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development and validation of a range of endogenous controls to support the implementation of practical taqman real-time pcr-based surveillance for fish diseases within aquaculture.the use of taqman real-time pcr-based technology has recently become more frequent in the detection of pathogens in the aquaculture industry. this interest has necessitated the development of robust and reliable pathogen-detection assays. the development of a range of endogenous control assays to be run alongside these diagnostic assays works to further increase confidence in the latter. this study describes the design of a range of endogenous control assays based on the elongation factor 1-α (e ...201222524565
fish welfare assurance system: initial steps to set up an effective tool to safeguard and monitor farmed fish welfare at a company level.the objective was to take a first step in the development of a process-oriented quality assurance (qa) system for monitoring and safeguarding of fish welfare at a company level. a process-oriented approach is focused on preventing hazards and involves establishment of critical steps in a process that requires careful control. the seven principles of the hazard analysis critical control points (haccp) concept were used as a framework to establish the qa system. haccp is an internationally agreed ...201222278705
biomonitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) in heavily polluted aquatic environment in different fish species.the distribution and concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) were determined in fish species (european perch perca fluviatilis, northern pike esox lucius, pike perch sander lucioperca, wels catfish silirus glanus, common carp cyprinus carpio, european eel anguilla anguilla, freshwater bream abramis brama, goldfish carassius auratus, and roach rutilus rutilus) in a heavily polluted water reservoir zemplínska šírava (slovakia). the study performed at two different time points 5 years ap ...201222173787
trypsin inhibitory activity and gel-enhancing effect of sarcoplasmic proteins from common carp.proteinase inhibitory activity of sarcoplasmic protein (sp) extracted from common carp (cyprinus carpio) muscle and its gel-improving ability were investigated. sps displayed 89% and 54% inhibitory activity toward trypsin at 40 and 65 °c, respectively. protein bands with molecular mass of 69, 50, 44, 41, and 35 kda appeared on trypsin inhibitory activity staining under nonreducing condition when incubated at 40 °c, while 2 protein bands at 54 and 35 kda were observed at 65 °c. addition of sp at ...201222978469
the bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors for molybdenum in the aquatic environment from natural environmental concentrations up to the toxicity boundary.in a regulatory context, bioaccumulation or bioconcentration factors are used for considering secondary poisoning potential and assessing risks to human health via the food chain. in this paper, literature data on the bioaccumulation of molybdenum in the aquatic organisms are reviewed and assessed for relevance and reliability. the data available in the literature were generated at exposure concentrations below those recommended in the reach registration dossiers for molybdenum compounds i.e. pn ...201222846769
metals in edible fish from vistula river and dead vistula river channel, baltic sea.metals including al, ba, ca, cd, co, cr, cu, fe, hg, k, mg, mn, na, ni, pb, sr and zn were determined in muscle tissue of 12 fish species by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (icp-aes) and cold vapour-atomic absorption spectroscopy (cv-aas). fish were collected from vistula river at lower course and dead vistula river channel in south of baltic sea in poland. the fish species examined include round goby (neogobius melanostomus), crucian carp (carassius carassius), bull-rout ...201222428891
[eels, carp, bream and other pyralenes ]. 201222364081
assessment of copper and zinc levels in fish from freshwater ecosystems of moldova.the aim of this work was to assess the levels of copper and zinc in fish from the main freshwater ecosystems of moldova, in relation with species, habitat, age, sex, season, and development stage.201222234853
safeguarding the welfare of farmed fish at harvest.fish welfare at harvest is easily compromised by poor choice of handling and slaughter methods, lack of attention to detail and by unnecessary adherence to fish farming traditions. the harvest process comprises fasting the fish to empty the gut, crowding the fish, gathering and moving the fish using brails, fish pumps, and sometimes also road or boat transport and finally stunning and killing the fish. the harvesting processes commonly used for bass, bream, carp, catfish, cod, eel, halibut, pang ...201221989953
sperm characteristics and androgens in acipenser ruthenus after induction of spermiation by carp pituitary extract or gnrha implants.spermiation and changes in androgen (testosterone, t and 11-ketotestosterone, 11-kt) levels were studied in sterlet (acipenser ruthenus) treated with gnrh agonist implants (dala(6)-pro(9)-lhrha) at 25 and 75 μg kg(-1) b.w. and compared with those males treated with 4 mg kg(-1) b.w. of carp pituitary extract (cpe) and 3 pellets of ovopel kg(-1) b.w., which contains dala(6)-pro(9)net-mgnrh and metoclopramide. sperm quality (sperm mass, spermatozoa concentration and sperm motility and velocity) was ...201222665160
achyranthes aspera enhances immunity and antigen clearance in common carp, cyprinus carpio l. 201222458776
evaluation of immunostimulatory and growth promoting effect of seed fractions of achyranthes aspera in common carp cyprinus carpio and identification of active constituents.immunostimulatory and growth promoting properties of achyranthes aspera seeds were studied with larvae of common carp cyprinus carpio. four experimental diets were prepared using raw (d1) and alcohol (d2), petroleum ether (d3) and 50% aqueous alcohol (d4) extracts of a. aspera seeds. diet without seed served as control (d5). fish were fed with test/control diet for 30 days and then immunized with 10 μl of c-rbc. blood samples were collected 7 days after immunization. survival (93 ± 3%) of fish w ...201222348815
persistence of viral rna in fish infected with vhsv-ivb at 15°c and then moved to warmer temperatures after the onset of disease.smallmouth bass, micropterus dolomieu lacepède, bluegill, lepomis macrochirus rafinesque (coppernose strain), koi carp, cyprinus carpio l., and channel catfish ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), were infected by intraperitoneal injection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus genotype ivb (vhsv-ivb) at 15 °c. when clinical signs of disease developed, one-third of the fish was moved to 20°c and one-third to 25°c. mortality in challenged fish at all three temperatures ranged from 25 to 45% in sm ...201222582793
structural changes in freshwater fish and chironomids exposed to bacterial exotoxins.mass fish mortalities have been reported in the past decade from british waters, often coinciding with blooms of filamentous actinobacteria, particularly strains of streptomyces griseus. the present study has shown that some fractions of the exudate of s. griseus, prepared after a series of high pressure liquid chromatography (hplc) separations, and analysed with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (lc-ms), induced pathological changes to the gills of carp and/or tench fry following exposure ...201222381615
spring viremia of carp virus in minnehaha creek, minnesota.spring viremia of carp virus (svcv) causes a highly contagious and serious disease of freshwater cyprinid fishes, generating significant economic and ecological impacts throughout the world. the svcv is therefore listed as a notifiable pathogen by the international organization for animal health. in june 2011, a significant mortality event of wild common carp cyprinus carpio occurred in minnehaha creek near its confluence with mississippi river pool 2 in minneapolis, minnesota. clinical signs of ...201223072656
direct detection of unamplified spring viraemia of carp virus rna using unmodified gold nanoparticles.spring viraemia of carp (svc) is a viral disease that mainly affects carp cyprinus carpio and other cyprinid fish, causing severe economic losses. rapid detection and identification of spring viraemia of carp virus (svcv) is crucial for effective disease management. recent advances in nanoscience are having a significant impact on many scientific fields, especially biodiagnostics, where a number of nanoparticle-based assays have been introduced for biomolecular detection. single- and double-stra ...201222885508
the effect of dietary organic chromium on specific growth rate, tissue chromium concentrations, enzyme activities and histology in common carp, cyprinus carpio l.a 63-day feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of three levels of cr yeast (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg cr/kg) on the utilization of diets containing 38.5 % of maize starch or dextrin in common carp, cyprinus carpio l. (initial mean body mass 14 ± 0.3 g) in an auto circulator system at 25 ± 0.5 °c. a two-way analysis of variance (anova) showed that the final body mass (fbm), percentage mass gain (%mg), specific growth rate (sgr) and feed conversion ratio (fcr) were significantly (p < 0 ...201222569805
astragalin from cassia alata induces dna adducts in vitro and repairable dna damage in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae.reverse phase-solid phase extraction from cassia alata leaves (carp) was used to obtain a refined extract. higher than wild-type sensitivity to carp was exhibited by 16 haploid saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with defects in dna repair and membrane transport. carp had a strong dpph free radical scavenging activity with an ic(50) value of 2.27 μg ml(-1) and showed no pro-oxidant activity in yeast. carp compounds were separated by hplc and the three major components were shown to bind to dna in v ...201222489129
the efficacy of chromium as a growth enhancer for mirror carp (cyprinus carpio l): an integrated study using biochemical, genetic, and histological responses.a growth trial was conducted on juvenile mirror carp (cyprinus carpio l.) for 8 weeks to compare the efficacy of three chromium (cr) compounds (cr chloride, cr picolinate, and cr yeast) at a level 0.5 mg/kg as a potential growth enhancer. in addition, a high level of cr (2.0 mg/kg) as cr chloride has also been added in parallel for comparison. all cr fortified diets at a level 0.5 mg/kg produced superior growth for carp compared to the control group and the group fed the high level of cr chlorid ...201222351105
introduced pathogens and native freshwater biodiversity: a case study of sphaerothecum destruens.a recent threat to european fish diversity was attributed to the association between an intracellular parasite, sphaerothecum destruens, and a healthy freshwater fish carrier, the invasive pseudorasbora parva originating from china. the pathogen was found to be responsible for the decline and local extinction of the european endangered cyprinid leucaspius delineatus and high mortalities in stocks of chinook and atlantic salmon in the usa. here, we show that the emerging s. destruens is also a th ...201222615866
koi herpesvirus encodes and expresses a functional interleukin-10.koi herpesvirus (khv) (species cyprinid herpesvirus 3) orf134 was shown to transcribe a spliced transcript encoding a 179-amino-acid (aa) interleukin-10 (il-10) homolog (khvil-10) in koi fin (kf-1) cells. pairwise sequence alignment indicated that the expressed product shares 25% identity with carp il-10, 22 to 24% identity with mammalian (including primate) il-10s, and 19.1% identity with european eel herpesvirus il-10 (ahvil-10). in phylogenetic analyses, khvil-10 fell in a divergent position ...201222896613
intensity of parasitic infestation in silver carp, hypophthalmichthys molitrix.silver carp, hypopthalmichthys molitrix is one of the most economically valuable fish species in bangladesh. however, its production is often hindered by parasite-induced mortality. the present study reports the intensity of parasitic infestation in 216 specimens of h. molitrix collected from different fish markets in rajshahi city, bangladesh. nine different parasite species (trichodina pediculatus, dactylogyrus vastator, ichthyophthirius multifilis, gyrodactylus elegans, lernaea sp., apiosoma ...201223225858
sequence structure and intragenomic variability of ribosomal its2 in monozoic tapeworms of the genus khawia (cestoda: caryophyllidea), parasites of cyprinid fish.the sequence structure of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) was determined for six species of khawia (cestoda: caryophyllidea), parasites of cyprinid fish in the holarctic region. homologous intragenomic its2 structure was found in khawia armeniaca, khawia baltica, and khawia rossittensis; whereas divergent intragenomic its2 copies were detected in chinese, japanese, and slovak isolates of khawia sinensis and in khawia japonensis, both parasitic in common carp, and in khawia sau ...201222814768
closing the serological gap: promising novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and damage of the joints affecting about 0.5% of the general population. early treatment in ra is important as it can prevent disease progression and irreversible damage of the joints. despite the high diagnostic value of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (acpa) and rheumatoid factor (rf), there is a strong demand for novel serological biomarkers to further improve the diagnosis of this abundant disease. ...201222664776
down-regulation of the cyprinid herpesvirus-3 annotated genes in cultured cells maintained at restrictive high temperature.cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is a member of the alloherpesviridae, in the order herpesvirales. it causes a fatal disease in carp and koi fish. the disease is seasonal and is active when water temperatures ranges from 18 to 28 °c. little is known about how and where the virus is preserved between the permissive seasons. the hallmark of the herpesviruses is their ability to become latent, persisting in the host in an apparently inactive state for varying periods of time. hence, it could be expe ...201222841492
spatio-temporal analysis of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 genetic diversity at a local scale.cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), the causative agent of koi herpesvirus disease, is a major threat for carp populations in many countries worldwide, including indonesia. it has been shown that many genotypes circulate worldwide, all highly related to one of the two known lineages u/i and j. in this study, we evaluated the spatial and temporal distribution of cyhv-3 strains in a small enzootic area, the lake of cirata (west java, indonesia). of the 365 samples analysed, from clinical or asymptoma ...201222805046
interferon type i responses to virus infections in carp cells: in vitro studies on cyprinid herpesvirus 3 and rhabdovirus carpio infections.interferons (ifns) are secreted mediators that play a fundamental role in the innate immune response against viruses among all vertebrate classes. common carp is a host for two highly contagious viruses: spring viraemia of carp virus (rhabdovirus carpio, svcv) and the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), which belong to rhabdoviridae and alloherpesviridae families, respectively. both viruses are responsible for significant losses in carp aquaculture. in this paper we studied the mrna expression prof ...201222683518
feeding cyprinus carpio with infectious materials mediates cyprinid herpesvirus 3 entry through infection of pharyngeal periodontal mucosa.cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus, is the etiological agent of a mortal disease in common and koi carp. recently, we investigated the entry of cyhv-3 in carp using bioluminescence imaging and a cyhv-3 recombinant strain expressing luciferase (luc). we demonstrated that the skin is the major portal of entry after inoculation of carp by immersion in water containing cyhv-3. while this model of infection mimics some natural conditions in which infection takes place, oth ...201222276598
identification of dactylogyrus spp. and other parasites of common carp in northeast of iran.this research was carried out in order to get overview of current status of infestation with dactylogyrus spp. and other parasites in common carp (cyprinus carpio) collected from the ponds around mashhad in northeast of iran. a total of 100 common carps from march to december 2011, 61 (61 %) specimens were hosts to parasites. monogenea dominated the parasite load most of all fishes, whereas argulus foliaceus (arthropoda) was the less parasite. parasites were found as followed: dactylogyrus exten ...201224082535
metazoan parasites of the common carp (cyprinus carpio l., 1758) from tahtalı dam lake (izmir).the aim of this study was identification of the parasites of the common carp from tahtalı dam lake.201223169163
low prevalence of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 found in common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) collected from nine locations in the great lakes.cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv3) is a viral disease of fish first detected in the united states in 1998. since that time, mortality events in common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) have occurred in several locations within the great lakes basin, but not within the great lakes themselves. we sampled 675 carp from 20 sites across the great lakes and lake st. clair, michigan, usa, between 19 july and 26 september 2010. we tested the gill and a pooled internal organ sample from each fish for cyhv3 with ...201223060516
[nosoareas of clonorchiasis in the primorye territory].the mammalian liver parasite (clonorchis sinensis flukes) has spread in the primorye territory. the areas of the first intermediate hosts for the parasite mollusks of the genus parafossarulus have been found to recently become wider south-western predominantly due to lotus acclimatization, resulting in the expansion of a parasite habitation area. the intensity of newly formed foci of clonorchiasis is an order of magnitude greater than that of natural ones and they are a higher hazard since they ...201222774498
[isolation and identification of citrobacter freundii from diseased giant salamander, andrias davidianus].to determine the pathogenic bacterium infecting giant salamander (andrias davidianus).201222586994
vitellogenesis in archigetes sieboldi leuckart, 1878 (cestoda, caryophyllidea, caryophyllaeidae), an intestinal parasite of carp (cyprinus carpio l.).vitellogenesis in the caryophyllidean tapeworm archigetes sieboldi leuckart, 1878, from carp cyprinus carpio l. in slovakia, has been examined using transmission electron microscopy and cytochemical staining with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate (pa-tsc-sp) for glycogen. vitelline follicles extend in two lateral bands in the medullary parenchyma along both sides of the monozoic body. they are surrounded by an external basal lamina and contain vitellocytes and an interstitial tis ...201223059891
bioguided fractionation shows cassia alata extract to inhibit staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation.plant extracts have a long history to be used in folk medicine. cassia alata extracts are known to exert antibacterial activity but details on compounds and mechanism of action remain poorly explored. we purified and concentrated the aqueous leaf extract of c. alata by reverse phase-solid phase extraction and screened the resulting carp extract for antimicrobial activity. carp extract exhibited antimicrobial activity for pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus epidermidis, s. aureus, and bacillus ...201222548121
development of mrna-specific rt-pcr for the detection of koi herpesvirus (khv) replication stage.an mrna-specific reverse transcription (rt)-pcr primer set spanning the exon junction of a spliced putative terminase gene in the koi herpesvirus (khv) was developed to detect the replicating stage of the virus. the proposed rt-pcr amplified a target gene from the rna template, but not from a dna template extracted from common carp brain (ccb) cells infected with khv. in addition, the rt-pcr did not amplify the target gene of templates extracted from specific cell lines infected with either cyhv ...201222885509
coordinated and sequential transcription of the cyprinid herpesvirus-3 annotated genes.cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is the cause of a fatal disease in carp and koi fish. the disease is seasonal and appears when water temperatures range from 18 to 28°c. cyhv-3 is a member of the alloherpesviridae, a family in the herpesvirales order that encompasses mammalian, avian and reptilian viruses. cyhv-3 is a large double-stranded dna (dsdna) herpesvirus with a genome of approximately 295kbp, divergent from other mammalian, avian and reptilian herpesviruses, but bearing several genes sim ...201222841491
replacement of the human cytomegalovirus promoter with fish enhancer and core elements to control the expression of the g gene of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv).this work explores some of the possibilities to replace human cytomegalovirus (cmv) core and/or enhancer promoter control elements to create new expression vectors for use with fish. the work is relevant to fish vaccination, since dna vaccines use eukaryotic expression plasmids controlled by the human cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter to be effective against novirhabdoviruses, such as viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), one of the most devastating fish viral european diseases. to reduce pos ...201222954890
identification of new biphasic c-type horizontal cells in cyprinid fish.new biphasic c-type horizontal cells were identified physiologically and morphologically in the retina of live immobilized crucian carp. these cells, like commonly studied r/g type cells, hyperpolarized to short wavelength lights and depolarized to long wavelength lights, but inverted response polarity at about 560 nm. spectral sensitivities of hyperpolarizing and depolarizing components showed that they were produced by inputs from blue-sensitive cones and green-sensitive cones respectively. th ...20123616599
pox-like lesions in a colony of carp (cyprinus carpio).twelve carp (cyprinus carpio) out of a total of 100 were affected with skin nodules, mainly located on the dorsal and lateral surface. post mortem examination of six of the worst affected fish showed the nodules consisting of white gel-like outgrowths. no abnormality was apparent in any other tissue examined. microscopically, the nodules were formed by proliferating hyperplastic epidermal cells. the other six fish were left for recovery and their nodules regressed spontaneously. the possible aet ...20123962147
Interspecies comparisons on the uptake and toxicity of silver and cerium dioxide nanoparticles.An increasing number and quantity of manufactured nanoparticles are entering the environment as the diversity of their applications increases, and this will lead to the exposure of both humans and wildlife. However, little is known regarding their potential health effects. We compared the potential biological effects of silver (Ag; nominally 35 and 600-1,600?nm) and cerium dioxide (CeO(2;) nominally <25?nm and 1-5?µm) particles in a range of cell (human hepatocyte and intestinal and fish hepato ...201222002553
inductive expression of toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) and associated downstream signaling molecules following ligand exposure and bacterial infection in the indian major carp, mrigal (cirrhinus mrigala).toll-like receptors (tlrs) are one of the key components of innate immunity. among various types of tlrs, tlr5 is involved in recognizing bacterial flagellin and after binding, it triggers myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (myd88)-dependent signaling pathway to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines. in this report, we analyzed the expression profile of tlr5 and its associated downstream signaling molecules like myd88 and tumor necrosis factor (tnf) receptor-associated factor (traf) 6 ...201222085689
effects of graded levels of dietary methionine hydroxy analogue on immune response and antioxidant status of immune organs in juvenile jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian).immune response and antioxidant status of immune organs in juvenile jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian) fed graded levels of methionine hydroxy analogue (mha) (0, 5.1, 7.6, 10.2, 12.7, 15.3 g kg(-1) diet) for 60 days were investigated. results indicated that head kidney index, spleen index, red and white blood cell counts significantly increased with increasing mha levels up to a point (p < 0.05), whereupon decreased (p < 0.05). glutathione reductase activity in head kidney and spleen, anti-hy ...201222245840
analysis of lactate and malate dehydrogenase enzyme profiles of selected major carps of wetland of calcutta.the east calcutta wetland (ecw), a ramsar site in india, acts as the only sink for both city sewages as well as effluents from the surrounding small-scale industries and is alarmingly polluted with heavy metals. the three best edible major carp species rohu (labeo rohita,), catla (catla catla,) and mrigala (cirrhinus mrigala) were undertaken to monitor lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) and malate dehydrogenase (mdh) by cellulose acetate electrophoresis (cae) to assess the effects of pollutants, if any ...201223360005
combined exposure of carps (cyprinus carpio l.) to cyanobacterial biomass and white spot disease.under environmental conditions, fish can be exposed to multiple stressors including natural toxins and infectious agents at the same time. this study brings new knowledge on the effects of controlled exposure to multiple stressors in fish. the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that influence of cyanobacterial biomass and an infection agent represented by the white spot disease can combine to enhance the effects on fish.201223353848
relationship between snail population density and infection status of snails and fish with zoonotic trematodes in vietnamese carp nurseries.fish-borne zoonotic trematodes (fzt) are a food safety and health concern in vietnam. humans and other final hosts acquire these parasites from eating raw or under-cooked fish with fzt metacercariae. fish raised in ponds are exposed to cercariae shed by snail hosts that are common in fish farm ponds. previous risk assessment on fzt transmission in the red river delta of vietnam identified carp nursery ponds as major sites of transmission. in this study, we analyzed the association between snail ...201223285303
computational analysis of transcriptome of indian major carp, labeo rohita (hamilton-buchanan, 1822) for functional annotation.a total of 1671 ests of labeo rohita were retrieved from dbest database and analysed for functional annotation using various computational approaches. the result indicated 1387 non-redundant (184 contigs and 1203 singletons) putative transcripts with an average length of 542 bp. these 1387 transcript sequences were matched with refseq_rna, unigene and swiss-prot on high threshold cut-off for functional annotation along with help of gene ontology and ssrs markers. we developed extensive perl prog ...201223275698
comparative genomics of carp herpesviruses.three alloherpesviruses are known to cause disease in cyprinid fish: cyprinid herpesviruses 1 and 3 (cyhv1 and cyhv3) in common carp and koi and cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) in goldfish. we have determined the genome sequences of cyhv1 and cyhv2 and compared them with the published cyhv3 sequence. the cyhv1 and cyhv2 genomes are 291,144 and 290,304 bp, respectively, in size, and thus the cyhv3 genome, at 295,146 bp, remains the largest recorded among the herpesviruses. each of the three genome ...201223269803
studies on trichodinid and chilodonellid ciliophorans (protozoa: ciliophora) in the indian freshwater and estuarine fishes with description of trichodinella sunderbanensis sp. nov. and trichodina nandusi sp. nov.a comprehensive icthyoparasotological survey among estuarine and freshwater fishes of west bengal, india revealed trichodinella sunderbanensis sp. nov. and trichodina acuta lom, 1961 from an estuarine fish mystus gulio (hamilton, 1822) from the vidyadhari river; trichodina nandusi sp. nov. from a freshwater fish, nandus nandus (hamilton-buchanan); chilodonella hexasticha (kiernik, 1909) kahl, 1931 from freshwater fishes labeo rohita (hamilton, 1822); and cyprinus carpio linnaeus, 1758 from the r ...201223269510
[evaluation of ten fish species to be included as part of renal diet, due to their protein, phosphorus and fatty acids content].because renal disease is highly complex, its nutritional treatment is complicated and many foods are restricted, including fish because its phosphorus content. the aim of the present study was to analyze ten fillet fish species, commonly consumed in mexico (cyprinus carpio carpio, ophichthus rex, symphurus elongatus, eucinostomus entomelas, chirostoma patzcuaro, bairdiella chrysoura, salmo salar oreochromis urolepis hornorum, sphyraena guachancho, istiophorus albicans), to determine their phosph ...201223610899
organophosphorous residue in liza aurata and cyprinus carpio.to determine the amount of azinphos methyl and diazinon residues in two river fishes, liza aurata and cyprinus carpio, in the north of iran.201223569972
preferential feeding on high quality diets decreases methyl mercury of farm-raised common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).this study on aquaculture ponds investigated how diet sources affect methyl mercury (mehg) bioaccumulation of the worldwide key diet fish, common carp (cyprinus carpio). we tested how mehg concentrations of one and two year-old pond-raised carp changed with different food quality: a) zooplankton (natural pond diet), b) cereals enriched with vegetable oil (vo ponds), and c) compound feeds enriched with marine fish oils (fo ponds). it was hypothesized that carp preferentially feed on supplementary ...201223564978
[comparative analysis of variability of three mitochondrial genes of cytochrome oxidase complex (cox1, cox2, and cox3) in wild and domestic carp (cyprinus carpio l.)].for the first time, we studied the polymorphism of three mitochondrial genes of the cytochrome oxidase complex (cox1, cox2, and cox3) in natural populations of wild carp living in the volga, amur, and don river basins, as well as in european hungarian carp and two pedigree lines of ropsha carp of domestic breeding. the highest level of nucleotide and haplotype diversity in the studied samples was detected for the cox1 gene (pi = 0.61, h = 100%). two lines of the ropsha carp (pi = 0.61, h = 100%) ...201223516901
[phylogenetic relationships of silver crucian carp in carassius auratus complex based on mtdna analysis].the phylogenetic relationships of carassius genus subspecies were investigated based on the data of the variability of nucleotide sequences of the mtdna cytochrome b (cyt b) and control region (cr). dendrograms constructed based on the ba, ml, nj, and mp methods revealed five clusters of the congruent topologies that substantially corresponded to geographical localities and taxonomic conception of the c. auratus complex. an analysis of two mtdna fragment topologies demonstrated that the island f ...201223516900
the effects of diclofenac on early life stages of common carp (cyprinus carpio).diclofenac residues have been found in surface water, and thus could present a potential risk to aquatic species. the aim of this study was to assess the impact of diclofenac on the mortality, growth, and development of fish, as well as the impact of the drug on histological changes and selected parameters of oxidative stress in the fish. subchronic toxic effects of diclofenac at concentrations of 0.015, 0.03, 1, and 3mg/l on embryos and larvae of common carp (cyprinus carpio) were investigated ...201223501605
comparative study of carp otolith hardness: lapillus and asteriscus.otoliths are calcium carbonate biominerals in the inner ear of vertebrates; they play a role in balance, movement, and sound perception. two types of otoliths in freshwater carp are investigated using nano- and micro-indentation: asteriscus and lapillus. the hardness, modulus, and creep of asteriscus (vaterite crystals) and lapillus (aragonite crystals) are compared. the hardness and modulus of lapillus are higher than those of asteriscus both in nano- and micro-testing, which is attributed to t ...201223498208
Down-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 by SVCV infection.Heme oxygenase (HO-1) is a cytoprotective enzyme that plays a critical role in defending the body against oxidant-induced injury during inflammatory processes. In mammalian systems, viral infection or antigen expression can down-regulate the expression of HO-1. In turn, the induction of HO-1 or overexpression of HO-1 results in potent and direct antiviral activity that targets the replication of several mammalian viruses. In this study, the HO-1 gene of Cyprinus carpio was cloned, and the expres ...201222146702
Gene expression profiling in the skin of zebrafish infected with Citrobacter freundii.Skin is considered the largest immunologically active organ, but its molecular mechanism remains unclear in fish. Here, Affymetrix Zebrafish GeneChip was used to assess gene expression in the skin of zebrafish (Danio rerio) infected with the bacterium Citrobacter freundii. The results showed that 229 genes were differentially expressed, of which 196 genes were upregulated and 33 genes were downregulated. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses indicated 88 genes significantly associated with ski ...201222155693
BDE 49 and developmental toxicity in zebrafish.The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of brominated flame retardants. Human health concerns of these agents have largely centered upon their potential to elicit reproductive and developmental effects. Of the various congeners, BDE 49 (2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) has been poorly studied, despite the fact that it is often detected in the tissues of fish and wildlife species. Furthermore, we have previously shown that BDE 49 is a metabolic debromination product of BDE 99 he ...201221951712
haemato-immunological and growth response of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio) fed a tropical earthworm meal in experimental diets.an investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding a tropical earthworm meal (perionyx escavatus) on the haemato-immunological response and growth performance of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio). fish were fed diets for a total of 88 days, fishmeal served as the main protein source in the control diet. two remaining diets consisted of fishmeal fixed at 33.65% provision of protein and the remaining 66.35% protein was provided by soybean meal (sbm diet) or p. excavatus meal (ew diet). c ...201222554572
expressed sequences and polymorphisms in rohu carp (labeo rohita, hamilton) revealed by mrna-seq.expressed genes and polymorphisms were identified in lines of rohu labeo rohita selected for resistance or susceptibility to aeromonas hydrophila, an important bacterial pathogen causing aeromoniasis. all animals were grown in a common environment and rna from ten individuals from each line pooled for illumina mrna-seq. de novo transcriptome assembly produced 137,629 contigs with 40× average coverage.forty-four percent of the assembled sequences were annotated with gene names and ontology terms. ...201222298294
the influence of dietary β-glucan, pamp exposure and aeromonas salmonicida on apoptosis modulation in common carp (cyprinus carpio).the association between β-glucan (macrogard®) supplemented feed and apoptosis in immune-related organs of common carp (cyprinus carpio) was studied using fluorescence microscopy and real-time pcr. in addition the effect of aeromonas salmonicida, lps and poly(i:c) injections on this relationship was evaluated. whilst acridine orange staining revealed that apoptosis levels were independent of macrogard® and lps/poly(i:c) administration or their combination, it was shown that injection with a. salm ...201223198291
reduced inflammatory response to aeromonas salmonicida infection in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) fed with β-glucan supplements.the objective of the present study was to determine the action of β-glucans as feed additives on the gene expression profile of some inflammatory-related cytokines from common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) during the early stages of a non-lethal bacterial infection with aeromonas salmonicida. β-glucan (macrogard(®)), was administered daily to carp (6 mg per kg body weight) in the form of supplemented commercial food pellets for 14 days prior to infection. control and treated fish were then intraperi ...201222406448
β-glucan protects neutrophil extracellular traps against degradation by aeromonas hydrophila in carp (cyprinus carpio).a novel host innate immune defence mechanism against invading pathogens, namely the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (nets), has recently been discovered. these nets are described as dna fibres released by dying neutrophils, which are able to entrap and kill various microbes. here we studied the effect of the feed additive β-glucan, namely macrogard(®), on the degradation of nets by the important fish pathogen aeromonas hydrophila. therefore, common carp (cyprinus carpio) head kidney ...201222959188
evaluation of two outer membrane proteins, aha1 and ompw of aeromonas hydrophila as vaccine candidate for common carp.aeromonas hydrophila is an important fish pathogen responsible for huge economic losses in aquaculture sector. the bacterial outer membrane proteins (omps), especially adhesins play a key role in the virulence of the bacteria and are considered potential vaccine candidates. we evaluated the immunogenicity of two important outer membrane proteins namely aha1 and ompw of a. hydrophila. these proteins were over-expressed in escherichia coli, purified and used for the vaccination of common carp. seq ...201222917476
transcriptome analysis of silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) by paired-end rna sequencing.the silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is among the most intensively pond-cultured fish species and is used in the wild to counteract water bloom in china. however, little genomic information is available for this species, especially regarding its ability to grow rapidly in water, even water contaminated with high concentrations of poisonous microcystin. in this study, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly and analysis of the 17.10 million short-read sequences produced by the illumi ...201222279088
[a morphometric analysis of erythrocytes and the level of antiviral antibodies in the carp blood at the final stage of the infectious process]. 20123248597
[hypophysectomy and plasma free fatty acids in the carp (cyprinus carpio l.)]. 20124258237
ruffed cells in the olfactory bulb of freshwater teleosts. i. golgi impregnation.the olfactory bulbs of barbus meridionalis, carassius carassius, chondrostoma polylepis, cyprinus carpio, tinca tinca and salmo gairdneri were examined by two variants of the golgi technique. we report, for the first time, the existence of ruffed cells in these species. this neuronal type shows a characteristic morphology and location. overall, these cells exhibit a generalised pattern, although there are qualitative and quantitative variations between the various species studied.20123503042
microridges of oral mucosal epithelium in carp, cyprinus carpio.the surface of carp oral mucosa is characterized by various patterns of microridges about 0.3 micron wide, 0.1 micron high, and of various lengths. to elucidate the derivation and function of these microridges, the oral epithelium was examined by light- and electron microscopy. microridges were present only on the surfaces of the superficial cells. therefore, microridges on renewed superficial cells have been discarded, and the various patterns of microridges found on the cell surface appear to ...20123365750
identification of distant agouti-like sequences and re-evaluation of the evolutionary history of the agouti-related peptide (agrp).the agouti-like peptides including agrp, asip and the teleost-specific a2 (asip2 and agrp2) peptides have potent and diverse functional roles in feeding, pigmentation and background adaptation mechanisms. there are contradictory theories about the evolution of the agouti-like peptide family as well the nomenclature. here we performed comprehensive mining and annotation of vertebrate agouti-like sequences. we identified a2 sequences from salmon, trout, seabass, cod, cichlid, tilapia, gilt-headed ...201222815886
orally administered thermostable n-acyl homoserine lactonase from bacillus sp. strain ai96 attenuates aeromonas hydrophila infection in zebrafish.n-acylated homoserine lactone (ahl) lactonases are capable of degrading signal molecules involved in bacterial quorum sensing and therefore represent a new approach to control bacterial infection. here a gene responsible for the ahl lactonase activity of bacillus sp. strain ai96, 753 bp in length, was cloned and then expressed in escherichia coli. the deduced amino acid sequence of bacillus sp. ai96 aiia (aiia(ai96)) is most similar to those of other bacillus sp. ahl lactonases (~80% sequence id ...201222247159
morphological and physiological studies of rod-driven horizontal cells with special reference to the question of whether they have axons and axon terminals.rod-driven (intermediate) horizontal cells were examined in the carp retina to determine whether they bear axons and axon terminals. these cells were injected with hrp after physiological identification of the response type; which consisted of a higher sensitivity to light and a slower response time course than cone-driven (external) horizontal cells, and spectral sensitivity peaking at 520 nm. the labeled cells were further identified morphologically by tracing their dendrites to rod photorecep ...20113819018
effect of relative immobilization on histochemical characteristics of various fibre types in myotomal muscle of the indian major carp (catla catla) fingerlings. 20113666828
[slow potentials of the olfactory bulb in the carp].the slow negative potentials evoked in carp olfactory bulb (ob) by some odorants and slow positive potentials evoked by nonspecific irritation (water stream, nacl solutions) of olfactory epithelium have been studied. the slow potentials of both types were not inverted in deep layers of ob and were resistant to blockade of synaptic transmission by manganese ions. the negative slow potentials were not also affected by hypoxia and associated with local increase of ob tissue resistance. positive slo ...20113196780
characterization of the alternative complement pathway of carp. 20113133256
effect of dietary arginine on growth, intestinal enzyme activities and gene expression in muscle, hepatopancreas and intestine of juvenile jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian).the present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary arginine promotes digestion and absorption capacity, and, thus, enhances fish growth. this improvement might be related to the target of rapamycin (tor) and eif4e-binding protein (4e-bp). a total of 1200 juvenile jian carp, cyprinus carpio var. jian, with an average initial weight of 6·33 (se 0·03) g, were fed with diets containing graded concentrations of arginine, namely, 9·8 (control), 12·7, 16·1, 18·5, 21·9 and 24·5 g argini ...201122013925
tetrodotoxin sensitivity of the vertebrate cardiac na+ current.evolutionary origin and physiological significance of the tetrodotoxin (ttx) resistance of the vertebrate cardiac na(+) current (i(na)) is still unresolved. to this end, ttx sensitivity of the cardiac i(na) was examined in cardiac myocytes of a cyclostome (lamprey), three teleost fishes (crucian carp, burbot and rainbow trout), a clawed frog, a snake (viper) and a bird (quail). in lamprey, teleost fishes, frog and bird the cardiac i(na) was highly ttx-sensitive with ec(50)-values between 1.4 and ...201122163193
multi-tasking role of the mechanosensing protein ankrd2 in the signaling network of striated muscle.ankrd2 (also known as arpp) together with ankrd1/carp and darp are members of the marp mechanosensing proteins that form a complex with titin (n2a)/calpain 3 protease/myopalladin. in muscle, ankrd2 is located in the i-band of the sarcomere and moves to the nucleus of adjacent myofibers on muscle injury. in myoblasts it is predominantly in the nucleus and on differentiation shifts from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. in agreement with its role as a sensor it interacts both with sarcomeric proteins ...201122016770
evaluation and comparison of the species-specificity of 3 antiparvalbumin igg antibodies.parvalbumin is a pan-allergen in fish and frogs that triggers ige-mediated reactions in fish-allergic individuals. previous studies demonstrated that antibodies raised against fish and frog parvalbumins displayed varying specificity for different fish species, and thus, the applicability of these antibodies for potential use in immunoassays to detect fish residues were limited. we aimed to determine the specificity of 3 igg antibodies for various fish species. indirect enzyme-linked immunosorben ...201121999209
Molecular characterization of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), analysis of its inductive expression and associated down-stream signaling molecules following ligands exposure and bacterial infection in the Indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita).Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the key components of innate immunity. Among various TLR types, TLR2 is involved in recognizing specific microbial structures such as peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), zymosan etc., and after binding them it triggers myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent signaling pathway to induce various cytokines. In this report, TLR2 gene was cloned and characterized in rohu (Labeo rohita), which is highly commercially important f ...201122173272
Molecular characterization of Atractolytocestus sagittatus (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), monozoic parasite of common carp, and its differentiation from the invasive species Atractolytocestus huronensis.Sequence structure of complete internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA region and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene sequences were studied in the monozoic tapeworm Atractolytocestus sagittatus (Kulakovskaya et Akhmerov, 1965) (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), a parasite of common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio L.). Intraindividual sequence diversity was observed in both ribosomal spacers. In ITS1, a total number of 19 recombinant clones yiel ...201121987104
Potential of carotenoids in aquatic yeasts as a phylogenetically reliable marker and natural colorant for aquaculture.Apart from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, pink colony-forming yeasts have not been examined as a pigmentation source in captive animals. In this study, aquatic yeasts were screened with a view to abundances of carotenoids. Phylogenetic analyses of these caroetnoid-rich yeasts based on large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA) partial sequences showed that all belonged to the order Sporidiobolales. Both the qualitative and the quantitative differences in carotenoids between the yeasts appeared ...201121897034
Social Defeat during Adolescence and Adulthood Differentially Induce BDNF-Regulated Immediate Early Genes.Stressful life events generally enhance the vulnerability for the development of human psychopathologies such as anxiety disorders and depression. The incidence rates of adult mental disorders steeply rises during adolescence in parallel with a structural and functional reorganization of the neural circuitry underlying stress reactivity. However, the mechanisms underlying susceptibility to stress and manifestation of mental disorders during adolescence are little understood. We hypothesized that ...201122065953
marine and farmed fish on the polish market: comparison of the nutritive value and human exposure to pcdd/fs and other contaminants.chemical analyses were performed in nine fish species that are popular on the polish market. these included baltic fish (cod, herring, salmon), fish farmed in poland (carp, trout), marine fish imported from china (alaska pollock, sole), and farmed fish imported from vietnam and china (sutchi catfish, tilapia). the nutritional composition (amino acid, micro- and macronutrients, fat-soluble vitamins - a(1), d(3), e) and certain contaminants (organochlorine pesticides, ocps; indicator polychlorinat ...201122014661
classical and molecular cytogenetics of khawia sinensis (cestoda: caryophyllidea), invasive parasite of carp, cyprinus carpio.chromosomes of the invasive tapeworm khawia sinensis (caryophyllidea), the specific parasite of common carp, were analyzed by means of conventional giemsa staining and using fluorescent dapi and yoyo-1 dyes, silver staining, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) with 18s rdna probe. the karyotype is composed of eight pairs of metacentric and telocentric chromosomes (2n = 16, n = 3m + 5t, tcl = 42.54 μm). constitutive heterochromatin was located at pericentromeric regions of all pairs, exc ...201122167367
genetic diversity of perch rhabdoviruses isolates based on the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes.despite the increasing impact of rhabdoviruses in european percid farming, the diversity of the viral populations is still poorly investigated. to address this issue, we sequenced the partial nucleoprotein (n) and complete glycoprotein (g) genes of nine rhabdoviruses isolated from perch (perca fluviatilis) between 1999 and 2010, mostly from france, and analyzed six of them by immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat). using two rabbit antisera raised against either the reference perch rhabdovirus ...201121927897
reservoirs of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) dna in sediments of natural lakes and ponds.cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is a lethal dna virus that infects common carp and koi. it has caused outbreak of the disease within both aquaculture and natural environmental ecosystems. however, there is not enough understanding of the distribution of cyhv-3 in the natural environments, partly because there is no suitable quantification method. in this study, we tested cyhv-3 extraction methods from sediment and then compared its abundance between sediment and water using real-time pcr. sedime ...201121983526
enzymatic activity and flavor compound production in fermented silver carp fish paste inoculated with douchi starter culture.silver carp fish pastes inoculated with or without a douchi starter culture containing live aspergillus oryzae were fermented for 30 days to produce two different fermented products, designated as culf and conf, respectively. protein degradation and flavor compound production during the course of fermentation were monitored. proteolytic activity, generally higher in culf than in conf (p < 0.05) and dominated by acidic and serine proteases, declined to an overall minimum after 30 days. myosin in ...201122148721
development and validation of a reverse transcription quantitative pcr for universal detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus.viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) infects over 70 fish species inhabiting marine, brackish or freshwater environments throughout the northern hemisphere. over its geographic range, 4 vhsv genotypes and multiple subtypes exist. here, we describe the development and validation of a rapid, sensitive and specific real-time reverse transcription quantitative pcr assay (rt-qpcr) that amplifies sequence from representative isolates of all vhsv genotypes (i, ii, iii and iv). the pan-specific vhs ...201121848118
Myo-inositol prevents copper-induced oxidative damage and changes in antioxidant capacity in various organs and the enterocytes of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian).Although oxidative stress has been demonstrated to be involved in copper (Cu)-induced toxicity, information regarding the effect of antioxidants on Cu toxicity is still scarce. This study assessed the possible protective effects of myo-inositol (MI) against subsequent Cu exposure in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) in vivo and in their enterocytes in vitro. First, oxidative stress was established by exposing fish to different concentrations of Cu (0-7.2 mg Cu/L water) for 4 days. N ...201121924699
selection for improved resistance to aeromonas hydrophila in indian major carp labeo rohita: survival and innate immune responses in first generation of resistant and susceptible lines.selection for disease resistance in fish may be performed directly on basis of survival data obtained in controlled challenge trials, or indirectly using information from immunological or molecular markers linked to differential survival. in the present study, several key innate immune parameters were measured in aeromoniasis resistant and susceptible lines of rohu labeo rohita to assess their suitability as immune markers for use in indirect selection for increased resistance. experimental infe ...201121712094
establishment and characterization of a new cell line derived from kidney of grouper, epinephelus akaara (temminck & schlegel), susceptible to singapore grouper iridovirus (sgiv).a marine fish cell line derived from the kidney of red-spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara, designated as eagk was established and characterized. the eagk cells multiplied well in leibovitz's l-15 medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum at 25ôçâ-¦c and have been subcultured for more than 90 passages. karyotyping, chromosomal typing and ribosomal rna (rrna) genotyping analysis revealed that eagk had a modal diploid chromosome number of 82 and was a fibroblast cell line originated from grouper. ...201121838711
3d modeling and molecular dynamics simulation of an immune-regulatory cytokine, interleukin-10, from the indian major carp, catla catla.interleukin-10 (il-10) is a pleiotropic immune-regulatory cytokine that is expressed in various species of fish and higher vertebrates, and is activated during infection. in spite of its important role, il-10 has not been well characterized either functionally or structurally in fish. to analyze its properties and function, we constructed a 3d model of il-10 in the indian major carp, the catla (catla catla), which is a highly preferred fish species and the most commercially important one in the ...201121830101
skin mucus of cyprinus carpio inhibits cyprinid herpesvirus 3 binding to epidermal cells.abstract: cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of a mortal and highly contagious disease in common and koi carp. the skin is the major portal of entry of cyhv-3 in carp after immersion in water containing the virus. in the present study, we used in vivo bioluminescence imaging to investigate the effect of skin mucus removal and skin epidermis lesion on cyhv-3 entry. physical treatments inducing removal of the mucus up to complete erosion of the epidermis were applied on a de ...201121816061
toll-like receptors in bony fish: from genomics to function.receptors that recognize conserved pathogen molecules are the first line of cellular innate immunity defense. toll-like receptors (tlrs) are the best understood of the innate immune receptors that detect infections in mammals. key features of the fish tlrs and the factors involved in their signaling cascade have high structural similarity to the mammalian tlr system. however, the fish tlrs also exhibit very distinct features and large diversity which is likely derived from their diverse evolutio ...201121414346
immunomodulatory effects of secondary metabolites from thermophilic anoxybacillus kamchatkensis xa-1 on carp, cyprinus carpio.a bacterial strain with putative immunomodulatory properties was isolated from xi'an hot springs in china. comparison of 16s rrna gene revealed a 97% similarity between the tested strain (designated xa-1) and anoxybacillus kamchatkensis. two compounds isolated from the secondary metabolites of xa-1 were identified by spectral data (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry) as: (1) cyclo (gly-l-pro) and (2) cyclo (l-ala-4-hydroxyl-l-pro). two cyclic dipeptides showed stimulatory ...201121421057
antioxidative effects of n-acetylcysteine, lipoic acid, taurine, and curcumin in the muscle of cyprinus carpio l. exposed to cadmium.we investigated the muscle tissue of a teleost cyprinus carpio l. to find out whether n-acetylcysteine (nac), alpha-lipoic acid (la), taurine (tau), and curcumin (cur) were able to counteract oxidative stress induced by acute exposure to cadmium (cd). the muscle tissue was dissected 96 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of cd (5 mg kg(-1)) and of antioxidant substances (50 mg kg(-1)). using spectrophotometry, we determined the glutathione redox status, lipid peroxidation levels and the a ...201121421527
time-dependent oxidative stress and histopathological changes in cyprinus carpio l. exposed to microcystin-lr.microcystins (mcs) are produced by cyanobacteria in aquatic environments and are a potential risk to aquatic organisms. increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress may play an important role in the toxicity mechanism of mcs on fish, but most studies were based on relatively high concentrations. in this study, the effect of time-dependent oxidative stress in livers of cyprinus carpio l. (c. carpio) exposed to 10 µg l(-1) of microcystin-lr (mc-lr) for 0-14 days was investigated. mc-lr induc ...201121455607
candidate genes in patients with autoinflammatory syndrome resembling tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome without mutations in the tnfrsf1a gene.tumor necrosis factor (tnf) receptor-associated periodic syndrome (traps) is an autosomal-dominant multisystemic autoinflammatory condition. patients display different mutations of the tnf receptor superfamily 1a gene (tnfrsf1a), coding for a nearly ubiquitous tnf receptor (tnfr1). no tnfrsf1a mutation has been identified in a proportion of patients with traps-like phenotype.201121459945
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