 |
| [synthesis and biological activity of complexes of sulfonate-containing polyanions and gentamycin]. | a series of copolymers of acrylamide (am) with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (ammpsa) and n-2-hydroxypropyl-methacrylamide (hpma) with acrylic acid (aa) have been synthesized. complexes of gentamycin in the base form with these polymers and dextran sulfate were obtained. it is established that both poly(ammpca) and its complex with gentamycin exhibit an antiviral activity in vitro against human a(h3n2) influenza virus and herpes simplex virus of type 1 (hsv-1). the hpma-aa copolymer ... | 2009 | 19928575 |
| loss of a single n-linked glycan from the hemagglutinin of influenza virus is associated with resistance to collectins and increased virulence in mice. | glycosylation on the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza virus acts as an important target for recognition and destruction of virus by innate immune proteins of the collectin family. this, in turn, modulates the virulence of different viruses for mice. the role of particular oligosaccharide attachments on the ha in determining sensitivity to collectins has yet to be fully elucidated. | 2009 | 19930664 |
| from where did the 2009 'swine-origin' influenza a virus (h1n1) emerge? | the swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus that appeared in 2009 and was first found in human beings in mexico, is a reassortant with at least three parents. six of the genes are closest in sequence to those of h1n2 'triple-reassortant' influenza viruses isolated from pigs in north america around 1999-2000. its other two genes are from different eurasian 'avian-like' viruses of pigs; the na gene is closest to h1n1 viruses isolated in europe in 1991-1993, and the mp gene is closest to h3n2 viruses ... | 2009 | 19930669 |
| trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine given to two-month-old children: an off-season pilot study. | although children less than 6 months of age have the highest risk for hospitalization related to influenza infection, influenza vaccine is not approved for these children. | 2009 | 19935270 |
| incidence, seasonality and mortality associated with influenza pneumonia in thailand: 2005-2008. | data on the incidence, seasonality and mortality associated with influenza in subtropical low and middle income countries are limited. prospective data from multiple years are needed to develop vaccine policy and treatment guidelines, and improve pandemic preparedness. | 2009 | 19936224 |
| neutrophils ameliorate lung injury and the development of severe disease during influenza infection. | the clinical response to influenza infection ranges from mild disease to severe pneumonia and it remains unclear whether the inflammatory response to infection is protective or pathogenic. we have defined a novel role for neutrophils in ameliorating lung injury during influenza infection, thereby limiting development of severe disease. infection of neutrophil-depleted mice with influenza virus hkx31 (h3n2) led to rapid weight loss, pneumonia, and death. neutropenia was associated with enhanced v ... | 2009 | 19917678 |
| seasonal, avian, and novel h1n1 influenza: prevention and treatment modalities. | to review the pathophysiology, pandemics/epidemics, transmissibility, clinical presentation, treatment, prevention/immunization, and resistance associated with seasonal, avian, and swine influenza. | 2009 | 19920156 |
| evolutionary trends of a(h1n1) influenza virus hemagglutinin since 1918. | the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 is spreading to numerous countries and causing many human deaths. although the symptoms in humans are mild at present, fears are that further mutations in the virus could lead to a potentially more dangerous outbreak in subsequent months. as the primary immunity-eliciting antigen, hemagglutinin (ha) is the major agent for host-driven antigenic drift in a(h3n2) virus. however, whether and how the evolution of ha is influenced by existing immunity is poorly understood for ... | 2009 | 19924230 |
| signature peptides of influenza nucleoprotein for the typing and subtyping of the virus by high resolution mass spectrometry. | the use of high resolution mass spectrometry to record the accurate mass of signature peptides within proteolytic digests of the nucleoprotein antigen, and whole influenza virus, is shown to be able to rapidly type and subtype the virus. conserved sequences for predicted tryptic peptides were identified through alignments of those for the nucleoprotein across all influenza types and subtypes. peptides with unique theoretical masses from those generated in silico for all influenza antigen sequenc ... | 2009 | 19838412 |
| influenza virus ctl epitopes, remarkably conserved and remarkably variable. | virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) contribute to the control of virus infections including those caused by influenza viruses. especially under circumstances when antibodies induced by previous infection or vaccination fail to recognize and neutralize the virus adequately, ctl are important and contribute to protective immunity. during epidemic outbreaks caused by antigenic drift variants and during pandemic outbreaks of influenza, humoral immunity against influenza viruses is inadequat ... | 2009 | 19840674 |
| genomic events underlying the changes in adamantane resistance among influenza a(h3n2) viruses during 2006-2008. | adamantanes resistance in h3n2 viruses has been increasing since 2000, and in 2005-2006 reached nearly 100% in most countries, with the circulation of the n-lineage. in 2006-2007, however, a significant decrease in resistance was observed in many regions. | 2009 | 19903212 |
| efficacy of inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine against culture-confirmed influenza in healthy adults: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | a new trivalent inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine (tiv) was recently introduced in the united states. we assessed the efficacy of tiv against culture-confirmed influenza a and/or b. | 2009 | 19909082 |
| boost of mucosal secretory immunoglobulin a response by clarithromycin in paediatric influenza. | the antiviral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir (osv) is used to treat influenza. the macrolide clarithromycin (cam) is used to treat bacterial infections and has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. this retrospective study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of cam in children presenting with influenza a. | 2009 | 19909463 |
| clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir and zanamivir for treatment of influenza a virus subtype h1n1 with the h274y mutation: a japanese, multicenter study of the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 influenza seasons. | influenza a virus subtype h1n1 with the h274y mutation emerged and spread worldwide. however, the clinical effectiveness of the neuraminidase inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir, has not been adequately reevaluated. | 2009 | 19911968 |
| [comparison of detection sensitivity in rapid-diagnosis influenza virus kits]. | rapid-diagnosis kits able to detect influenza a and b virus by immunochromatography developed by different manufacturers, while useful in early diagnosis, may vary widely in detection sensitivity. we compared sensitivity results for eight virus-detection kits in current use--quick chaser flua, b (mizuho medy), espline influenza a & b-n (fujirebio), capilia flu a + b (nippon beckton dickinson & alfesa pharma), poctem influenza a/b (otsuka pharma & sysmex), bd flu examan (nippon beckton dickinson) ... | 2009 | 19860254 |