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enteropathogen co-infection in uk cats with diarrhoea.individual enteropathogen infections in healthy and clinically ill cats are well described, but prevalence and patterns of enteropathogen co-infection have only been reported on a limited basis. we studied enteropathogen co-infection in diarrhoeic uk cats using results of a real time pcr assay for 8 enteropathogenic species; feline coronavirus (co), feline panleukopenia virus (pa), clostridium perfringens (cl), salmonella enterica (sa), giardia spp. (gi), tritrichomonas foetus (tr), cryptosporid ...201424410914
the serological diagnosis of human clonorchiasis by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay based on gst2-specific igg4 detection.due to its delayed fluorescence of a lanthanide chelate, high accuracy and low background the broad linear range, long fluorescent life-time and large stoke's shift of europium chelates, the time-resolved fluorescence has been developed for higher sensitive immunoassay. in this article, a simple, sensitive and specific method-time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (trfia) was adopted for immunoassay of clonorchiasis, and recombinant glutathione transferases 2 of clonorchis sinensis (rcsgst2) was used a ...201424169809
epidemiology of reproductive pathogens in semi-intensive lamb-producing flocks in north-west spain: a comparative serological study.the aim of this study was to better understand the epidemiology of five major reproductive pathogens in semi-intensive lamb-producing flocks in north-west spain. two thousand four hundred serum samples were collected from 44 flocks, and several factors were studied to assess their influence on seropositivity. farms that tested seropositive for more than one pathogen were common (84.1%), but seroprevalence was high only for toxoplasma gondii (38.1%), and low for the other four pathogens, namely, ...201424685472
neospora caninum infection as a cause of reproductive failure in a sheep flock.neospora caninum has been detected only sporadically in cases of ovine abortion, and it has therefore traditionally been considered as an unimportant parasite in small ruminants. this study was carried out with the aim of identifying the pathogen causing serious reproductive problems on a commercial sheep farm. sera from all rams and ewes tested negative for antibodies against border disease virus, schmallenberg virus and coxiella burnetii, and infections by these agents were therefore ruled out ...201425158756
serosurvey on schmallenberg virus and selected ovine reproductive pathogens in culled ewes from southern spain.after the first case of schmallenberg virus (sbv) was reported in southern spain (march 2012), a retrospective serological study was carried out in extensive sheep flocks from nearby areas to assess the history of exposure to sbv and other selected ovine reproductive pathogens (chlamydophila abortus, coxiella burnetii, border disease virus 'bdv', toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum). secondly, the presence of antibodies was investigated in meat juice samples against selected pathogens to vali ...201424219149
[seroprevalance of brucellosis, listeriosis and toxoplasmosis in cattle in adana province of turkey].this study was conducted to identify the seroprevalance of diseases which are zoonotic and responsible from abortion such as toxoplasmosis, listeriosis and brucellosis in holstein crossbred cattle of different age and sex in adana province, between 2008 april-september.201425016114
necrotizing meningoencephalitis in a large mixed-breed dog.a 4-year-old 26-kg (57.2-lb) spayed female staffordshire bull terrier mix was evaluated because of a 24-hour history of cluster seizures.201425406708
surveillance for zoonotic and selected pathogens in harbor seals phoca vitulina from central california.the infection status of harbor seals phoca vitulina in central california, usa, was evaluated through broad surveillance for pathogens in stranded and wild-caught animals from 2001 to 2008, with most samples collected in 2007 and 2008. stranded animals from mendocino county to san luis obispo county were sampled at a rehabilitation facility: the marine mammal center (tmmc, n = 175); wild-caught animals were sampled at 2 locations: san francisco bay (sf, n = 78) and tomales bay (tb, n = 97), that ...201425266897
serologic survey for cross-species pathogens in urban coyotes (canis latrans), colorado, usa.abstract as coyotes (canis latrans) adapt to living in urban environments, the opportunity for cross-species transmission of pathogens may increase. we investigated the prevalence of antibodies to pathogens that are either zoonotic or affect multiple animal species in urban coyotes in the denver metropolitan area, colorado, usa, in 2012. we assayed for antibodies to canine parvovirus-2, canine distemper virus, rabies virus, toxoplasma gondii, yersinia pestis, and serotypes of leptospira interrog ...201425121408
parasitology, virology, and serology of free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from central georgia, usa.we examined 31 free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from central georgia, usa, for select parasites and viral agents. sixteen coyotes had adult heartworms (dirofilaria immitis). serum samples from 27 animals revealed antibodies against canine parvovirus (100%), canine distemper virus (48%), canine adenovirus (37%), and trypanosoma cruzi (7%); none were detected against leishmania spp. twenty-two of 24 (92%) coyotes were positive for toxoplasma gondii. real-time pcr of feces revealed 32% of coyot ...201425098300
besnoitia besnoiti and toxoplasma gondii: two apicomplexan strategies to manipulate the host cell centrosome and golgi apparatus.besnoitia besnoiti and toxoplasma gondii are two closely related parasites that interact with the host cell microtubule cytoskeleton during host cell invasion. here we studied the relationship between the ability of these parasites to invade and to recruit the host cell centrosome and the golgi apparatus. we observed that t. gondii recruits the host cell centrosome towards the parasitophorous vacuole (pv), whereas b. besnoiti does not. notably, both parasites recruit the host golgi apparatus to ...201424892307
[analysis on parasitic infection of clinical samples from hospitals in shanghai during 2011-2013].to analyze the results of parasitic pathogen detection on clinical samples from shanghai hospitals during 2011-2013.201425902676
pathogens of zoonotic and biological importance in roe deer (capreolus capreolus): seroprevalence in an agro-system population in france.antibody prevalence for several infectious and parasitic diseases in a population of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) inhabiting a mixed agricultural landscape (south of france) has been analyzed. serological analyses with elisa in 245 animals captured from 2008 to 2012 has been performed. we found a high prevalence of toxoplasma gondii (46.4%), chlamydophila abortus (17.27%) and coxiella burnetii (11.26%) compared to other studies in europe. seroprevalence varied strongly among years for t. gondi ...201424576494
the parasitic fauna of the european bison (bison bonasus) (linnaeus, 1758) and their impact on the conservation. part 1. the summarising list of parasites noted.during the current century, 88 species of parasites have been recorded in bison bonasus. these are 22 species of protozoa (trypanosoma wrublewskii, t. theileri, giardia sp., sarcocystis cruzi, s. hirsuta, s. hominis, s. fusiformis, neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium sp., eimeria cylindrica, e. subspherica, e. bovis, e. zuernii, e. canadensis, e. ellipsoidalis, e. alabamensis, e. bukidnonensis, e. auburnensis, e. pellita, e. brasiliensis, babesia divergens), 4 trematodes species ...201425119348
serological cross-reactivity of trypanosoma cruzi, ehrlichia canis, toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and babesia canis to leishmania infantum chagasi tests in dogs.the aim of this study was to evaluate the serological cross-reactivity between leishmania sp. and other canine pathogens.201424603745
prevalence and molecular characterizations of toxoplasma gondii and babesia microti from small mammals captured in gyeonggi and gangwon provinces, republic of korea.a survey was conducted to determine the distribution and prevalence of toxoplasma gondii and babesia microti infections in small mammals captured in gyeonggi and gangwon provinces, republic of korea (rok). the serological prevalence of t. gondii (elisa) and b. microti (ifat) was 2.3% (15/667) and 2.1% (14/667), respectively. dna extracts from small mammal heart tissues were screened by pcr for t. gondii and b. microti targeting regions of the gra5 gene and the 18s rrna and β-tubulin genes, respe ...201425178555
[pregnancy and vaccinoprevention].vaccinations protect woman and her fetus against different infectious diseases, but their application on pregnant should be extremely responsible. in this review i present information about some infectious diseases and vaccines during pregnancy. women, planning to get pregnant should be advised to do serological tests in order to find out their immune status against some infections, leading to fetal congenital malformations (rubella, chicken pox, hepatitis b) and if necessary to get vaccinated a ...201424919344
inflammasome sensor nlrp1 controls rat macrophage susceptibility to toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that infects a wide range of warm-blooded species. rats vary in their susceptibility to this parasite. the toxo1 locus conferring toxoplasma resistance in rats was previously mapped to a region of chromosome 10 containing nlrp1. this gene encodes an inflammasome sensor controlling macrophage sensitivity to anthrax lethal toxin (lt) induced rapid cell death (pyroptosis). we show here that rat strain differences in toxoplasma infected macrophage sensi ...201424626226
evaluation of indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of infection by leishmania infantum in clinically normal and sick cats.cats that live in areas where canine and human leishmaniosis due to leishmania infantum is endemic may become infected and may develop anti-leishmania antibodies. in this study 50 clinically normal and 50 cats with cutaneous and/or systemic signs that lived in an endemic area and had been previously examined for infection by l. infantum using pcr in four different tissues were serologically tested for the presence of anti-leishmania igg (ifat and elisa) and igm (ifat). the aim was to compare the ...201425307685
molecular study on selected vector-borne infections in urban stray colony cats in northern italy.feline vector-borne diseases can be caused by a range of pathogens transmitted by arthropods. many of these infections have zoonotic implications, and stray cats are potential sentinels for human and pet health. this study investigated the prevalence of selected vector-borne infections in stray colony cats in milan. blood samples from 260 stray cats were evaluated, using conventional polymerase chain reaction tests (cpcrs), for the presence of dna associated with rickettsia species, anaplasma ph ...201424319060
using open-access taxonomic and spatial information to create a comprehensive database for the study of mammalian and avian livestock and pet infections.what are all the species of pathogen that affect our livestock? as 6 out of every 10 human pathogens came from animals, with a good number from livestock and pets, it seems likely that the majority that emerge in the future, and which could threaten or devastate human health, will come from animals. only 10 years ago, the first comprehensive pathogen list was compiled for humans; we still have no equivalent for animals. here we describe the creation of a novel pathogen database, and present outp ...201423906393
the gatekeeper residue and beyond: homologous calcium-dependent protein kinases as drug development targets for veterinarian apicomplexa parasites.specific roles of individual cdpks vary, but in general they mediate essential biological functions necessary for parasite survival. a comparative analysis of the structure-activity relationships (sar) of neospora caninum, eimeria tenella and babesia bovis calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) together with those of plasmodium falciparum, cryptosporidium parvum and toxoplasma gondii was performed by screening against 333 bumped kinase inhibitors (bkis). structural modelling and experimental ...201424927073
pathogen infection and exposure, and ectoparasites of the federally endangered amargosa vole (microtus californicus scirpensis), california, usa.abstract we surveyed pathogens and ectoparasites among federally endangered amargosa voles (microtus californicus scirpensis) and sympatric rodents in tecopa hot springs, inyo county, california, december 2011-november 2012. we aimed to assess disease and detect possible spillover from or connectivity with other hosts within and outside the amargosa ecosystem. we assessed 71 individual voles and 38 individual sympatric rodents for current infection with seven vector-borne zoonotic pathogens and ...201425121407
serosurvey for selected pathogens in free-ranging american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa.american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa, live in forested areas in close proximity to humans and their domestic pets. from 1999 to 2011, we collected 84 serum samples from 63 black bears (18 males; 45 females) in five maryland counties and tested them for exposure to infectious, including zoonotic, pathogens. a large portion of the bears had antibody to canine distemper virus and toxoplasma gondii, many at high titers. prevalences of antibodies to zoonotic agents such as rabies ...201425075540
toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in wild boars (sus scrofa) in sweden and evaluation of elisa test performance.toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite, infecting a wide range of warm-blooded animals. the swedish wild boar population is expanding and increased hunting provides its meat to a growing group of consumers. we performed a spatio-temporal investigation of t. gondii seroprevalence in swedish wild boars. an elisa was set up and evaluated against a commercial direct agglutination test, using bayesian latent class analysis. the elisa sensitivity and specificity were estimated to 79% and 8 ...201425373497
genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii from brazilian wildlife revealed abundant new genotypes.this study aimed to isolate and genotype t. gondii from brazilian wildlife. for this purpose, 226 samples were submitted to mice bioassay and screened by pcr based on 18s rrna sequences. a total of 15 t. gondii isolates were obtained, including samples from four armadillos (three dasypus novemcinctus, one euphractus sexcinctus), three collared anteaters (tamandua tetradactyla), three whited-lipped peccaries (tayassu pecari), one spotted paca (cuniculus paca), one oncilla (leopardus tigrinus), on ...201425426424
infectious pathogens potentially transmitted by semen of the black variety of the manchega sheep breed: health constraints for conservation purposes.conservation of genetic resources from endangered breeds may be conducted through germinal banks. preservation of healthy samples is paramount to avoid preserving pathogens shed with germinal products. the black variety of manchega sheep (bms), and endangered breed endemic to south-central spain, is the subject of a conservation program; a germinal bank has been recently established. however, several pathogens circulating in bms flocks may be shed with semen and threaten bms preservation. theref ...201425066603
prevalence survey of selected bovine pathogens in water buffaloes in the north region of brazil.although the largest buffalo herd in the occident is in the north region of brazil, few studies have been conducted to assess the prevalence of selected parasitic diseases in buffalo herd. the present study was therefore conducted to investigate the epidemiological of toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina, and babesia bovis in water buffaloes in the north region of brazil. a total of 4796 buffalo blood samples were randomly collected from five provinces and s ...201424563780
bckdh: the missing link in apicomplexan mitochondrial metabolism is required for full virulence of toxoplasma gondii and plasmodium berghei.while the apicomplexan parasites plasmodium falciparum and toxoplasma gondii are thought to primarily depend on glycolysis for atp synthesis, recent studies have shown that they can fully catabolize glucose in a canonical tca cycle. however, these parasites lack a mitochondrial isoform of pyruvate dehydrogenase and the identity of the enzyme that catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coa remains enigmatic. here we demonstrate that the mitochondrial branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase ...201425032958
a novel cassette method for probe evaluation in the designed biochips.a critical step in biochip design is the selection of probes with identical hybridisation characteristics. in this article we describe a novel method for evaluating dna hybridisation probes, allowing the fine-tuning of biochips, that uses cassettes with multiple probes. each cassette contains probes in equimolar proportions so that their hybridisation performance can be assessed in a single reaction. the model used to demonstrate this method was a series of probes developed to detect torch patho ...201424897111
a systematic health assessment of indian ocean bottlenose (tursiops aduncus) and indo-pacific humpback (sousa plumbea) dolphins incidentally caught in shark nets off the kwazulu-natal coast, south africa.coastal dolphins are regarded as indicators of changes in coastal marine ecosystem health that could impact humans utilizing the marine environment for food or recreation. necropsy and histology examinations were performed on 35 indian ocean bottlenose dolphins (tursiops aduncus) and five indo-pacific humpback dolphins (sousa plumbea) incidentally caught in shark nets off the kwazulu-natal coast, south africa, between 2010 and 2012. parasitic lesions included pneumonia (85%), abdominal and thora ...201425203143
human trophoblasts confer resistance to viruses implicated in perinatal infection.primary human trophoblasts were previously shown to be resistant to viral infection, and able to confer this resistance to nontrophoblast cells. can trophoblasts protect nontrophoblastic cells from infection by viruses or other intracellular pathogens that are implicated in perinatal infection?201425108145
phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis in the parasite mitochondrion is required for efficient growth but dispensable for survival of toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is a highly prevalent obligate intracellular parasite of the phylum apicomplexa, which also includes other parasites of clinical and/or veterinary importance, such as plasmodium, cryptosporidium, and eimeria. acute infection by toxoplasma is hallmarked by rapid proliferation in its host cells and requires a significant synthesis of parasite membranes. phosphatidylethanolamine (ptdetn) is the second major phospholipid class in t. gondii. here, we reveal that ptdetn is produced i ...201424429285
community-acquired intracranial suppurative infections: a 15-year report.the aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of patients with intracranial suppurative infection (isi) by review of clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings.201425317357
meta-analysis of anti-toxoplasma gondii igm antibodies in acute psychosis.a number of different infections are associated with acute psychosis. however, relationships between infections and acute psychosis in patients with schizophrenia have not been extensively explored. exposure to toxoplasma gondii is a replicated risk factor for schizophrenia. previous studies have focused on t. gondii igg antibodies, which are a marker of lifetime exposure, whereas igm antibodies are a marker of acute/recent exposure, persistent infection, or reinfection. we performed a meta-anal ...201425385789
impairment of t cell function in parasitic infections.in mammals subverted as hosts by protozoan parasites, the latter and/or the agonists they release are detected and processed by sensors displayed by many distinct immune cell lineages, in a tissue(s)-dependent context. focusing on the t lymphocyte lineage, we review our present understanding on its transient or durable functional impairment over the course of the developmental program of the intracellular parasites leishmania spp., plasmodium spp., toxoplasma gondii, and trypanosoma cruzi in the ...201424551250
the extracellular matrix protein mindin as a novel adjuvant elicits stronger immune responses for rbag1, rsrs4 and rsrs9 antigens of toxoplasma gondii in balb/c mice.vaccines are the most effective agents to control infections. however, recombinant vaccines often do not elicit strong immune responses. protein antigens combined with proper adjuvants have been widely used to induce immune responses, especially the humoral immune responses, against various pathogens, including parasites. the extracellular matrix protein mindin has been recognised as an immune facilitator for initiating innate immune responses. it has therefore been expected to be a potentially ...201425091724
dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in brazil: opening the black box.dogs and cats in brazil serve as primary hosts for a considerable number of parasites, which may affect their health and wellbeing. these may include endoparasites (e.g., protozoa, cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes) and ectoparasites (i.e., fleas, lice, mites, and ticks). while some dog and cat parasites are highly host-specific (e.g., aelurostrongylus abstrusus and felicola subrostratus for cats, and angiostrongylus vasorum and trichodectes canis for dogs), others may easily switch to other h ...201424423244
current status of l. infantum infection in stray cats in the madrid region (spain): implications for the recent outbreak of human leishmaniosis?since 2009, the incidence of human leishmaniosis in the sw of the madrid region has been unusually high. although dogs are the main reservoir for this disease, a role played by dogs in this outbreak has been ruled out and investigators are now considering other hosts (eg. cats, rabbits, hares) as possible alternative reservoirs.this study was designed to examine the leishmania infantum status of stray cats in madrid to assess its possible implications in the human leishmaniosis outbreak.201424655361
multiple infections of rodents with zoonotic pathogens in austria.rodents are important reservoirs for a large number of zoonotic pathogens. we examined the occurrence of 11 viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents in rodent populations in austria, including three different hantaviruses, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, orthopox virus, leptospira spp., borrelia spp., rickettsia spp., bartonella spp., coxiella burnetii, and toxoplasma gondii. in 2008, 110 rodents of four species (40 clethrionomys glareolus, 29 apodemus flavicollis, 26 apodemus sylvaticus, and ...201424915446
midichlorians--the biomeme hypothesis: is there a microbial component to religious rituals?cutting edge research of human microbiome diversity has led to the development of the microbiome-gut-brain axis concept, based on the idea that gut microbes may have an impact on the behavior of their human hosts. many examples of behavior-altering parasites are known to affect members of the animal kingdom. some prominent examples include ophiocordyceps unilateralis (fungi), toxoplasma gondii (protista), wolbachia (bacteria), glyptapanteles sp. (arthropoda), spinochordodes tellinii (nematomorph ...201424990702
survey of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum, haemotropic mycoplasmas and other arthropod-borne pathogens in cats from albania.albania is a country on the western part of the balkan peninsula. the mediterranean climate is favourable for the stable development of many arthropod species, which are incriminated as vectors for various agents. recently, several papers have reported on epidemiological aspects of parasitic diseases including vector-borne disease agents of dogs with zoonotic characteristics in albania. however, data on the epidemiology of feline parasitic and bacterial agents in albania is scarce.201424517118
toxoplasma gondii in sympatric wild herbivores and carnivores: epidemiology of infection in the western alps.toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that is able to infect almost all warm blooded animals. in europe, the domestic cat is the main definitive host. worldwide, 6 billion people are infected with this parasite. the goal of our research is to evaluate the prevalence of t. gondii infection in wild animals from a previously unsampled area in northern italy where 0.1% of women seroconvert during pregnancy each year.201424766665
nlrp1 is an inflammasome sensor for toxoplasma gondii.the obligate intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii is able to infect nearly all nucleated cell types of warm-blooded animals. this is achieved through the injection of hundreds of parasite effectors into the host cell cytosol, allowing the parasite to establish a vacuolar niche for growth, replication, and persistence. here we show that toxoplasma infection actives an inflammasome response in mice and rats, an innate immune sensing system designed to survey the host cytosol for foreign compon ...201424218483
free preconceptual screening examination service in rural areas of hubei province, china in 2012.this work aims to collect and summarize the outcomes on free preconceptual screening examination in rural areas of hubei province in 2012. moreover, this review promotes further understanding of the status of this activity to provide the family planning commission valid scientific data upon which to construct effective policies.201425375642
serological markers of viral, syphilitic and toxoplasmic infection in children and teenagers with nephrotic syndrome: case series from mato grosso state, brazil.some infections can be the cause of secondary nephrotic syndrome. the aim of this study was to describe the experience of a renal disease reference clinic from central brazil, in which serological markers of some infectious agents are systematically screened in children with nephrotic syndrome. data were obtained from the assessment of medical files of all children under fifteen years of age, who matched nephrotic syndrome criteria. subjects were tested for igg and igm antibodies against t. gond ...201425351544
serologic prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in indian women of child bearing age and effects of social and environmental factors.seroprevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis in women of child bearing age has remained a contentious issue in the indian subcontinent. different laboratories have used different patient recruitment criteria, methods and variable results, making these data difficult to compare.201424675656
anti-toxoplasma gondii antibody levels in blood supply of shiraz blood transfusion institute, iran.the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in the blood donors has been poorly studied. the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in blood products.201425642268
the relationship between socioeconomic indices and potentially zoonotic pathogens carried by wild norway rats: a survey in rhône, france (2010-2012).leptospira interrogans, hantaviruses (particularly seoul virus), hepatitis e virus (hev), and toxoplasma gondii are rat-associated zoonoses that are responsible for human morbidity and mortality worldwide. this study aimed to describe the infection patterns of these four pathogens in wild rats (rattus norvegicus) across socioeconomic levels in neighbourhoods in lyon, france. the infection or exposure status was determined using polymerase chain reaction or serology for 178 wild rats captured in ...201424838220
retrospective study of etiologic agents associated with nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis in stranded cetaceans in the canary islands.nineteen natural cases of etiologically undetermined encephalitides in free-ranging cetaceans were studied retrospectively. histological examination of the brains revealed variable degrees of nonsuppurative encephalitis or meningoencephalitis, characterized predominantly by perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. a pcr assay was used on brain and other available tissues to detect the presence of morbillivirus, herpesvirus, west nile virus, toxoplasma gondii, and brucella spp. in addition, im ...201424759718
the parasitophorous vacuole membrane of toxoplasma gondii is targeted for disruption by ubiquitin-like conjugation systems of autophagy.autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is important in cellular homeostasis. prior work showed a key role for the autophagy related 5 (atg5) in resistance to toxoplasma gondii. here we show that the cassette of autophagy proteins involved in the conjugation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (lc3) to phosphatidylethanolamine, including atg7, atg3, and the atg12-atg5-atg16l1 complex play crucial roles in the control of t. gondii in vitro and in vivo. in contrast, pharmac ...201424931121
wildlife reservoirs for vector-borne canine, feline and zoonotic infections in austria.austria's mammalian wildlife comprises a large variety of species, acting and interacting in different ways as reservoir and intermediate and definitive hosts for different pathogens that can be transmitted to pets and/or humans. foxes and other wild canids are responsible for maintaining zoonotic agents, e.g. echinococcus multilocularis, as well as pet-relevant pathogens, e.g. hepatozoon canis. together with the canids, and less commonly felids, rodents play a major role as intermediate and par ...201425830102
climate change and infectious diseases in the arctic: establishment of a circumpolar working group.the arctic, even more so than other parts of the world, has warmed substantially over the past few decades. temperature and humidity influence the rate of development, survival and reproduction of pathogens and thus the incidence and prevalence of many infectious diseases. higher temperatures may also allow infected host species to survive winters in larger numbers, increase the population size and expand their habitat range. the impact of these changes on human disease in the arctic has not bee ...201425317383
people, pets, and parasites: one health surveillance in southeastern saskatchewan.residents of remote and indigenous communities might experience higher exposure to some zoonotic parasites than the general north american population. human sero-surveillance conducted in two saulteaux communities found 113 volunteers exposed as follows: trichinella (2.7%), toxocara canis (4.4%), echinococcus (4.4%), and toxoplasma gondii (1.8%). in dogs, 41% of 51 fecal samples were positive for at least one intestinal parasite, 3% of 77 were sero-positive for borrelia burgdorferi, and 21% of 7 ...201424639298
shear forces enhance toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite motility on vascular endothelium.toxoplasma gondii is a highly successful parasite that infects approximately one-third of the human population and can cause fatal disease in immunocompromised individuals. systemic parasite dissemination to organs such as the brain and eye is critical to pathogenesis. t. gondii can disseminate via the circulation, and both intracellular and extracellular modes of transport have been proposed. however, the processes by which extracellular tachyzoites adhere to and migrate across vascular endothe ...201424692639
establishment and application of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for simple, specific, sensitive and rapid detection of toxoplasma gondii.the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method amplifies dna with high simply, specificity, sensitivity and rapidity. in this study, a lamp assay with 6 primers targeting a highly conserved region of the gra1 gene was developed to diagnose toxoplasma gondii. the reaction time of the lamp assay was shortened to 30 min after optimizing the reaction system. the lamp assay was found to be highly specific and stable. the detection limit of the lamp assay was 10 copies, the same as that of t ...201423965849
seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii infection in the israeli population.toxoplasmosis seroprevalence varies considerably between countries. we studied the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii igg antibodies in a national sample of the israeli population; 2794 sera were tested. the highest age-adjusted seroprevalence rate was in arabs (non-bedouins) (60.4%), significantly higher compared to the rate in jews (19.9%) and bedouins (27.5%) (p < 0.01). there were no significant gender differences. seropositivity increased with age in all population groups. for jews, seropo ...201423587449
age-associated prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in 8281 pregnant women in poland between 2004 and 2012.this study aimed to describe toxoplasma gondii prevalence in polish pregnant women and the incidence rates of congenital infections in their neonates observed between 2004 and 2012. serological tests for t. gondii-specific igg and igm antibodies were performed on serum samples of 8281 pregnant women treated at the polish mother's memorial hospital research institute in lodz. the yearly seroconversion rate for t. gondii igg antibodies was estimated using a mathematical model to determine the depe ...201423721799
focal chorioretinitis in thailand.to report the clinical features of patients with focal chorioretinitis (fcr), as well as toxoplasma serology.201423928678
saliva as a source of anti-toxoplasma gondii igg for enzyme immunoassay in human samples.toxoplasmosis, a highly prevalent disease, is mainly diagnosed by serology. incidence studies could be feasible in children, but ethical concerns restrict blood sampling in this group. saliva contains small amounts of crevicular fluid igg. dot-elisa and a protein a igg capture immunoassay were standardized for anti-toxoplasma gondii igg in paired saliva and serum samples from 20 adult volunteers. a frequency of toxoplasmosis of 19% (95% ci 12-28) was found in 100 saliva samples from university g ...201423848317
comparative analysis of anti-toxoplasmic activity of antipsychotic drugs and valproate.recent studies have shown a strong link between toxoplasma gondii infection and psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia and bipolar disorders (odd ratio ≈2.7 for each disorder). antipsychotic drugs and mood stabilizers may have anti-toxoplasmic activity that potentially may be associated with better effectiveness in these disorders, but previous results have been few in number and conflicting. we therefore sought to determine which daily prescribed antipsychotics and mood stabilizer have ...201423771405
diffuse infiltrating retinoblastoma coexisting with ocular toxoplasmosis.a 4-year-old boy presented with unilateral endophthalmitis and echography revealed an abscess in the vitreous cavity. a pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal antibiotic injections was performed with a presumed diagnosis of endophthalmitis; however, the patient returned after 10 days with fibrin reaction in the anterior chamber, iris nodules and cataract. the vitreous sample from the vitrectomy showed toxoplasma gondii parasite, so he was treated with intravitreal clindamycin and lensectomy. th ...201423504282
a serological survey of brucella spp., salmonella spp., toxoplasma gondii and trichinella spp. in iberian fattening pigs reared in free-range systems.zoonotic agents such as brucella spp., salmonella spp., toxoplasma gondii and trichinella spp., all considered high-risk zoonotic pathogens by the european food safety agency (efsa), may cause no symptoms of infection in free-range pigs yet still have a significant public health impact. a serological survey was therefore performed to determine the history of occurrence of these pathogens in such pigs in southern spain. a total of 709 serum samples were collected at abattoir from pigs from 79 far ...201423294558
disruption of lipid rafts interferes with the interaction of toxoplasma gondii with macrophages and epithelial cells.the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii can penetrate any warm-blooded animal cell. conserved molecular assemblies of host cell plasma membranes should be involved in the parasite-host cell recognition. lipid rafts are well-conserved membrane microdomains that contain high concentrations of cholesterol, sphingolipids, glycosylphosphatidylinositol, gpi-anchored proteins, and dually acylated proteins such as members of the src family of tyrosine kinases. disturbing lipid rafts of mouse perito ...201424734239
risk factors for ocular toxoplasmosis in brazil.the aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for ocular toxoplasmosis (ot) in patients who received medical attention at a public health service. three hundred and forty-nine consecutive patients, treated in the outpatient eye clinic of hospital de base, são josé do rio preto, são paulo state, brazil, were enrolled in this study. after an eye examination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to determine anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies. the results showed that 25.5% of t ...201423507508
inhibition of atf6β-dependent host adaptive immune response by a toxoplasma virulence factor rop18.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) secretes various effector molecules, which co-opt host cells and enable parasite proliferation. of these, the rhoptry protein, rop18, is a parasite-derived factor that determines acute virulence. rop18 is injected into the host cytoplasm during infection and, eventually, localizes to parasitophorous vacuole (pv) membranes. rop18 is predicted to be a serine/threonine kinase; however, the molecular mechanism by which rop18 mediates its pathological effects remains unc ...201422286708
in vitro action of antiparasitic drugs, especially artesunate, against toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasmosis is usually a benign infection, except in the event of ocular, central nervous system (cns), or congenital disease and particularly when the patient is immunocompromised. treatment consists of drugs that frequently cause adverse effects; thus, newer, more effective drugs are needed. in this study, the possible activity of artesunate, a drug successfully being used for the treatment of malaria, on toxoplasma gondii growth in cell culture is evaluated and compared with the action of d ...201422930046
toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in wild small rodents, potentially preys of ocelots in north-eastern mexico.the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in rodents that coexist with ocelots in north-eastern mexico. eighty rodents of five genera were captured and their serum samples tested for specific igg antibodies to t. gondii by in-house indirect elisa using three different conjugates. prevalences of 7% (3/44) and 33% (4/12) were found in sigmodon hispidus and liomys irroratus, respectively, and were significantly different. all baiomys taylori and oligoryzomys ...201425375977
latent toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors among hiv-infected individuals at arba minch hospital, south ethiopia.toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii). the parasite has cosmopolitan distribution, infecting almost all species of warm-blooded animals. latent t. gondii infection in hiv/aids patients is a risk for development of cerebral toxoplasmosis (ct). the aim of this study is to determine seroprevalence of latent t. gondii infection and assess its associated factors among individuals infected with hiv in arba minch hospital, south ethiopia. a facility-based cross-se ...201425431660
systematic identification of the lysine succinylation in the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii.lysine succinylation is a new posttranslational modification identified in histone proteins of toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite of the phylum apicomplexa. however, very little is known about their scope and cellular distribution. here, using lc-ms/ms to identify parasite peptides enriched by immunopurification with succinyl lysine antibody, we produced the first lysine succinylome in this parasite. overall, a total of 425 lysine succinylation sites that occurred on 147 succi ...201425377623
identification of soluble and membrane antigenic markers of acquired toxoplasmosis by immunoblot.the overall performance of quantitative assays in the detection of anti-toxoplasma igg is satisfactory, but discrepancies between assays are not uncommon especially when igg concentrations are close to the limit of detection of the tests. the purpose of our study was to identify soluble and membrane antigens extracted from toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites by immunoblot to select the most relevant antigenic bands to be used for qualitative serodiagnosis of acquired toxoplasmosis. we selected five re ...201425384440
comparison of three diagnostic methods for the detection of toxoplasma gondii in free range chickens.detection of toxoplasma gondii in free range chickens is an indicator of the prevalence and distribution pattern of t. gondii in the environment. for this purpose, serologic assays especially modified agglutination test (mat) is the main approach in the literature. the main goal of this study was to compare the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on amplification of first internal transcribed spacer (its-1) of ribosomal dna gene, elisa, and mat to demonstrate t. gondii infection in free range ...201425382478
distinct strains of toxoplasma gondii feature divergent transcriptomes regardless of developmental stage.using high through-put rna sequencing, we assayed the transcriptomes of three different strains of toxoplasma gondii representing three common genotypes under both in vitro tachyzoite and in vitro bradyzoite-inducing alkaline stress culture conditions. strikingly, the differences in transcriptional profiles between the strains, rh, plk, and ctg, is much greater than differences between tachyzoites and alkaline stressed in vitro bradyzoites. with an fdr of 10%, we identified 241 genes differentia ...201425393307
plasticity between myoc- and myoa-glideosomes: an example of functional compensation in toxoplasma gondii invasion.the glideosome is an actomyosin-based machinery that powers motility in apicomplexa and participates in host cell invasion and egress from infected cells. the central component of the glideosome, myosin a (myoa), is a motor recruited at the pellicle by the acylated gliding-associated protein gap45. in toxoplasma gondii, gap45 also contributes to the cohesion of the pellicle, composed of the inner membrane complex (imc) and the plasma membrane, during motor traction. gap70 was previously identifi ...201425393004
toxoplasmosis in dogs: first report of toxoplasma gondii infection in any animal species in angola.despite the worldwide importance of zoonotic parasite toxoplasma gondii, nothing is known of toxoplasmosis in animals in angola. the present study aimed at estimating the seroprevalence and also at assessing correlates of t. gondii infection in pet dogs from luanda, angola. dogs (n = 103) brought to a veterinary clinic in the city of luanda were investigated. serum samples were tested for antibodies to t. gondii with a modified agglutination test (mat) commercial kit, at serial dilutions of 1∶20 ...201425392293
toxoplasmosis in a bar-shouldered dove (geopelia humeralis) from the zoo of clères, france.toxoplasmosis causes mortality in several avian species, especially passerine birds. toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a bar-shouldered dove (geopelia humeralis) found dead at the zoo of clères (france). the bird had necrotizing pneumonia and nephritis with intralesional tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii. the diagnosis was confirmed by immunostaining with polyclonal rabbit t. gondii antibodies and by transmission electron microscopy. to our knowledge, the bar-shouldered dove is a new host record for ...201425407506
host response profile of human brain proteome in toxoplasma encephalitis co-infected with hiv.toxoplasma encephalitis is caused by the opportunistic protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. primary infection with t. gondii in immunocompetent individuals remains largely asymptomatic. in contrast, in immunocompromised individuals, reactivation of the parasite results in severe complications and mortality. molecular changes at the protein level in the host central nervous system and proteins associated with pathogenesis of toxoplasma encephalitis are largely unexplored. we used a global quanti ...201425404878
[awareness and infection of toxoplasma gondii in married childbearing women in chengde region].to understand toxoplasma gondii infection and awareness condition of married childbearing women in chengde region, so as to provide the evidence for the establishment of control measures.201425434162
[research progress of interaction between toxoplasma gondii rhoptry proteins and host cells].rhoptry proteins are the major virulence factors of toxoplasma gondii. they locate in different parts of the host cells, and can affect the membrane, cytoskeleton structure and active factors of the host cells, so as to block the cell intrinsic defense mechanisms of the host, and let t. gondii invade, parasitize and proliferate in the host successfully. the function and ac- tion mode of rhoptry proteins reflect the pathogenic mechanism of t. gondii, which holds great significance to looking for ...201425434152
[toxoplasma gondii infection status in abnormal pregnancy women].to investigate the relationship between toxoplasma gondii (tox) infection and abnormal pregnancy outcomes.201425434147
[comparation of toxoplasma gondii separated from hiv-positive people and rh strain gra6 gene].to comparatively analyze toxoplasma gondii separated from hiv-positive people and rh strain gra6 gene.201425434146
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in free ranged chicken from rural and urban settlements in oyo state, nigeria.free-range chicken preferred as source of meat by a large population in developing countries is now known to play an important role in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis.201426949781
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in recreational horses in two metropolitan cities of southwestern nigeria.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii), an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite is a known etiological factor of reproductive problems and encephalomyelitis in animals and humans. this study investigated the seroprevalence of t gondii infection in recreational horses in two metropolitan cities of southwestern nigeria. serum samples were randomly collected from a total of 157 horses in lagos and ibadan. samples were assayed for the presence of t gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test ...201426949780
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii and hiv infection among pregnant women in ibadan north local government, oyo state.toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by toxoplasma gondii poses a risk of congenital infection during pregnancy in infected women. the disease poses a threat of ocular and neurological sequelae in congenitally ilfected infants and hiv patients; however, there is little valuable information on its prevalence in ibadan.201426949779
toxoplasma gondii oral infection induces intestinal inflammation and retinochoroiditis in mice genetically selected for immune oral tolerance resistance.toxoplasmosis is a worldwide disease with most of the infections originating through the oral route and generates various pathological manifestations, ranging from meningoencephalitis to retinochoroiditis and inflammatory bowel disease. animal models for these pathologies are scarce and have limitations. we evaluated the outcome of toxoplasma gondii oral infection with 50 or 100 cysts of the me-49 strain in two lines of mice with extreme phenotypes of susceptibility (ts) or resistance (tr) to im ...201425437299
mini-flotac for counting toxoplasma gondii oocysts from cat feces--comparison with cell counting plates.oocysts of toxoplasma gondii represent one of the most common environmental contaminants causing the zoonotic infection toxoplasmosis. the aim of the present study was to compare the mini-flotac device with traditional cell counting plates (kova slide) for the detection of t. gondii oocysts from feline feces. two types of experiments were performed: (i) purified oocysts were counted in different dilutions and (ii) specific pathogen free t. gondii-negative cat feces was inoculated with numbers of ...201425448359
estimating the population attributable fraction for schizophrenia when toxoplasma gondii is assumed absent in human populations.there is increasing evidence that infection with toxoplasma gondii, a common parasite of people, cats and rodents, is associated with an increased risk of a diagnosis of schizophrenia. although the claim that infection with t. gondii is one of the component causes of a diagnosis of schizophrenia remains contentious it is worth asking how important a causal association might be if only to inform our attitude to further work on the subject. the appropriate measure of importance is the population a ...201425453822
computational prediction of micrornas from toxoplasma gondii potentially regulating the hosts' gene expression.micrornas (mirnas) were discovered two decades ago, yet there is still a great need for further studies elucidating their genesis and targeting in different phyla. since experimental discovery and validation of mirnas is difficult, computational predictions are indispensable and today most computational approaches employ machine learning. toxoplasma gondii, a parasite residing within the cells of its hosts like human, uses mirnas for its post-transcriptional gene regulation. it may also regulate ...201425462155
nextgen sequencing reveals short double crossovers contribute disproportionately to genetic diversity in toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is a widespread protozoan parasite of animals that causes zoonotic disease in humans. three clonal variants predominate in north america and europe, while south american strains are genetically diverse, and undergo more frequent recombination. all three northern clonal variants share a monomorphic version of chromosome ia (chria), which is also found in unrelated, but successful southern lineages. although this pattern could reflect a selective advantage, it might also arise fr ...201425532601
parasite distribution and associated immune response during the acute phase of toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep.in many countries, toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is a major cause of reproductive disorders and abortions in the sheep industry, and therefore responsible for important financial and economic losses. in addition, undercooked infected lamb is an important risk factor for human toxoplasmosis. in the present study, the initial phase of the infection was investigated: the parasite's entry site, the subsequent distribution of the parasite and the host-immune response.201425511864
[awareness and infection of toxoplasma gondii in married childbearing women in chengde region].to understand toxoplasma gondii infection and awareness condition of married childbearing women in chengde region, so as to provide the evidence for the establishment of control measures.201425507760
[research progress of interaction between toxoplasma gondii rhoptry proteins and host cells].rhoptry proteins are the major virulence factors of toxoplasma gondii. they locate in different parts of the host cells, and can affect the membrane, cytoskeleton structure and active factors of the host cells, so as to block the cell intrinsic defense mechanisms of the host, and let t. gondii invade, parasitize and proliferate in the host successfully. the function and ac- tion mode of rhoptry proteins reflect the pathogenic mechanism of t. gondii, which holds great significance to looking for ...201425507750
[toxoplasma gondii infection status in abnormal pregnancy women].to investigate the relationship between toxoplasma gondii (tox) infection and abnormal pregnancy outcomes.201425507745
[comparation of toxoplasma gondii separated from hiv-positive people and rh strain gra6 gene].to comparatively analyze toxoplasma gondii separated from hiv-positive people and rh strain gra6 gene.201425507744
seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii infection in bats from são paulo city, brazil.toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by toxoplasma gondii protozoan with a worldwide distribution. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of igg anti-t. gondii antibodies in bats from são paulo city, brazil. a total of 616 serum samples were collected from 22 species of bats. anti-t. gondii antibodies were searched using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat ≥ 1:16) and igg anti-bat antibodies produced in sheep on samples collected during 2006-2011; 32.62% (201/616) ...201425468027
genetic manipulation of the toxoplasma gondii genome by fosmid recombineering.apicomplexa are obligate intracellular parasites that cause important diseases in humans and animals. manipulating the pathogen genome is the most direct way to understand the functions of specific genes in parasite development and pathogenesis. in toxoplasma gondii, nonhomologous recombination is typically highly favored over homologous recombination, a process required for precise gene targeting. several approaches, including the use of targeting vectors that feature large flanks to drive site ...201425467441
excretory-secretory antigens: a suitable candidate for immunization against ocular toxoplasmosis in a murine model.toxoplasmosis, responsible for ocular impairment, is caused by toxoplasma gondii. we investigated the effect of toxoplasma excretory-secretory antigens (esa) on parasite load and distribution in the eye tissue of a murine model. case and control groups were immunized with esa and pbs, respectively. two weeks after the second immunization, the mice were challenged intraperitoneally with virulent rh strain of toxoplasma; eye tissue samples of both groups were collected daily (days 1, 2, 3, and the ...201425467037
[spatial distribution of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant women from aracaju, sergipe, brazil].to analyze the spatial distribution of the prevalence of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pregnant women from a brazilian northeast city, and to correlate such prevalence with average maternal age and place of residence.201425466811
molecular detection and genotypic characterization of toxoplasma gondii infection in bats in four provinces of china.toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects a wide variety of warm-blooded hosts, including humans. limited information about t. gondii infection in bats is available in china. the objective of the present study was to determine prevalence and genetic characterization of t. gondii infection in bats in jilin, liaoning, jiangxi and guangdong provinces, china.201425465220
comparative study on toxoplasma infection between malaysian and myanmar pregnant women.toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, causes a disease called toxoplasmosis which can sometimes be acquired congenitally by a newborn from an infected mother. this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection and its associated risks among 219 and 215 pregnant women from malaysia and myanmar, respectively.201425498432
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