Publications
Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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[study on genetic approach in the detection of cryptosporidium parvum and giardia lamblia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients]. | to establish genetic method in detecting cryptosporidium parvum and giardia lamblia which often coinfected with aids patients. | 2006 | 17343184 |
frequency of giardia lamblia among children in dohuk, northern iraq. | out of 1261 stool specimens collected from children in dohuk city, northern iraq, the prevalence of giardia lamblia infection was 38.5%. the highest rate of infection was in orphan care centres (48.1%) and the lowest in the paediatric hospital (31.3%). the age group 10-12 years had the highest rate (81.2%) and 7-9 years the lowest (22.9%); boys had a higher rate than girls. some infected samples (70/486) showed double or triple infections and g. lamblia was combined with hymenolepis nana, blasto ... | 2006 | 17333793 |
parasitism in kansas in the 1800s: a glimpse to the past through the analysis of grave sediments from meadowlark cemetery. | during the excavations of the xix century meadowlark cemetery (manhattan, kansas, us), samples of sediments were taken from around five skeletons, and analyzed to detect intestinal parasites. no helminth eggs were found, but immunological elisa tests for entamoeba histolytica were positive in three samples. the immunological techniques have been successfully used in paleoparasitology to detect protozoan infections. amoebiasis could have been a severe disease in the past, especially where poor sa ... | 2006 | 17308809 |
[the distribution of patients with intestinal parasites presenting at the parasitology laboratory of the mustafa kemal university medical faculty]. | in this study, fecal specimens of 3,679 patients presenting at the parasitology laboratory of the medical faculty of the mustafa kemal university between september and may 2005 were examined for intestinal parasites. a total 3,679 stool specimens from 1,260 (34.3%) males and 2,419 (65.7%) females for intestinal parasites using the native-lugol method were examined. intestinal parasites were found in 265 (34.23%) male and 509 (65.76%) females. one or more intestinal parasites were detected in 774 ... | 2006 | 17309033 |
[comparison of the results of examination of fecal samples from students at six months intervals in the alahaci village primary school in sivas]. | the aim of this study was to determine the distribution of intestinal parasites in primary school children in the alahaci central village in the sivas province, but owing to high prevalence of parasites in soil, new stool specimens were taken from the same subject group after 6 months. in the first stage of investigation, stool samples from a total of 189 children were taken and examined. it was found that the 110 (58.2%) out of 189 subjects were infected with parasites. the distribution of para ... | 2006 | 17309034 |
[the distribution of intestinal parasites detected in the dokuz eylul university medical faculty hospital between 2003 and 2004]. | a retrospective evaluation of the data from 7,712 patients with gastrointestinal complaints who presented at the parasitology laboratory of the dokuz eylul university medical faculty hospital between january 2003 and december 2004 was carried out. fecal samples of all patients were examined using native-lugol and the trichrome staining method after sedimentation by the fecal concentration tube. one or more parasites were detected in 495 (6.41%) of the patients. the distribution of the intestinal ... | 2006 | 17309035 |
vaccines for amoebiasis: barriers and opportunities. | amoebiasis, infection by the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica, remains a global health problem, despite the availability of effective treatment. while improved sanitation could lead to the eradication of this disease, it is unlikely that this will occur worldwide in the foreseeable future; thus alternative measures must be pursued. one approach is to develop a vaccine to prevent this deadly disease. clinical studies indicate that mucosal immunity may provide some protection against recur ... | 2006 | 17274850 |
invasive amebiasis. | digestive amoebiasis with his invasive form is an unusual pathology encountered in the temperate zone. this could lead to a life threatening complication: systemic amoebiasis. a 55-year-old male was treated successfully of systemic amoebiasis in a third referral hospital. the diagnosis was established based on epidemiology data and microscopical identification of trophozoites of entamoeba histolytica. the amoebicidal, antibiotic and supportive treatments was firstly administrated. the clinical p ... | 2006 | 17278650 |
[hepatic amebiasis]. | 2006 | 17465190 | |
[diagnosis and treatment of acute amebian liver abscess with laparoscopic method]. | laparoscopic surgical treatment was performed at 55 patients with acute amebian liver abscess. the diagnosis of acute amebian liver abscess was verified with clinical, serological, echoscopic, x-ray and ct methods. the laparoscopic method permits to sanify the abscess cavity of any localization. all the 55 patients have been discharged in good health. laparoscopic method is maximally rational, associated with minimal surgical trauma, permits to decrease hospital stay and period of postoperative ... | 2006 | 17419485 |
[the process of n-glycosylation of proteins in entamoeba histolytica]. | 2006 | 17578075 | |
prevalence of intestinal parasites in hiv-positive/aids patients. | the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites among hiv-positive/aids patients. a control group comprising 30 apparently healthy hiv-negative individuals was included. of the 60 samples collected from the patients and examined, 34 (56.7%) presented with diarrhoea, while 26 (43.3%) had no reported cases of diarrhoea at the time of study. seventeen (50%) of the parasites detected in the 34 patients (those with history of diarrhoea) were diarrhoea-related causative agen ... | 2006 | 22589594 |
reduction of cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol conjugates in entamoeba histolytica by antisense blocking of e. histolytica glcnac-phosphatidylinositol deacetylase expression: effect on cell proliferation, endocytosis, and adhesion to target cells. | glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored molecules such as cell surface gal/galnac lectin and proteophosphoglycans of the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica are thought to be involved in pathogenesis. here, we report the identification of genes that may be involved in the gpi biosynthetic pathway of e. histolytica by use of bioinformatic tools applied to the recently published genome sequence. of the genes identified, one of the early genes, glcnac-phosphatidylinositol deacetylase (pig- ... | 2005 | 16299336 |
[distribution of intestinal parasites in children aged between 0 and 14 presenting at the laboratory of parasitology of the mustafa kemal university medical school.] | the aim of this study was to determine the parasite frequency in children from 0-14 years old who had presented at the parasitology laboratory of the mustafa kemal university medicine school complaining of gastrointestinal and anal pruritus. during the laboratory investigation, 561 fecal specimens and 534 cellophane tapes obtained from the patients were examined. after the microscope examination of 561 feces samples, it was found that 104 of these samples (from 50 boys and 54 girls) contained on ... | 2005 | 17124682 |
[distribution of intestinal parasites among patients who presented at the department of parasitology of the erciyes university medical school.] | in this study carried out from 2000-2004, a total of 34,883 stool samples were examined using native-lugol and flotation/sedimentation methods and 9,879 cellophane tape preparations were examined directly. intestinal parasites were found in 9,704 (27.8%) of the specimens. the parasites that were found and their prevalence is as follows: blastocystis hominis, 6,723 (19.3%); entamoeba coli, 1,007 (2.9%); giardia intestinalis, 892 (2.6%); entamoeba histolytica/e. dispar, 798 (2.3%); endolimax nana, ... | 2005 | 17124684 |
[evaluation of the distribution of intestinal parasites in the uludag university medical faculty during a period of eight years.]. | the purpose of the present study was to investigate retrospectively the distribution and prevalence of intestinal parasites in patients who presented at the routine parasitology laboratory of the uludag university medical faculty, bursa, during the 8 years from january 1993-december 2000. a total of 32,346 stool specimens were examined for intestinal parasites using native- lugol and formol ethyl ether methods. also, 10,897 cellophane- tape preparations were studied directly. parasites were foun ... | 2005 | 17160822 |
synthesis and anti-amoebic activity of gold(i), ruthenium(ii), and copper(ii) complexes of metronidazole. | a series of au, ru, and cu complexes of metronidazole (= [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1h-imidazole; 1) were prepared as highly potent anti-amoebic drugs. the complexes [au(pph3)(1)]pf6 (2), [ru(1)2(cl)2(h2o)2] (3), and [cu(1)2(mu-cl)(h2o)]2cl2 (4) were readily synthesized from [au(pph3)cl], rucl3 x 3 h2o, and cucl2 x 2 h2o, respectively. all complexes were thoroughly characterized by ir, uv/vis, 1h-nmr, fab-ms, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses, and, in the case of 4, also by x-ra ... | 2005 | 17191933 |
[transmission of enteropasitosis through currency notes]. | there are several ways to propagation of parasitary diseases and how there aren't many bibliographic work about this theme, it was realized a study near to the natal-rn population, to verify the enteroparasites transmission through the paper money. | 2005 | 17768817 |
blackhead disease (histomoniasis) in poultry: a critical review. | after its discovery in 1893 in rhode island, blackhead disease was reported across the continent and soon in many other countries. it decimated the turkey industry in new england and followed production like a faithful shadow. blackhead disease causes high mortality in turkeys, sometimes approaching 100% of a flock. in chickens, the mortality may be 10%-20% with high morbidity, although many outbreaks pass unnoticed. early workers identified histomonas meleagridis, a protozoan related to entamoe ... | 2005 | 16404985 |
etiology of childhood diarrhea in zliten, libya. | to determine the etiological agents of diarrhea in children from a small semi-urban city in libya and the association of age, gender, seasonal variation, breast-feeding, source of water for drinking, or antibiotic use with the isolation of enteropathogens and whether such agents are community or hospital acquired. | 2005 | 16311662 |
use of pcr amplification of trna gene-linked short tandem repeats for genotyping entamoeba histolytica. | we have developed a reliable method for pcr-based genotyping of entamoeba histolytica based on variation in the numbers of short tandem repeats that are linked to trna genes in this species. species-specific primer pairs were designed that differentiate e. histolytica from e. dispar as well as that reveal intraspecies pcr product length polymorphisms. the primers were tested with samples from different parts of the world, and dna was extracted from cultured cells as well as liver abscess pus and ... | 2005 | 16333065 |
microscopic overdiagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis. | to determine the misdiagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis associated to microscopic examination of faeces, 50 stool samples of patients infected with entamoeba histolytica were collected from different primary health care centers, hospitals and private laboratories in ismailia g. the samples were examined using wheatley's trichrome staining technique to differrentiate e. histolytica e. dispar complex from other non-pathogenic intestinal amoebae and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr). pcr dif ... | 2005 | 16333901 |
geoparasites in rural dakahlia governorate, a preliminary based study for development of the community-based intervention programs. | a prospective study was carried out to detect the rural prevalence and intensity of geoparasites in dakahlia governorate, egypt. a total of 1070 soil samples were collected; 571 (53.4%) were infected with one or more parasites. only 24% of samples were infected with one parasite, 16.4% and 13% with two, and more than two parasites respectively, and the difference was statistically significant. the geoparasites in a descending order of their prevalence were: e. histolytica cysts (9.2%), toxocara ... | 2005 | 16333910 |
enhanced pro-inflammatory chemokine/cytokine response triggered by pathogenic entamoeba histolytica : basis of invasive disease. | the virulence of entamoeba histolytica is governed by adhesion/colonization in the gut which is mediated by a galactose specific lectin. two morphologically identical but distinct species i.e. pathogenic e. histolytica and non-pathogenic e. dispar, can be differentiated by distinct epitopes in the lectin. both species bind to colonic epithelial cells, but only e. histolytica infection induces an inflammatory response and subsequent pathogenesis. thus, comparing the responses of the intestinal ce ... | 2005 | 16336732 |
human hololactoferrin: endocytosis and use as an iron source by the parasite entamoeba histolytica. | entamoeba histolytica is an enteric protozoan that exclusively infects human beings. this parasite requires iron for its metabolic functions. lactoferrin is a mammalian glycoprotein that chelates extracellular iron on mucosal surfaces, including the surface of the large intestine, where e. histolytica initiates infection. this work examined the interaction in vitro of e. histolytica trophozoites with human hololactoferrin (iron-saturated lactoferrin). a minimum concentration of 50 microm fe from ... | 2005 | 16339932 |
involvement of a short interspersed element in epigenetic transcriptional silencing of the amoebapore gene in entamoeba histolytica. | transcriptional silencing of an amoebapore (ap-a) gene occurred in entamoeba histolytica following the transfection of plasmids containing a dna segment (473 bp) homologous to the 5' upstream region of the gene (r. bracha, y. nuchamowitz, and d. mirelman, eukaryot. cell 2:295-305, 2003). this segment contains the promoter region of the ap-a gene, a t-rich stretch, followed by a truncated sine1 (short interspersed element 1) that is transcribed from the antisense strand. transfection of plasmids ... | 2005 | 16278444 |
amebic colitis in asymptomatic subjects with positive fecal occult blood test results: clinical features different from symptomatic cases. | amebiasis is a common parasitic infectious disease in developing countries. in developed countries, it is occasionally encountered in travelers to the tropics and in homosexual males. during the past eight years, we detected four cases of amebic colitis among 5,193 subjects who underwent colonoscopy because of positive fecal occult blood test results in a mass screening. all four cases did not have any abdominal symptoms. ulcerative lesions were observed only in the cecum and ascending colon; an ... | 2005 | 16282306 |
amoebic renal cyst: a case report. | entamoeba histolytica can infect any organ of the body, but only one case of renal involvement has been reported till now in the literature. we report a rare case of amoebic renal cyst in a 78-year showing favorable outcome with metronidazole treatment and therapeutic drainage. | 2005 | 16224635 |
sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism in parasitic protozoa. | sulfur-containing amino acids play indispensable roles in a wide variety of biological activities including protein synthesis, methylation, and biosynthesis of polyamines and glutathione. biosynthesis and catabolism of these amino acids need to be carefully regulated to achieve the requirement of the above-mentioned activities and also to eliminate toxicity attributable to the amino acids. genome-wide analyses of enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways of sulfur-containing amino acids, includ ... | 2005 | 16230102 |
sensitivity and specificity of a new commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay kit for detecting entamoeba histolytica igg antibodies in serum samples. | the study presented here was conducted to evaluate the performance of the newly available ridascreen set (r-biopharm ag, darmstadt, germany) for the detection of immunoglobulin g antibodies against entamoeba histolytica. the sensitivity and specificity of this new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were evaluated using a panel of sera from 239 individuals. the assay was positive for 43 of 44 patients with invasive amebiasis, including all 18 patients with amebic liver abscess, while it was negati ... | 2005 | 16261304 |
entamoeba moshkovskii and entamoeba dispar-associated infections in pondicherry, india. | the prevalence of laredo strain--entamoeba moshkovskii--and non-pathogenic e. dispar in patients attending the jawaharlal institute of postgraduate medical education and research hospital, pondicherry, india, is reported here. e. moshkovskii is reported for the first time in india. the species are morphologically indistinguishable from pathogenic e. histolytica. of 746 stool samples screened, 68 showing cyst or trophozoite stage of e. histolytica, e. dispar, or e. moshkovskii were subjected to s ... | 2005 | 16262027 |
epigenetic and classical activation of entamoeba histolytica heat shock protein 100 (ehsp100) expression. | the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica expresses a cytosine-5 dna methyltransferase (ehmeth) that belongs to the dnmt2 protein family. the biological function of members of this dnmt2 family is unknown. in the present study, the 5' region of e. histolytica heat shock protein 100 (5'ehsp100) was isolated by affinity chromatography with 5-methylcytosine antibodies as ligand. the methylation status of 5'ehsp100 was confirmed by sodium bisulfite sequencing. we showed that the expression of ehs ... | 2005 | 16263115 |
comparison of real-time pcr protocols for differential laboratory diagnosis of amebiasis. | specific identification of entamoeba spp. in clinical specimens is an important confirmatory diagnostic step in the management of patients who may be infected with entamoeba histolytica, the species that causes clinical amebiasis. distinct real-time pcr protocols have recently been published for identification of e. histolytica and differentiation from the morphologically identical nonpathogenic entamoeba dispar. in this study, we compared three e. histolytica real-time pcr techniques published ... | 2005 | 16272475 |
the abp-120 c-end region from entamoeba histolytica interacts with sulfatide, a new lipid target. | ehabp-120 is the first filamin identified in the parasitic protozoan entamoeba histolytica. filamins are a family of cross-linking actin-binding proteins that promote a dynamic orthogonal web. they have been reported to interact directly with more than 30 cellular proteins and some phosphoinositides. the biochemical consequences of these interactions may have either positive or negative effects on the cross-linking function and also form a link between the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane. in th ... | 2005 | 16274663 |
amebiasis in infancy in the middle-high socioeconomic class in istanbul, turkey. | amebiasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. we present 11 children with acute entamoeba histolytica infection. none of the infants developed extraintestinal disease or required hospitalization. light microscopy results correlated with stool antigen test for e. histolytica. breast-feeding and middle-high socioeconomic status does not protect infants from infection with e. histolytica in endemic areas. | 2005 | 16220097 |
vaccine prospects for amebiasis. | entamoeba histolytica is a eukaryotic protozoan parasite and is the causative agent of amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess. many insights into the innate and acquired immune responses to infection with e. histolytica have been made in recent years. these findings have provided a foundation for producing a vaccine that could help to prevent the initial establishment of infection in the intestinal wall. the galactose and n-acetyl-d-galactosamine-specific lectin on the surface of the ameba is a ... | 2005 | 16221067 |
synthesis, spectral studies and in vitro assessment for antiamoebic activity of new cyclooctadiene ruthenium(ii) complexes with 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones. | we report here the synthesis, characterization and in vitro antiamoebic activity of 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones (tsc), 1-5, and their bidentate complexes [ru(eta(4)-c(8)h(12))(tsc)cl(2)] 1a-5a. the biological studies of these compounds were investigated against hk-9 strain of entamoeba histolytica and the concentration causing 50% cell growth inhibition (ic(50)) was calculated in the micromolar range. the ligands exhibited antiamoebic activity in the range (2.05-5.29micr ... | 2005 | 16213728 |
[amoebic infections of the lung and pleura]. | pleuropulmonary involvement is the second most common extra-intestinal manifestation of entamoeba histolytica infection after liver abscess. | 2005 | 16217543 |
[intestinal parasitic diseases in hiv-infected patients in uzbekistan]. | intestinal parasitic diseases were diagnosed in 100 hiv-infected patients at different stages of disease (its asymptomatic form, persistent generalized lymphoadenopathy, pre-aids, and aids) (group 1), 100 tashkent residents (group 2), and 349 patients with gastrointestinal diseases, allergic dermatoses, and skin depigmentation foci (group 3). the hiv-infected patients were found to have virtually all parasites, such as giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium parvum, chilomastix mesnili, entamoeba coli, ... | 2005 | 16212098 |
protective activity of picroliv on hepatic amoebiasis associated with carbon tetrachloride toxicity. | picroliv, isolated from the root and rhizome of picrorhiza kurroa, is known to have significant hepatoprotective activity. its effects against entamoeba histolytica induced liver damage are not studied. this study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective action of picroliv against the hepatotoxic changes induced by carbon tetrachloride (ccl(4)) and e. histolytica infection in three animal models. | 2005 | 15937372 |
[entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar: differentiation methods and implications]. | entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar are two species morphologically identical (except hematophagous trophozoites) but one of them is pathogenic. sensitive and specific molecular techniques which are able to distinguish e. histolytica from e. dispar have been developed recently. detection of antigen in stool using the elisa method is the diagnostic test method of choice for clinical use in the developing world. it is rapid and simple. cultures for zymodeme analysis and pcr detection of the ... | 2005 | 15689308 |
isolation and functional analysis of a chk2 homologue from entamoeba histolytica. | mammalian chk2 is a ser/thr kinase required for cell-division arrest induced by dna damage. we found six new kinase genes of entamoeba histolytica by analysis in silico. one of the kinase genes was a homologue of human chk2 gene. the chk2 homologue gene (eh chk2) was expected to encode 398 amino acids and showed nearly 50% homology to human chk2 in amino acid sequence. eh chk2 had a catalytic domain of ser/thr kinase and a fork head-associated (fha) domain that is highly conserved among chk2 hom ... | 2005 | 15710546 |
acto-myosin cytoskeleton dependent viscosity and shear-thinning behavior of the amoeba cytoplasm. | the mechanical behavior of the human parasite entamoeba histolytica plays a major role in the invasive process of host tissues and vessels. in this study, we set up an intracellular rheological technique derived from magnetic tweezers to measure the viscoelastic properties within living amoebae. the experimental setup combines two magnetic fields at 90 degrees from each other and is adapted to an inverted microscope, which allows monitoring of the rotation of pairs of magnetic phagosomes. we obs ... | 2005 | 15711811 |
entamoeba histolytica: identification of a distinct beta2 integrin-like molecule with a potential role in cellular adherence. | entamoeba histolytica infection causes dysentery, intestinal colitis, and hepatic abscess in an estimated 50 million people worldwide. attachment of e. histolytica trophozoites to intestinal epithelium and vascular endothelium during liver metastasis results in an inflammatory process. we report the identification of a distinct amebic beta2 integrin (cd18)-like molecule which affords adherence to tnf-alpha-activated endothelial cells. data from flow cytometry and indirect immunofluorescence assa ... | 2005 | 15713444 |
entamoeba histolytica: inhibition of cellular functions by overexpression of ehgef1, a novel rho/rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor. | the molecular, biochemical, and cellular characterization of ehgef1 protein is described. complete cdna sequence of 1890 bp revealed an open reading frame that encodes a protein of 69 kda. ehgef1 is constituted of dbl homology domain, pleckstrin homology domain, and several putative regulation sites. studies of guanine nucleotide exchange activity of ehgef1 on several gtpases from entamoeba histolytica and homo sapiens showed preferential activation on ehracg, suggesting that ehgef1 protein coul ... | 2005 | 15713446 |
enteric protozoal diseases. | the most common protozoal agents infecting the gastrointestinal tract of cats are giardia spp, cryptosporidium spp, cystoisospora spp, sarcocystis spp, besnoitia spp, hammondia spp, toxoplasma gondii, entamoeba histolytica, and tritrichomonas fetus. | 2005 | 15627628 |
specificity determinants in inositol polyphosphate synthesis: crystal structure of inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase. | inositol hexakisphosphate and other inositol high polyphosphates have diverse and critical roles in eukaryotic regulatory pathways. inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in inositol high polyphosphate synthesis in animals. this multifunctional enzyme also has inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase and other activities. the structure of an archetypal family member, from entamoeba histolytica, has been determined to 1.2 a resolution in binary and ternary com ... | 2005 | 15837423 |
monoadp-ribosylation of the nad+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from entamoeba histolytica. | the human parasite entamoeba histolytica is an amitochondrial protozoan whose metabolism depends on glucose fermentation. among the metabolic enzymes absolutely required for amoeba growth is the nad+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ehadh2). the polymeric form of ehadh2 was sedimented at 160,000 g, and in this fraction we observed [32p]-labeling of a 96-kda protein under mono-adp-ribosylation conditions with [32p]nad+. the [32p]-labeled protein had the same molecular weight as the ehadh2 monomer ... | 2005 | 16086106 |
structure prediction of a multi-domain ef-hand ca2+ binding protein by propainor. | propainor is a new algorithm developed for ab initio prediction of the 3d structures of proteins using knowledge-based nonparametric multivariate statistical methods. this algorithm is found to be most efficient in terms of computational simplicity and prediction accuracy for single-domain proteins as compared to other ab initio methods. in this paper, we have used the algorithm for the atomic structure prediction of a multi-domain (two-domain) calcium-binding protein, whose solution structure h ... | 2005 | 16094534 |
the entamoeba histolytica genome: something old, something new, something borrowed and sex too? | the recent publication of the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica genome provides new insights into eukaryotic evolution, the role of lateral gene transfer in amebic biology and the adaptations required for eukaryotes that reside within the human intestine. | 2005 | 16098811 |
identification of a very large rab gtpase family in the parasitic protozoan trichomonas vaginalis. | rab proteins are pivotal components of the membrane trafficking machinery in all eukaryotes. distinct rab proteins locate to specific endomembrane compartments and genomic studies suggest that rab gene diversity correlates with endomembrane system complexity; for example unicellular organisms generally possess 5-20 rab family members and the size of the repertoire increases to 25-60 in multicellular systems. here we report 65 open reading frames from the unicellular protozoan trichomonas vaginal ... | 2005 | 16099517 |
entamoeba: still more to be learned from the genome. | 2005 | 16099723 | |
infection by human immunodeficiency virus-1 is not a risk factor for amebiasis. | the purpose of this study was to determine whether hiv-1 infected patients in our community were more susceptible to entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar infection than non-hiv-infected individuals. the prevalence and frequency of invasive amebiasis was determined in 203 hiv+/aids subjects and 140 close relatives or sexual partners, all of whom were hiv-. anti-e. histolytica antibodies (igg, iga) were assessed as indicators of e. histolytica invasive infection. polymerase chain reaction (p ... | 2005 | 16103593 |
differences in morphology of phagosomes and kinetics of acidification and degradation in phagosomes between the pathogenic entamoeba histolytica and the non-pathogenic entamoeba dispar. | phagocytosis plays an important role in the pathogenicity of the intestinal protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica. we compared the morphology of phagosomes and the kinetics of phagosome maturation using conventional light and electron microscopy and live imaging with video microscopy between the virulent e. histolytica and the closely-related, but non-virulent e. dispar species. electron micrographs showed that axenically cultivated trophozoites of the two entamoeba species revealed morpholog ... | 2005 | 16106449 |
biologic insights from the sequenced genome of entamoeba histolytica. | 2005 | 16107225 | |
[diagnostic tests: entamoeba histolytica]. | 2005 | 16111248 | |
structural characterization of the apo form of a calcium binding protein from entamoeba histolytica by hydrogen exchange and its folding to the holo state. | one of the calcium binding proteins from entamoeba histolytica (ehcabp) is a 134 amino acid residue long (m(r) approximately 14.9 kda) double domain ef-hand protein containing four ca(2+) binding sites. cd and nmr studies reveal that the ca(2+)-free form (apo-ehcabp) exists in a partially collapsed form compared to the ca(2+)-bound (holo) form, which has an ordered structure (pdb id ). deuterium exchange studies on the partially structured apo-ehcabp reveal that the c-terminal domain is better s ... | 2005 | 16114901 |
a retromerlike complex is a novel rab7 effector that is involved in the transport of the virulence factor cysteine protease in the enteric protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica. | vesicular trafficking plays an important role in a virulence mechanism of the enteric protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica as secreted and lysosomal cysteine protease (cp) contributes to both cytolysis of tissues and degradation of internalized host cells. despite the primary importance of intracellular sorting in pathogenesis, the molecular mechanism of cp trafficking remains largely unknown. in this report we demonstrate that transport of cp is regulated through a specific interaction of r ... | 2005 | 16120649 |
comparative genomics of dictyostelium discoideum and entamoeba histolytica. | amoebozoa represent one of the earliest branches from the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes and contain some of the most dangerous human pathogens. two amoebozoan genomes -- from the model organism dictyostelium discoideum and the human pathogen entamoeba histolytica -- have been published this year. owing to their high a+t content, both genomes were difficult to sequence. in addition to nine amoebozoan expressed sequence tag projects, efforts are underway for comparative sequencing of four ... | 2005 | 16125444 |
pcr differentiation of entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar from patients with amoeba infection initially diagnosed by microscopy. | amoebiasis is a notifiable disease in sweden and 400-500 cases are reported annually to the swedish institute for infectious disease control (smi). the true number of patients with entamoeba histolytica infection is unknown as diagnosis mainly relies on cyst detection by microscopy. the main purpose of this study was to estimate the proportions between e. histolytica and e. dispar in patients with amoebic infection, using established pcr technologies. secondly, we aimed to evaluate the usefulnes ... | 2005 | 16126570 |
copper(ii) complexes with substituted thiosemicarbazones of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde: synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity against e. histolytica. | in an effort to develop potent antiamoebic agents, a series of thiosemicarbazone (tsc) ligands 1-5 derived from thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde and n4-substituted thiosemicarbazides has been prepared and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. treatment of the ligands with cupric chloride produced the copper(ii) complexes [cu(tsc)2cl2] 1a-5a where ligand bind through thionic sulfur and the azomethine nitrogen. the possible geometries of the complexes were assigned on the basis of magnet ... | 2005 | 16129515 |
use of rapid dipstick and latex agglutination tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of amebic liver abscess, amebic colitis, and entamoeba histolytica cyst passage. | a homemade enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and a dipstick assay (dipstick) for the detection of anti-entamoeba histolytica antibodies in serum were developed and evaluated together with a commercially available latex agglutination test (lat; laboratoires fumouze) for their use in serodiagnosis of amebiasis. the sensitivity of these assays was evaluated with sera from 27 patients with radiologically proven, cellulose acetate precipitation (cap) test-positive amebic liver abscess, 7 pati ... | 2005 | 16145144 |
coding and noncoding genomic regions of entamoeba histolytica have significantly different rates of sequence polymorphisms: implications for epidemiological studies. | to evaluate genetic variability among entamoeba histolytica strains, we sequenced 9,077 bp from each of 14 isolates. the polymorphism rates from coding and noncoding regions were significantly different (0.07% and 0.37%, respectively), indicating that these regions are subject to different selection pressures. additionally, single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) potentially associated with specific clinical outcomes were identified. | 2005 | 16145147 |
preparation of entamoeba histolytica antigens without enzymatic inhibitors. | the goal of this work is to report a novel assay that preserves antigenicity of extracts with high protease content without using enzymatic inhibitors. a great reduction of proteolytic activity in the insoluble chloroform/methanol and heated amoebic fraction (ic:mc) was obtained by this method, even in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2-mercaptoethanol. the substrates azo-casein and the hide powder azure were used to determine the reduction of proteolytic activity of ic:mc compared wi ... | 2005 | 16145939 |
characterization of chaperonin 10 (cpn10) from the intestinal human pathogen entamoeba histolytica. | entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebiasis, a poverty-related disease that kills an estimated 100 000 people each year. e. histolytica does not contain "standard mitochondria", but harbours mitochondrial remnant organelles called mitosomes. these organelles are characterized by the presence of mitochondrial chaperonin cpn60, but little else is known about the functions and molecular composition of mitosomes. in this study, a gene encoding molecular chaperonin cpn10--the functiona ... | 2005 | 16151221 |
signalization and cytoskeleton activity through myosin ib during the early steps of phagocytosis in entamoeba histolytica: a proteomic approach. | phagocytosis of human cells is a crucial activity for the virulence of the human parasite entamoeba histolytica. this protozoan invades and destroys the intestine by killing and phagocytosing epithelial cells, erythrocytes and cells from the immune system. in this study, we used magnetic beads covered with proteins from human serum as a model system to study the early events involved in phagocytosis by e. histolytica. we validated the system showing that the beads uptake triggered the activation ... | 2005 | 16153248 |
protozoan parasite-specific carbohydrate structures. | the carbohydrate moieties displayed by pathogenic protozoan parasites exhibit many unusual structural features and their expression is often developmentally regulated. these unique structures suggest a specific relationship between such carbohydrates and parasite pathogenicity. studies of infected humans indicate that immune responses to protozoan parasites are elicited by glycan determinants on cell-surface or secreted molecules. infections by protozoa are a major worldwide health problem, and ... | 2005 | 16154349 |
the effect of electromagnetic waves on the growth of entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar. | the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of electromagnetic radiation of a digital global system for mobile communication mobile telephone (900 mhz) on entamoeba histolytica (e. histolytica) and entamoeba dispar (e. dispar) (cysts or trophozoites, or both) in a 24-hour period. | 2005 | 16155653 |
gene discovery in the acanthamoeba castellanii genome. | acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living amoeba found in soil, freshwater, and marine environments and an important predator of bacteria. acanthamoeba castellanii is also an opportunistic pathogen of clinical interest, responsible for several distinct diseases in humans. in order to provide a genomic platform for the study of this ubiquitous and important protist, we generated a sequence survey of approximately 0.5 x coverage of the genome. the data predict that a. castellanii exhibits a greate ... | 2005 | 16171187 |
additional antiprotozoal constituents from cuphea pinetorum, a plant used in mayan traditional medicine to treat diarrhoea. | in addition to kaempferol and quercetin already found in the roots from cuphea pinetorum, bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract of the aerial part of this species gave four flavonoid glycosides, quercetin-3-o-alpha-rhamnopyranoside, luteolin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside, apigenin-7-o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside and apigenin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside, as well as squalen and beta-sitosterol. in vitro antiamoebic and antigiardial activities of isolated compounds indicated that kaempferol i ... | 2005 | 16177979 |
sweet's syndrome--an extraintestinal manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease. | sweet's syndrome (ss) is a severe dermatosis that may be an extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). worldwide, 35 cases of ss associated with ibd have been reported. we present the first case of severe, recurrent ss in combination with amebic infection and ulcerative colitis complicated with multiple other extraintestinal manifestations. | 2005 | 16179788 |
a rare cause of acute appendicitis: parasitic infection. | the role of parasitic infection in the aetiology of acute appendicitis has been discussed for more than 100 years. the aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of parasitic infection in surgically removed appendices, and to identify whether this type of infection is associated with appendicitis. 104 appendices were removed from patients clinically diagnosed with acute appendicitis, and 30 were removed in the course of other surgical procedures. all the operations were perf ... | 2005 | 16191896 |
prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the islamic republic of iran. | a national survey of the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the islamic republic of iran was made on a random sample of families covered by local health centres affiliated to the medical universities. out of 53,995 people aged 2+ years, from 12,495 families (0.1% of all families in 1999), 45,128 stool samples were analysed by formalin-ether precipitation. intestinal parasitic infections were found in 19.3% of the study population (19.7% male, 19.1% female). giardia lamblia (10.9%), ... | 2005 | 16602457 |
emerging opportunistic protozoa and intestinal pathogenic protozoal infestation profile in children of western nepal. | intestinal parasitic infestation continues to be of public health importance in many tropical and subtropical countries for their high prevalence and effects on the morbidity in the population. this 5-year hospital-based retrospective analysis was aimed to find out the intestinal protozoal parasitic profile in 1790 pre-school and school-going children visiting the hospital with gastrointestinal illness. giardia lamblia was the most prevalent pathogenic protozoan intestinal parasite (73.4%), foll ... | 2005 | 16519082 |
[frequency of human parasites in selected populations of silesian region]. | epidemiological evaluation of the most frequent human parasitoses in the group of children at age of seven years, in adult patients and in group of polish citizens coming back from tropics between 1999-2003 was performed. all examined people were silesian region inhabitants. the biggest average infection prevalence in children from all examined years concerned enterobius vermicularis, in adult--giardia intestinalis, while in group of population coming back from tropics--entamoeba histolytica-lik ... | 2005 | 16841687 |
a rare cause of colonic stricture: amebiasis. | a 41-year-old man presenting with lower abdominal pain, constipation, abdominal distention, fever (37.5 degrees c) and fatigue was evaluated, and a mass localized to the left lower abdomen was identified. radiographic and colonoscopic examination revealed a stricture 10 cm in length localized to the sigmoid-descending colon junction. the diagnosis of amebiasis was confirmed by histological examination of a biopsy specimen taken from the stricture and stool examination. one month after the initia ... | 2005 | 16547856 |
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of calcium-binding protein-2 from entamoeba histolytica and its complexes with strontium and the iq1 motif of myosin v. | calcium plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of amoebiasis, a major disease caused by entamoeba histolytica. two domains with four canonical ef-hand-containing calcium-binding proteins (cabps) have been identified from e. histolytica. even though they have very high sequence similarity, these bind to different target proteins in a ca2+-dependent manner, leading to different functional pathways. calcium-binding protein-2 (ehcabp2) crystals were grown using mpd as a precipitant. the crystals b ... | 2005 | 16511057 |
phylogenetic positions of several amitochondriate protozoa--evidence from phylogenetic analysis of dna topoisomerase ii. | several groups of parasitic protozoa, as represented by giardia, trichomonas, entamoeba and microsporida, were once widely considered to be the most primitive extant eukaryotic group--archezoa. the main evidence for this is their 'lacking mitochondria' and possessing some other primitive features between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and being basal to all eukaryotes with mitochondria in phylogenies inferred from many molecules. some authors even proposed that these organisms diverged before the e ... | 2005 | 16483135 |
comparing the dictyostelium and entamoeba genomes reveals an ancient split in the conosa lineage. | the amoebozoa are a sister clade to the fungi and the animals, but are poorly sampled for completely sequenced genomes. the social amoeba dictyostelium discoideum and amitochondriate pathogen entamoeba histolytica are the first amoebozoa with genomes completely sequenced. both organisms are classified under the conosa subphylum. to identify amoebozoa-specific genomic elements, we compared these two genomes to each other and to other eukaryotic genomes. an expanded phylogenetic tree built from th ... | 2005 | 16362072 |
the utility of lactoferrin in differentiating parasitic from bacterial infections. | lactoferrin is an iron binding glycoprotein found in the 2ry granules of pmn. in order to determine the usefulness of such marker for neutrophilic activity in differentiating cases suffering from amoebic and bacillary dysentery, schistosoma and bacterial uti infections, we examined stool and urine specimens using anti-lactoferrin antibodies (lactoferrin latex agglutination test: lfla), compared with different standard gold techniques. our results demonstrated that cases with either shigllosis or ... | 2005 | 16363291 |
human fascioliasis among immigrant workers in saudi arabia. | animal fascioliasis has been reported in saudi arabia among imported and local sheep. the paper demonstrated the parasitological and clinical features of human fascioliasis in nine out of ten male immigrant manual workers with manifestations suggesting fascioliasis. the sedimentation and kato-katz techniques proved effect in diagnosing fasciola species eggs in human stool. the common clinical features were abdominal distension, flatulence, tender right-upper quadrant and easy fatigability and th ... | 2005 | 16363294 |
prevalence of blastocystis hominis infection in asymptomatic individuals from bangkok, thailand. | fresh stool examination was performed from 2,230 participants who enrolled in annual check-up programs of the faculty of medical technology, mahidol university in 1999-2000 and 2004. in this study, blastocystis hominis infection was diagnosed by culturing in jones' media. a total of 21% of fecal specimens (in 1999-2000) and 13.7% (in 2004) were positive for b. hominis. the vacuolated form was the predominant form found in culture solution after 48 hours of incubation. the distribution of infecti ... | 2005 | 16438173 |
current infection rate of giardia lamblia in two provinces of thailand. | the aim of this study was to survey for the current rate of giardia lamblia infection in three different districts in two provinces of thailand, surin and samut sakhon, in march 2002, october 2003, and march 2004. two districts are rural areas and another is sub-urban. volunteers of any age from surin province and children aged between 5 to 7 years old from three secondary schools in samut sakhon were enrolled for the stool examination. the method used was stool examination by both simple smear ... | 2005 | 16438174 |
the amoebicidal aqueous extract from castela texana possesses antigenotoxic and antimutagenic properties. | due to long-term treatment toxicity and clinical resistance to drugs commonly used against e. histolytica, new drugs against amoebiasis are urgently needed. castela texana ("chaparro amargo") is a shrub taken traditionally in teas and capsules of dry plant to treat intestinal amoebic infections. an aqueous extract was prepared and its mutagenic, genotoxic and cytotoxicity properties were evaluated in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. this extract was neither mutagenic when evaluated with the a ... | 2005 | 15582360 |
entamoeba histolytica dna methyltransferase (ehmeth) is a nuclear matrix protein that binds ehmrs2, a dna that includes a scaffold/matrix attachment region (s/mar). | the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica express a cytosine-5 dna methyltransferase (ehmeth) that belongs to the dnmt2 protein family. the biological function of members of this dnmt2 family is unknown. in the present study, we have demonstrated that ehmeth is a nuclear matrix protein. indeed, we showed by south-western analysis and yeast one-hybrid system that ehmeth binds to ehmrs2, a dna element which contains the eukaryotic consensus scaffold/matrix attachment regions (s/mar) bipartite r ... | 2005 | 15610823 |
myosin ii and the gal-galnac lectin play a crucial role in tissue invasion by entamoeba histolytica. | entamoeba histolytica is the human parasite responsible of amoebiasis, during which highly motile trophozoites invade the intestinal epithelium leading to amoebic colitis, and disseminate via the blood circulation causing liver abscesses. the invasive process, central to the pathogenesis, is known to be driven by parasites motility. to investigate molecules responsible for in vivo motion, we performed a high resolution dynamic imaging analysis using two-photon laser scanning microscopy. image an ... | 2005 | 15617520 |
identification, structure, and phylogenetic relationships of a mitogen-activated protein kinase homologue from the parasitic protist entamoeba histolytica. | a gene encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) from the human enteric parasite, entamoeba histolytica has been identified. sequence analyses of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) products reveal that the ehmapk gene is intronless and encodes a protein of 352 amino acids. ehmapk shows significant homology with other mapks and contains the 11 subdomains including the invariant residues characteristic of serine/threonine protein kinases. the mapk sig ... | 2005 | 15716029 |
[prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in the city of eirunepé, amazon]. | samples of 413 patient were analyzed and positivity was found in 64.4% (266) of the exams. the intestinal parasites most prevalent were: ascaris lumbricoides (35.6%); trichuris trichiura (18.6%); ancylostomides (9.9%); strongyloides stercoralis (1%), enterobius vermiculares (0,5%); entamoeba histolytica (13.3%) and giardia lamblia (1%). the presence of varied degrees of anemia were detected in 39.8% of the exams. | 2005 | 15717101 |
activation of mapk kinase pathway by gal/galnac adherence lectin of e. histolytica: gateway to host response. | amoebiasis caused by the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica is one of the leading parasitic causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing countries. among the variety of virulence factors, an adherence lectin (gal/galnac, 260 kda) has been known to mediate colonization and subsequent host responses. it is a major cell surface antigen which is universally recognized by the immune sera of patients with amoebic liver abscess (ala). the role of this lectin in cytolysis and phagocytosis o ... | 2005 | 15724442 |
synthesis and antiamoebic activities of 1-n-substituted cyclised pyrazoline analogues of thiosemicarbazones. | a series of 21 new 1-n-substituted cyclised pyrazoline analogues of thiosemicarbazones were synthesised by cyclisation of mannich bases with thiosemicarbazides of variegated nature. the chemical structures of the compounds were proved by uv, ir, (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr spectroscopic data and elemental analyses. the antiamoebic activities of these compounds were evaluated by microdilution method against hm1:1mss strain of entamoeba histolytica. it was found that 3-chloro and 3-bromo substituents on t ... | 2005 | 15727873 |
antiamoebic and toxicity studies of a carbamic acid derivative and its therapeutic effect in a hamster model of hepatic amoebiasis. | amoebiasis is an important public health problem in developing countries. entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis, may develop resistance to nitroimidazoles, a group of drugs considered to be the most effective against this parasitic disease. therefore, research on new drugs for the treatment of this common infection still constitutes an important therapeutic demand. in the present study we determined the effects of a carbamate derivative, ethyl 4-chlorophenylcarbamate (c4), on ... | 2005 | 15728919 |
the genome of the protist parasite entamoeba histolytica. | entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite and the causative agent of amoebiasis, which is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. here we present the genome of e. histolytica, which reveals a variety of metabolic adaptations shared with two other amitochondrial protist pathogens: giardia lamblia and trichomonas vaginalis. these adaptations include reduction or elimination of most mitochondrial metabolic pathways and the use of oxidative stress enzymes gener ... | 2005 | 15729342 |
entamoeba histolytica: focal adhesion kinase and erk phosphorylation are altered in the cytoskeleton mutant bg-3. | the entamoeba histolytica mutant bg-3 has several altered cytoskeletal properties, including the distribution of actin and certain surface characteristics such as osmolarity and electrophoretic mobility. by western blot analysis and assays for cell adhesion to collagen, we demonstrate that mutant bg-3 shows an increase in the phosphorylation levels of protein kinases that participate in proliferation, adhesion and migration, such as focal adhesion kinase and map kinase (erk2), and that it has al ... | 2005 | 15729589 |
[a dutchman from mali with a perianal ulcer caused by cutaneous amoebiasis]. | a 66-year-old dutchman, living in mali, presented with an extensive progressive perianal ulcer despite local and antibiotic treatment. microscopic examination of the stool revealed entamoeba histolytica/dispar cysts and phagocytosing trophozoites were seen in fresh scrapings of the ulcer, a diagnostic feature of infection with e. histolytica. the diagnosis was cutaneous amoebiasis and the patient was effectively treated with metronidazole and local debridements. primary cutaneous amoebiasis is a ... | 2005 | 15730040 |
roles of cell adhesion and cytoskeleton activity in entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis: a delicate balance. | the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica colonizes the human large bowel. invasion of the intestinal epithelium causes amoebic colitis and opens the route for amoebic liver abscesses. the parasite relies on its dynamic actomyosin cytoskeleton and on surface adhesion molecules for dissemination in the human tissues. here we show that the galactose/n-acetylgalactosamine (gal/galnac) lectin clusters in focal structures localized in the region of e. histolytica that contacts monolayers of entero ... | 2005 | 15731078 |
invasive amebiasis as an emerging parasitic disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in taiwan. | whether risk of invasive amebiasis due to entamoeba histolytica is higher among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons than uninfected persons remains unclear, although intestinal colonization by entamoeba dispar is common among men who have sex with men. our objective was to determine the prevalence of invasive amebiasis and intestinal colonization by e histolytica and e dispar in hiv-infected persons and uninfected controls. | 2005 | 15738369 |
entamoeba histolytica tata-box binding protein binds to different tata variants in vitro. | the ability of entamoeba histolytica tata binding protein (ehtbp) to interact with different tata boxes in gene promoters may be one of the key factors to perform an efficient transcription in this human parasite. in this paper we used several tata variants to study the in vitro ehtbp dna-binding activity and to determine the tata-ehtbp dissociation constants. the presence of ehtbp in complexes formed by nuclear extracts (ne) and the tatttaaa oligonucleotide, which corresponds to the canonical t ... | 2005 | 15752353 |
entamoeba histolytica: intracellular distribution of the sec61alpha subunit of the secretory pathway and down-regulation by antisense peptide nucleic acids. | the sec61alpha protein is defined as a highly conserved essential integral component of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. we report a detailed immunolocalization of the entamoeba histolytica homologue of the sec61alpha subunit (ehsec61alpha), which shows an irregular pattern throughout the cell and is also found on the cell surface, its effective down-regulation by means of antisense peptide nucleic acids and its effects on cell proliferation, subcellular distribution of two virulen ... | 2005 | 15755422 |
comparative genomic hybridizations of entamoeba strains reveal unique genetic fingerprints that correlate with virulence. | variable phenotypes have been identified for entamoeba species. entamoeba histolytica is invasive and causes colitis and liver abscesses but only in approximately 10% of infected individuals; 90% remain asymptomatically colonized. entamoeba dispar, a closely related species, is avirulent. to determine the extent of genetic diversity among entamoeba isolates and potential genotype-phenotype correlations, we have developed an e. histolytica genomic dna microarray and used it to genotype strains of ... | 2005 | 15755913 |
[liver abscess due to a native amoeba: a clinical case study and literature review]. | 2005 | 15757593 |