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evidence for natural vertical transmission of chikungunya viruses in field populations of aedes aegypti in delhi and haryana states in india-a preliminary report.aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus are principal vectors for the transmission of chikungunya virus (chikv). india is a hub for both dengue and chikungunya infections and there are several reports of co-infection of dengue and chikungunya virus in the clinical scenario. the present pilot entomological survey was conducted to evaluate vertical transmission of chikv in aedes field populations. aedes immature (larvae and pupae) collection was done in 2012, over a period of six months from selected s ...201627282096
chikungunya virus infection of aedes mosquitoes.in vivo infection of mosquitoes is an important method to study and characterize arthropod-borne viruses. chikungunya virus (chikv) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that is transmitted primarily by aedes mosquitoes. in this chapter, we describe a protocol for infection of chikv in two species of aedes mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, together with the isolation of chikv in different parts of the infected mosquito such as midgut, legs, wings, salivary gland, head, and saliva. this al ...201627233266
utilization and assessment of throat swab and urine specimens for diagnosis of chikungunya virus infection.chikungunya is a mosquito-borne infection with clinical presentation of fever, arthralgia, and rash. the etiological agent chikungunya virus (chikv) is generally transmitted from primates to humans through the bites of infected aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes. outbreaks of chikungunya occur commonly with varied morbidity, mortality, and sequele according to the epidemiological, ecological, seasonal, and geographical impact. investigations are required to be conducted as a part of t ...201627233262
reduced incidence of chikungunya virus infection in communities with ongoing aedes aegypti mosquito trap intervention studies - salinas and guayama, puerto rico, november 2015-february 2016.aedes species mosquitoes transmit chikungunya virus, as well as dengue and zika viruses, and bite most often during the day.* infectious mosquito bites frequently occur in and around homes (1,2). caribbean countries first reported local transmission of chikungunya virus in december 2013, and soon after, chikungunya virus spread throughout the americas (3). puerto rico reported its first laboratory-positive chikungunya case in may 2014 (4), and subsequently identified approximately 29,000 suspect ...201627171600
low seroprevalence indicates vulnerability of eastern and central sudan to infection with chikungunya virus.outbreaks of infections with chikungunya virus (chikv) have previously been reported from sudan but the prevalence in the general population is unknown. we investigated the seroprevalence of chikv infection in 379 serum samples from patients with fever in the outpatient clinics of three hospitals in eastern and central sudan. the seroprevalence was 1.8%, indicating that chikv infections are rare in these parts of sudan. as the vector aedes aegypti is endemic in this area, the population is at ri ...201626974266
the zika outbreak of the 21st century.the zika virus outbreak has captivated the attention of the global audience and information has spread rapidly and wildly through the internet and other media channels. this virus was first identified in 1947, when it was isolated from a sentinel rhesus monkey placed by british scientists working at the yellow fever research laboratory located in the zika forest area of uganda, hence its name, and is transmitted primarily by the mosquito vector, aedes aegypti. the fact that the rhesus macaque is ...201626925496
mefenamic acid in combination with ribavirin shows significant effects in reducing chikungunya virus infection in vitro and in vivo.chikungunya virus (chikv) infection is a persistent problem worldwide due to efficient adaptation of the viral vectors, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes. therefore, the absence of effective anti-chikv drugs to combat chikungunya outbreaks often leads to a significant impact on public health care. in this study, we investigated the antiviral activity of drugs that are used to alleviate infection symptoms, namely, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids), on the premise that ...201626794398
evidence of vertical transmission and co-circulation of chikungunya and dengue viruses in field populations of aedes aegypti (l.) from guerrero, mexico.we report results of the entomo-virological surveillance system in aedes aegypti local populations performed by the ministry of health of guerrero.201626711697
an anti-mosquito mixture for domestic use, combining a fertiliser and a chemical or biological larvicide.plant saucers are an important larval habitat for aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus in peridomestic situations. because npk fertilisers in plant containers tend to enhance the oviposition of these species, we investigated the effects of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, spinosad, pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron larvicides in combination with fertiliser on the adult emergence and fecundity of the mosquitoes coming from plant saucers in controlled greenhouse experiments. npk + larvicide (npk- ...201626414239
[development and basic properties of the viral preparation viroden].laboratory studies demonstrated the effectiveness of viroden preparation in different doses against preimago stages of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. after treatment of larvae of instar 1 at preimago stages about 77% of the insects died. the preparation is stable on storage and resistant to unfavourable environmental factors: sun radiation, heating, ph variations, without significant loss of activity. the study of the host range of densonucleosis virus, the active principle of the viroden preparation ...20163445591
toxin stability improvement and toxicity increase against dipteran and lepidopteran larvae of bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein cry2aa.bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins are the most widely used biopesticides for controlling economically important crop pests and disease vectors. improving their efficacy is of great benefit. here, an improvement in cry2aa δ-endotoxin toxicity was attempted via a cry gene over expression system using p20 from b. thuringiensis israelensis.201626910489
local mosquito-borne transmission of zika virus - miami-dade and broward counties, florida, june-august 2016.during the first 6 months of 2016, large outbreaks of zika virus disease caused by local mosquito-borne transmission occurred in puerto rico and other u.s. territories, but local mosquito-borne transmission was not identified in the continental united states (1,2). as of july 22, 2016, the florida department of health had identified 321 zika virus disease cases among florida residents and visitors, all occurring in either travelers from other countries or territories with ongoing zika virus tran ...201627684886
one-pot biogenic fabrication of silver nanocrystals using quisqualis indica: effectiveness on malaria and zika virus mosquito vectors, and impact on non-target aquatic organisms.currently, mosquito vector control is facing a number of key challenges, including the rapid development of resistance to synthetic pesticides and the recent spread of aggressive arbovirus outbreaks. the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) is currently considered an environmental friendly alternative to the employ of pyrethroids, carbamates and microbial agents (e.g. bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis), since agnps are easy to produce, effective and stable in the aquatic environmen ...201627491031
receptors are affected by selection with each bacillus thuringiensis israelensis cry toxin but not with the full bti mixture in aedes aegypti.bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) toxins are increasingly used for mosquito control, but little is known about the precise mode of action of each of these toxins, and how they interact to kill mosquito larvae. by using rna sequencing, we investigated change in gene transcription level and polymorphism variations associated with resistance to each bti cry toxin and to the full bti toxin mixture in the dengue vector aedes aegypti. the up-regulation of genes related to chitin metabolism in a ...201627418233
the use of aedes aegypti larvae attractants to enhance the effectiveness of larvicides.aedes aegypti (l.) is an important dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever vector. immature stages of this species inhabit human-made containers placed in residential landscapes, and the application of larvicides inside containers that cannot be eliminated is still considered a priority in control programs. larvicidal efficacy is influenced by several factors, including the formulation used, the water quality, and the susceptibility of larvae, among others. if an attractant can be incorporated int ...201626922177
dibenzo-α-pyrones: a new class of larvicidal metabolites against aedes aegypti from the endophytic fungus hyalodendriella sp. ponipodef12.in our search for new agrochemicals from endophytic fungi, the crude extract of the endophytic hyalodendriella sp. ponipodef12 associated with the hybrid 'neva' of populus deltoides marsh × p. nigra l. was found to possess larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti.201627862895
identification and characterization of ige-binding tropomyosins in aedes aegypti.the mosquito aedes aegypti is a potential source of important clinically relevant allergens. however, the allergenicity and cross-reactivity of most of these has not been fully described.201627355916
importance of thr(328) and thr(369) for functional maintenance of two receptor-binding β-hairpins of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin: implications for synergistic interactions with cyt2aa2.bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba mosquito-active toxin was previously shown to utilize two critical loop-residues, tyr(332) and phe(364) which are respectively located in β2-β3 and β4-β5 loops, for synergistic interactions with its alternative receptor-cyt2aa2. here, structural analysis of the cry4ba-receptor-binding domain revealed that its n-terminal subdomain encompasses β2-β3 and β4-β5 hairpins which are stabilized by inter-hairpin hydrogen bonding between thr(328) in β2 and thr(369) in β5. fun ...201626692482
alkaline phosphatases are involved in the response of aedes aegypti larvae to intoxication with bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cry toxins.bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) is a natural pathogen of dipterans widely used as a biological insecticide for mosquito control. to characterize the response of mosquitoes to intoxication with bti, the transcriptome profile of bti-exposed susceptible aedes aegypti larvae was analysed using illumina rna-seq. gene expression of 11 alkaline phosphatases (alps) was further investigated by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and alp activity was measured in the susceptibl ...201626663676
tourniquet test for dengue diagnosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy.dengue fever is a ubiquitous arboviral infection in tropical and sub-tropical regions, whose incidence has increased over recent decades. in the absence of a rapid point of care test, the clinical diagnosis of dengue is complex. the world health organisation has outlined diagnostic criteria for making the diagnosis of dengue infection, which includes the use of the tourniquet test (tt).201627486661
dengue deaths: associated factors and length of hospital stay.background. dengue continues to pose a public health problem globally. objective. to review factors associated with patients who died from dengue in trinidad. methods. a retrospective case note review of hospitalized patients who died during 2001 to 2010. results. a total of 23 cases were identified: 13 males, 10 females-12 east indians, 9 africans, and 2 unknown. more than half (n = 17) were over 40 years of age with 10 being over 60 years of age; three were children. a falling platelet count w ...201627462472
how social structures, space, and behaviors shape the spread of infectious diseases using chikungunya as a case study.whether an individual becomes infected in an infectious disease outbreak depends on many interconnected risk factors, which may relate to characteristics of the individual (e.g., age, sex), his or her close relatives (e.g., household members), or the wider community. studies monitoring individuals in households or schools have helped elucidate the determinants of transmission in small social structures due to advances in statistical modeling; but such an approach has so far largely failed to con ...201627821727
the epidemiological characteristics and dynamic transmission of dengue in china, 2013.there was a dengue epidemic in several regions of china in 2013. no study has explored the dynamics of dengue transmission between different geographical locations with dengue outbreaks in china. the purpose of the study is to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and to explore the dynamic transmission of dengue in china, 2013.201627820815
a cluster-randomized controlled trial to reduce diarrheal disease and dengue entomological risk factors in rural primary schools in colombia.as many neglected tropical diseases are co-endemic and have common risk factors, integrated control can efficiently reduce disease burden and relieve resource-strained public health budgets. diarrheal diseases and dengue fever are major global health problems sharing common risk factors in water storage containers. where provision of clean water is inadequate, water storage is crucial. fecal contamination of stored water is a common source of diarrheal illness, but stored water also provides bre ...201627820821
talen-mediated knock-in via non-homologous end joining in the crustacean daphnia magna.transcription activator-like effector nucleases (talens) are versatile tools that enable the insertion of dna into different organisms. here, we confirmed talen-mediated knock-in via non-homologous end joining in the crustacean daphnia magna, a model organism for ecological and toxicological genomics. we tested two different talens, ey1 talen and ey2 talen, both of which target the eyeless locus. the donor dna plasmid, harbouring the h2b-gfp reporter gene, was designed to contain both talen targ ...201627819301
oral delivery of dsrna by microbes: beyond pest control.rna interference (rnai) by oral delivery of dsrna in insects has great potential as a tool for integrated pest management (ipm), especially with respect to addressing the need to reduce off-target effect and slow down resistance development to chemical insecticides. employing the natural association existing between insect and yeast, we developed a novel method to enable the knock down of vital genes in the pest insect drosophila suzukii through oral delivery of species-specific dsrna using gene ...201628042376
host plant affects morphometric variation of diaphorina citri (hemiptera: liviidae).the asian citrus psyllid (acp), diaphorina citri kuwayama, is one of the most serious citrus pests worldwide due to its role as vector of huanglongbing or citrus greening disease. while some optimal plant species for acp oviposition and development have been identified, little is known of the influence of host plants on acp size and shape. our goal was to determine how size and shape of acp wing and body size varies when development occurs on different host plants in a controlled rearing environ ...201627833820
recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of lumpy skin disease virus.lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) is a capripoxvirus infecting cattle and buffalos. lumpy skin disease (lsd) leads to significant economic losses due to hide damage, reduction of milk production, mastitis, infertility and mortalities (10 %). early detection of the virus is crucial to start appropriate outbreak control measures. veterinarians rely on the presence of the characteristic clinical signs of lsd. laboratory diagnostics including virus isolation, sequencing and real-time polymerase chain ...201627806722
genome-wide analysis of differentially expressed microrna in bombyx mori infected with nucleopolyhedrosis virus.bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrosis virus (bmnpv) is a major pathogen that threatens the growth and sustainability of the sericulture industry. since micrornas (mirnas) have been shown to play important roles in host-pathogen interactions, in this study we investigated the effects of bmnpv infection on silkworm micrornas expression profile. to achieve this, we constructed and deep-sequenced two small rna libraries generated from bmnpv infected and un-infected larvae. the results revealed that 38 silk ...201627806111
the seminal fluid proteome of the polyandrous red junglefowl offers insights into the molecular basis of fertility, reproductive ageing and domestication.seminal fluid proteins (sfps) are emerging as fundamental contributors to sexual selection given their role in post-mating reproductive events, particularly in polyandrous species where the ejaculates of different males compete for fertilisation. sfp identification however remains taxonomically limited and little is known about avian sfps, despite extensive work on sexual selection in birds. we characterize the sf proteome of the polyandrous red junglefowl, gallus gallus, the wild species that g ...201627804984
turmeric powder and its derivatives from curcuma longa rhizomes: insecticidal effects on cabbage looper and the role of synergists.curcuma longa has well-known insecticidal and repellent effects on insect pests, but its impact on trichoplusia ni is unknown. in this study, the compound ar-turmerone, extracted and purified from c. longa rhizomes, was identified, and its insecticidal effects, along with turmeric powder, curcuminoid pigments and crude essential oil were evaluated against this important agricultural pest. the role of natural (sesamol and piperonal) and synthetic [piperonyl butoxide (pbo)] synergists under labora ...201627804972
sodium channel mutations and pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti.pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control insect pests and human disease vectors. voltage-gated sodium channels are the primary targets of pyrethroid insecticides. mutations in the sodium channel have been shown to be responsible for pyrethroid resistance, known as knockdown resistance (kdr), in various insects including mosquitoes. in aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the principal urban vectors of dengue, zika, and yellow fever viruses, multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms in the sodium c ...201627809228
filarial infection influences mosquito behaviour and fecundity.understanding vector-parasite interactions is increasingly important as we move towards the endpoint goals set by the global programme for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (gpelf), as interaction dynamics may change with reduced transmission pressure. elimination models used to predict programmatic endpoints include parameters for vector-specific transmission dynamics, despite the fact that our knowledge of the host-seeking behaviour of filariasis infected mosquitoes is lacking. we observ ...201627796352
cgdb: a database of circadian genes in eukaryotes.we report a database of circadian genes in eukaryotes (cgdb, http://cgdb.biocuckoo.org), containing ∼73 000 circadian-related genes in 68 animals, 39 plants and 41 fungi. circadian rhythm is ∼24 h rhythm in behavioral and physiological processes that exists in almost all organisms on the earth. defects in the circadian system are highly associated with a number of diseases such as cancers. although several databases have been established for rhythmically expressed genes, a comprehensive database ...201627789706
conserved chemosensory proteins in the proboscis and eyes of lepidoptera.odorant-binding proteins (obps) and chemosensory proteins (csps) are endowed with several different functions besides being carriers for pheromones and odorants. based on a previous report of a csp acting as surfactant in the proboscis of the moth helicoverpa armigera, we revealed the presence of orthologue proteins in two other moths plutella xylostella and chilo suppressalis, as well as two butterflies papilio machaon and pieris rapae, using immunodetection and proteomic analysis. the unusual ...201627877091
juvenile hormone regulation of female reproduction in the common bed bug, cimex lectularius.to begin studies on reproduction in common bed bug, cimex lectularius, we identified three genes coding for vitellogenin (vg, a protein required for the reproductive success of insects) and studied their hormonal regulation. rna interference studied showed that expression of vg3 gene in the adult females is a prerequisite for successful completion of embryogenesis in the eggs laid by them. juvenile hormone (jh) receptor, methoprene-tolerant (met), steroid receptor coactivator (src) and gataa but ...201627762340
rna interference in moths: mechanisms, applications, and progress.the vast majority of lepidopterans, about 90%, are moths. some moths, particularly their caterpillars, are major agricultural and forestry pests in many parts of the world. however, some other members of moths, such as the silkworm bombyx mori, are famous for their economic value. fire et al. in 1998 initially found that exogenous double-stranded rna (dsrna) can silence the homolog endogenous mrna in organisms, which is called rna interference (rnai). soon after, the rnai technique proved to be ...201627775569
identification of aedes aegypti long intergenic non-coding rnas and their association with wolbachia and dengue virus infection.long intergenic non-coding rnas (lincrnas) are appearing as an important class of regulatory rnas with a variety of biological functions. the aim of this study was to identify the lincrna profile in the dengue vector aedes aegypti and evaluate their potential role in host-pathogen interaction. the majority of previous rna-seq transcriptome studies in ae. aegypti have focused on the expression pattern of annotated protein coding genes under different biological conditions. here, we used 35 public ...201627760142
open questions: how does wolbachia do what it does?a common symbiont of insects, the bacterium wolbachia has been implicated in phenomena as diverse as sex determination, pathogen defence and speciation and is being used in public health programs to prevent mosquitoes transmitting disease. despite decades of research, we know remarkably little about how it exerts its effects.201627760540
perplexing metabolomes in fungal-insect trophic interactions: a terra incognita of mycobiocontrol mechanisms.the trophic interactions of entomopathogenic fungi in different ecological niches viz., soil, plants, or insect themselves are effectively regulated by their maneuvered metabolomes and the plethora of metabotypes. in this article, we discuss a holistic framework of co-evolutionary metabolomes and metabotypes to model the interactions of biocontrol fungi especially with mycosed insects. conventionally, the studies involving fungal biocontrol mechanisms are reported in the context of much aggrandi ...201627807434
cloning and expression of ecdysone receptor and retinoid x receptor from procambarus clarkii: induction by eyestalk ablation.ecdysone receptor and retinoid x receptor are key regulators in molting. here, full length ecdysone receptor (pcecr) and retinoid x receptor (pcrxr) cdnas from procambarus clarkii were cloned. full length cdna of pcecr has 2500 bp, encoding 576 amino acid proteins, and full length cdna of pcrxr has 2593 bp, in which a 15 bp and a 204 bp insert/deletion splice variant regions in dna binding domain and hinge domain were identified. the two splice variant regions in pcrxr result four isoforms: pcrx ...201627763563
morphological and transcriptomic analysis of a beetle chemosensory system reveals a gnathal olfactory center.the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum is an emerging insect model organism representing the largest insect order, coleoptera, which encompasses several serious agricultural and forest pests. despite the ecological and economic importance of beetles, most insect olfaction studies have so far focused on dipteran, lepidopteran, or hymenopteran systems.201627751175
bacillus thuringiensis cyt2aa2 toxin disrupts cell membranes by forming large protein aggregates.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cyt2aa2 showed toxicity against dipteran insect larvae and in vitro lysis activity on several cells. it has potential applications in the biological control of insect larvae. although pore-forming and/or detergent-like mechanisms were proposed, the mechanism underlying cytolytic activity remains unclear. analysis of the haemolytic activity of cyt2aa2 with osmotic stabilizers revealed partial toxin inhibition, suggesting a distinctive mechanism from the putative pore f ...201627612497
haemocoel injection of pira1b1 to galleria mellonella larvae leads to disruption of the haemocyte immune functions.the bacterium photorhabdus luminescens produces a number of insecticidal proteins to kill its larval prey. in this study, we cloned the gene coding for a binary toxin pira1b1 and purified the recombinant protein using affinity chromatography combined with desalination technology. furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the recombinant protein against the haemocytes of galleria mellonella larvae was investigated. we found that the protein had haemocoel insecticidal activity against g. mellonella with an ...201627734915
time-lagging interplay effect and excess risk of meteorological/mosquito parameters and petrochemical gas explosion on dengue incidence.in kaohsiung, a metropolitan city in taiwan at high risk of dengue epidemic, weather factors combined with an accidental petrochemical gas explosion (pge) may affect mosquito‒human dynamics in 2014. generalized estimating equations with lagged-time poisson regression analyses were used to evaluate the effect of meteorological/mosquito parameters and pge on dengue incidences (2000-2014) in kaohsiung. increased minimum temperatures rendered a 2- and 3-month lagging interactive effect on higher den ...201627733774
expanding the knowledge on lignocellulolytic and redox enzymes of worker and soldier castes from the lower termite coptotermes gestroi.termites are considered one of the most efficient decomposers of lignocelluloses on earth due to their ability to produce, along with its microbial symbionts, a repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes (cazymes). recently, a set of pro-oxidant, antioxidant, and detoxification enzymes (pad) were also correlated with the metabolism of carbohydrates and lignin in termites. the lower termite coptotermes gestroi is considered the main urban pest in brazil, causing damage to wood constructions. recen ...201627790186
effects of a novel β-lapachone derivative on trypanosoma cruzi: parasite death involving apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis.natural products comprise valuable sources for new antiparasitic drugs. here we tested the effects of a novel β-lapachone derivative on trypanosoma cruzi parasite survival and proliferation and used microscopy and cytometry techniques to approach the mechanism(s) underlying parasite death. the selectivity index determination indicate that the compound trypanocidal activity was over ten-fold more cytotoxic to epimastigotes than to macrophages or splenocytes. scanning electron microscopy analysis ...201627770751
eukaryotic association module in phage wo genomes from wolbachia.viruses are trifurcated into eukaryotic, archaeal and bacterial categories. this domain-specific ecology underscores why eukaryotic viruses typically co-opt eukaryotic genes and bacteriophages commonly harbour bacterial genes. however, the presence of bacteriophages in obligate intracellular bacteria of eukaryotes may promote dna transfers between eukaryotes and bacteriophages. here we report a metagenomic analysis of purified bacteriophage wo particles of wolbachia and uncover a eukaryotic asso ...201627727237
infection with plasmodium berghei ookinetes alters protein expression in the brain of anopheles albimanus mosquitoes.the behaviour of anopheles spp. mosquitoes, vectors for plasmodium parasites, plays a crucial role in the propagation of malaria to humans. consequently, it is important to understand how the behaviour of these mosquitoes is influenced by the interaction between the brain and immunological status. the nervous system is intimately linked to the immune and endocrine systems. there is evidence that the malaria parasite alters the function of these systems upon infecting the mosquito. although there ...201627724938
darwin's finches treat their feathers with a natural repellent.darwin's finches are highly innovative. recently we recorded for the first time a behavioural innovation in darwin's finches outside the foraging context: individuals of four species rubbed leaves of the endemic tree psidium galapageium on their feathers. we hypothesised that this behaviour serves to repel ectoparasites and tested the repellency of p. galapageium leaf extracts against parasites that negatively affect the fitness of darwin's finches, namely mosquitoes and the invasive hematophago ...201627721475
transcriptome comparison analysis of ostrinia furnacalis in four developmental stages.the asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis, is one of the most destructive pests of maize and causes huge losses in maize yield each year. in order to characterize the different developmental stages, a high-throughput sequencing platform was employed to perform de novo transcriptome assembly and gene expression analysis for the egg, larva, pupa and adult stages. approximately 185 million reads were obtained, trimmed, and assembled into 42,638 unigenes with an average length of 801.94 bp and an n5 ...201627713521
glycoside hydrolases family 20 (gh20) represent putative virulence factors that are shared by animal pathogenic oomycetes, but are absent in phytopathogens.although interest in animal pathogenic oomycetes is increasing, the molecular basis mediating oomycete-animal relationships remains virtually unknown. crinkler (crn) genes, which have been traditionally associated with the cytotoxic activity displayed by plant pathogenic oomycetes, were recently detected in transcriptome sequences from the entomopathogenic oomycete lagenidium giganteum, suggesting that these genes may represent virulence factors conserved in both animal and plant pathogenic oomy ...201627716041
genetic analysis of aedes aegypti using random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers from dengue outbreaks in pakistan.keeping in view the havoc situation of dengue fever in pakistan, the current study was designed to demonstrate the genetic variations, gene flow and rate of migration from lahore and faisalabad.201628032107
transcriptome response to elevated atmospheric co2 concentration in the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki (isoptera: rhinotermitidae).carbon dioxide (co2) is a pervasive chemical stimulus that plays a critical role in insect life, eliciting behavioral and physiological responses across different species. high co2 concentration is a major feature of termite nests, which may be used as a cue for locating their nests. termites also survive under an elevated co2 concentration. however, the mechanism by which elevated co2 concentration influences gene expression in termites is poorly understood.201627761326
a genome-wide identification and analysis of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens.the basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) transcription factors in insects play essential roles in multiple developmental processes including neurogenesis, sterol metabolism, circadian rhythms, organogenesis and formation of olfactory sensory neurons. the identification and function analysis of bhlh family members of the most destructive insect pest of rice, nilaparvata lugens, may provide novel tools for pest management. here, a genome-wide survey for bhlh sequences identified 60 bhlh sequences (nlbhlh ...201627869716
analyses of density-dependent effects are needed to understand how and when wolbachia can control dengue vectors.releases of wolbachia-infected mosquitoes have been shown to be an effective method of controlling aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue fever, in australia. a study in bmc biology from penelope hancock and others shows that incorporation of density-dependent effects into population models can provide major improvements in understanding how and when the infected populations can become established.see research article: https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-016-0319-5 .201627863487
wolbachia-based dengue virus inhibition is not tissue-specific in aedes aegypti.dengue fever, caused by the dengue virus (denv), is now the most common arbovirus transmitted disease globally. one novel approach to control denv is to use the endosymbiotic bacterium, wolbachia pipientis, to limit denv replication inside the primary mosquito vector, aedes aegypti. wolbachia that is naturally present in a range of insects reduces the capacity for viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi to replicate inside insects. wolbachia's mode of action is not well understood but may involve ...201627855218
screening of fungi for biological control of a triatomine vector of chagas disease: temperature and trypanosome infection as factors.entomopathogenic fungi have been investigated as an alternative tool for controlling various insects, including triatomine vectors of the protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of chagas disease. here we tested the pathogenicity and virulence of ten isolates of the fungi metarhizium spp. and beauveria bassiana against rhodnius prolixus and found all of the isolates to be virulent. we used two isolates (urpe-11 metarhizium anisopliae and ent-1 beauveria bassiana) for further screening ...201627855217
rnai efficiency, systemic properties, and novel delivery methods for pest insect control: what we know so far.in recent years, the research on the potential of using rna interference (rnai) to suppress crop pests has made an outstanding growth. however, given the variability of rnai efficiency that is observed in many insects, the development of novel approaches toward insect pest management using rnai requires first to unravel factors behind the efficiency of dsrna-mediated gene silencing. in this review, we explore essential implications and possibilities to increase rnai efficiency by delivery of dsr ...201627909411
mitigating the risk of transfusion-transmitted dengue in australia.dengue viruses (denv 1-4) are a risk to transfusion safety, with several transfusion-transmitted (tt) cases reported globally. denv 1-4 are endemic in over 100 countries, with seasonal outbreaks occurring in northeastern australia. to mitigate tt-denv risk in australia, fresh blood components are not manufactured from donors returning from any area (domestic/overseas) with known dengue transmission. alternatively, tt-denv risk may be mitigated using an appropriate blood donor screening assay. we ...201627957384
cardiovascular effects of the essential oil of croton argyrophylloides in normotensive rats: role of the autonomic nervous system.cardiovascular effects of the essential oil of croton argyrophylloides muell. arg. (eoca) were investigated in normotensive rats. in saline-pretreated anesthetized or conscious rats, intravenous (i.v.) injection of the eoca induced dose-dependent hypotension. dose-dependent tachycardia was observed only in conscious rats. in anesthetized rats, cervical bivagotomy failed to enhance eoca-induced hypotension but unmasked significant bradycardia. in conscious rats, i.v. pretreatment with methylatrop ...201627956919
effects of periplocoside p from periploca sepium on the midgut transmembrane potential of mythimna separata larvae.periplocoside p (psp) isolated from the root bark of periploca sepium contains a pregnane glycoside skeleton and possesses high insecticidal properties. preliminary studies indicated that psp disrupts epithelial functions in the midgut of lepidopteran larvae. in the present study, we examined the effects of psp on the apical and basolateral membrane voltages, va and vbl, respectively, of cells from (1) midguts isolated from the larvae of the oriental armyworm mythimna separata that were in vitro ...201627833169
inducing cold-sensitivity in the frigophilic fly drosophila montana by rnai.cold acclimation is a critical physiological adaptation for coping with seasonal cold. by increasing their cold tolerance individuals can remain active for longer at the onset of winter and can recover more quickly from a cold shock. in insects, despite many physiological studies, little is known about the genetic basis of cold acclimation. recently, transcriptomic analyses in drosophila virilis and d. montana revealed candidate genes for cold acclimation by identifying genes upregulated during ...201627832122
temporal and spatial evolution of dengue incidence in brazil, 2001-2012.in brazil, the incidence of dengue greatly increased in the last two decades and there are several factors impeding the control of the disease. the present study focused on describing the space-time evolution of dengue in brazil from 2001 to 2012 and analyzing the relationship of the reported cases with socio-demographic and environmental factors.201627832129
factors influencing infection and transmission of anopheles gambiae densovirus (agdnv) in mosquitoes.anopheles gambiae densovirus (agdnv) is a potential microbial agent for paratransgenesis and gene transduction in an. gambiae, the major vector of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. understanding the interaction between agdnv and an. gambiae is critical for using agdnv in a basic and applied manner for anopheles gene manipulation. here, we tested the effects of mosquito age, sex, blood feeding status, and potential for horizontal transmission using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) ...201627867767
dengue with a morbilliform rash and a positive tourniquet test. 201627872891
immunization with brugia malayi myosin as heterologous dna prime protein boost induces protective immunity against b. malayi infection in mastomys coucha.the current control strategies employing chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin and albendazole have reduced transmission in some filaria-endemic areas, there is growing interest for complementary approaches, such as vaccines especially in light of threat of parasite developing resistance to mainstay drugs. we earlier demonstrated recombinant heavy chain myosin of b. malayi (bm-myo) as a potent vaccine candidate whose efficacy was enhanced by heterologous dna prime/protein boost (myo-p ...201627828973
predicting wolbachia invasion dynamics in aedes aegypti populations using models of density-dependent demographic traits.arbovirus transmission by the mosquito aedes aegypti can be reduced by the introduction and establishment of the endosymbiotic bacteria wolbachia in wild populations of the vector. wolbachia spreads by increasing the fitness of its hosts relative to uninfected mosquitoes. however, mosquito fitness is also strongly affected by population size through density-dependent competition for limited food resources. we do not understand how this natural variation in fitness affects symbiont spread, which ...201627825343
spermatogenesis drives rapid gene creation and masculinization of the x chromosome in stalk-eyed flies (diopsidae).throughout their evolutionary history, genomes acquire new genetic material that facilitates phenotypic innovation and diversification. developmental processes associated with reproduction are particularly likely to involve novel genes. abundant gene creation impacts the evolution of chromosomal gene content and general regulatory mechanisms such as dosage compensation. numerous studies in model organisms have found complex and, at times contradictory, relationships among these genomic attribute ...201626951781
rna sequencing to characterize transcriptional changes of sexual maturation and mating in the female oriental fruit fly bactrocera dorsalis.female reproductive potential plays a significant role in the survival and stability of species, and sexual maturation and mating processes are crucial. however, our knowledge of the reproductive genes involved in sexual maturation and mating has been largely limited to model organisms. the oriental fruit fly bactrocera dorsalis is a highly invasive agricultural pest, known to cause major economic losses; thus, it is of great value to understand the transcriptional changes involved in sexual mat ...201626946038
identification of autophagy in the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the molecular characterization and functional analysis of two novel autophagy-related genes, bxatg1 and bxatg8.the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes huge economic losses in pine forests, has a complex life cycle, and shows the remarkable ability to survive under unfavorable and changing environmental conditions. this ability may be related to autophagy, which is still poorly understood in b. xylophilus and no autophagy-related genes have been previously characterized. in this study, transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm that autophagy exists in b. xylophilus. the full- ...201626950119
distribution of voltage-gated sodium channel (nav) alleles among the aedes aegypti populations in central java province and its association with resistance to pyrethroid insecticides.the emergence of insecticide resistant aedes aegypti mosquitoes has hampered dengue control efforts. who susceptibility tests, using several pyrethroid compounds, were conducted on ae. aegypti larvae that were collected and raised to adulthood from semarang, surakarta, kudus and jepara in java. the aanav gene fragment encompassing kdr polymorphic sites from both susceptible and resistant mosquitoes was amplified, and polymorphisms were associated with the resistant phenotype. the insecticide sus ...201626939002
spatial and temporal epidemiology of lumpy skin disease in the middle east, 2012-2015.lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) is an infectious disease of cattle that can have severe economic implications. new lsd outbreaks are currently circulating in the middle east (me). since 2012, severe outbreaks were reported in cattle across the region. characterizing the spatial and temporal dynamics of lsdv in cattle populations is prerequisite for guiding successful surveillance and control efforts at a regional level in the me. here, we aim to model the ecological niche of lsdv and identify ep ...201626973845
multiple evolutionary selections involved in synonymous codon usages in the streptococcus agalactiae genome.streptococcus agalactiae is an important human and animal pathogen. to better understand the genetic features and evolution of s. agalactiae, multiple factors influencing synonymous codon usage patterns in s. agalactiae were analyzed in this study. a- and u-ending rich codons were used in s. agalactiae function genes through the overall codon usage analysis, indicating that adenine (a)/thymine (t) compositional constraints might contribute an important role to the synonymous codon usage pattern. ...201626927064
a disease around the corner. 201626981335
a primary screening and applying of plant volatiles as repellents to control whitefly bemisia tabaci (gennadius) on tomato.with the goal of finding a new way to reduce population densities of bemisia tabaci biotype q in greenhouses, seven repellent volatile chemicals and their combinations were screened. the mixture of dlco (d-limonene, citral and olive oil (63:7:30)) had a better cost performance(sc50 = 22.59 mg/ml)to repel whiteflies from settling than the other mixtures or single chemicals. in the greenhouse, in both the choice test and the no-choice tests, the number of adult whiteflies that settled on 1% dlco-t ...201626907368
changes in the physicochemical properties of piperine/β-cyclodextrin due to the formation of inclusion complexes.piperine (pp) is a pungent component in black pepper that possesses useful biological activities; however it is practically insoluble in water. the aim of the current study was to prepare a coground mixture (gm) of pp and β-cyclodextrin (βcd) (molar ratio of pp/βcd = 1/1) and subsequently evaluate the solubility of pp and physicochemical properties of the gm. dsc thermal behavior of the gm showed the absence of melting peak of piperine. pxrd profile of the gm exhibited halo pattern and no charac ...201626998357
insight into the mode of action of haedoxan a from phryma leptostachya.haedoxan a (ha) is a major active ingredient in the herbaceous perennial plant lopseed (phryma leptostachya l.), which is used as a natural insecticide against insect pests in east asia. here, we report that ha delayed the decay rate of evoked excitatory junctional potentials (ejps) and increased the frequency of miniature ejps (mejps) on the drosophila neuromuscular junction. ha also caused a significant hyperpolarizing shift of the voltage dependence of fast inactivation of insect sodium chann ...201626907348
chemical diversity and biological properties of secondary metabolites from sea hares of aplysia genus.the marine environment is an important source of structurally-diverse and biologically-active secondary metabolites. during the last two decades, thousands of compounds were discovered in marine organisms, several of them having inspired the development of new classes of therapeutic agents. marine mollusks constitute a successful phyla in the discovery of new marine natural products (mnps). over a 50-year period from 1963, 116 genera of mollusks contributed innumerous compounds, aplysia being th ...201626907303
developing a time series predictive model for dengue in zhongshan, china based on weather and guangzhou dengue surveillance data.dengue is a re-emerging infectious disease of humans, rapidly growing from endemic areas to dengue-free regions due to favorable conditions. in recent decades, guangzhou has again suffered from several big outbreaks of dengue; as have its neighboring cities. this study aims to examine the impact of dengue epidemics in guangzhou, china, and to develop a predictive model for zhongshan based on local weather conditions and guangzhou dengue surveillance information.201626894570
differential juvenile hormone variations in scale insect extreme sexual dimorphism.scale insects have evolved extreme sexual dimorphism, as demonstrated by sedentary juvenile-like females and ephemeral winged males. this dimorphism is established during the post-embryonic development; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms have not yet been examined. we herein assessed the role of juvenile hormone (jh) on the diverging developmental pathways occurring in the male and female japanese mealybug planococcus kraunhiae (kuwana). we provide, for the first time, detailed gene e ...201626894583
transcriptome analysis and discovery of genes relevant to development in bradysia odoriphaga at three developmental stages.bradysia odoriphaga (diptera: sciaridae) is the most important pest of chinese chive (allium tuberosum) in asia; however, the molecular genetics are poorly understood. to explore the molecular biological mechanism of development, illumina sequencing and de novo assembly were performed in the third-instar, fourth-instar, and pupal b. odoriphaga. the study resulted in 16.2 gb of clean data and 47,578 unigenes (≥125 bp) contained in 7,632,430 contigs, 46.21% of which were annotated from non-redunda ...201626891450
establishment of a wolbachia superinfection in aedes aegypti mosquitoes as a potential approach for future resistance management.wolbachia pipientis is an endosymbiotic bacterium estimated to chronically infect between 40-75% of all arthropod species. aedes aegypti, the principle mosquito vector of dengue virus (denv), is not a natural host of wolbachia. the transinfection of wolbachia strains such as walbb, wmel and wmelpop-cla into ae. aegypti has been shown to significantly reduce the vector competence of this mosquito for a range of human pathogens in the laboratory. this has led to wmel-transinfected ae. aegypti curr ...201626891349
deep rna-seq profile reveals biodiversity, plant-microbe interactions and a large family of nbs-lrr resistance genes in walnut (juglans regia) tissues.deep rna-seq profiling, a revolutionary method used for quantifying transcriptional levels, often includes non-specific transcripts from other co-existing organisms in spite of stringent protocols. using the recently published walnut genome sequence as a filter, we present a broad analysis of the rna-seq derived transcriptome profiles obtained from twenty different tissues to extract the biodiversity and possible plant-microbe interactions in the walnut ecosystem in california. since the residua ...201626883051
large-scale modelling of the environmentally-driven population dynamics of temperate aedes albopictus (skuse).the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, is a highly invasive vector species. it is a proven vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses, with the potential to host a further 24 arboviruses. it has recently expanded its geographical range, threatening many countries in the middle east, mediterranean, europe and north america. here, we investigate the theoretical limitations of its range expansion by developing an environmentally-driven mathematical model of its population dynamics. we focus on t ...201626871447
climate and the timing of imported cases as determinants of the dengue outbreak in guangzhou, 2014: evidence from a mathematical model.as the world's fastest spreading vector-borne disease, dengue was estimated to infect more than 390 million people in 2010, a 30-fold increase in the past half century. although considered to be a non-endemic country, mainland china had 55,114 reported dengue cases from 2005 to 2014, of which 47,056 occurred in 2014. furthermore, 94% of the indigenous cases in this time period were reported in guangdong province, 83% of which were in guangzhou city. in order to determine the possible determinant ...201626863623
conservation, duplication, and divergence of five opsin genes in insect evolution.opsin proteins covalently bind to small molecular chromophores and each protein-chromophore complex is sensitive to particular wavelengths of light. multiple opsins with different wavelength absorbance peaks are required for color vision. comparing opsin responses is challenging at low light levels, explaining why color vision is often lost in nocturnal species. here, we investigated opsin evolution in 27 phylogenetically diverse insect species including several transitions between photic niches ...201626865071
novel factors of anopheles gambiae haemocyte immune response to plasmodium berghei infection.insect haemocytes mediate cellular immune responses (e.g., phagocytosis) and contribute to the synthesis of humoral immune factors. in previous work, a genome-wide molecular characterization of anopheles gambiae circulating haemocytes was followed by functional gene characterization using cell-based rnai screens. assays were carried out to investigate the role of selected haemocyte-specific or enriched genes in phagocytosis of bacterial bio-particles, expression of the antimicrobial peptide cecr ...201626858200
first report of y-linked genes in the kissing bug rhodnius prolixus.due to an abundance of repetitive dna, the annotation of heterochromatic regions of the genome such as the y chromosome is problematic. the y chromosome is involved in key biological functions such as male-fertility and sex-determination and hence, accurate identification of its sequences is vital. the hemipteran insect rhodnius prolixus is an important vector of chagas disease, a trypanosomiasis affecting 6-7 million people worldwide. here we report the identification of the first y-linked gene ...201626861771
insulin-related peptide 5 is involved in regulating embryo development and biochemical composition in pea aphid with wing polyphenism.in aphids there is a fecundity-dispersal trade-off between wingless and winged morphs. recent research on the molecular mechanism of wing morphs associated with dispersal reveals that insulin receptors in the insulin signaling (is) pathway regulate alternation of wing morphs in planthoppers. however, little is known about whether genes in the is pathway are involved in developmental regulation in aphid nymphs with different wing morphs. in this study, we show that expression of the insulin-relat ...201626903881
a comprehensive entomological, serological and molecular study of 2013 dengue outbreak of swat, khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan.aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus play a fundamental role in transmission of dengue virus to humans. a single infected aedes mosquito is capable to act as a reservoir/amplifier host for dengue virus and may cause epidemics via horizontal and vertical modes of dengue virus (denv) transmission. the present and future dengue development can be clarified by understanding the elements which help the dissemination of dengue transmission. the current study deals with molecular surveillance of dengue i ...201626848847
co-expression of dorsal and rel2 negatively regulates antimicrobial peptide expression in the tobacco hornworm manduca sexta.nuclear factor κb (nf-κb) plays an essential role in regulation of innate immunity. in mammals, nf-κb factors can form homodimers and heterodimers to activate gene expression. in insects, three nf-κb factors, dorsal, dif and relish, have been identified to activate antimicrobial peptide (amp) gene expression. however, it is not clear whether dorsal (or dif) and relish can form heterodimers. here we report the identification and functional analysis of a dorsal homologue (msdorsal) and two relish ...201626847920
the spermatophore in glossina morsitans morsitans: insights into male contributions to reproduction.male seminal fluid proteins (sfps) transferred during copulation modulate female reproductive physiology and behavior, impacting sperm storage/use, ovulation, oviposition, and remating receptivity. these capabilities make them ideal targets for developing novel methods of insect disease vector control. little is known about the nature of sfps in the viviparous tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae), vectors of human and animal african trypanosomiasis. in tsetse, male ejaculate is assembled into a c ...201626847001
newly emerging parasitic threats for human health: national and international trends. 201626966685
a new allele conferring resistance to lysinibacillus sphaericus is detected in low frequency in culex quinquefasciatus field populations.the cqm1 α-glucosidase of culex quinquefasciatus larvae acts as the midgut receptor for the binary toxin of the biolarvicide lysinibacillus sphaericus. mutations within the cqm1 gene can code for aberrant polypeptides that can no longer be properly expressed or bind to the toxin, leading to insect resistance. the cqm1 rec and cqm1 rec-2 alleles were identified in a laboratory selected colony and both displayed mutations that lead to equivalent phenotypes of refractoriness to l. sphaericus. cqm1 ...201626846600
spatial variation of insecticide resistance in the dengue vector aedes aegypti presents unique vector control challenges.dengue is a major public health problem in mexico, where the use of chemical insecticides to control the principal dengue vector, aedes aegypti, is widespread. resistance to insecticides has been reported in multiple sites, and the frequency of kdr mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance has increased rapidly in recent years. in the present study, we characterized patterns of insecticide resistance in ae. aegypti populations in five small towns surrounding the city of merida, mexico.201626846468
development of a novel-type transgenic cotton plant for control of cotton bollworm.the transgenic bt cotton plant has been widely planted throughout the world for the control of cotton budworm helicoverpa armigera (hubner). however, a shift towards insect tolerance of bt cotton is now apparent. in this study, the gene encoding neuropeptide f (npf) was cloned from cotton budworm h. armigera, an important agricultural pest. the npf gene produces two splicing mrna variants-npf1 and npf2 (with a 120-bp segment inserted into the npf1 sequence). these are predicted to form the matur ...201626841044
finding aedes aegypti in a natural breeding site in an urban zone, sao paulo, southeastern brazil.this is the description of how nine aedes aegypti larvae were found in a natural breeding site in the pinheiros neighborhood, city of sao paulo, sp, southeastern brazil. the record was conducted in december 2014, during an entomological surveillance program of dengue virus vectors, with an active search of potential breeding sites, either artificial or natural. findingae. aegypti larvae in a tree hole shows this species' ability to use both artificial and natural environments as breeding sites a ...201626982959
evaluation of the activity of the essential oil from an ornamental flower against aedes aegypti: electrophysiology, molecular dynamics and behavioral assays.dengue fever has spread worldwide and affects millions of people every year in tropical and subtropical regions of africa, asia, europe and america. since there is no effective vaccine against the dengue virus, prevention of disease transmission depends entirely on regulating the vector (aedes aegypti) or interrupting human-vector contact. the aim of this study was to assess the oviposition deterrent activity of essential oils of three cultivars of torch ginger (etlingera elatior, zingiberaceae) ...201626927837
nutritional signaling regulates vitellogenin synthesis and egg development through juvenile hormone in nilaparvata lugens (stål).insect female reproduction which comprises the synthesis of vitellogenein (vg) in the fat body and its incorporation into developing oocytes, needs a large amount of energy and food resources. our previous studies found that juvenile hormone (jh) regulates vitellogenesis in the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens. here, we report on the role of jh in nutrient-regulated vg synthesis and egg development. we first cloned the genes coding for juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase (jhamt) which i ...201626927076
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