Publications

validation of a foot-and-mouth disease antibody screening solid-phase competition elisa (spce).	this paper describes the validation of a solid-phase competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (spce) for the serological detection of antibody to serotype o foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in sheep, cattle and pigs. the specificity of the spce was calculated from the results of testing known negative sera from sheep, cattle and pigs (n=3030, 1418 and 1495, respectively). the mean percentage inhibition (pi) for known negative sheep, cattle and pig sera were 19.3, 24.1 and 20.8%, respectively. t ...	2004	14667530
emergence of a novel subgroup within the widely circulating lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1 in india.	the complete vp1 encoding (1d) gene of 54 foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus serotype asia1 field isolates, most of which were isolated during 2000 and 2001, was sequenced. the phylogenetic analysis identified a novel subgroup (>10% nucleotide divergence) within the widely circulating lineage of this serotype. the newly emerged viruses were responsible for disease outbreaks in both cattle and buffaloes and were present in six different states in the country. amino acid sequence comparison of the ...	2004	14672859
developments in diagnostic techniques for differentiating infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouth disease.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and economically significant disease of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and wild ruminant species. the fmd virus genome encodes a unique polyprotein from which the different viral polypeptides are cleaved by viral proteases, including eight different non-structural proteins (nsps). both structural and non-structural antigens induce the production of antibodies in infected animals. in contrast, vaccinated animals which have not been exposed to replic ...	2004	14623146
comparison of two 3abc enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of multiple-serotype foot-and-mouth disease in a cattle population in an area of endemicity.	the development of a serological test for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) which is quick and easy to use, which can identify all seven serotypes, and which can differentiate vaccinated from convalescing or potential virus carriers would be a major advance in the epidemiological toolkit for fmdv. the nonstructural polyprotein 3abc has recently been proposed as such an antigen, and a number of diagnostic tests are being developed. this paper evaluates the performance of two fmdv tests for anti ...	2004	15131177
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in the adamawa province of cameroon.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious viral disease of even-toed ungulates and is one of the most important economic diseases of livestock. most studies of fmdv are done in countries where control measures are being implemented. in contrast, in areas such as sub-saharan africa, where fmdv is endemic and new strains are likely to emerge, there are only sporadic submissions to the world reference laboratory, pirbright, united kingdom. this paper describes the molecular epi ...	2004	15131187
fitness increase of memory genomes in a viral quasispecies.	viral quasispecies may contain a subset of minority genomes that reflect those genomic sequences that were dominant at an early phase of quasispecies evolution. such minority genomes are referred to as memory in viral quasispecies. a memory marker previously characterized in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an internal oligoadenylate tract of variable length that became dominant upon serial plaque-to-plaque transfers of fmdv clones. during large population passages, genomes with internal o ...	2004	15136042
disease survey of free-ranging grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia.	samples from 17 free-ranging hunter-killed grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia, were collected during june-august 1999. all 17 deer appeared to be in good condition at the time of death. gross necropsies were performed, serum was collected for serologic evaluation of selected infectious disease agents, and feces and ectoparasites were collected for evaluation of internal and external parasites. serologic tests were positive for antibodies against bovine respiratory ...	2004	15137493
coordinate expression and independent subcellular targeting of multiple proteins from a single transgene.	a variety of conventional methods allow the expression of multiple foreign proteins in plants by transgene stacking or pyramiding. however, most of these approaches have significant drawbacks. we describe a novel alternative, using a single transgene to coordinate expression of multiple proteins that are encoded as a polyprotein capable of dissociating into component proteins on translation. we demonstrate that this polyprotein system is compatible with the need to target proteins to a variety o ...	2004	15141063
an approach to a fmd vaccine based on genetic engineered attenuated pseudorabies virus: one experiment using vp1 gene alone generates an antibody responds on fmd and pseudorabies in swine.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and pseudorabies (pr) are two important infectious diseases in swine. an attenuated pseudorabies virus (prv) has been successfully used as a gene delivery vector for the development of live-viral vaccines. in this study, a recombinant prv-vp1 virus was constructed by fusioning the vp1 gene of fmd virus in frame to the n-terminal sequence of the gg gene of prv. to test the protective immunity, 15 fmdv sero-negative white swine were divided into three groups and immuni ...	2004	15149769
pressure-inactivated fmdv: a potential vaccine.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). alternative fmd vaccines have been pursued due to important disadvantages of the one currently in use. high hydrostatic pressure (hp) has been observed to inactivate some viruses. here, we investigated the effects of hp on fmdv o1 campos-vallée (cva) infectivity. a treatment consisting of 2.5 kbar at -15 degrees c and 1m urea, completely abolished fmdv infectivity, maintaining the integrity of its cap ...	2004	15149793
re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease in botswana.	the re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in botswana is reported. the disease outbreak occurred in the matsiloje extension area of francistown veterinary district situated in the northeastern part of the country in an office international des épízooties (oie) recognized fmd free zone without vaccination. the disease affected cattle only and did not spillover into sheep and goats resident in the same extension area, as demonstrated by lack of seroconversion to fmd when tested. the virus i ...	2004	15158214
localization of infection-related epitopes on the non-structural protein 3abc of foot-and-mouth disease virus and the application of tandem epitopes.	by means of overlapping peptides expressed in escherichia coli in combination with western-blotting, infection specific linear epitopes were identified on the non-structural protein 3abc of fmdv. the epitopes reacted with sera from pigs or guinea pigs infected with different serotypes of fmdv, but not with sera from normal or vaccinated animals. a protein was constructed by tandem repeat of the epitope covering amino acid residues 141-190 on 3abc. an elisa based on the protein with tandem epitop ...	2004	15158588
control measures implemented during the 2002 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in the republic of korea.		2004	15162790
the c terminus of the movement protein of brome mosaic virus controls the requirement for coat protein in cell-to-cell movement and plays a role in long-distance movement.	the 3a movement protein (mp) plays a central role in the movement of brome mosaic virus (bmv). to identify the functional regions in bmv mp, 24 alanine-scanning (as) mp mutants of bmv were constructed. infectivity of the as mutants in the host plant chenopodium quinoa showed that the central region of bmv mp is important for viral movement and both termini of bmv mp have effects on the development of systemic symptoms. a green-fluorescent-protein-expressing rna3-based bmv vector containing a 2a ...	2004	15166461
application of universal primers for identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus and swine vesicular disease virus by pcr and pcr-elisa.	two approaches for simultaneous identification of both foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) are described: (1) a single-step reverse transcription-pcr with three primers and (2) a pcr-elisa assay with two universal primers for genome amplification and two virus-specific probes for identification. these methods are based on the use of 3d gene universal pcr primers, the structure of which was optimized and refined due to the close relationship between the tw ...	2004	15168202
a first molecular epidemiological study of sat-2 type foot-and-mouth disease viruses in west africa.	thirty-one viruses causing sat-2 outbreaks in seven west african countries between 1974 and 1991, and four viruses representative of east and central africa were genetically characterized in this study. four major viral lineages (i-iv) were identified by phylogenetic analysis of an homologous 480 nucleotide region corresponding to the c-terminus end of vp1. lineage i comprised two west african genotypes with viruses clustering according to year of isolation rather than geographical origin. linea ...	2004	15188721
rna interference targeting vp1 inhibits foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in bhk-21 cells and suckling mice.	rna interference (rnai) is a powerful tool to silence gene expression posttranscriptionally. in this study, we evaluated the antiviral potential of small interfering rna (sirna) targeting vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), which is essential during the life cycle of the virus and plays a key role in virus attachment to susceptible cells. we investigated in vivo the inhibitory effect of vp1-specific sirnas on fmdv replication in bhk-21 cells and suckling mice, a commonly used small anima ...	2004	15194766
integrin alpha v beta 6 is an rgd-dependent receptor for coxsackievirus a9.	coxsackievirus a9 (cav9), a member of the enterovirus genus of picornaviridae, is a common human pathogen and is one of a significant number of viruses containing a functional arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) motif in one of their capsid proteins. previous studies identified the rgd-recognizing integrin alpha(v)beta(3) as its cellular receptor. however, integrin alpha(v)beta(6) has been shown to be an efficient receptor for another rgd-containing picornavirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (f ...	2004	15194773
sequence variability in the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 field isolates.	a total of 30 field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 belonging to two different lineages and five isolates belonging to a divergent group as delineated earlier in 1d (encodingvp1 protein) gene-based phylogeny were sequenced in the structural protein (p1) coding region. phylogenetic comparison of these isolates along with some of the published exotic sequences revealed the presence of five different lineages around the world. similar grouping pattern was observed for ...	2004	15196905
comparison and analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from animals in korea and other panasia strains.	during the last 3 years, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o, named panasia, caused two outbreaks in the republic of korea. to determine if there was an obvious genetic relationship between the virus isolated in 2002 (o/skr/2002) and the o/skr/2000, and to further analyze the epidemiological relationships between the panasia viruses and the viruses identified in korea, the complete nucleotide sequence of the o/skr/2002 and the o/skr/2000 were determined by automatic cycling sequencing and pr ...	2004	15215684
differentiating infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouth-disease: evaluation of an elisa based on recombinant 3abc.	recent devastating outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in europe have reopened the discussion about the adequacy of the non-vaccination strategy implemented by the eu in 1991. here we describe the evaluation of a new commercially available test kit for the discrimination between vaccination and infection. the test is based on the detection of antibodies against the recombinant non-structural (ns) protein 3abc. in contrast to immunization with vaccines free of 3abc, these antibodies are eli ...	2004	15223123
[a review of the risks involved in the import of foot and mouth disease vaccinated animals and the products of such animals].		2004	15232965
comparative immunogenecity of foot and mouth disease virus antigens in fmd-haemorrhagic septicaemia combined vaccine and fmd vaccine alone in buffalo calves.	humoral immune response was evaluated by monitoring the serum antibody titres and virus specific igm titres against foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus antigens in serum samples obtained from different groups of calves inoculated with combined vaccine or fmd vaccine alone, on 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 days post-vaccination (dpv). the cellular immune response was monitored by mtt based lymphoproliferation in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. higher liquid phase blocking (lpb) elisa ant ...	2004	15233294
effect of chemical adjuvants on dna vaccination.	dna vaccination is useful for generating immune responses, particularly the cell-mediated immune response, in a wide variety of species. however, dna vaccination generally induces only relatively weak responses; hence, various approaches have been developed recently in order to improve its efficacy or immunopotency. the use of a chemical adjuvant is one of them. previously we have shown that bupivacaine or marcaine can modulate immune responses induced by dna vaccines [proc. natl. acad. sci. 90 ...	2004	15246629
generation of an infectious cdna clone of an fmdv strain isolated from swine.	a full-length cdna clone of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolated from swine was assembled in, the plasmid vector pbluescript ii sk+ downstream of a t7 promoter. rna synthesized in vitro using t7 polymerase lead to the production of infectious particles upon transfection of bhk-21 cells, as shown by cytopathic effects. the rescued virus was also found to be highly pathogenic for mice by intradermal injection producing a fatal disease indistinguishable from that of wild-type virus. the a ...	2004	15246653
the survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus in raw and pasteurized milk and milk products.	the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is not a public health threat, but it is highly contagious to cloven-footed animals. the virus is shed into milk up to 33 h before there are apparent signs of the disease in dairy cows, and, in extreme cases, signs of disease may not appear for up to 14 d. during this time, raw milk can serve as a vector for spread of the disease both at the farm and during transport to the processing plant by milk tanker. raw milk and milk products fed to animals have the ...	2004	15259248
targeting of proteins derived from self-processing polyproteins containing multiple signal sequences.	the 18aa 2a self-cleaving oligopeptide from foot-and-mouth disease virus can be used for co-expression of multiple, discrete proteins from a single orf. 2a mediates a co-translational cleavage at its own c-terminus and is proposed to manipulate the ribosome into skipping the synthesis of a specific peptide bond (producing a discontinuity in the peptide backbone), rather than being involved in proteolysis. to explore the utility of the system to target discrete processing products, self-processin ...	2004	15260831
expansion of host-cell tropism of foot-and-mouth disease virus despite replication in a constant environment.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) variants adapted to bhk-21 cells showed an expanded host-cell tropism that extended to primate and human cell lines. virus replication in human hela and jurkat cells has been documented by titration of virus infectivity, quantification of virus rna, expression of a virus-specific non-structural antigen, and serial passage of virus in the cells. parallel serial infections of human jurkat cells with the same variant fmdvs indicates a strong stochastic component ...	2004	15269370
detection of economically important viruses in boar semen by quantitative realtime pcr technology.	the objective of this study was to develop quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (reti-pcr) tests for the detection of five economically important viruses in swine semen namely, pseudorabies virus (prv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). each reti-pcr test was validated for specificity, analytical sensitivity (detection limits), and experimental ...	2004	15288957
development and use of a biotinylated 3abc recombinant protein in a solid-phase competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a biotinylated 3abc recombinant protein was developed and used in a competitive elisa (celisa) to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antibodies in cattle, sheep and pigs. in this report, we describe the cloning and expression of 3abc protein in escherichia coli cells as fusion protein with 6xhis and biotin. this celisa uses streptavidin to capture bacterially expressed and in vivo biotinylated 3abc antigen. the antigen capture strategy provides a simple and reliable method, which does no ...	2004	15288965
structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna-dependent rna polymerase and its complex with a template-primer rna.	genome replication in picornaviruses is catalyzed by a virally encoded rna-dependent rna polymerase, termed 3d. the enzyme performs this operation, together with other viral and probably host proteins, in the cytoplasm of their host cells. the crystal structure of the 3d polymerase of foot-and-mouth disease virus, one of the most important animal pathogens, has been determined unliganded and bound to a template-primer rna decanucleotide. the enzyme folds in the characteristic fingers, palm and t ...	2004	15294895
foot-and-mouth disease in camelids: a review.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in south american camelids, in dromedaries and bactrians is reviewed. recent well-executed experimental studies in new world camels indicate that, although the llama and alpaca can be infected with fmd virus (fmdv) by direct contact, they are not very susceptible and do not pose a risk in transmitting fmd to susceptible animal species. they do not become fmdv carriers. reports on fmd in dromedaries are, however, conflicting. serological investigations in africa and t ...	2004	15301761
sequence and secondary structure requirements in a highly conserved element for foot-and-mouth disease virus internal ribosome entry site activity and eif4g binding.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and other picornaviruses initiate translation of their positive-strand rna genomes at the highly structured internal ribosome entry site (ires), which mediates ribosome recruitment to an internal site of the virus rna. this process is facilitated by eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eifs), such as eif4g and eif4b. in the eif4g-binding site, a characteristic, discontinuous sequence element is highly conserved within the cardio- and aphthovirus subgroup ...	2004	15302949
quantitative analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna loads in bovine tissues: implications for the site of viral persistence.	to understand better the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), the levels of viral rna in various bovine tissues during the acute and persistent stages of fmd virus (fmdv) infection were investigated by using quantitative rt-pcr. the viral rna levels in the tissues examined had peaked by day 1 post-infection (p.i.) and were markedly different among the tissues examined. the epithelium collected from sites of lesion development, i.e. the interdigital area and coronary band on the feet, an ...	2004	15302950
risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat.	uncooked meat may contain animal pathogens, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease virus, african swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus, and to prevent outbreaks of these diseases in farm animals, the disposal of meat from catering waste is controlled under the animal by-products regulations. this paper estimates the risks to farm animals of grazing land on to which compost, produced by the composting of catering waste containing meat, has been applied. th ...	2004	15311800
towards a multi-site synthetic vaccine to foot-and-mouth disease: addition of discontinuous site peptide mimic increases the neutralization response in immunized animals.	synthetic replicas of both antigenic sites a and d of foot-and-mouth disease virus have been tested as a first step towards a multicomponent peptide vaccine candidate. a first evaluation has been performed by neutralization assays on cells with serum mixtures from guinea pigs immunized independently with site a (a24) and site d (d8) peptides. the addition of site d antibodies to site a antibodies has a synergistic effect on neutralization. in a second group of experiments, guinea pigs have been ...	2004	15315831
interactions of foot-and-mouth disease virus with soluble bovine alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta6 integrins.	at least four members of the integrin family of receptors, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, and alphavbeta8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro. our investigators have recently shown that the efficiency of receptor usage appears to be related to the viral serotype and may be influenced by structural differences on the viral surface (h. duque and b. baxt, j. virol. 77:2500-2511, 2003). to further examine these differences, we generated soluble ...	2004	15331710
recombinant bivalent vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o/a infection in guinea pig.	in this study, two dna fragments encoding amino acid (141-160)-(21-140)-(141-160) of the vp1 of fmdv (foot-and-mouth disease virus) serotype o and (138-160)-(21-40)-(138-160) of the serotype a fmdv were chemically synthesized. these two tandem-repeat fragments were ligated and transfected into prokaryotic expression vector ptrchis a to construct pth-o-a. the other vector called pth-o-scigg-a was constructed similarly only that the two tandem-repeat dna fragments were linked by the bovine-igg hea ...	2004	15346195
foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase: specificity at the p2 and p3 positions and comparison with other papain-like enzymes.	the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase (l(pro)) frees itself from the growing viral polyprotein by self-processing between its own c-terminus and the n-terminus of the subsequent protein vp4. the arglysleulysglyalaglygln sequence is recognized. the proteinase subsequently cleaves the two isoforms of host cell protein eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4g at the alaasnleuglyargthrthrleu (eif4gi) and leuasnvalgly*serargargser (eif4gii) sequences. the enzyme does not, however, recogni ...	2004	15350134
genome comparison of a novel foot-and-mouth disease virus with other fmdv strains.	the genome of a novel foot-and-mouth disease virus, hkn/2002, was 8104 nucleotides (nt) in length (excluding the poly(c) tract and poly(a) tail) and was composed of a 1042-nt 5'-untranslated region (utr), a 6966-nt open reading frame, and a 93-nt 3'-utr. genome sequences of hkn/2002 and other known fmdv strains were compared. the vp1, vp2, and vp3-based neighbor-joining (nj) trees were divided into distinct clusters according to different serotypes, while other region-based nj trees exhibited so ...	2004	15351730
implementation in australia of molecular diagnostic techniques for the rapid detection of foot and mouth disease virus.	to evaluate and implement rapid molecular diagnostic techniques for the detection of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) suitable for use in australia.	2004	15354851
skipping the co-expression problem: the new 2a "chysel" technology.	the rapid progress in the field of genomics is increasing our knowledge of multi-gene diseases. however, any realistic hope of gene therapy treatment for those diseases needs first to address the problem of co-ordinately co-expressing several transgenes. currently, the use of internal ribosomal entry sites (iress) is the strategy chosen by many researchers to ensure co-expression. the large sizes of the iress (~0.5 kb), and the difficulties of ensuring a well-balanced co-expression, have prompte ...	2004	15363111
[expression of fmdv vp1 protein in pichia pastoris and its immunological activity in mice].	to express and identify bovine o type foot and mouth disease virus protein 1 (fmdv vp1) in yeast pichia pastoris.	2004	15367336
molecular epidemiology of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated from cattle in ethiopia between 1979-2001.	partial 1d gene characterization was used to study phylogenetic relationships between 17 serotype o foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses in ethiopia as well as with other o-type isolates from eritrea, kenya, south and west africa, the middle east, asia and south america. a homologous region of 495 bp corresponding to the c-terminus end of the 1d gene was used for phylogenetic analysis. this study described three lineages, viz. african/middle east-asia, cathay and south american. within lineage i ...	2004	15373335
preserved antigenicity of hiv-1 p24 produced and purified in high yields from plants inoculated with a tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-derived vector.	production of structural proteins from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and bovine herpes virus (bhv-1) in nicotiana benthamiana through the use of a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector (tmv-30b) has been reported previously. the development of the tmv-30b-hisc vector, a new version that adds a c-terminal histidine (his) sequence to the foreign protein expressed is described. coding sequences from the fmdv vpl protein and the core protein, p24, from a clade c hiv-1 isolate from zambia were clon ...	2004	15381357
sequencing and analysis for the full-length genome rna of foot-and-mouth disease virus china/99.	the complete nucleotide sequence of genomic rna of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain china/99 from infected bovine tongue epithelium is presented. the nucleotide sequence extending from the 5' end of the genomic rna to the 5' end of poly (a) tail contains 8173 nucleotides (nt). its open reading frame, which encodes a single polypeptide of 2332 amino acids, encompasses 6999 nt starting from the initiation codon aug and terminating at the uaa codon 93 bases upstream from the 5' end of pol ...	2004	15382679
the production and evaluation of a standard diagnostic peste des petits ruminants (ppr) hyperimmune serum prepared from the egyptian antigen (egypt 87).	the aim of this study was to produce a specific hyperimmune serum for diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants (ppr). based on good laboratory practices and standard operating procedures, we produced this reagent in goats using attenuated local strain of pprv. the quality was assured to meet the internationally required levels of potency and sterility. the titer of the product was 1024 as evaluated by virus neutralization (vn) and agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) tests. in its final form, it is a ...	2004	15724381
genetic variation and responses to vaccines.	disease is a major source of economic loss to the livestock industry. understanding the role of genetic factors in immune responsiveness and disease resistance should provide new approaches to the control of disease through development of safe synthetic subunit vaccines and breeding for disease resistance. the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) has been an important candidate locus for immune responsiveness studies. however, it is clear that other loci play an important role. identifying the ...	2004	15984325
molecular imaging and contrast agent database (micad)	integrins belong to the seven transmembrane protein receptor families, and the receptor is composed of an α (24 forms) and a β (8 forms) subunit that can associate in different combinations to produce at least 24 types of heterodimeric molecules as described by bandyopadhyay and raghvan (1). the integrin receptor activity is influenced by the type of constitutive α and β subunit combination, and, depending on the combination, the receptor can promote cell adhesion to fibronectin, laminins, or co ...	2004	20641219
molecular imaging and contrast agent database (micad)	integrins are a family of heterodimeric glycoproteins on cell surfaces that mediate diverse biological events involving cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions (1). integrins consist of an α and a β subunit and are important for cell adhesion and signal transduction. the αvβ3 integrin is the most prominent receptor affecting tumor growth, tumor invasiveness, metastasis, tumor-induced angiogenesis, inflammation, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (2-7). expression of the αvβ3 integrin is stron ...	2004	20641575
[expression of recombinant plasmid pcdna3.1/p12x3c with multi-genes of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bhk-21 cells].	in order to obtain the gene p12x3c of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) that includes full length p1, 2a, 3c and a part of 2b, the site mutation strategy was used. after being digested by kpn i and xba i respectively, the gene p12x3c was cloned into the pcdna3.1 (+) expression vector. the recombinant plasmid was checked by restriction enzyme analysis and nucleic acid sequencing, and then named pcdna3.1/p12x3c. further, bhk-21 cells was transfected with pcdna3.1/p12x3c by using lipoid. the prot ...	2003	15969026
role of nonstructural proteins 3a and 3b in host range and pathogenicity of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) differs from that of other picornaviruses in that it encodes a larger 3a protein (>50% longer than poliovirus 3a), as well as three copies of protein 3b (also known as vpg). previous studies have shown that a deletion of amino acids 93 to 102 of the 153-codon 3a protein is associated with an inability of a taiwanese strain of fmdv (o/taw/97) to cause disease in bovines. recently, an asian virus with a second 3a deletion (amino acids 133 to 143) h ...	2003	14645558
induction of an antigen-specific immune response and partial protection of cattle against challenge infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) after lipopeptide vaccination with fmdv-specific b-cell epitopes.	to evaluate the potential of chemically synthesized lipopeptides for vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), seven lipopeptides containing the immunostimulating principle of bacterial lipoproteins and linear b-cell epitopes of fmdv strain o(1)kaufbeuren (o(1)k) were used to immunize cattle (n=7). animals were vaccinated once and 21 days after immunization animals were infected with the homologous virus. four animals were protected. after vaccination, as well as after challenge infectio ...	2003	14645912
vaccines and companion diagnostic tests for foot-and-mouth disease virus. an overview of the experience in south america.	vaccination constitutes an important control policy for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in affected areas with advanced eradication programmes, as well as in free regions that decide to use immunization as a control measure after a recent introduction of the disease. however, considering that vaccinated animals exposed to fmd virus can establish sub-clinical infection and eventually remain persistently infected, availability of tools to identify sub-clinical infection and its silent transmission wi ...	2003	14677677
vaccines and foot-and-mouth disease eradication in south america.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines have been a component of disease control and eradication strategies in south america ever since the first national programmes were created in the 1960s. by the mid 1970s, with the aid of international loans, fmd control programmes were implemented in almost every country and control measures strengthened. livestock production forms are still a determining factor in the spread and prevalence of fmd and regional control/eradication strategies based on these fo ...	2003	14677678
engineering better vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease.	although efficacious and safe, current vaccines for fmd suffer from drawbacks. among these are that the immune response to the vaccine interferes with the ability to detect vaccinated animals that have subsequently become infected and could carry and shed the virus, creating an obstacle to re-instating disease-free status to countries/regions that vaccinate to control outbreaks. multiple diagnostic tests are available to identify animals that have been infected with fmdv by detection of antibodi ...	2003	14677679
serosurveillance of wild deer and wild boar after the epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in the netherlands in 2001.	blood samples from 140 wild deer and 208 wild boar shot in the aftermath of the epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in the netherlands in 2001 were examined for antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus. they were all negative.	2003	14682541
new approaches to rapidly control foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks.	economically, foot-and-mouth disease is the most important viral-induced livestock disease worldwide. the disease is highly contagious and foot-and-mouth disease virus replicates and spreads extremely rapidly. recent outbreaks in previously foot-and-mouth disease-free countries and the potential use of foot-and-mouth disease virus by terrorist groups have demonstrated the vulnerability of countries and the need to develop control strategies that can rapidly inhibit or limit spread of the disease ...	2003	15482155
a recombinant fusion protein and dna vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia 1 infection in guinea pigs.	on the basis of amino acid (aa) sequence of the tandem repeat 133-158-20-34-133-158 which consisted of aa 133-158 of vp1 and aa 20-34 of vp4 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia 1 a recombinant prokaryotic expression vector pas1-p encoding a fusion protein and eukaryotic expression vectors pas1-e and pas1-edeltacpg-odn representing dna vaccines were constructed. guinea pigs immunized with these vaccines showed both neutralizing antibody and t cell proliferation responses. fmdv challe ...	2003	15068379
the risks posed by the importation of animals vaccinated against foot and mouth disease and products derived from vaccinated animals: a review.	the terrestrial animal health code of the oie (world organisation for animal health) (the terrestrial code) makes recommendations for international movements of live animals and animal products because of a possible generic risk of foot and mouth disease (fmd) for these different commodities. for instance, international movement of vaccinated live animals or products of such animals is restricted due to the possible masking of clinical disease as a result of vaccination and to the perceived risk ...	2003	15005540
a solid-phase blocking elisa for detection of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus antibodies suitable for mass serology.	a simple solid-phase blocking elisa for the detection of antibodies directed against type o foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was developed. the elisa was validated using field sera collected from cattle, pigs and sheep originating from fmdv infected and non-infected dutch farms, reference sera obtained from the world reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease at the institute for animal health, pirbright laboratory, uk and sera from experimentally infected animals. testing 2664 sera coll ...	2003	12445942
co-translational, intraribosomal cleavage of polypeptides by the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a peptide.	during co-translational protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes are docked onto the translocon. this prevents inappropriate exposure of nascent chains to the cytosol and, conversely, cytosolic factors from gaining access to the nascent chain. we exploited this property of co-translational translocation to examine the mechanism of polypeptide cleavage by the 2a peptide of the foot-and-mouth disease virus. we find that the scission reaction is unaffected by placing 2a into a co-tra ...	2003	12522142
the foot-and-mouth disease virus cis-acting replication element (cre) can be complemented in trans within infected cells.	a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutation was identified within the 5'-untranslated region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna. the mutation destabilizes a stem-loop structure recently identified as a cis-acting replication element (cre). genetic analyses indicated that the ts defect in virus replication could be complemented. thus, the fmdv cre can function in trans. it is suggested that the cre be renamed a 3b-uridylylation site (bus).	2003	12525659
synthetic approaches to multivalent lipopeptide dendrimers containing cyclic disulfide epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the synthesis of a multiantigenic peptide dendrimer incorporating four copies of a cyclic disulfide epitope has been undertaken. since standard chemoselective ligation procedures involving thioether formation are inadvisable in the presence of a preformed disulfide, conjugation through a peptide bond between the lipidated branched lysine scaffold and a suitably protected version of the cyclic disulfide has been used instead. several synthetic approaches to the partially protected cyclic disulfid ...	2003	12526703
the history of research in foot-and-mouth disease.	the history of research in foot-and-mouth disease falls into several distinct areas. in this short chapter i have highlighted what i consider to be the significant advances in our knowledge of the disease and its causal agent. 1. loeffler and frosch's landmark description in 1898 that the disease is caused by a filterable agent, the first observation that an animal disease could be caused by a virus. 2. the search for experimental laboratory animals, culminating in the demonstration by waldmann ...	2003	12527434
molecular basis of pathogenesis of fmdv.	current understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has been achieved through over 100 years of study into the biology of the etiologic agent, fmdv. over the last 40 years, classical biochemical and physical analyses of fmdv grown in cell culture have helped to reveal the structure and function of the viral proteins, while knowledge gained by the study of the virus' genetic diversity has helped define structures that are essential for replication and prod ...	2003	12527435
structure and receptor binding.		2003	12527436
evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution is strongly influenced by high mutation rates and a quasispecies dynamics. mutant swarms are subjected to positive selection, negative selection and random drift of genomes. adaptation is the result of selective amplification of subpopulations of genomes. the extent of adaptation to a given environment is quantified by a relative fitness value. fitness values depend on the virus and its physical and biological environment. generally, infections involving la ...	2003	12527437
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is the most economically important veterinary pathogen due to its highly infectious nature, ability to cause persistent infections and long term effects on the condition and productivity of the many animal species it affects. countries which have the disease have many trade restrictions placed upon them. in the last 15 years there have been significant advances in the understanding of fmd epidemiology. these have largely been due to the application of the molecular b ...	2003	12527438
fmd vaccines.		2003	12527439
control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease.		2003	12527440
foot and mouth disease in wildlife.		2003	12527441
comparison of the capacity of different viral internal ribosome entry segments to direct translation initiation in poly(a)-dependent reticulocyte lysates.	polyadenylation stimulates translation of capped eukaryotic mrnas and those carrying picornaviral internal ribosome entry segments (ireses) in vivo. rabbit reticulocyte lysates (rrl) reproduce poly(a)-mediated translation stimulation in vitro after partial depletion of ribosomes and ribosome-associated factors. here, we have evaluated the effects of varying different parameters (extent of extract depletion, cleavage of eif4g, concentrations of kcl, mgcl(2) and programming mrna) on ires-driven tr ...	2003	12527782
evidence of the coevolution of antigenicity and host cell tropism of foot-and-mouth disease virus in vivo.	in this work we analyze the antigenic properties and the stability in cell culture of virus mutants recovered upon challenge of peptide-vaccinated cattle with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) c3 arg85. previously, we showed that a significant proportion of 29 lesions analyzed (41%) contained viruses with single amino acid replacements (r141g, l144p, or l147p) within a major antigenic site located at the g-h loop of vp1, known to participate also in interactions with integrin receptors. here w ...	2003	12502839
novel viral disease control strategy: adenovirus expressing alpha interferon rapidly protects swine from foot-and-mouth disease.	we have previously shown that replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is highly sensitive to alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta). in the present study, we constructed recombinant, replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 vectors containing either porcine ifn-alpha or ifn-beta (ad5-pifnalpha or ad5-pifnbeta). we demonstrated that cells infected with these viruses express high levels of biologically active ifn. swine inoculated with 10(9) pfu of a control ad5 virus lacking the i ...	2003	12502879
engineering of escherichia coli beta-galactosidase for solvent display of a functional scfv antibody fragment.	protein engineering allows the generation of hybrid polypeptides with functional domains from different origins and therefore exhibiting new biological properties. we have explored several permissive sites in escherichia coli beta-galactosidase to generate functional hybrid enzymes displaying a mouse scfv antibody fragment. when this segment was placed at the amino-terminus of the enzyme, the whole fusion protein was stable, maintained its specific activity and interacted specifically with the t ...	2003	12505169
evaluation of automated rt-pcr to accelerate the laboratory diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	automated fluorogenic (5' nuclease probe-based) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedures were evaluated for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) using suspensions of vesicular epithelium, heparinised or clotted blood, milk and oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid ('probang') samples from the united kingdom (uk) 2001 epidemic and on sera from animals experimentally infected with the outbreak serotype o fmd virus strain. a magna pure lc was initially programmed to autom ...	2003	12505626
genome variability and capsid structural constraints of hepatitis a virus.	the number of synonymous mutations per synonymous site (k(s)), the number of nonsynonymous mutations per nonsynonymous site (k(a)), and the codon usage statistic (n(c)) were calculated for several hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates. while k(s) was similar to those of poliovirus (pv) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), k(a) was 1 order of magnitude lower. the n(c) parameter provides information on codon usage bias and decreases when bias increases. the n(c) value in hav was about 38, while in ...	2003	12477850
serotype c foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from india belong to a separate so far not described lineage.	complete 1d gene sequences of 13 indian foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type c field isolates and a vaccine strain (c-bombay/64) were determined. all the field isolates showed a greater genetic homogeneity (95-100%) among themselves and were 19.7-21.2% divergent from the vaccine strain. in the phylogenetic analysis, the indian field isolates formed a separate lineage (lineage vii) different from the previously identified six lineages (lineage i-vi) in type c fmdv [j. virol. 66 (1992) 3557]. ...	2003	12488068
validation of a lightcycler-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the detection of the polymerase gene (3d) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was developed and validated with an analytical sensitivity of equal to, to 1,000 times higher than that of a single passage virus isolation. the performance of the rt-pcr was determined in 180 runs. after implementation, 5.3% of the tests had to be rejected due to invalid controls (e.g. cross-contamination of negative controls). the diagnostic s ...	2003	14500125
mutation in the 1d gene (vp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 during serial cytolytic infections in cell culture.	changes in the nucleotide sequence of the 1d gene of two vaccine strains (ind 63/72 and ind 491/97) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 during serial cytolytic infections in cell culture have been analyzed. sequence comparisons revealed a majority of transition mutations in ind 491/97. the mutation frequency of the 1d gene of ind 491/97 was about 4.5 to 6.0 fold higher than that of ind 63/72. at the amino acids 40-60 and 140-160 regions the mutation frequency was higher compare ...	2003	14505092
immunogenicity of plasmids encoding t and b cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in swine.	in this work, we have investigated the immune response in pigs to two recombinant plasmids containing immunodominant neutralizing antibody epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus structural protein (vp1) coexpressed with viral non-structural proteins as a source of t cell epitopes. the plasmid pcdna3.1/3d15 contained a sequence coding for the 3d polymerase upstream of a sequence coding for peptide fmdv15, a peptide derived from vp1, previously shown to stimulate protective immunity to foot-and- ...	2003	14505908
expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus epitopes in tobacco by a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector.	we expressed two immunogenic dominant epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o in tobacco plant using a vector based on a recombinant tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). the recombinant viruses tmvf11 and tmvf14 contained peptides of 11 and 14 amino acid residues, respectively, from fmdv vp 1 fused to the open reading frame of tmv coat protein (cp) gene between amino acid residues 154 and 155. tmvf11 and tmvf14 systemically infected tobacco plant and produced large quantities of stable ...	2003	14505922
adenovirus-mediated type i interferon expression delays and reduces disease signs in cattle challenged with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important disease of livestock. eliminating fmd outbreaks in previously disease-free countries often relies on restriction of animal movement and massive slaughter of infected and in-contact susceptible animals. to develop a more effective and humane fmd control strategy, we explored the possibility of using type i interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) as a novel anti-fmd agent. we have demonstrated previously that swine inoculated with replication-defective ...	2003	14511462
recovery of infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus from suckling mice after direct inoculation with in vitro-transcribed rna.	we assayed the infectivity of naked foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna by direct inoculation of suckling mice. our results demonstrate that transcripts generated from full-length cdna clones were infectious, as was virion-extracted rna. interestingly, infectious virus could be recovered from a mutant transcript encoding amino acid substitution l-147-->p in capsid protein vp1, known to be noninfectious for bhk-21 cells. the model described here provides a useful tool for virulence studies in ...	2003	14512578
high-pressure freezing in the study of animal pathogens.	high-pressure freezing is applicable to both morphological and immunocytochemical studies. we are investigating the morphogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus and african swine fever virus by the use of high-pressure freezing of infected cells. foot-and-mouth disease virus particles are not detected in sections of conventionally immersion-fixed infected cells, but when the cells are prepared by high-pressure freezing, newly formed virions are readily seen throughout the cell. we report two me ...	2003	14516363
a stochastic-modeling evaluation of the foot-and-mouth-disease survey conducted after the outbreak in miyazaki, japan in 2000.	when foot-and-mouth-disease (fmd) was identified in miyazaki prefecture in march 2000, japan conducted an intensive serological and clinical survey in the areas surrounding the index herd. as a result of the survey during the 21 days of the movement-restriction period, two infected herds were detected and destroyed; there were no other cases in the months that followed. to evaluate the survey used for screening the disease-control area and surveillance area, we estimated the herd-level sensitivi ...	2003	14516716
chloride concentration discriminates between foot-and-mouth disease virus ires-dependent translation and classical scanning translation: new aspects of the picornavirus shutoff mechanism.	some picornaviruses might use the general increase of ionic strength in the host cell that occurs successively after infection to induce shutoff of host protein synthesis and to stimulate viral protein synthesis. in order to investigate this discrimination mode on a molecular level, in vitro experiments under different salt conditions comparing the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) internal ribosome entry site (ires)-dependent translation with the translation via the classical scanning mechani ...	2003	14524471
development of a novel quantitative real-time rt-pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of all serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) spreads extremely fast and the need for rapid and robust diagnostic virus detection systems was obvious during the recent european epidemic. using a novel real-time rt-pcr system based on primer-probe energy transfer (priproet) we present here an assay targeting the 3d gene of fmdv. the assay was validated for the efficacy to detect all known fmdv serotypes. the test method was linear over a range of at least 7 orders of magnitude and the detection limit was b ...	2003	14551821
studies of quantitative parameters of virus excretion and transmission in pigs and cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be spread by a variety of mechanisms and the rate of spread, the incubation period and the severity of disease depend on a multitude of parameters, including the strain of virus, the dose received, the route of introduction, the animal species and the husbandry conditions. more knowledge with regard to these parameters is urgently needed to improve resource-efficient disease control. this report describes detailed studies of fmdv load, excretion and transm ...	2003	14554125
synchronous loss of quasispecies memory in parallel viral lineages: a deterministic feature of viral quasispecies.	viral quasispecies are endowed with a memory of their past evolutionary history in the form of minority genomes of their mutant spectra. to determine the fate of memory genomes in evolving viral quasispecies, we have measured memory levels of antigenic variant of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) red, which includes an arg-glu-asp (red) at a surface antigenic loop of the viral capsid. the red reverted to the standard arg-gly-asp (rgd), and the red remained as memory in the evolving quasispecie ...	2003	14556744
structural organization of a viral ires depends on the integrity of the gnra motif.	little is known about the tertiary structure of internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements. the central domain of foot-and-mouth disease (fmdv) ires, named 3 or i, contains a conserved gnra motif, essential for ires activity. we have combined functional analysis with rna probing to define its structural organization. we have found that a uncg motif does not functionally substitute the gnra motif; moreover, binding of synthetic gnra stem-loops to domain 3 was significantly reduced in rnas beari ...	2003	14561883
molecular diagnostics in an insecure world.	as of october 2001, the potential for use of infectious agents, such as anthrax, as weapons has been firmly established. it has been suggested that attacks on a nations' agriculture might be a preferred form of terrorism or economic disruption that would not have the attendant stigma of infecting and causing disease in humans. highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is on every top ten list available for potential agricultural bioweapon agents, generally following foot and mouth disease virus an ...	2003	14575112
subpol: a novel sucrose-based polymer support for solid-phase peptide synthesis and affinity chromatography applications.	a novel sucrose-based polymer support (subpol) with tailored morphology suitable for the use in solid-phase peptide synthesis (spps) is described, and its application as a hydrophilic affinity matrix for the specific removal of fibrinogen from human plasma is demonstrated. after suspension polymerization of partly methacrylated 2,1':4,6-di-o-isopropylidene sucrose and subsequent removal of the protecting groups, hydrophilic spherical polymer beads were obtained. the morphology of the resulting r ...	2003	14583037
immunization with peptide-functionalized carbon nanotubes enhances virus-specific neutralizing antibody responses.		2003	14583262
immune response in mice inoculated with plasmid dnas containing multiple-epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	this paper focuses on the development of candidate dna vaccine encoding antigenic epitopes of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). a series of plasmids encoding different combinations of b cell epitopes and a t cell epitope were constructed and characterized by inoculating balb/c mice. the specific antibodies were only detectable in the mice inoculated with plasmids encoding the t cell epitope and b cell epitopes from sites 5 and 1, within which site 5 includes residues 135-167 of vp1 and ...	2003	14585679
construction of an infectious chimeric classical swine fever virus containing the 5'utr of bovine viral diarrhea virus, and its application as a universal internal positive control in real-time rt-pcr.	rt-pcr is used widely as a diagnostic method to detect and differentiate pestiviruses. the construction of two chimeric classical swine fever virus (csfv) recombinants based on a marker virus constructed previously [j. virol. 72 (1998) 5318-5322] is described. these viruses, termed va187cat_5utrbvd and va187cat_iresbvd, contain the entire 5' untranslated region (5'utr) or the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), respectively. both chimeric viruses proved to ...	2003	14599682
identification of foot-and-mouth disease from a captive kangaroo in a zoological garden in india.		2003	14601799
conserved nucleotides within the j domain of the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site are required for activity and for interaction with eif4g.	the internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements of cardioviruses (e.g., encephalomyocarditis virus [emcv] and foot-and-mouth disease virus) are predicted to have very similar secondary structures. among these complex rna structures there is only rather limited complete sequence conservation. within the j domain of the emcv ires there are four highly conserved nucleotides (a704, c705, g723, and a724)., which are predicted to be unpaired and have been targeted for mutagenesis. using an ires-depen ...	2003	14610168
immediate protection of swine from foot-and-mouth disease: a combination of adenoviruses expressing interferon alpha and a foot-and-mouth disease virus subunit vaccine.	we have previously shown that swine inoculated with recombinant, replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 containing the porcine interferon alpha gene (ad5-pifnalpha) are completely protected when challenged 1 day later with virulent foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). in the current study, we examined the duration of protection afforded swine by ad5-pifnalpha and the ability of a combination of ad5-pifnalpha and a fmdv subunit vaccine delivered by ad5-a24 (an ad5 vector containing the cap ...	2003	14615155