Publications

a viral protein that blocks arf1-mediated cop-i assembly by inhibiting the guanine nucleotide exchange factor gbf1.	many viruses modify cellular processes for their own benefit. the enterovirus 3a protein inhibits endoplasmic reticulum (er)-to-golgi transport, a function previously suggested to be important for viral suppression of immune responses. here, we show that a virus carrying a 3a protein defective in inhibiting er-to-golgi transport is indeed less virulent in mice, and we unravel the mechanism by which 3a inhibits this trafficking step. evidence is provided that 3a inhibits the activation of the gtp ...	2006	16890159
sensitive, seminested pcr amplification of vp1 sequences for direct identification of all enterovirus serotypes from original clinical specimens.	a reverse transcription-seminested pcr (rt-snpcr) assay was developed for the detection and identification of enterovirus (ev) rna in clinical specimens. three conserved protein motifs were identified by aligning the vp3 and vp1 sequences of prototype ev strains. consensus degenerate primers were designed from a conserved vp3 motif and a distal vp1 motif for the first pcr. consensus-degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers were designed from an internal vp1 motif and used with the same distal v ...	2006	16891480
proteome alterations in human host cells infected with coxsackievirus b3.	coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is a common factor in human myocarditis. the interplay between host factors and virus components is crucial for the fate of the infected cells. despite that, host protein responses, which characterize cvb3-induced diseases, have not yet been determined in detail. to investigate the nature of modified protein patterns in infected human cells compared with uninfected cells, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization- ...	2006	16894202
a gcua tetranucleotide loop found in the poliovirus oril by in vivo selex (un)expectedly forms a ynmg-like structure: extending the ynmg family with gyya.	the cloverleaf structure in the 5'-untranslated region of enterovirus rna that regulates viral rna replication contains an evolutionarily conserved ynmg tetraloop closed by a y-g base pair. this loop is believed to interact specifically with the viral protease 3c. to further characterize the specificity of this interaction, the tetraloop and two flanking base pairs of the poliovirus rna were randomized, and viable viral clones were obtained using in vivo selex. among many different mutants with ...	2006	16894217
anicteric hepatitis in an adult associated with coxsackie b4 virus infection.		2006	16896586
flow fingerprinting fecal pollution and suspended solids in stormwater runoff from an urban coastal watershed.	field studies were conducted to characterize the concentration vs streamflow relationships (or "flow fingerprints") of fecal pollution and suspended solids in stormwater runoff from the santa ana river watershed, the largest watershed in southern california. the concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria and f+ coliphages (viruses infecting e. coli) exhibit little-to-no dependence on streamflow rates, whereas the concentrations of total suspended solids (tss) exhibit a very strong (power-law) de ...	2006	16903282
structure of the virus capsid protein vp1 of enterovirus 71 predicted by some homology modeling and molecular docking studies.	the homology modeling technique has been used to construct the structure of enterovirus 71 (ev 71) capsid protein vp1. the protein is consisted of 297 amino acid residues and treated as the target. the amino acid sequence identity between the target protein and sequences of template proteins 1eah, 1piv, and 1d4m searched from ncbi protein blast and workbench protein tools were 38, 37, and 36%, respectively. based on these template structures, the protein model was constructed by using the insigh ...	2006	16868986
pitfalls in the diagnosis of enteroviral infection in young children.	three infants with enteroviral infections were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu). investigation into the possible nosocomial spread of enterovirus identified 31 other infected infants. only 1 of the 31 was truly positive; 30 were false-positive results.	2006	16874166
genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 associated with hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in japan from 1983 to 2003.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major etiologic agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). the surveillance data indicate that ev71 infection follows an epidemic mode of transmission, causing large outbreaks and then becoming quiescent for a few years.	2006	16874167
diagnosis of viral encephalitides: nonzoonotic-associated viruses.		2006	16874175
arsenic is decreased in target organs during viral infection in mice.	arsenic (as), a potentially toxic trace element, has been shown to influence viral replication and resistance to microbial infection. however, the impact of infection on the normal as status in target organs involved in the disease process has not been studied to date. in the present study, as was measured through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the plasma, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, pancreas and brain at days 1 and 3 of coxsackievirus b3 infection in female balb/c mice. the s ...	2006	16785052
recombinant newcastle disease virus capsids displaying enterovirus 71 vp1 fragment induce a strong immune response in rabbits.	the complete vp1 protein of ev71 was truncated into six segments and fused to the c-terminal ends of full-length nucleocapsid protein (npfl) and truncated np (npt; lacks 20% amino acid residues from its c-terminal end) of newcastle disease virus (ndv). western blot analysis using anti-vp1 rabbit serum showed that the n-terminal region of the vp1 protein contains a major antigenic region. the recombinant proteins carrying the truncated vp1 protein, vp1(1-100), were expressed most efficiently in e ...	2006	16789020
polioviruses and other enteroviruses isolated from faecal samples of patients with acute flaccid paralysis in australia, 1996-2004.	acute flaccid paralysis (afp) is the most common clinical presentation of acute poliovirus infection, occurring in 0.1-1% of infected cases. afp surveillance has been used world-wide to monitor the control and eradication of circulating wild poliovirus. this study aims to review the significance of all enteroviruses, including polioviruses, isolated from patients with afp in australia between 1996 and 2004.	2006	16737480
polyadenylation of genomic rna and initiation of antigenomic rna in a positive-strand rna virus are controlled by the same cis-element.	genomes and antigenomes of many positive-strand rna viruses contain 3'-poly(a) and 5'-poly(u) tracts, respectively, serving as mutual templates. mechanism(s) controlling the length of these homopolymeric stretches are not well understood. here, we show that in coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) and three other enteroviruses the poly(a) tract is approximately 80-90 and the poly(u) tract is approximately 20 nt-long. mutagenesis analysis indicate that the length of the cvb3 3'-poly(a) is determined by the or ...	2006	16738134
quantitation of hepatitis a virus and enterovirus levels in the lagoon canals and lido beach of venice, italy, using real-time rt-pcr.	in order to assess the microbial water quality of the lagoon canals of venice, italy and nearby beach on lido island, a study was conducted using real-time rt-pcr to enumerate levels of hepatitis a virus (hav) and enteroviruses in these marine waters over a 3-year period from 2003 to 2005. a total of 17 sites (9 lagoon canal and 8 beach sites) were assayed. for the canals of the venice lagoon, 78% were positive for both hav and enteroviruses, with levels ranging from 75 to 730 and 3 to 1,614 gen ...	2006	16740290
rapid one-step quantitative reverse transcriptase pcr assay with competitive internal positive control for detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples.	human enteroviruses can serve as a more accurate indicator of human fecal contamination than conventional bacteriological fecal indicators. we describe here a quantitative reverse transcriptase pcr (qrt-pcr) assay specifically tailored to detect these viruses in environmental waters. the assay included a competitive internal positive control (cipc) that allowed the inhibition of qrt-pcrs to be quantitatively assessed. coamplification of the cipc with enteroviral genetic material did not affect t ...	2006	16751503
enteral virus infections in early childhood and an enhanced type 1 diabetes-associated antibody response to dietary insulin.	enteral virus infections may trigger the development of beta-cell-specific autoimmunity by interacting with the gut-associated lymphoid system. we analyzed the effect of three different virus infections on immunization to dietary insulin in children carrying increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. forty-six of 238 children developed multiple diabetes-associated autoantibodies and 31 clinical diabetes (median follow-up time 75 months). insulin-binding antibodies were measured with eia method ...	2006	16757149
combining multiplex reverse transcription-pcr and a diagnostic microarray to detect and differentiate enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16.	cluster a enteroviruses, including enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16), are known to cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). despite the close genetic relationship between these two viruses, ev71 is generally known to be a more perpetuating pathogen involved in severe clinical manifestations and deaths. while the serotyping of enteroviruses is mostly done by conventional immunological methods, many clinical isolates remain unclassifiable due to the limited number of antibodies ...	2006	16757623
the role of viruses in the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults.	the role of viruses in community-acquired pneumonia may have been previously underestimated. we aimed to study the incidence and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) due to respiratory viruses in adults adding pcr to routine conventional laboratory tests.	2006	16759052
optimisation of rt-pcr for detection of enteroviruses.	enteroviruses are members of enterovirus genus of picornaviridae family. on the basis of their pathogenesis and host range, most human enteroviruses are classified into one of three groups (coxsackie's viruses, echoviruses and polioviruses). some unclassified human enteroviruses may cause bronchitis (type 68), acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (type 70), meningitis and paralysis (types 70 and 71) and hepatitis (type 72 or hepatitis a virus). enteroviruses can be propagate in primary cultures of h ...	2006	16761511
genetic variation of coxsackie virus b5 strains associated with aseptic meningitis in greece.	in order to explore the genetic relationships among coxsackie virus b5 strains in greece, the nucleotide sequences of the partial vp1 gene in strains isolated from aseptic cases of meningitis were determined and compared with those of strains isolated from other countries. phylogenetic analysis showed a high degree of divergence (25%) among greek strains isolated in different years, which clustered with high bootstrap values in a different subgroup of viruses, suggesting that enterovirus types v ...	2006	16774571
n- and 6-o-sulfated heparan sulfates mediate internalization of coxsackievirus b3 variant pd into cho-k1 cells.	recently, it was demonstrated that the coxsackievirus b3 variant pd (cvb3 pd) is able to infect coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (car)-lacking cells by using heparan sulfates (hs) as additional receptors (a. e. zautner, u. korner, a. henke, c. badorff, and m. schmidtke, j. virol. 77:10071-10077, 2003). for this study, competition experiments with growth factors binding to known hs sequences as well as with specifically desulfated heparins were performed with chinese hamster ovary cells (cho-k1 ...	2006	16775350
inhibition of protein trafficking by coxsackievirus b3: multiple viral proteins target a single organelle.	despite replicating to very high titers, coxsackieviruses do not elicit strong cd8 t-cell responses, perhaps because antigen presentation is inhibited by virus-induced disruption of host protein trafficking. herein, we evaluated the effects of three viral nonstructural proteins (2b, 2bc, and 3a) on intracellular trafficking. all three of these proteins inhibited secretion, to various degrees, and directly associated with the golgi complex, causing trafficking proteins to accumulate in this compa ...	2006	16775351
antiviral activity and constituent of ardisia chinensis benth against coxsackie b3 virus.	ardisia chinensis benth is a medicinal plant traditionally used in the area of yao minority in southern china. the in vitro antiviral activities of extracts and fractions from ardisia chinensis were tested by the cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction assay in the present study. as a result, both the aqueous extract and the 95% ethanol extract of ardisia chinensis showed in vitro antiviral activity against coxsackie b3 (cox b3) virus to different extents, and the aqueous extract possessed more potent ...	2006	16775812
respiratory viruses in children with invasive pneumococcal disease.		2006	16779762
enteroviral meningitis: natural history and outcome of pleconaril therapy.	enteroviral meningitis causes appreciable morbidity in adults, including hospitalization, decreased activity, and headache. limited data define the natural history of disease. no antiviral therapeutic agent has demonstrated improved outcome in controlled clinical trials. pleconaril, an inhibitor of enterovirus replication, was tested in two placebo-controlled clinical trials. of 607 randomized patients in a multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled study of pleconaril (200 mg three times dail ...	2006	16801419
oral poliovaccine: will it help eradicate polio or cause the next epidemic?	poliovirus rapidly evolves by nucleic acid substitutions and genetic recombination with other polioviruses and non-polio enteroviruses. evolving oral poliovaccine can rapidly revert to neurovirulence and undergo antigenic alterations.	2006	16805227
acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreak in the city of fortaleza, northeast brazil.	between february and may 2003 an epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis affected more than 200 000 people in all five geographic regions of brazil (north, south, midwestern, southeast, and northeast). the aim was to identify the aetiological agent and to describe clinical aspects of this outbreak in a group of patients treated at the ophthalmology department of the hospital walter cantídio (od-hwc) at the universidade federal do ceará, in the city of fortaleza, capital of the state of cea ...	2006	16809381
in vitro screening of traditionally used medicinal plants in china against enteroviruses.	to search for new antiviral agents from traditional chinese medicine, specifically anti-enteroviruses agents.	2006	16810764
protection of neonatal mice from lethal enterovirus 71 infection by maternal immunization with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing vp1 of enterovirus 71.	this study describes the potential use of attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains to express and deliver vp1 of enterovirus 71 (ev71) as a vaccination strategy to prevent ev71 infection in mice. when orally administered to balb/c mice, both attenuated carrier strains, cnp101 and sl7207, were able to efficiently invade livers and spleens, while only the virulence plasmid-carrying strain sl7207 persisted for more than 30 days in these organs. a recombinant in vivo-regulated prom ...	2006	16815726
[identification and typing of human enteroviruses using an rt-pcr assay].	to establish a molecular detection and typing assay for identification and typing of human enteroviruses (hev) which is suitable for clinical detection and epidemiologic research.	2006	16816868
coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.	coxsackievirus (cvb) infection is a significant cause of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm). heart disease may be caused by direct cytopathic effects of the virus, a pathologic immune response to persistent virus, or autoimmunity triggered by the viral infection. cvb interacts with its host at multiple stages during disease development. signaling through viral receptors may alter the intracellular environment in addition to facilitating virus entry. viral genetic determinants that enco ...	2006	16817756
decay-accelerating factor (cd55) promotes cd1d expression and vgamma4+ t-cell activation in coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis.	balb/c mice infected with the h3 variant of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) develop severe myocarditis which is initiated by up-regulation of cd1d during infection and cd1d-dependent activation of t cells expressing the vgamma4 t cell receptor. previous studies have shown that a mutant variant of the h3 virus which shows reduced binding avidity to one of the known cvb3 virus receptors, decay accelerating factor (daf), fails to up-regulate cd1d or activate vgamma4+ cells. to determine if daf has a role ...	2006	16817758
influenza and other respiratory virus-related emergency department visits among young children.	influenza and other winter respiratory viruses cause substantial morbidity among children. previous estimates of the burden of illness of these viruses have neglected to include the emergency department, where a large number of patients seek acute care for respiratory illnesses. this study provides city- and statewide population estimates of the burden of illness attributable to respiratory viruses for children receiving emergency department-based care for respiratory infections during the winte ...	2006	16818524
bacterial coinfections in children with viral wheezing.	bacterial coinfections occur in respiratory viral infections, but the attack rates and the clinical profile are not clear. the aim of this study was to determine bacterial coinfections in children hospitalized for acute expiratory wheezing with defined viral etiology. a total of 220 children aged 3 months to 16 years were investigated. the viral etiology of wheezing was confirmed by viral culture, antigen detection, serologic investigation, and/or pcr. specific antibodies to common respiratory b ...	2006	16819619
sentinel surveillance for human enterovirus 71 in sarawak, malaysia: lessons from the first 7 years.	a major outbreak of human enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot and mouth disease in sarawak in 1997 marked the beginning of a series of outbreaks in the asia pacific region. some of these outbreaks had unusually high numbers of fatalities and this generated much fear and anxiety in the region.	2006	16827926
[molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of enteroviruses inducing the outbreaks and seasonal rises of morbidity in different regions of the republic of belarus].	as shown by the results of the analysis, viruses echo 30 circulating over the period of the last 8 years in belarus, belonged to 3 different genetic subtypes which earlier or simultaneously circulated in other european states. the outbreaks of enterovirus infections (evi) were facilitated by the appearance of a genetic viral subtype, relatively "new" for human population, and which had not earlier circulated on this territory. thus, the development of outbreak morbidity in 2003 was caused by a c ...	2006	16830583
enteroviral infection outbreak in the republic of belarus: principal characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of etiological agents.	for the last decade enterovirus outbreaks were registered in all of six districts of belarus. two of them, reported in 1997 (in gomel) and in 2003 (in minsk), were the most extensive and involved 461 and 1,351 patients respectively. virus echo 30 was identified as the dominant etiologic agent of the outbreak in 1997 whereas co-circulation of echo 30, echo 6 and coxsackievirus b5 took place in 2003. analysis of clinical manifestations during the minsk outbreak revealed unusually high rate of seve ...	2006	16830607
occurrence of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages infecting enteric bacteria in groundwater in different geographical areas.	the aim of this research was to determine the suitability of coliphages (bacteriophages) for assessing the microbial quality of groundwater.	2006	16834595
development of a real-time pcr assay based on primer-probe energy transfer for the detection of swine vesicular disease virus.	a real-time pcr assay based on primer-probe energy transfer (priproet) was developed to detect swine vesicular disease virus (svdv). specificity tests of svdv and heterologous virus showed specific amplification of svdv strains only. the amplification plot for the closely related coxsackievirus b5 remained negative. the sensitivity of assay was five copies of viral genome equivalents. a key point of the assay is tolerance toward mutations in the probe region. melting curve analysis directly afte ...	2006	16835700
effects of ozone exposure on inactivation of intra- and extracellular enterovirus 71.	in this study, the potential of ozone in inactivating enterovirus 71 (ev71) free particles was investigated using either various ozone flow rates of 100, 80 or 60 mg/h or a constant flow rate of 80 mg/h, given to culture medium or various ph culture media containing ev71, respectively. results demonstrated that ev71 inactivation by ozone was related to the kinetics of ozone solubility, approximately 99% inactivation being obtained in the exponential phase of ozone solubility. however, the inacti ...	2006	16838411
novel role for integrin-linked kinase in modulation of coxsackievirus b3 replication and virus-induced cardiomyocyte injury.	viral myocarditis is a major cause of sudden cardiac death in children and young adults. among viruses, coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is the most common agent for myocarditis. recently, more consideration has been given to the role of signaling pathways in pathogenesis of enteroviral myocarditis, providing new platform for identifying a new potential therapeutic target for this, so far, incurable disease. previously, we reported on the role of the protein kinase-b/akt in cvb3 replication and virus-in ...	2006	16840719
the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral infections.	the cellular biological function of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as a major intracellular protein degradation pathway, and as an important modulator for the regulation of many fundamental cellular processes has been greatly appreciated over the last decade. the critical role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral pathogenesis has become increasingly apparent. many viruses have been reported to evolve different strategies to utilize the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for their own benefit ...	2006	16845885
human herpesvirus 1 protein us3 induces an inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport.	previous studies have identified virus proteins that traffic to mitochondria and may affect mitochondrial function. here, it is reported that human herpesvirus 1 (hhv-1, herpes simplex virus 1) and influenza virus reduced mitochondrial respiration, whilst measles virus, cytomegalovirus, coxsackievirus b4 and feline calicivirus did not. the inhibition of total cellular respiration was caused by a block in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. this effect occurred during beta-phase protein s ...	2006	16847111
enterovirus infection as a possible cause of pityriasis rosea: demonstration by immunochemical staining.		2006	16847226
molecular typing of enteroviruses associated with viral meningitis in cyprus, 2000-2002.	human enteroviruses are responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical diseases affecting many different organ systems. although infection is usually asymptomatic, infections of the central nervous system manifested as meningitis or encephalitis can pose a serious public health problem, especially during outbreaks. in this study, samples from 218 patients diagnosed with enteroviral meningitis between january 2000 and december 2002 were analysed in order to assess the epidemiology of human enterovir ...	2006	16849723
modeling the ligand-receptor interaction for a series of inhibitors of the capsid protein of enterovirus 71 using several three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship techniques.	the structure of enterovirus 71 (ev71) capsid protein vp1 has been constructed by using homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation techniques. the ligand structures were a series of ev71 vp1 inhibitors synthesized by shia et al. in 2002 and chern et al. in 2004. the training set was selected by the volsurf4.1/pca program and the ic50 values varied from 0.06 to 10.83 microm. then, the training set was analyzed by the following three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationshi ...	2006	16854057
modulation of cytokine production by intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with enterovirus 71-associated brainstem encephalitis.	several epidemics of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections occurred in taiwan since 1998.	2006	16861032
x-linked agammaglobulinemia: report on a united states registry of 201 patients.	x-linked agammaglobulinemia (xla) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene for bruton tyrosine kinase (btk) that result in the deficient development of b lymphocytes and hypogammaglobulinemia. because the disorder is uncommon, no single institution has had sufficient numbers of patients to develop a comprehensive clinical picture of the disorder. accordingly, a national registry of united states residents with xla was established in 1999 to provide an updated clinical view o ...	2006	16862044
[investigation of viral pathogens contributing to habitual abortion].	to investigate the association of coxsackie b virus (cbv) with habitual abortion.	2006	16864103
idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy as a late complication of healed viral (coxsackie b virus) myocarditis: historical analysis, review of the literature, and a postulated unifying hypothesis.	a historically based literature review of the relationship between acute viral myocarditis and the subsequent development of a dilated cardiomyopathic state is presented. a strong emphasis on a state of definitional ambiguity in the literature as regards the timing of the myopathic state following a viral infection is noted, i.e. does the myopathic state develop acutely and concomitantly with viral myocarditis due to overwhelming viral mediated myocardial cell necrosis, subacutely due to negativ ...	2006	16867849
astragaloside iv exerts antiviral effects against coxsackievirus b3 by upregulating interferon-gamma.	coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is a major pathogen for viral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in children and young adults. the aim of this study was to determine the antiviral effects of astragaloside iv against cvb3, and the underlying mechanism. first, we evaluated antiviral effects of astragaloside iv in vitro by measuring the virus titers of cvb3 in primarily cultured myocardial cells infected with cvb3, and in vivo by assessing the morbidity, mortality, heart-to-body weight ratio (hw/bw), ...	2006	16495755
nucleocytoplasmic traffic disorder induced by cardioviruses.	some picornaviruses, for example, poliovirus, increase bidirectional permeability of the nuclear envelope and suppress active nucleocytoplasmic transport. these activities require the viral protease 2a(pro). here, we studied nucleocytoplasmic traffic in cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv; a cardiovirus), which lacks the poliovirus 2a(pro)-related protein. emcv similarly enhanced bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic traffic. by using the fluorescent "timer" protein, which contains a ...	2006	16501080
particle-induced myeloperoxidase release in serially diluted whole blood quantifies the number and the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils and opsonization capacity of plasma.	luminol-amplified chemiluminescence (cl) from phagocytes has previously been shown to be almost completely dependent on the release of myeloperoxidase (mpo) from azurophilic granules. we measured the luminol-amplified chemiluminescence response (wbcl) by using serially diluted whole blood. in these experiments, non-opsonized and serum-opsonized zymosan (nwbcl and owbcl, respectively) were used concurrently as phagocytosable particles. we found two whole-blood dilution ranges with clinical signif ...	2006	16502478
lack of seasonal variation in idiopathic talipes equinovarus.	one proposed etiology of idiopathic talipes equinovarus is an in utero enterovirus infection. enterovirus infections demonstrate seasonal variation in temperate climates.	2006	16510813
investigation of treatment failure in neonatal echovirus 7 infection.	we describe a case of fatal neonatal enteroviral infection caused by echovirus 7. multiple treatments, including specific antiviral therapy, were attempted and failed. studies of the viral isolate, maternal plasma, intravenous immunoglobulin preparations and pleconaril were performed to identify potential causes for treatment failure.	2006	16511392
pathogenic bacteria and viruses in induced sputum or pharyngeal secretions of adults with stable asthma.	respiratory infections are well known triggers of asthma exacerbations, but their role in stable adult asthma remains unclear.	2006	16517571
complement receptor 1 and 2 deficiency increases coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure by increasing macrophages, il-1beta, and immune complex deposition in the heart.	complement and complement receptors (cr) play a central role in immune defense by initiating the rapid destruction of invading microorganisms, amplifying the innate and adaptive immune responses, and mediating solubilization and clearance of immune complexes. defects in the expression of c or cr have been associated with loss of tolerance to self proteins and the development of immune complex-mediated autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. in this study, we examined the role o ...	2006	16517720
expression, purification and characterization of enterovirus-71 virus-like particles.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been implicated as the etiological agent responsible for the recent outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease associated with severe neurological diseases in the asia-pacific region.	2006	16521221
[nephritis induced by viral infection: pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and therapy].		2006	16523958
[the expression of dystrophin in human viral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy].	in order to improve the accuracy and reliability in sudden cardiac death, the pathogenesis and relationship between the viral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy were investigated.	2006	16524176
hepatitis c virus-related internal ribosome entry sites are found in multiple genera of the family picornaviridae.	the internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements from porcine enterovirus 8 and simian virus 2, two members of a proposed new genus within the family picornaviridae, were characterized. these ires elements, in common with the porcine teschovirus 1 ires, were found to be related functionally and structurally to the ires element from hepatitis c virus, a member of the family flaviviridae. partial secondary structure predictions were derived and functional assays demonstrated that these ires elemen ...	2006	16528042
[serous meningitis].	during the second half of the 1950s serous meningitis and other enterovirus-induced diseases played one of the leading roles in human pathology in the world. since the introduction of oral poliomyelitis vaccine (opv) into wide medical practice from the beginning of the 1960s and during the subsequent decades the number of epidemics and the morbidity level in enterovirus-induced diseases sharply dropped. this was probably due to the interference of enteroviruses circulating in nature and vaccine ...	2006	16532653
removal of viruses, parasitic protozoa and microbial indicators in conventional and membrane processes in a wastewater pilot plant.	the aim of this study was to investigate variations in the occurrence and removal of enterovirus and norovirus genomes, giardia cysts, cryptosporidium oocysts and the most commonly used faecal indicators in a swedish wastewater pilot plant. paired samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of each treatment line: tertiary filtration, membrane bioreactor (mbr) and upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (uasb). (oo)cysts and indicators were enumerated using standard methods and viruses using rt-pcr. g ...	2006	16533517
competitive translation efficiency at the picornavirus type 1 internal ribosome entry site facilitated by viral cis and trans factors.	enteroviruses (evs) overcome their host cells by usurping the translation machinery to benefit viral gene expression. this is accomplished through alternative translation initiation in a cap-independent manner at the viral internal ribosomal entry site (ires). we have investigated the role of cis- and trans-acting viral factors in ev ires translation in living cells. we observed that considerable portions of the viral genome, including the 5'-proximal open reading frame and the 3' untranslated r ...	2006	16537598
mrna translation is compartmentalized to the endoplasmic reticulum following physiological inhibition of cap-dependent translation.	eukaryotic cells utilize a cycle of ribosome trafficking on the endoplasmic reticulum (er) to partition mrnas between the cytosol and er compartments. in this process, ribosomes engaged in the synthesis of signal sequence-bearing proteins are trafficked to the endoplasmic reticulum via the signal-recognition particle pathway and are released from the er upon translation termination. though the processes governing ribosome trafficking to the er are well understood, little is known regarding the c ...	2006	16540694
transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of rhabdomyosarcoma cells reveal differential cellular gene expression in response to enterovirus 71 infection.	insights into the host antiviral strategies as well as viral disease manifestations can be achieved through the elucidation of host- and virus-mediated transcriptional responses. an oligo-based microarray was employed to analyse mrnas from rhabdomyosarcoma cells infected with the ms/7423/87 strain of enterovirus 71 (ev71) at 20 h post infection. using acuity software and lowess normalization, 152 genes were found to be downregulated while 39 were upregulated by greater than twofold. altered tran ...	2006	16548883
enterovirus rna shedding in the genital tract of childbearing-aged women living in central africa.	enteroviruses (evs) (picornaviridae) in the female genital tract may constitute possible sources of antenatal or perinatal infection. the presence of ev genomes in the acellular part of cervicovaginal lavages of 119 non-pregnant childbearing-aged african women was determined using a semiquantitative rt-pcr and hybridization detection assay. ev-specific cervicovaginal iga and igg antibodies were also detected by immunocapture elisa assays. of 119 cvs samples tested, only 10 (8%) were positive for ...	2006	16555273
the vp1 protein of human enterovirus 71 self-associates via an interaction domain spanning amino acids 66-297.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a major etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). several recent outbreaks of hfmd in east asia were associated with neurological complications and numerous deaths. in 2000, an outbreak in singapore afflicted thousands of children, resulting in four fatal cases from whom ev71 was isolated. the virus possesses four structural proteins vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4, each of which is involved in forming the pentameric icosahedral structure of the virus. here we re ...	2006	16555287
a membrane-based quantitative carrier test to assess the virucidal activity of disinfectants and persistence of viruses on porous fomites.	a membrane-based quantitative carrier test method to assess the virucidal activity of disinfectants and the persistence of viruses on fomites under different environmental conditions is described. the method is based on the inactivation of the virus adsorbed to cellulose ester membranes followed by the direct enumeration of the viruses surviving the treatment without the need of an elution step. the method was suitable for four different human enteroviruses tested. experiments comparing the infe ...	2006	16563525
decreased in vitro type 1 immune response against coxsackie virus b4 in children with type 1 diabetes.	enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie virus b4 (cvb4), are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. we wanted to compare the characteristics of t-cell immune response to cvb4 in children with type 1 diabetes and healthy children with and without hla risk-associated haplotypes (hla-dr3-dq2 or hla-dr4-dq8) for type 1 diabetes. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) were isolated and cultured with cvb4 and analyzed for cytokine and chemokine receptors by flow cytometry ...	2006	16567521
evolution of virulence in picornaviruses.	the picornaviridae encompass many positive-strand rna viruses, all of which share a generally similar genome design and capsid structure, but which induce quite diverse diseases in humans and other animals. picornavirus strains of the same serotype have been shown to express different virulence (or pathogenic) phenotypes when studied in animal models, demonstrating that key elements of pathogenesis reside in the viral genome. however, the genetics that determine the virulence phenotype of any pi ...	2006	16568900
[acute onset ataxia in infancy: its aetiology, treatment and follow-up].	acute childhood ataxia is a cause of referency to the pediatric emergency room. aim. to characterize the etiology, clinical picture, management, and outcome of acute ataxia in our hospital.	2006	16575766
rectal bleeding in infancy: clinical, allergological, and microbiological examination.	rectal bleeding is an alarming symptom and requires additional investigation. in infants it has been explained mainly by hypersensitivity. in addition to dietary antigens, intraluminal microbial agents challenge the immature gut mucosa. although controlled in the mature gut, these antigens may induce inflammation in the developing gastrointestinal tract. the objectives of this study were to evaluate prospectively the clinical course of rectal bleeding and evaluate the impact of cow's milk allerg ...	2006	16585287
[removal of coliphages by wastewater treatment processes].	the concentrations of somatic coliphages (sc) and f-specific rna bacteriophages in effluent of three wastewater treatment plants in beijing city were detected. somatic coliphages and f-rna bacteriophages in source wastewater were 6.25 x 10(3) - 1.34 x 10(4) pfu x ml(-1) and 2.4 x 10 - 2.4 x 10(3) pfu x ml(-1) respectively, and the corresponding average removal rates were 72.45% - 99.89 % and 57.84% - 93.06% by the wastewater processes, and which were lower than that of faecal coliforms. biologic ...	2006	16599125
paediatric investigators collaborative network on infections in canada (picnic) study of aseptic meningitis.	the seasonality, clinical and radiographic features and outcome of aseptic meningitis have been described for regional outbreaks but data from a wider geographic area is necessary to delineate the epidemiology of this condition.	2006	16603090
[laboratory network within the polio eradication initiative (1998-2003): six years of surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis in spain].	worldwide poliomyelitis eradication was proposed in 1988 by the world health organization (who), based on reaching and maintaining high vaccination coverage and on implementing effective poliovirus infection surveillance systems.	2006	16606558
acanthamoeba castellanii promotion of in vitro survival and transmission of coxsackie b3 viruses.	this work was undertaken to determine whether acanthamoeba could play a role in the survival and transmission of coxsackieviruses and focused on in vitro interactions between acanthamoeba castellanii and coxsackie b3 viruses (cvb-3). residual virus titer evaluations and immunofluorescence experiments revealed a remarkable cvb-3 adsorption on amoeba surfaces and accumulation inside cells. the survival of viruses was independent of the dynamics of amoeba replication and encystment. in addition, ou ...	2006	16607014
coxsackievirus protein 2bc blocks host cell apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3.	virus infection may induce host cell death by apoptosis, but some dna viruses are capable of preventing this process. rna viruses were thought not to display anti-apoptotic activities, as their spread appears to benefit from a rapid induction of cell death. here, we report an antiapoptotic activity in the picornavirus coxsackievirus b4 (cvb4). cvb4 infection of hela cells induced negligible apoptosis over a period of 10 h. however, infected cells developed resistance to drug-induced apoptosis us ...	2006	16608851
current status of anti-picornavirus therapies.	picornaviruses are important human pathogens causing severe morbidity and some mortality with the potential to cause worldwide crippling disease. currently, there are few treatments for many of the viruses in the picornaviridae, for rhinoviruses, there are no approved treatments, although ruprintrivir looks promising in clinical trials and pyridazinyl oxime ethers may prove useful. poliovirus treatments are needed to supplement the world health organization's polio eradication plan in order to t ...	2006	16611122
iron and copper accumulation in the brain of coxsackievirus-infected mice exposed to cadmium.	cadmium (cd) is a potentially toxic metal widely distributed in the environment and known to cause adverse health effects in humans. during coxsackievirus infection, the concentrations of essential and nonessential trace elements (e.g., iron (fe), copper (cu), and cd) change in different target organs of the infection. fe and cu are recognized cofactors in host defence reactions, and fe is known to be associated with certain pathological conditions of the brain. however, whether nonessential tra ...	2006	16616136
[expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor in hearts of mice with experimental viral myocarditis and its regulatory mechanism].		2006	16624033
expression of the coxsackievirus- and adenovirus receptor in gastrointestinal cancer correlates with tumor differentiation.	modified adenoviruses represent a new approach to treatment of gastrointestinal cancer. however, their uptake by cells in many cases requires the major receptor for adenoviruses, the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (car). thus, lack of car expression is a potential cause of intrinsic resistance of tumor cells to this type of treatment. to evaluate this, we studied the localization of car protein in normal and malignant gastrointestinal tissues. in normal tissues, car was concentrated at s ...	2006	16628228
enterovirus 71 infection induces fas ligand expression and apoptosis of jurkat cells.	t-cell depletion is found in enterovirus 71 (ev71)-infected patients with pulmonary edema. however, the mechanism that causes t-cell depletion is unclear. to address this question, the effects of ev71 infection on the cell viability of human jurkat t cells were studied. viable viruses were recovered from both the culture supernatant and the cell lysate of jurkat cells after ev71 infection. results from reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and immunofluorescence assay confirme ...	2006	16628611
white matter damage in neonatal enterovirus meningoencephalitis.	the authors report six neonates with enteroviral meningoencephalitis. five infants presented with prolonged seizures, and one presented with systemic enteroviral disease. cranial ultrasonography showed increased echogenicity in the periventricular white matter, and mri confirmed mild to severe white matter damage in all infants, which looked similar to periventricular leukomalacia. two infants developed cerebral palsy: one was neurologically suspect at age 18 months, and three were developmental ...	2006	16636251
intra-laboratory validation of a concentration method adapted for the enumeration of infectious f-specific rna coliphage, enterovirus, and hepatitis a virus from inoculated leaves of salad vegetables.	salad vegetables exposed to fecal contamination may cause outbreaks of hepatitis or gastro-enteritis if they are eaten raw. a procedure, based on elution with phosphate-buffered saline and concentration by filtration through membrane filters, was developed for the recovery of enteric viruses from salad leaves. the method was evaluated using lettuce leaves inoculated with hepatitis a virus (hav), poliovirus, and ms2 bacteriophage. in addition, this method was validated by an intra-laboratory stud ...	2006	16387377
detection of rhinoviruses by tissue culture and two independent amplification techniques, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification and reverse transcription-pcr, in children with acute respiratory infections during a winter season.	five hundred seventeen consecutive nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected between october 1998 and may 1999 for episodes of acute respiratory tract infections in children presenting at the university hospital of antwerp. culture and nucleic acid amplification techniques--nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) and reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr)--were applied to detect rhinoviruses (rvs). other respiratory viruses were detected by immunofluorescence (if) analysis of the specimens a ...	2006	16390965
clinical and diagnostic findings of an echovirus meningitis outbreak in the north west of england.	an outbreak of echovirus meningitis occurred in the north west of england in 2001. this paper reviewed the clinical features and the role of different diagnostic methods.	2006	16397083
the effect of oral pleconaril on hepatic cytochrome p450 3a activity in healthy adults using intravenous midazolam as a probe.	pleconaril is a viral capsid inhibitor under evaluation for treatment of infections caused by rhinoviruses and enteroviruses. this study evaluated the effect of pleconaril on hepatic cytochrome p450 (cyp) 3a activity as assessed by intravenous (iv) midazolam. healthy adults received oral pleconaril 400 mg 3 times daily for 16 doses. single-dose, iv midazolam 0.025 mg/kg was administered before and during pleconaril administration. midazolam and pleconaril plasma concentrations were assayed by lc ...	2006	16397289
neurotropic viruses and cerebral palsy: population based case-control study.	to investigate the association between cerebral palsy and direct evidence for perinatal exposure to neurotropic viruses.	2006	16399770
etiology of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in an adult population.	to investigate the etiology of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in an adult population using modern microbiologic methods.	2006	16401850
association of respiratory picornaviruses with acute bronchiolitis in french infants.	human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses (picornaviridae) are suspected to be major viral etiological causes of bronchiolitis in infants.	2006	16406692
quantitative analysis of viral rna in the murine heart and pancreas with different concentration of coxsackievirus b3.	we investigated the clinical features, pathologic changes, and viral rna kinetics in the course of acute and subacute experimental coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) infection in a murine model.	2006	16407656
lethal enterovirus-induced myocarditis and pancreatitis in a 4-month-old boy.	after inconspicuous pregnancy and birth, a 16-year-old mother presented her male baby 5 days later with severe diarrhoea and vomiting. during the following weeks, the child temporarily showed hypotension, hypothermia and increased body temperature, bradyarrythmia with apnoea, continuing diarrhoea, sometimes vomiting and developed signs of pancreatic insufficiency. due to increasing loss of weight and obviously severe dystrophia, parenteral nutrition had to be initiated. all clinical investigatio ...	2006	16410153
[inhibitory effect of cvb3-vp1 sirna on cvb3 replication].	to inhibit the expression of cvb3 vp1 protein and the replication of cvb3 with synthesized sirnas.	2006	16643786
xiao chai hu tang inhibits cvb1 virus infection of ccfs-1 cells through the induction of type i interferon expression.	coxsackie b virus type 1 (cvb1) infection is known to cause high morbidity and mortality in children, however, there is no effective drug for treating this disease. the present study aimed to examine the antiviral activity of xiao chai hu tang (xcht), a popular herbal drug for treating viral and bacterial infections, against cvb1 infection and its mechanisms of action. our data showed that xcht neutralized the cvb1-induced cytopathic effect in human neonatal foreskin fibroblast cell line (ccfs-1 ...	2006	16644487
burden of infection and insulin resistance in healthy middle-aged men.	we hypothesized that burden of infection could be associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, resulting in insulin resistance. we aimed to study the effect of exposure to four infections on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy middle-aged men (n = 124).	2006	16644637
ongoing coxsackievirus myocarditis is associated with increased formation and activity of myocardial immunoproteasomes.	a growing body of evidence indicates that viral infections of the heart contribute to ongoing myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. murine models of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3)-induced myocarditis mimic the human disease and allow identification of susceptibility factors that modulate the course of viral myocarditis. susceptible mouse strains develop chronic myocarditis on the basis of restricted viral replication, whereas resistant strains recover after successful virus elimination. in comparati ...	2006	16651621
waterborne microbial risk assessment: a population-based dose-response function for giardia spp. (e.mi.r.a study).	dose-response parameters based on clinical challenges are frequently used to assess the health impact of protozoa in drinking water. we compare the risk estimates associated with giardia in drinking water derived from the dose-response parameter published in the literature and the incidence of acute digestive conditions (adc) measured in the framework of an epidemiological study in a general population.	2006	16672062
quantitative microbial risk assessment models for consumption of raw vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water.	quantitative microbial risk assessment models for estimating the annual risk of enteric virus infection associated with consuming raw vegetables that have been overhead irrigated with nondisinfected secondary treated reclaimed water were constructed. we ran models for several different scenarios of crop type, viral concentration in effluent, and time since last irrigation event. the mean annual risk of infection was always less for cucumber than for broccoli, cabbage, or lettuce. across the vari ...	2006	16672468