Publications

a preliminary study on the relationship between trichomonas vaginalis and cervical cancer in egyptian women.	the relationship between trichomonas vaginalis and cancer cervix was investigated by detection of t. vaginalis antibodies, in the sera of 48 invasive cervical cancer patients and 100 random age matched female control, using western immunoblot technique. it was found that antibodies to t. vaginalis were detected in sera of 18.75% (9/48) of cervical cancer patients compared with 5% (5/100) of controls. the increase was evident in age group, 40-49 years (21.05% vs 5%) and of those with squamous cel ...	2002	12049252
the crystal structure of trichomonas vaginalis ferredoxin provides insight into metronidazole activation.	crystallographic studies revealing the three-dimensional structure of the oxidized form of the [2fe-2s] ferredoxin from trichomonas vaginalis (tvfd) are presented. tvfd, a member of the hydrogenosomal class of ferredoxins, possesses a unique combination of redox and spectroscopic properties, and is believed to be the biological molecule that activates the drug metronidazole reductively in the treatment of trichomoniasis. it is the first hydrogenosomal ferredoxin to have its structure determined. ...	2002	12051855
lipid metabolism in mucous-dwelling amitochondriate protozoa.	entamoeba, giardia, and trichomonads are the prominent members of a group known as 'mucosal parasites'. while entamoeba and giardia trophozoites colonise the small intestine, trichomonads inhabit the genitourinary tracts of humans and animals. these protozoa lack mitochondria, well-developed golgi complexes, and other organelles typical of higher eukaryotes. nonetheless, they have developed unique metabolic pathways that allow them to survive and multiply in the small intestine and reproductive ...	2002	12062485
infectious diseases. 6: sexually transmitted infections: new diagnostic approaches and treatments.	1. commercially available nucleic acid amplification assays (eg, polymerase or ligase chain reaction) are now the "gold standard" tests for genital chlamydial infection and also have a role in screening for gonococcal infection. 2. single-dose oral antibiotics are available for treatment of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae and trichomonas vaginalis infections. 3. strains of n. gonorrhoeae in urban australia are often penicillin resistant, while strains from south east asia and those ...	2002	12064989
multiple origins of hydrogenosomes: functional and phylogenetic evidence from the adp/atp carrier of the anaerobic chytrid neocallimastix sp.	a mitochondrial-type adp/atp carrier (aac) has been identified in the hydrogenosomes of the anaerobic chytridiomycete fungus neocallimastix sp. l2. biochemical and immunocytochemical studies revealed that this adp/atp carrier is an integral component of hydrogenosomal membranes. expression of the corresponding cdna in escherichia coli confers the ability on the bacterial host to incorporate adp at significantly higher rates than atp--similar to isolated mitochondria of yeast and animals. phyloge ...	2002	12067335
neonatal pneumonia caused by trichomonas vaginalis.	the authors present two cases of newborn babies infected by trichomonas vaginalis (hereafter referred to as t. vaginalis) and suffering from severe congenital breathing difficulties and needing artificial respiration. microscopic examination of the tracheal discharge revealed characteristically moving, flagellated, pear-shaped unicellular organisms. cultures on cplm medium proved the presence of t. vaginalis. during pregnancy the mothers' clinical status was negative and both of them mentioned l ...	2002	12073821
[cervico-vaginal infections. study of a population in the turin area].	aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, in the turin area, of the pathogens chiefly involved in the genesis of the most common infections of the female genitalia.	2002	12114863
ultrastructural cytochemical observations of the cell coat of two trichomonas vaginalis isolates with different degree of virulence.	the cell coat of two trichomonas vaginalis isolates with different degree of virulence isolated in mexico from symptomatic women was studied by cytochemical assays. the use of carbohydrate cell surface markers allowed us to visualize greater electron-dense deposits in the highly virulent t. vaginalis isolate than in the less virulent one. on the contrary, parasites treated with concanavalin a showed a heavy uniform electron-dense deposit on the cell surface that was similar in both isolates. whe ...	2002	12117282
in vitro effect of nitazoxanide against entamoeba histolytica, giardia intestinalis and trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites.	nitazoxanide, a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative, is effective in the treatment of a broad range of parasitic infections. in vitro, it is active against several protozoa, including cryptosporidium parvum, blastocystis hominis, and giardia intestinalis. the objective of this study was to determine the in vitro effect of nitazoxanide on the growth and morphology of three anaerobic protozoa (entamoeba histolytica, giardia intestinalis, and trichomonas vaginalis) and to compare these effects with those o ...	2002	12120985
in vitro activities of position 2 substitution-bearing 6-nitro- and 6-amino-benzothiazoles and their corresponding anthranilic acid derivatives against leishmania infantum and trichomonas vaginalis.	6-nitro- and 6-amino-benzothiazoles bearing different chains in position 2 and their corresponding anthranilic acid derivatives were investigated for their in vitro antiparasitic properties against parasites of the species leishmania infantum and trichomonas vaginalis compared to their toxicity towards human monocytes. biological investigations established that the antiprotozoal properties depended greatly on the chemical structure of the position 2 substitution-bearing group. compound c1, 2-[(2 ...	2002	12121937
aetiology of chronic prostatitis.	a total of 388 patients with symptoms of chronic prostatitis and inflammatory findings in expressed prostatic secretion (eps) or in a urine sample collected immediately after prostate massage, were examined over a 2 year period at the outpatient department for urogenital infections, university hospital for infectious diseases 'dr fran mihaljević', zagreb, croatia. the infective aetiology was determined in 276 (71.13%) patients. chlamydia trachomatis was the causative pathogen in 109 patients, tr ...	2002	12135835
prostatitis: what is the role of infection.	although bacterial prostatitis is a common diagnosis, well documented infections of the prostate are uncommon. culture studies of prostate tissue led our group to hypothesize that bacterial colonization/invasion of the prostate gland might occur more commonly than is appreciated by standard microbiological techniques. specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays were used for each of the pathogens previously implicated in chronic prostatitis as well as broad-spectrum pcr assays to identify te ...	2002	12135836
interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy.	vaginitis due to trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common of sexually transmitted diseases. trichomoniasis affects women during pregnancy as well but it is not clearly established whether it causes preterm birth and other pregnancy complications.	2002	12137609
six-year follow-up survey of sexually transmitted diseases in brasilia, the capital of brazil.	the notification of sexually transmitted diseases (std) is a prime component of well-designed public health policy. however, peculiar aspects of std must be taken into account for the correct management of surveillance activities. here, we describe the distribution of the most common sexually transmitted diseases among patients attended by the gynecological clinics of the principal public hospitals of brasilia and the federal district, brazilian capital, during six years. a total of 142,158 pati ...	2002	12144746
synthesis and trichomonacidal activity of perketals and hydroperoxides.	some perketals were synthesized by the dussault procedure using simple bromides and 2-methoxyprop-2-yl hydroperoxide. treatment with acetic acid gave the corresponding hydroperoxides. both perketals and hydroperoxides were tested in vitro as trichomonacidal agents. most of them exhibited very good activities. the most powerful compound was 2-methoxyprop-2-yl hexadec-l-yl peroxide which exhibited an ic50 value of 0.51 microm being 10 times more effective than the reference compound metronidazole.	2002	12088060
cost-effective screening for trichomoniasis.		2002	12095452
methods for cultivation of luminal parasitic protists of clinical importance.	cultivation of luminal protistan parasites has a long history. in this review we discuss the methods and media that are most widely used for the establishment and maintenance of the following organisms in culture: entamoeba histolytica, giardia intestinalis, trichomonas vaginalis, dientamoeba fragilis, blastocystis hominis, and balantidium coli. while cultivation is of limited importance in the diagnostic laboratory, it is essential to most research laboratories, and it is toward the latter that ...	2002	12097242
1,3-diphenylpyrazoles: synthesis and antiparasitic activities of azomethine derivatives.	1,3-diphenylpyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde and 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenylpyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde were obtained from the appropriated phenylhydrazones via the vilsmeier-haack reaction. these two aldehydes were functionalized by various substituted anilines or substituted benzylamines. antiparasitic activities of the corresponding azomethines were assessed. in the most cases, nitrated compounds were found to be more efficient than non-nitrated ones against plasmodium falciparum, trichomonas vaginalis ...	2002	12161064
trichomonas vaginalis infection in a premature newborn.	trichomonas vaginalis is a vaginal pathogen associated with an increased incidence of adverse outcomes of pregnancy. data are limited regarding the effects of trichomonas infections in the newborn. we report a symptomatic t. vaginalis infection in a 26-week premature infant and a review of the literature.	2002	12168131
trichomonas vaginalis polymerase chain reaction compared with standard diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for detection and treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis.	wet preparation has limited sensitivity for diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) infection. an observational study of 337 women was conducted to evaluate a new polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test for tv. the sensitivities of wet preparation and tv culture were 52% (95% confidence interval [ci], 41-62) and 78% (95% ci, 69-86), respectively. tv pcr had a sensitivity of 84% (95% ci, 75-90) and a specificity of 94% (95% ci, 90-97). metronidazole was provided to 67 (69%) of 97 women with tv becau ...	2002	12173132
the purine nucleoside phosphorylase from trichomonas vaginalis is a homologue of the bacterial enzyme.	trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan and the causative agent of trichomoniasis. its primary purine salvage system, consisting of a purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pnp) and a purine nucleoside kinase, presents potential targets for designing selective inhibitors as antitrichomonial drugs because of lack of de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides in this organism. cdna encoding t. vaginalis pnp was isolated by complementation of an escherichia coli strain deficient in pnp and expressed, ...	2002	12173924
mechanisms of in vitro development of resistance to metronidazole in trichomonas vaginalis.	development of resistance against metronidazole and mechanisms responsible for this process were studied in a sexually transmitted pathogen of humans, trichomonas vaginalis. monitoring of changes in metabolism and protein expression that accompanied increasing resistance of strains derived from a common drug-susceptible parent (tv 10-02) showed the multistep character of the process. the aerobic type of resistance known to occur in isolates from patients non-responsive to treatment appeared at t ...	2002	12177340
the diagnosis of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and trichomonas infections by self obtained low vaginal swabs, in remote northern australian clinical practice.	to examine the diagnostic performance of self obtained low vaginal swabs (solvs) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques in the diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng), and trichomonas vaginalis (tv) infection in a variety of clinical practice settings in remote north western australia.	2002	12181467
community prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus infection in tamil nadu, india: a probability proportional to size cluster survey.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and aids is threatening the survival of many nations. to evaluate ongoing interventional strategies and burden of illness estimates, valid data on the prevalence of hiv are required. often, in the absence of community prevalence data, estimates are based on surrogate markers such as prevalence of hiv in antenatal clinics. even though the antenatal prevalence of hiv is easier to measure and can be repeated for evaluation, it is important to establish t ...	2002	12186325
pelvic inflammatory disease in the people's republic of china: aetiology and management.	to study the causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) in shenyang, northeastern china, and to assess the efficacy of the syndromic management flowchart for pid recommended by world health organization (who).	2002	12194742
homogeneous, nonradioactive, enzymatic assay for plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate.	pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (plp) is the biologically active form of vitamin b(6). clinical studies suggest that low plp concentrations are an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases. however, plp concentrations are not routinely diagnosed because of the lack of a homogeneous, nonradioactive assay. we describe a homogeneous, nonradioactive, enzymatic plp assay that uses the apo form of the plp-dependent recombinant enzyme, homocysteine-alpha,gamma-lyase (rhcyase).	2002	12194934
double-stranded rna viral infection of trichomonas vaginalis infecting patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic.	trichomonas vaginalis (tv) can be infected with double-stranded rna (dsrna) viruses that may have important implications for trichomonal virulence and disease pathogenesis. a cross-sectional study was conducted in a sexually transmitted diseases clinic to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of dsrna viral infection of tv infecting men and women. overall, dsrna virus was present in 21 (75%) of 28 tv isolates (95% confidence interval [ci], 55%-89%). dsrna viral infection of tv was n ...	2002	12195385
association between elevated neutrophil defensin levels and endometritis.	the role of host defenses in the pathogenesis of pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) remains largely uncharacterized. the antimicrobial peptides defensins are important components of innate host defense. to explore the relationship between neutrophil defensins and upper genital tract infection, 377 women who were at risk for pid were enrolled in a study. women infected with neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomonas vaginalis, or chlamydia trachomatis had higher median levels of neutrophil defensins (huma ...	2002	12198613
detection of trichomonas vaginalis on modified columbia agar in the routine laboratory.	broth culture of trichomonas vaginalis is considered the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. two studies were carried out to evaluate modified columbia agar (mca) for the isolation of t. vaginalis from clinical samples. study i compared isolation on mca to that on liquid medium with 889 vaginal samples. out of 63 samples positive for t. vaginalis (7.1% of total), mca identified 62 (98.4%) and broth identified 58 (92.1%). in study ii, trichomoniasis was diagnosed within the scope ...	2002	12202565
the mitotic spindle and associated membranes in the closed mitosis of trichomonads.	in the present work, we followed the several phases of tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis cell cycles using immunofluorescence, serial thin sections, three-dimensional (3d) reconstruction, and transmission electron microscopy. in motile trichomonad cells or in pseudocyst forms, the nuclear envelope persists throughout mitosis, and the spindle is extranuclear. we found three types of spindle microtubules: pole-to-nucleus microtubules which are attached to the nuclear envelope, pole-t ...	2002	12206655
[parasitic diseases are a risk factor of inflammations of the small pelvis organs. trichomoniasis].	clinical and laboratory studies were made in 2259 persons by using serological assays, including cultural and bacterioscopic assays in 1824 and 363 persons, respectively, in order to indicate trichomonas infection among men, women, and 2-15-year-old children who had chronic inflammation of the urogenital system, as well as among children aged 2 months to 16 years who had a severe somatic disease. parasitic cenoses of the urogenital tract were studied in women with trichomoniasis and reproductive ...	2002	12224263
tv or not tv?		2002	12238649
epidemiology and natural history of ligase chain reaction detected chlamydial and gonococcal infections.	ligase chain reaction (lcr) technology has dramatically increased the sensitivity of tests for sexually transmitted infections (stis). it is unknown whether low copy infections (lcr positive, culture negative) have any clinical consequences. we assessed the clinical significance of untreated low copy chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in a cohort of sexually active women.	2002	12238656
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases in amitochondriate protists constitute a single protein subfamily with eubacterial relationships.	sequences of putative fructose-1,6-bisphospate aldolases (fba) in five amitochondriate unicellular eukaryotes, the diplomonads giardia intestinalis (published earlier) and spironucleus barkhanus, the pelobiont mastigamoeba balamuthi,the entamoebid entamoeba histolytica, and the parabasalid trichomonas vaginalis all belong to class ii of fbas and are highly similar to each other (>48% amino acid identity). the five protist sequences, however, do not form a monophyletic group. diplomonad fbas shar ...	2002	12242011
the complex fibronectin--trichomonas vaginalis interactions and trichomonosis.	trichomonosis is the vaginitis caused by trichomonas vaginalis. this sexually transmitted agent achieves successful host parasitism through various means including: (1). acquisition of nutrients through specific receptors; (2). recognition and binding to mucin followed by cytoadherence mediated by adhesins that resemble metabolic enzymes; (3). evasion of immune responses through (i). masking of organisms by host proteins, (ii). shedding of trichomonad proteins into the secretions and (iii). secr ...	2002	12243782
virus in trichomonas--an ultrastructural study.	trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated, parasitic protozoan that inhabits the urogenital tract of humans. approximately one-half of isolates of t. vaginalis are infected with a double-stranded (ds) rna virus, which was described in the literature as a homogeneous population of icosahedral virus with isometric symmetry and 33 nm in diameter. the present study describes the heterogeneous virus population found in t. vaginalis isolate 347. this population comprises different virus sizes (33-200 nm) ...	2002	12243783
how laminin-1 can be recognized by the protozoan parasite tritrichomonas foetus: possible role played by the extracellular matrix glycoprotein in both cytoadhesion and cytotoxicity exerted by the parasite.	the isoform 1 of the extracellular matrix glycoprotein laminin is known to be an important ligand for some parasitic protozoa including trichomonas vaginalis. the bovine parasite tritrichomonas foetus seems to display a similar recognition process to laminin-1, as some amino acid sequences found in the lns module of laminin-1 can also be recognized by this parasite. which of the laminin-1 residing adhesion sequences are recognized by t. foetus, and the role played by such a protein-cell recognit ...	2002	12243785
improved detection by dna amplification of trichomonas vaginalis in males.	trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection that is highly prevalent worldwide and has been linked to preterm birth and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition. in females, trichomoniasis causes vaginitis, while in males, it is frequently asymptomatic but can be a cause of urethritis. control efforts have been hampered by the lack of a sensitive diagnostic technique for this infection in males. men attending a sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic for a new complaint were screened fo ...	2002	12354865
epidemiological features of women with trichomoniasis in auckland sexual health clinics: 1998-99.	to determine some epidemiological features of female sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic attendees with trichomonas vaginalis infection.	2002	12362164
resistance of trichomonas vaginalis infections to metronidazole in auckland sexual health clinics: report of two cases.		2002	12362204
polyamine metabolism as chemotherapeutic target in protozoan parasites.	polyamines are essential cell constituents for all organisms. the present review highlights important differences in the synthesis, degradation, and interconversion of polyamines between the protozoan parasites (trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma cruzi, cryptosporidium parvum and trichomonas vaginalis) and their mammalian hosts. approaches include development of mono- and di-substituted polyamine analogs targeting polyamine interconversion, as well as more traditional targeting of synthetic enzymes ...	2002	12370040
characterization of an ecto-phosphatase activity in the human parasite trichomonas vaginalis.	we have characterized phosphatase activity present on the external surface of trichomonas vaginalis, using intact living parasites. this enzyme hydrolyzes the substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate (p-npp) at a rate of 134.3+/-14.8 nmol pi/h per 10(7) cells. this phosphatase activity decreased by increasing the ph from 6.8 to 8.4, a ph range in which cell viability was maintained for at least 1 h. experiments using classical inhibitors of acid phosphatases, such as ammonium molybdate and sodium fluori ...	2002	12375165
the epidemiology of vaginal colonisation with group b streptococci in a sexually transmitted disease clinic.	to determine whether group b streptococcus (gbs) infection is sexually transmitted and whether colonisation with gbs could be related to vaginal symptoms or signs.	2002	12381483
biological variability in clinical isolates of trichomonas vaginalis.	eighteen clinical isolates of trichomonas vaginalis were obtained from women who attended health centers of the government of madrid. a total of 1,848 vaginal specimens recovered during the gynaecological examination were seeded in culture tubes containing liquid diamond medium. pathogenicity to mice was determined after intraperitoneal inoculation of mice by quantification of mortality and gross damage to abdominal organs. as could be expected, a broad variability was obtained, being some of th ...	2002	12386717
demonstration of trichomonas vaginalis in tracheal aspirates in infants with early respiratory failure.	trichomonas vaginalis was isolated from the tracheal aspirates of two premature newborns with early respiratory failure who were delivered vaginally by mothers with t. vaginalis infection. the babies were treated successfully with antiparasitic drugs.	2002	12389679
trichomonas vaginalis: observation of coexistence of multiple viruses in the same isolate.	trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated, parasitic protozoan that inhabits the urogenital tract of humans. some isolates of t. vaginalis are infected with a double-stranded rna (dsrna) virus, which was described in the literature as homogeneous icosahedral viral particles with an isometric symmetry and 33 nm in diameter. this study examined in detail the viral particles in t. vaginalis isolate 347 and describes a heterogeneous population of viral particles. the different dsrna viruses were only o ...	2002	12399035
antimicrobial activity of dequalinium chloride against leading germs of vaginal infections.	dequalinium chloride (cas 522-51-0) and povidone iodine (cas 25655-41-8) are known as antiseptic agents and used in the local treatment of vaginal infections. clotrimazole (cas 23593-75-1) is an anti-fungal drug and applied primarily in the therapy of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis and to a lesser extent in bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis. however, antimicrobial activities of those three agents in comparison to each other have not been reported so far. to address this issue the antimicrobial a ...	2002	12404886
predictors of infection with trichomonas vaginalis: a prospective study of low income african-american adolescent females.	to identify psychosocial predictors of trichomonas vaginalis infection among low income african-american adolescent females living in a high risk urban area of the united states.	2002	12407241
post-treatment sexual and prevention behaviours of adolescents with sexually transmitted infections.	to evaluate sexual behaviour (including abstinence), sex partner change, and condom use during the 3 month period following treatment for neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis, or non-gonococcal urethritis.	2002	12407242
does contraceptive method change the pap smear finding?	the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of various types of contraceptives on morphological finding of pap smear results. pap smear results of 7,753 fertile women who presented to 15 different family planning services in fars province (south of iran) were analyzed according to their methods of contraception. the population consisted of 2241 women who used intrauterine device (iud) as a contraceptive method (group 1), 2521 women who were oral contraceptive (ocp) users (group 2) ...	2002	12413619
gang involvement and the health of african american female adolescents.	to examine the association between gang involvement and female adolescents' health.	2002	12415063
synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activity of 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives.	several thiosemicarbazone derivatives of 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde were prepared by the simple process in which n(4)-thiosemicarbazone moiety was replaced by aliphatic, arylic and cyclic amine. among these thiosemicarbazones compound 11 showed significant antiamoebic activity whereas compound 3 was more active antitrichomonal than the reference drug.	2002	12419387
'in vitro' study of chemotherapeutic activity of sulphimidazole on some sensitive and metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis strains.	trichomonacidal treatment based on 5-nitroimidazoles is problematic both when metronidazole, the drug of choice, is ineffective owing to the presence of resistant strains and when bacterial aerobic infections are present. sulphimidazole (siz) possesses two distinct functional groups: one sulphonamide, the other 5-nitroimidazole. since siz is active against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, we set out to discover whether, in view of the presence of the 5-nitroimidazole group, it could also be effec ...	2002	12419652
evaluation of self-collected samples in contrast to practitioner-collected samples for detection of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction among women living in remote areas.	self-collected samples have been shown to be an acceptable and sensitive method for the detection by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of sexually transmitted infections (stis) among women. goal the goal of the study was to compare self-collected sampling methods to conventional practitioner endocervical sampling for the pcr detection of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae to compare two self-collected sampling methods for the detection of t vaginalis by pcr.	2002	12438900
sexual intercourse association with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas vaginalis treatment in relationship to preterm birth.	the purpose of this study was to determine whether sexual intercourse was associated with the treatment efficacy or the incidence of preterm birth in two large randomized trials in which metronidazole treatment of bacterial vaginosis or trichomonas vaginalis did not reduce preterm birth.	2002	12439520
an ectonucleotide atp-diphosphohydrolase activity in trichomonas vaginalis stimulated by galactose and its possible role in virulence.	this work describes the ability of living trichomonas vaginalis to hydrolyze extracellular atp (164.0 +/- 13.9 nmol pi/h x 10(7) cells). this ecto-enzyme was stimulated by zncl2, cacl2 and mgcl2, was insensitive to several atpase and phosphatase inhibitors and was able to hydrolyze several nucleotides besides atp. the activity was linear with cell density and with time for at least 60 min. the optimum ph for the t. vaginalis ecto-atpase lies in the alkaline range. d-galactose, known to be involv ...	2002	12440729
visualization of new virus-like-particles in trichomonas vaginalis.	in the present work, we demonstrate virus-like particles (vlps) with various morphological variations in trichomonas vaginalis. the vlps were distinct based on size, shape and electron density, with vlps being either electron-dense or electron-lucent. we used electron microscopy thin sections of several t. vaginalis strains virus-infected, and also negative staining of fractions obtained after purification by cscl buoyant density gradient centrifugation. the particles observed in fractions are i ...	2002	12441093
clinical effects of nifuratel in vulvovaginal infections. a meta-analysis of metronidazole-controlled trials.	nifuratel (cas 4936-47-4) displays a strong antiprotozoarian and antibacterial activity and is provided with certain fungicidal effect, but it is not active against the physiologic flora. its therapeutic effectiveness has been evaluated in more than 12,000 patients. the wide clinical experience with nifuratel confirms that the drug is safe and effective for the treatment of trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, candidosis, and, particularly, in patients suffering from mixed vaginal infection. a m ...	2002	12442634
antitrichomonal strains of bacillus thuringiensis.	parasporal inclusion proteins from a total of 816 bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated in japan were examined for antitrichomonal activity against trichomonas vaginalis. ten strains of b. thuringiensis inhibited the growth of t. vaginalis in 48 h cultures at 37 degrees c. moreover, the b622 and b626 strains clearly showed trichomonacidal effects against t. vaginalis. the h antigen serotypes of both strains were identified as h13/29 (pakistani/amagiensis). the parasporal inclusion protein from ...	2002	12444461
evidence for lateral transfer of genes encoding ferredoxins, nitroreductases, nadh oxidase, and alcohol dehydrogenase 3 from anaerobic prokaryotes to giardia lamblia and entamoeba histolytica.	giardia lamblia and entamoeba histolytica are amitochondriate, microaerophilic protists which use fermentation enzymes like those of bacteria to survive anaerobic conditions within the intestinal lumen. genes encoding fermentation enzymes and related electron transport peptides (e.g., ferredoxins) in giardia organisms and amebae are hypothesized to be derived from either an ancient anaerobic eukaryote (amitochondriate fossil hypothesis), a mitochondrial endosymbiont (hydrogen hypothesis), or ana ...	2002	12455953
microbiology and management of polymicrobial female genital tract infections in adolescents.	this review describes the microbiology and management of female genital tract infections in adolescents. these infections include vulvovaginitis, vulvovaginal pyogenic infections (abscesses of bartholin's and skene's glands, infected labial inclusion cysts, labial abscesses, furunculosis, and hidradenitis), endometritis, pyometritis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and tubo-ovarian and pelvic abscess. anaerobes can be cultured in 50% to 90% of females with a variety of genital infectio ...	2002	12459228
chronic prostatitis caused by trichomonas vaginalis--diagnosis and treatment.		2002	12462437
high prevalence of neisseria gonorrhoeae and multiple sexually transmitted diseases among rural women in the eastern highlands province of papua new guinea, detected by polymerase chain reaction.	in a previous community-based study among rural women in the eastern highlands province (ehp) of papua new guinea we determined that the prevalences of trichomonas vaginalis infection, chlamydia trachomatis infection, and syphilis were 46%, 26%, and 4%, respectively. surprisingly, however, the prevalence of neisseria gonorrhoeae infection was only 1%, which we considered low in consideration of the high prevalence of other sexually transmitted diseases (stds). the aim of the current study was to ...	2002	12466719
a novel potential surface protein in trichomonas vaginalis contains a leucine-rich repeat shared by micro-organisms from all three domains of life.		2002	12467987
[prevalence of associated microorganisms in genital discharge, argentina].	there was a significant increase in the number of women demanding gynecological care in public hospital of the great buenos aires, argentina, between 1997 and 1998. it was necessary to update the prevalence of associated microorganisms in order to review the laboratory support and adjust prevention and control guidelines.	2002	12471378
[retrospective microbiologic evaluation of vaginal cultures].	vaginal culture is one of the most difficult cultures to be evaluated in clinical microbiology practice. the necessity of some expensive and complicated processes for diagnosis of some specific agents, age related variability of normal vaginal flora and failure caused by temporary presence of some pathogens in normal flora can be listed among the probable causes of that problem. in this study 8050 vaginal cultures performed in our hospital laboratories between 1 march 1999-15 september 2001 were ...	2002	12476763
[advances in the study of trichomoniasis in men].	trichomoniasis is an important sexually transmitted disease that is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and increased hiv transmission. infection with trichomonas vaginalis also results in local urogenital tract symptoms. standard teaching is that trichomoniasis is an important cause of vaginitis in women, but that male sexual partners experience little or no morbidity. it is worth-while to summarize critical findings in a series of articles. the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in ...	2002	12479053
[frequency of trichomonas vaginalis infection in couples with fertility problems].	one-hundred and seventy two couples which went for the first time to the infertility service of the national institute of endocrinology from june 1999 to june 2000, were studied to find out the frequency of trichomonas vaginalis infection in this group, and determine its interaction with a number of clinical and risk variables. the results yielded that 10.5% were positive to the parasite, the prevailing symptom was leukorrea in women and 96.6% of men showed no symptoms. it was highly significant ...	2002	15849932
[application of an alternative method to counting in neubauer chamber to determine trichomonas vaginalis concentrations].	it was demonstrated that there is a relation of cell concentration with the parasite reading in an elisa reader. it was determined that absorbance showed significant values in wavelengths of visible range and the possible minimum wavelength (450 nm)was chosen to guarantee the maximum sensitivity. likewise, it was confirmed that absorbance significantly increased (p < 0.001) after the plate was filled up, it stabilized in the 40m-2h time interval when applying 100, 150, 200 or 300 ml per well of ...	2001	15846921
risk factors for vaginal trichomoniasis among women in basra, iraq.	we investigated trichomonas vaginalis infection among 352 women with vaginal discharge, 46 were found to be infected, an infection rate of 13%. there were no significant differences in the isolation rate of t. vaginalis in women according to occupation, educational level, economic status, age, marital status, parity, menstrual status and contraception use. the difference in the isolation rates of t. vaginalis in women with a history of abortion (7.6%) and in women with no history of abortion (15 ...	2001	15332733
validity of the papanicolaou smear in the diagnosis of candida spp., trichomonas vaginalis, and bacterial vaginosis.	to determine the validity of the papanicolaou smear in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, trichomonas vaginalis, and candida spp.	2001	17050980
epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in río cuarto, argentina.	sexually transmitted diseases (std) are a group of transmittable diseases acquired fundamentally through sexual contact. std are a social problem resulting from demographic explosion and changes in sexual conduct, which affects teenagers and adults of all socioeconomic strata. the goal of this work was to establish the actual state of the different std within the studied population. samples of vaginal fluids, endocervical materials and urethral exudates taken from 2,630 patients during five year ...	2001	17061502
trichomonas vaginalis in turkey--a review.		2001	16897944
[prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis donné in women of lódź population in 1955-1999 years].	search for trichomonas vaginalis was carried out in direct (in 0.85% nacl and 0.1% safranine) and fixed stained microscopical preparations ( wright or giemsa methods, after fixation with 70% methyl alcohol) and cultures ( pavlova, johanson-trussel-john, roiron-ratner, simic media), from materials of the vagina, urethra and cervix uteri. in the years 1955-1999 a total of about 12000 women were examined. the prevalence of t. vaginalis in women population of lódź region was high (from 26.6% still 7 ...	2001	16897945
[hydrolytic activity of trichomonas vaginalis donné strains].	the hydrolytic activity of trichomonas vaginalis donné strains was investigated using api zym test (biomérieux). among 19 determined hydrolases were found alkaline and acid phosphatases; also in several strains n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and a-glucosidase were demonstrated. the api zym test may be used for characterization of enzymatic activity of t. vaginalis strains, but adequate medium is necessary.	2001	16897946
survey of urinary schistosomiasis and trichomoniasis in a rural community in edo state, nigeria.	survey of urinary schistosomiasis and trichomoniasis was conducted among 830 inhabitants of ikao village, in owan local government area of edo state, nigeria between october, 1999 and february, 2000. of these, 178 (21.4%) excreted schistosoma haematobium ova in their urine. school children were more infected than the farmers and petty traders. males were more infected than the female counterparts, these differences were statistically significant using chi-square test analysis (chi 2). most of th ...	2001	12170944
bacterial vaginosis and other asymptomatic vaginal infections in pregnancy.	preterm birth is a common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. many asymptomatic genital infections have been associated with preterm birth, but attempts to determine a causal relationship between specific infections and preterm birth have been disappointing. treatment trials of specific infections have generally failed to show a positive effect, and in some trials have shown a deleterious effect. although there is a strong association between the presence of bacterial vaginosis and tricho ...	2001	12112946
techniques of testing for sexually transmitted diseases.	adolescent and young adult women are the highest-risk group for nearly all sexually transmitted infections. this article reviews diagnostic methods for the most common bacterial and viral sexually transmitted infections, with special attention to the use of nucleic acid amplification methods, as well as the utilization of nontraditional clinical specimens. these new modalities should help the care provider identify and manage the large asymptomatic pool of infected patients, and further lower th ...	2001	12112957
mechanism and clinical significance of metronidazole resistance in helicobacter pylori.	metronidazole was introduced in 1959 for the treatment of trichomonas vaginalis, but was subsequently shown to be active against anaerobic and some micro-aerophilic bacteria as well. in anaerobic microorganisms with their low redox potential, metronidazole is reduced to its active metabolite by a one-electron transfer step. metronidazole is often used in treatment regimens for helicobacter pylori, a microaerophilic bacterium, but resistance to this drug is frequently encountered. the metabolism ...	2001	11768554
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in patients with vaginal discharge in lagos, nigeria.	trichomonas vaginalis is the most prevalent, non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide and probably the most commonly treatable in africa and worldwide. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of t. vaginalis among women with vaginal discharge attending a gynaecologic clinic in lagos and to identify the common characteristics of the vaginal discharge in t vaginalis. high vaginal swabs were taken from consenting adults with vaginal discharge. the quantity, colour and od ...	2001	11922025
meeting report: anaerobic protozoan parasites, prague, czech republic, july 15-19, 2001.		2001	11822654
in-pouch tv culture system in diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection.	a newly simplified culture method, the in-pouch tv culture system, the wet mount (wm) examination and the acridine orange stain were compared with the oxoid culture as a standard technique in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. out of 70 symptomatic cases enrolled in this study, 28 specimens were positive by all methods. among these positive specimens, 21 were positive by the oxoid culture (75%) and 24 (85.7%) with sensitivity of 85.7% by the in-pouch system. both wet mount preparation and acridine ...	2001	11775092
evaluation of the effect of a plant alkaloid (berberine derived from berberis aristata) on trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.	berberine is a quaternary alkaloid derived from the plant berberis aristata having antibacterial, antiamoebic, antifungal, antihelminthic, leishmanicidal and tuberculostatic properties. the effect of berberine sulphate salt on the growth of trichomonas vaginalis in vitro was compared to the efficacy of metronidazole as a reference drug. results showed that berberine sulphate was comparable to metronidazole as regards potency with the advantage of being more safe and possible replacement in metro ...	2001	11775115
trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal smears of women using intrauterine contraceptive device.	to detect the association between the use of an intrauterine contraceptive device (iucd) and the presence of trichomonas vaginalis (tv), vaginal smears of 1110 women were examined cytologically. among 45 iucd users, 10 women were positive for tv (22.22%). forty six of 1065 non-users were also positive for tv (4.32%). there was a significant correlation between the use of iucd and the presence of tv (p < 0.05). the data also indicated that the prolonged use (> or = 3 years) of copper-iucd may pro ...	2001	11787243
trichomonas vaginalis, hiv, and african-americans.	trichomonas vaginalis may be emerging as one of the most important cofactors in amplifying hiv transmission, particularly in african-american communities of the united states. in a person co-infected with hiv, the pathology induced by t. vaginalis infection can increase hiv shedding. trichomonas infection may also act to expand the portal of entry for hiv in an hiv-negative person. studies from africa have suggested that t. vaginalis infection may increase the rate of hiv transmission by approxi ...	2001	11747718
unique phylogenetic relationships of glucokinase and glucosephosphate isomerase of the amitochondriate eukaryotes giardia intestinalis, spironucleus barkhanus and trichomonas vaginalis.	glucokinase (gk) and glucosephosphate isomerase (gpi), the first two enzymes of the glycolytic pathway of the diplomonads giardia intestinalis and spironucleus barkhanus, type i amitochondriate eukaryotes, were sequenced. gpi of the parabasalid trichomonas vaginalis was also sequenced. the diplomonad gks belong to a family of specific gks present in cyanobacteria, in some proteobacteria and also in t. vaginalis, a type ii amitochondriate protist. these enzymes are not part of the hexokinase fami ...	2001	11750134
a clinical study on the association of trichomonas vaginalis and mycoplasma hominis infections in women attending a sexually transmitted disease (std) outpatient clinic.	swabs from the posterior vaginal fornix were obtained from 804 consecutive female patients visiting a large dutch sexually transmitted diseases (std) outpatient clinic. a detailed clinical history was obtained and complaints concerning the lower genital tract, such as vaginal discharge or vulval and vaginal irritation, were recorded. patients were examined and the presence of non-physiological vaginal secretions was established by speculum examination. the swabs were monitored for bacterial vagi ...	2001	11750218
clinical impact of identifying trichomonas vaginalis on cervicovaginal (papanicolaou) smears.	the purpose of this study was to understand how clinicians manage asymptomatic women after trichomonas has been reported on papanicolaou (pap) smears. clinical information was obtained from questionnaires sent to healthcare providers whenever trichomonas was identified during the study period. trichomonas was identified in 173 (1.4%) of 12,547 pap smears examined. completed questionnaires were returned on 95 (55%) patients, and 92 patients were included in this study. sixty-three (68%) patients ...	2001	11241904
etiology of urethral discharge in west africa: the role of mycoplasma genitalium and trichomonas vaginalis.	to determine the etiological role of pathogens other than neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis in urethral discharge in west african men.	2001	11242818
evolutionary relationships of the glucokinase from the amitochondriate protist, trichomonas vaginalis.	two genes coding for trichomonas vaginalis glucokinase were isolated and sequenced. the putative translation products have molecular masses of 41,584 and 41,772 da, corresponding to 375 and 377 amino acids, respectively. these values agree with data determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) for the enzyme purified from the organism. the two sequences showed 78% amino acid identity. the sequences and their phylogenetic reconstruction show that they are memb ...	2001	11250082
[sexual abuse in children: prevention of sexually transmitted diseases].	when a child suffers from sexual abuse clinical guidelines must be established. there is a risk of infection from the following agents responsible for sexually transmitted diseases: the hepatitis b, hepatitis c and human immunodeficiency viruses, neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, syphilis, herpes simplex virus, bacterial vaginosis, papillomavirus, trichomonas vaginalis and pediculus pubis. therefore, a follow-up with periodic serological monitoring for 1year and immunoprophylaxis or ...	2001	11262256
bacterial vaginosis among a group of married jordanian women: occurrence and laboratory diagnosis.	a total of 310 vaginal swabs collected from a group of married jordanian women complaining of vaginal discharge were examined for bacterial vaginosis. the scoring system of nugent for the interpretation of gram staining was employed. this system revealed the presence of the condition in 29.7% of patients. results obtained using the scoring system correlated significantly with the detection of clue cells and the scarcity of white blood cells in the vaginal discharge. an inverse relationship was f ...	2001	11368266
evaluation of genetic damage induced by a nitroimidazole derivative in human lymphocytes: tinidazole (tnz).	one of the useful drugs in the treatment against infestations caused by trichomonas vaginalis, entamoeba histolytica and giardia lamblia is tinidazole (tnz) 1-[2-(ethylsulfonyl) ethyl]-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole) (gilman r.h., marquis g.s., miranda e., vestegui m., martinez h., 1988. rapid reinfection by giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic third world community. lancet i, 343-345). we decided to evaluate the potential genetic damage induced by tnz using different biological biomarke ...	2001	11377093
self-obtained vaginal swabs for diagnosis of treatable sexually transmitted diseases in adolescent girls.	to ascertain the acceptability of testing and prevalence of 3 readily treatable sexually transmitted diseases (stds) (infections with neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, and trichomonas vaginalis) with the use of patient-obtained vaginal swabs.	2001	11386956
phagocytosis of erythrocytes by trichomonas vaginalis: examination of a cervicovaginal smear.		2001	11391827
molecular evidence for a fe-hydrogenase in the green alga scenedesmus obliquus.	fe-hydrogenase-specific degenerate primers were used in polymerase chain reactions with single-stranded scenedesmus obliquus cdna as template. a resulting 435-bp fragment was used to screen a cdna library from s. obliquus. a 1.6-kb cdna clone, containing the 3'-end of an open reading frame, was obtained. its deduced amino acid sequence contains the conserved h-cluster motives unique for fe-hydrogenases. any other fes-clusters seem to be absent. phylogenetically, the enzyme is closely related to ...	2001	11400057
a mobile phone text message and trichomonas vaginalis.		2001	11402245
self-collection of vaginal swabs for the detection of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis: opportunity to encourage sexually transmitted disease testing among adolescents.	many sexually transmitted diseases (stds) are prevalent among adolescents, yet compliance to undergo std testing by this population is suboptimal. efforts to enhance compliance with testing among at-risk youth are needed.	2001	11403188
occurrence of trichomoniasis in women in denmark, 1967-1997.	the neisseria unit at statens serum institut (ssi), copenhagen, denmark administers laboratory surveillance systems for gonorrhea and chlamydia, however, no similar system has been available for trichomoniasis.	2001	11403189
characterisation of an atp diphosphohydrolase (apyrase, ec 3.6.1.5) activity in trichomonas vaginalis.	in the present report the enzymatic properties of an atp diphosphohydrolase (apyrase, ec 3.6.1.5) in trichomonas vaginalis were determined. the enzyme hydrolyses purine and pyrimidine nucleoside 5'-di- and 5'-triphosphates in an optimum ph range of 6.0--8.0. it is ca(2+)-dependent and is insensitive to classical atpase inhibitors, such as ouabain (1 mm), n-ethylmaleimide (0.1 mm), orthovanadate (0.1 mm) and sodium azide (5 mm). a significant inhibition of adp hydrolysis (37%) was observed in the ...	2001	11403767