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the identification and characterization of clostridium perfringens by real-time pcr, location of enterotoxin gene, and heat resistance.clostridium perfringens carrying the enterotoxin gene is an important cause of both foodborne and non-foodborne diarrheal disease. rapid identification of isolates carrying the enterotoxin gene is invaluable for outbreak investigation whilst information on the genomic location of the enterotoxin (cpe) gene can improve our understanding of disease transmission. this paper describes the validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for the identification of c. perfringens and ass ...200818681798
a novel resistant maltodextrin alters gastrointestinal tolerance factors, fecal characteristics, and fecal microbiota in healthy adult humans.resistant maltodextrin has been shown to increase fecal bulk by resisting digestion and being partially fermented by colonic bacteria to short-chain fatty acids (scfa). the objective of this experiment was to determine potential prebiotic effects, gastrointestinal tolerance, and fecal characteristics of free-living humans fed a novel resistant maltodextrin or a normal maltodextrin control.200818689571
pathogen and indicator organism reduction through secondary effluent filtration: implications for reclaimed water production.the reduction of pathogens and indicator organisms through secondary effluent filtration was investigated at six full-scale treatment facilities, ranging in capacity from 0.04 to 1 m3/s (1 to 25 mgd). grab samples were assayed for pathogens (cultivable enteric viruses, giardia, and cryptosporidium) and indicator organisms (coliforms, enterococci, clostridium perfringens, and coliphages) quarterly under peak flow conditions from each facility over the course of 1 calendar year. log10 removals res ...200818710143
chlamydial effector proteins localized to the host cell cytoplasmic compartment.disease-causing microbes utilize various strategies to modify their environment in order to create a favorable location for growth and survival. gram-negative bacterial pathogens often use specialized secretion systems to translocate effector proteins directly into the cytosol of the eukaryotic cells they infect. these bacterial proteins are responsible for modulating eukaryotic cell functions. identification of the bacterial effectors has been a critical step toward understanding the molecular ...200818710866
antimicrobial effect of oxidized cellulose salts.antimicrobial properties of oxidized cellulose and its salts in linters (-l) and microsphere (-m) form (okcel h-l, okcel zn-m, okcel znna-l, okcel znna-m and okcel ag-l) were tested by a dilution method against a spectrum of microbial strains: escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus epidermidis, bacillus licheniformis, aspergillus niger, penicillium chrysogenum, rhizopus oryzae, scopulariopsis brevicaulis, candida albicans and candida tropicalis. okcel ag-l exhibited antimicrobi ...200818712552
structural basis of clostridium perfringens toxin complex formation.the virulent properties of the common human and livestock pathogen clostridium perfringens are attributable to a formidable battery of toxins. among these are a number of large and highly modular carbohydrate-active enzymes, including the mu-toxin and sialidases, whose catalytic properties are consistent with degradation of the mucosal layer of the human gut, glycosaminoglycans, and other cellular glycans found throughout the body. the conservation of noncatalytic ancillary modules among these e ...200818716000
clostridium perfringens toxin types from freshwater fishes in one water reservoir of shandong province of china, determined by pcr.four hundred and twenty intestinal content samples (not including intestinal tissues) of freshwater fishes (60 silver carps, 100 carps, 100 crucian carps, 60 catfishes and 100 zaieuws) caught from one water reservoir were examined bacteriologically for the occurrence of c. perfringens. isolates were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for genes encoding the four lethal toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota) for classification into toxin types and for genes encoding enterotoxin and the no ...200818717056
identification of lacto-n-biose i phosphorylase from vibrio vulnificus cmcp6.a beta-1,3-galactosyl-n-acetylhexosamine phosphorylase (galglynacp) homolog gene was cloned from vibrio vulnificus cmcp6. in synthetic reactions, the recombinant enzyme acted only with glcnac and galnac as acceptors in the presence of alpha-d-galactose-1-phosphate as a donor to form lacto-n-biose i (lnb) (galbeta1 --> 3glcnac) and galacto-n-biose (gnb) (galbeta1 --> 3galnac), respectively. glcnac was a much better acceptor than galnac. the enzyme also phosphorolysed lnb faster than it phosphorol ...200818723650
topical fusidic acid for treatment of clostridium perfringens keratitis.to report the therapeutic outcome of primary corneal infection by clostridium perfringens.200818724164
antimicrobial activity of extracts of edible wild and cultivated mushrooms against foodborne bacterial strains.the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts from edible wild and cultivated mushrooms against nine foodborne pathogenic bacterial strains (escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enteritidis, shigella sonnei, vibrio parahaemolyticus, yersinia enterocolitica, bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus) was screened with a disk diffusion assay. twenty-nine of the 48 species tested had antimicrobial activity. meth ...200818724768
the effects of grobiotic-p on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, and cecal microbial populations in young chicks.this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of grobiotic-p (gb), a prebiotic-type product that contains dairy and yeast fractions and dried fermentation extracts, on growth performance and nutrient digestibility at 4 and 21 d of age and cecal populations of bifidobacterium, lactobacillus, escherichia coli, and clostridium perfringens at 21 d of age. two experiments were conducted using male new hampshire x columbian chicks. the first experiment evaluated gb at 2, 4, and 6% in a corn-soybean ...200818753447
type iv pili and the ccpa protein are needed for maximal biofilm formation by the gram-positive anaerobic pathogen clostridium perfringens.the predominant organizational state of bacteria in nature is biofilms. biofilms have been shown to increase bacterial resistance to a variety of stresses. we demonstrate for the first time that the anaerobic gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens forms biofilms. at the same concentration of glucose in the medium, optimal biofilm formation depended on a functional ccpa protein. while the ratio of biofilm to planktonic growth was higher in the wild type than in a ccpa mutant strain in mid ...200818765726
an outbreak of clostridium perfringens and the enforcement of food safety standards.investigation and management of a possible foodborne outbreak notified to the brisbane northside population health unit aimed to determine the likely source of the outbreak and prevent the same scenario from recurring. environmental health officers inspected the implicated premises and collected legal samples prior to the 1st outbreak control team meeting. interview evidence was carefully documented. inspection revealed large quantities of meat dishes being allowed to cool at room temperature ov ...200819374276
a rare trifocal presentation of clostridium septicum myonecrosis.gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis is a rare, life threatening infection of the muscle that is typically associated with recent surgery or trauma. it usually affects older individuals who suffer from vascular insufficiency or who are immunocompromised. the typical pathogen is clostridium perfringens. atraumatic gas gangrene caused by clostridium septicum is less common and has a unique association with colon cancer. this condition aggressively spreads through the muscular tissue and often c ...200819292235
[microbiology and management of gaseous gangrene:the sichuan experience of 20 earthquake cases].wound secretion from 20 patients with gaseous gangrene was collected for gram staining, bacterial culture and drug sensitivity tests. the results indicated that gaseous gangrene was caused by the co-infection of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. gram-negative bacilli were slightly more common than other aerobic bacteria in gaseous gangrene wound, which was different from the findings of ordinary gaseous gangrene.200819080191
[construction and immunogenicity of a genetic engineered strain expressing nontoxic st1-lt(b)-alpha-beta fusion protein against diarrhea of piglet].we constructed a recombinant strain bl21 (de3) (petst3ltbalphabeta) including st1-lt(b)-alpha-beta fusion gene via molecular technology. the sds-page and western blotting indicated that the st1-lt(b)-alpha-beta fusion protein was highly expressed in escherichia coli and the molecular weight of the fusion protein was about 110 kd. the recombinant strain was induced in different concentrations of lactose and different aeration rate. the optimal culture conditions in 20 l fermentor were 1% inoculat ...200818998533
immunization against clostridium perfringens cells elicits protection against clostridium tetani in mouse model: identification of cross-reactive proteins using proteomic methodologies.clostridium tetani and clostridium perfringens are among the medically important clostridial pathogens causing diseases in man and animals. several homologous open reading frames (orfs) have been identified in the genomes of the two pathogens by comparative genomic analysis. we tested a likelihood of extensive sharing of common epitopes between homologous proteins of these two medically important pathogens and the possibility of cross-protection using active immunization.200819000325
multiplex pcr for the detection of clostridium botulinum & c. perfringens toxin genes. 200819001686
microbial quality control of raw ground beef and fresh sausage in casablanca (morocco).in this study, samples of raw ground beef (n = 150) and fresh sausage (n = 100) were collected randomly from butcheries, supermarkets, and fast-food shops, in casablanca, morocco. two types of meat product samples were considered, one with spices (n = 115) and other without spices (n = 135). all the samples were analyzed for the presence of the following bacteria: escherichia coli, staphylococcus, clostridium perfringens, salmonella, and listeria monocytogenes. e. coli strains were further typed ...200819004395
effects of dietary mannanoligosaccharide on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut development of broilers given different cereal-based diets.a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of mannanoligosaccharide (mos) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut development of broilers given a corn or a wheat-based diet over a 21-day experimental period. dietary mos improved the growth performance of birds given the wheat-based diet compared to that of birds given the corn-based diet during 7-21 days of age. in line with this, the ileal digestibility of starch was increased by mos at 21 days of age. the addition ...200819012610
clostridium perfringens delta toxin is sequence related to beta toxin, netb, and staphylococcus pore-forming toxins, but shows functional differences.clostridium perfringens produces numerous toxins, which are responsible for severe diseases in man and animals. delta toxin is one of the three hemolysins released by a number of c. perfringens type c and possibly type b strains. delta toxin was characterized to be cytotoxic for cells expressing the ganglioside g(m2) in their membrane. here we report the genetic characterization of delta toxin and its pore forming activity in lipid bilayers. delta toxin consists of 318 amino acids, its 28 n-term ...200819018299
rbcg induces strong antigen-specific t cell responses in rhesus macaques in a prime-boost setting with an adenovirus 35 tuberculosis vaccine vector.bcg vaccination, combined with adenoviral-delivered boosts, represents a reasonable strategy to augment, broaden and prolong immune protection against tuberculosis (tb). we tested bcg (ssi1331) (in 6 animals, delivered intradermally) and a recombinant (rbcg) afro-1 expressing perfringolysin (in 6 animals) followed by two boosts (delivered intramuscullary) with non-replicating adenovirus 35 (rad35) expressing a fusion protein composed of ag85a, ag85b and tb10.4, for the capacity to induce antigen ...200819023426
ulcerative enteritis-like disease associated with clostridium perfringens type a in bobwhite quail (colinus virginianus).ulcerative enteritis-like disease due to clostridium perfringens type a was attributed as the cause of mortality in excess of 50% in a flock of 1000, 10-to-16-wk-old bobwhite quail (colinus virginianus). clinical signs in these birds ranged from sudden death to listlessness, depression, watery white droppings, ruffled feathers, loss of weight, and death in a few days. necropsy of 30 birds revealed multiple deep ulcers of the mucosa throughout the small intestine and ceca, some with perforation a ...200819166055
enhancement of resistance to coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens by dietary muscadine pomace.muscadine pomace (mp), a by-product of the production of wine and juice from vitis rotundifolia, was dried and tested in chickens for effects on primary resistance to coccidiosis, development of protective immunity after vaccination with live coccidia, and resistance to necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by the joint action of clostridium perfringens and coccidia. to test primary resistance to coccidiosis, 2-wk-old chicks were given 2% or 5% mp in the diet and inoculated with eimeria acervulina and ...200819166057
demonstration of passive protection in neonatal calves against colibacillosis following immunization of pregnant heifers at 3 months of gestation.enterotoxigenic escherichia coli is one of the primary etiologic agents for diarrhea in neonatal calves. immunization of dams can provide passive protection in neonatal calves; antibodies transferred through colostrum block colonization of bacteria, thereby preventing disease. in this study, healthy pregnant heifers were vaccinated at approximately 3 months of gestation with either a polyvalent oil-adjuvanted vaccine containing inactivated coronavirus, rotavirus, e. coli k99 subunit antigen, and ...200819177333
isolation and characterization of bacteriocin-producing bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens for probiotic use.to isolate and characterize the bacteriocin-producing bacteria (bpb) from the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens for probiotic use.200819120666
genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolated from calves with neonatal diarrhea.neonatal diarrhea is one of the main causes of losses in cattle herds. clostridium perfringens is a widespread enteropathogen, and is responsible for many animal diseases such as bovine neonatal diarrhea. fecal samples from 141 diarrheic calves and 129 healthy calves, aged up to 28 days and belonging to three herds were examined. rates of culture positivity were 36.2% and 30.2% for diarrheic and nondiarrheic calves, respectively. multiple isolates from primary isolation plates were subjected to ...200819114113
clostridium perfringens keratitis leading to blinding panophthalmitis.the purpose of this study was to report a case of clostridium perfringens keratitis, which led rapidly to panophthalmitis, with loss of the eye in a healthy patient.200819034143
the effects of several organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, and cecal microbial populations in young chicks.four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of citric, gluconic, fumaric, and malic acids on growth and nutrient digestibility in new hampshire x columbian male chicks from hatch to 21 d. for growth performance, chicks fed 1 to 4% gluconic acid, 4% citric acid, or 4% malic acid in a corn-soybean meal diet generally showed reductions (p < 0.05) in growth to 21 d, whereas 3% citric acid, 2% malic acid, or 1.5 to 4.5% fumaric acid had no significant effect. in the first experiment, 2, 4 ...200819038814
[acute emphysematous cholecystitis: x-ray diagnosis]. 200819106871
occurrence of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts in norwegian groundwater wells in bedrock.the occurrence of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts in norwegian groundwater wells in bedrock has been investigated for the first time. wells close to risk areas such as farming and septic tanks were chosen. in all, 20 water samples from 20 different waterworks were collected. the samples were analysed for cryptosporidium and giardia, using us epa method 1623. turbidity was also measured. water samples from 10 of the waterworks were also analysed for clostridium perfringens by membrane f ...200819108559
erythrophore cell response to food-associated pathogenic bacteria: implications for detection.cell-based biosensors have been proposed for use as function-based detectors of toxic agents. we report the use of betta splendens chromatophore cells, specifically erythrophore cells, for detection of food-associated pathogenic bacteria. evaluation of erythrophore cell response, using bacillus spp., has revealed that this response can distinguish pathogenic bacillus cereus from a non-pathogenic b. cereus δplcr deletion mutant and a non-pathogenic bacillus subtilis. erythrophore cells were expos ...200821261862
immersion vacuum cooling of cooked beef - safety and process considerations regarding beef joint size.cooked beef samples (1, 2, and 3kg; 4.7, 5.6, and 6.2cm average radius, respectively) were cooled from ~72 to 4°c core temperature using either air blast (ab), immersion vacuum (ivc) or vacuum (vc) cooling. ivc cooled larger samples within 4h and took less than 2.5h between 72 and 10°c. ivc cooling times were on average shorter than ab and longer than vc for all sizes. differences increased with size. ivc and ab cooling losses were comparable (p>0.05) while lower on average (p<0.05) than vc loss ...200822063591
use of ?-irradiation to reduce clostridium perfringens on ready-to-eat bovine tripe.the aim of this study was to determine the effect of gamma irradiation at a target dose of 9kgy and storage at 5 and 15°c on the safety of ready-to-eat (rte) tripe with respect to clostridium perfringens count (cc) and aerobic plate count (apc), and to determine the effect of boiling (1h) and irradiation (9kgy) on cl. perfringens atcc 13124 spore structure. irradiation significantly reduced apc stored at 5 and 15°c for 7 days. however, 0kgy control samples increased in their apc to >7log(10) cfu ...200822062270
the use of clinical profiles in the investigation of foodborne outbreaks in restaurants: united states, 1982-1997.improving the efficiency of outbreak investigation in restaurants is critical to reducing outbreak-associated illness and improving prevention strategies. because clinical characteristics of outbreaks are usually available before results of laboratory testing, we examined their use for determining contributing factors in outbreaks caused by restaurants. all confirmed foodborne outbreaks reported to the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) from 1982 to 1997 were reviewed. clinical pro ...200817335632
pathology of fatal traumatic and nontraumatic clostridial gas gangrene: a histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of six autopsy cases.we prospectively investigated six fatal cases of clostridial gas gangrene using autopsy, histology, immunohistochemistry, microbiology, and scanning electron microscopy. the causative pathogen was clostridium perfringens in four cases, c. sordellii in one case, and a mixed infection with both c. perfringens and c. sordellii in one case. according to the previous medical history and autopsy findings, clostridial infection was related to trauma in three cases. characterized by extensive tissue nec ...200817370083
a novel toxin homologous to large clostridial cytotoxins found in culture supernatant of clostridium perfringens type c.an unknown cytotoxin was identified in the culture supernatant of clostridium perfringens type c. the cytotoxin, named tpel, which was purified using mab-based affinity chromatography, had a lethal activity of 62 minimum lethal dose (mld) mg(-1) in mice and a cytotoxic activity of 6.2x10(5) cytotoxic units (cu) mg(-1) in vero cells. the nucleotide sequence of tpel was determined. the entire orf had a length of 4953 bases, and the same nucleotide sequence was not recorded in the genbank/embl/ddbj ...200717379729
quantitative analysis of the intestinal bacterial community in one- to three-week-old commercially reared broiler chickens fed conventional or antibiotic-free vegetable-based diets.to explore the effect of drug-free poultry production on the intestinal microflora of broiler chickens, the bacterial community of this environment was quantitatively profiled in both conventionally reared birds and birds reared without antibiotic growth promotants (agps) on a vegetable-based diet.200717381758
evaluation of hot-water and sanitizer dip treatments of knives contaminated with bacteria and meat residue.hot water (hw; 82.2 degrees c, 180 degreesf) is used for sanitation of meat cutting implements in most slaughter facilities, but validation of actual practices against meat-borne bacterial pathogens and spoilage flora is lacking. observed implement immersions in hw in two large pork processing plants were found to typically be < or = 1 s. impact of these practices on bacteria on metal surfaces was assessed in the laboratory, and alternative treatments were investigated. knives were inoculated wi ...200717388054
aortoduodenal fistula 5 years after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with the ancure stent graft.we report a case of aortoduodenal fistula 5 years after uncomplicated endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. the diagnosis was confirmed by abdominal computed tomography scan and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. the patient was successfully treated with primary duodenal repair, removal of the infected graft, in situ placement of a bifurcated graft, and omental interposition. review of the literature identifies this as one of very few documented aortoduodenal fistulas after endovascular aneury ...200717398395
removal and fate of cryptosporidium parvum, clostridium perfringens and small-sized centric diatoms (stephanodiscus hantzschii) in slow sand filters.the decimal elimination capacity (dec) of slow sand filtration (ssf) for cryptosporidium parvum was assessed to enable quantitative microbial risk analysis of a drinking water production plant. a mature pilot plant filter of 2.56m(2) was loaded with c. parvum oocysts and two other persistent organisms as potential surrogates; spores of clostridium perfringens (scp) and the small-sized (4-7microm) centric diatom (sscd) stephanodiscus hantzschii. highly persistent micro-organisms that are retained ...200717400275
clostridium perfringens type a toxin production in 3 commonly used culture media.in vitro toxin production is an important tool not only for diagnostic purposes but also for the study of pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens infections. the present study was carried out to compare the level of toxin production by several strains of c. perfringens type a, isolated from the intestine of animals, when cultured in 3 different conventional culture media. six strains of c. perfringens type a isolated from the small intestine of healthy sheep were cultured in commercial cooked me ...200717402614
[tryptose sulphite cycloserine agar for the recovery of clostridium perfringens in surface waters: a study of different modes of utilization].in the recent european drinking water directive, clostridium perfringens has assumed increasing importance so as to be considered a primary contamination indicator. therefore it emerged the necessity to make culture methods, aimed at its recovery, more specific and sensitive. in this study we have verified the ability of tryptose sulphite cycloserine agar plates (tsc agar), prepared and stored before the use at refrigeration temperature (+4 degrees) for different times, to show typical colonies, ...200717405507
fatal emphysematous cholecystitis caused by clostridium perfringens. 200717410691
mode of action of a germination-specific cortex-lytic enzyme, slec, of clostridium perfringens s40.the hydrolysis of the bacterial spore peptidoglycan (cortex) is a crucial event in spore germination. it has been suggested that slec and slem, which are conserved among clostridia, are to be considered putative cortex-lytic enzymes in clostridium perfringens. however, little is known about the details of the hydrolytic process by these enzymes during germination, except that slem functions as a muramidase. muropeptides derived from slec-digested decoated spores of a bacillus subtilis mutant tha ...200717420590
virulence plasmid diversity in clostridium perfringens type d isolates.clostridium perfringens type d isolates are important in biodefense and also cause natural enterotoxemias in sheep, goats, and occasionally cattle. in these isolates, the gene (etx) encoding epsilon-toxin is thought to reside on poorly characterized large plasmids. type d isolates sometimes also produce other potentially plasmid-encoded toxins, including c. perfringens enterotoxin and beta2 toxin, encoded by the cpe and cbp2 genes, respectively. in the current study we demonstrated that the etx, ...200717339362
differential requirement for the translocation of clostridial binary toxins: iota toxin requires a membrane potential gradient.clostridial binary toxins, such as clostridium perfringens iota and clostridium botulinum c2, are composed of a binding protein (ib and c2-ii, respectively) that recognizes distinct membrane receptors and mediates internalization of a catalytic protein (ia and c2-i, respectively) with adp-ribosyltransferase activity that depolymerizes the actin cytoskeleton. after internalization, it was found that c2 and iota toxins were not routed to the golgi apparatus and exhibited differential sensitivity t ...200717350628
in vitro activity against anaerobes of retapamulin, a new topical antibiotic for treatment of skin infections.retapamulin is the first agent of the pleuromutilin class formulated as a topical antibacterial for treating skin infections. the aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of retapamulin by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) values of this new drug and comparators against a wide range of anaerobic bacteria of human origin.200717350985
[massive haemolysis by clostridium perfringens: quick diagnosis in a patient with severe sepsis].septicaemia by clostridia is a rare but nearly always fatal disease. we report a case of mortal massive haemolysis, with virtually no circulating erythrocytes, in a patient with septicaemia by clostridium perfringens. the early finding of clostridium perfringens in the direct gram stain of patient's peripheral blood allowed a quick diagnosis.200717353173
polymerase chain reaction detection of clostridium perfringens in feces from captive and wild chimpanzees, pan troglodytes.for veterinary management of non-human primates in captivity, and conservation of wild-living primates, management of their health risks is necessary. incidences of pathogenic bacteria in the fecal specimens are considered as one of the useful indicators for non-invasive health monitoring.200717359463
[high mortality in a herd with signs of jejunal hemorrhage syndrome].eleven cows from a herd of 80 dairy cows (14%) died over a 7-month period. death occurred within 12-24 hours of the onset of the first clinical signs, namely, dullness and a decrease (mean 25%) in milk production. within 12 hours the cows were unable to rise, felt cold, and were restless. examined mucous membranes were pale. two of three cows examined at necropsy had blood in the jejunum and high counts of clostridium perfringens. jejunal hemorrhage syndrome was diagnosed in these two cows on th ...200717366873
dietary synbiotics reduce cancer risk factors in polypectomized and colon cancer patients.animal studies suggest that prebiotics and probiotics exert protective effects against tumor development in the colon, but human data supporting this suggestion are weak.200717284748
a derepression system based on the bacillus subtilis sporulation pathway offers dynamic control of heterologous gene expression.by rewiring the sporulation gene-regulatory network of bacillus subtilis, we generated a novel expression system relying on derepression. the gene of interest is placed under the control of the abrb promoter, which is active only when spo0a is absent, and spo0a is controlled via an iptg (isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside)-inducible promoter.200717293533
plant biological warfare: thorns inject pathogenic bacteria into herbivores.thorns, spines and prickles are among the rich arsenal of antiherbivore defence mechanisms that plants have evolved. many of these thorns are aposematic, that is, marked by various types of warning coloration. this coloration was recently proposed to deter large herbivores. yet, the mechanical defence provided by thorns against large herbivores might be only the tip of the iceberg in a much more complicated story. here we present evidence that thorns harbour an array of pathogenic bacteria that ...200717298359
changes in numbers and kinds of bacteria during a chickpea submerged fermentation used as a leavening agent for bread production.the microflora developed during a submerged fermentation of coarsely ground chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) in water (primary starter) and during raising a dough from wheat flour (adapted starter) was studied. in the fermenting liquid, only populations of bacillus and clostridium developed. bacilli increased their loads significantly (p<0.05) during fermentation for 8-12 h and then remained constant. clostridia developed (p<0.05) subsequently to levels of 10(7) cfu/ml at 18 h, when the ph of the f ...200717300848
laboratory diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a polish pilot study into the clinical relevance of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens toxins.in the present study, we investigated the prevalence of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpent) in stool samples originally submitted for detection of clostridium difficile toxins. fifty-two fecal samples from inpatients were screened simultaneously for c. difficile and c. perfringens toxins: 75% of the specimens were positive for tcda/tcdb toxins, 40% were positive for cpent, and 31% gave positive test results for both. it is interesting to note that only a relatively small number of c. ...200717300901
identification of a prepore large-complex stage in the mechanism of action of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is the etiological agent of the third most common food-borne illness in the united states. the enteropathogenic effects of cpe result from formation of large cpe-containing complexes in eukaryotic cell membranes. formation of these approximately 155- and approximately 200-kda complexes coincides with plasma membrane permeability changes in eukaryotic cells, causing a ca2+ influx that drives cell death pathways. cpe contains a stretch of amino acids (resi ...200717307943
characteristics of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances from dochi-isolated enterococcus faecium d081821 and d081833.to characterize bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (blis) from two dochi-isolated enterococcus faecium.200717309511
identification of glucose-fermenting bacteria present in an in vitro model of the human intestine by rna-stable isotope probing.16s rrna-based stable isotope probing (sip) and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy-based metabolic profiling were used to identify bacteria fermenting glucose under conditions simulating the human intestine. the tim-2 in vitro model of the human intestine was inoculated with a gi tract microbiota resembling that of the small intestine, to which subsequently 4, 20 or 40 mm of [u-(13)c]-glucose were added. rna was extracted from lumen samples after 0 (control), 1, 2 and 4 h and subjecte ...200717313661
genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolates collected from food poisoning outbreaks and healthy individuals in japan based on the cpe locus. 200717314435
waxing grave about adipocere: soft tissue change in an aquatic context.when postmortem environmental conditions are "just right," according to the "goldilocks phenomenon," soft tissues (and associated fatty acids) are converted into and preserved as adipocere. to better understand this conversion process and the development of adipocere three human cadavers were immersed in outside, water-filled pits for over 3 months to observe adipocere formation in an underwater context simulating actual field conditions. recordings of environmental conditions showed that temper ...200717316224
hepatic gas gangrene following liver transplantation. 200717318863
overexpression of claudin-3 and claudin-4 receptors in uterine serous papillary carcinoma: novel targets for a type-specific therapy using clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe).uterine serous papillary carcinoma (uspc) represents a highly aggressive variant of endometrial cancer. using gene expression profiling, we recently identified high expression of the claudin-3 and claudin-4 receptors in a limited set of uspc. these tight junction proteins represent the low- and high-affinity receptors, respectively, for the cytotoxic clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and are sufficient to mediate cpe binding and trigger subsequent toxin-mediated cytolysis. the potential ...200717326053
a recent outbreak of necrotizing enteritis in eastern sri lanka.this report details an outbreak of jejunitis necroticans seen in 42 patients in the provincial hospital in batticaloa, sri lanka.200717326895
structures of perfringolysin o suggest a pathway for activation of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins.cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs), a large family of bacterial toxins, are secreted as water-soluble monomers and yet are capable of generating oligomeric pores in membranes. previous work has demonstrated that large scale structural rearrangements occur during this transition but the detailed mechanism by which these changes take place remains a puzzle. despite evidence of structural and functional couplings between domains 3 and 4, the crystal structure of the cdc, perfringolysin o (pfo) ...200717328912
the role of neutrophils and monocytic cells in controlling the initiation of clostridium perfringens gas gangrene.clostridium perfringens is a common cause of the fatal disease gas gangrene (myonecrosis). established gas gangrene is notable for a profound absence of neutrophils and monocytic cells (phagocytes), and it has been suggested that the bactericidal activities of these cells play an insignificant role in controlling the progression of the infection. however, large inocula of bacteria are needed to establish an infection in experimental animals, suggesting phagocytes may play a role in inhibiting th ...200717428305
toxinotypes of clostridium perfringens isolated from sick and healthy avian species.currently, the factors/toxins responsible for clostridium perfringens-associated avian enteritis are not well understood. to assess whether specific c. perfringens' toxinotypes are associated with avian enteritis, the isolates of c. perfringens from 31 cases of avian necrotic or ulcerative enteritis submitted between 1997 and 2005 were selected for retrospective analysis using multiplex pcr. c. perfringens was isolated from chickens, turkeys, quail, and psittacines. the toxinotypes of isolates f ...200717459870
mortality in pennsylvania captive elk (cervus elaphus): 1998-2006.the necropsy records of 65 elk ranging from 1 day to 13(1/2) years of age were reviewed to determine the primary cause of death of each animal. the animal carcasses were submitted from 22 separate pennsylvania elk farms over an approximately 8-year period. the most common causes of mortality in animals in which the cause of death was determined were gastrointestinal parasitism (21 cases), pneumonia (7 cases), enterocolitis (5 cases), malnutrition (5 cases), and rumenitis/acidosis (5 cases). the ...200717459871
claudin-4 overexpression in epithelial ovarian cancer is associated with hypomethylation and is a potential target for modulation of tight junction barrier function using a c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.claudin-4, a tight junction (tj) protein and receptor for the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe), is overexpressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (eoc). previous research suggests dna methylation is a mechanism for claudin-4 overexpression in cancer and that c-cpe acts as an absorption-enhancing agent in claudin-4-expressing cells. we sought to correlate claudin-4 overexpression in eoc with clinical outcomes and tj barrier function, investigate dna methylation as a ...200717460774
application of real-time quantitative pcr for the detection of selected bacterial pathogens during municipal wastewater treatment.bacteria were detected at five stages of municipal wastewater treatment using taqman(r) real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr). thirteen probe and primer sets were tested for diverse pathogens that may be present in wastewater, including aeromonas hydrophila, bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli, e. coli o157:h7, helicobacter pylori, klebsiella pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila, listeria monocytogenes, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella sp., and staphyloc ...200717462712
effect of a lactobacillus animalis strain on composition and metabolism of the intestinal microflora in adult dogs.probiotics are microorganisms that are added to food to exert beneficial effects on the host. aim of the present study was the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effect of lactobacillus animalis la4 (isolated from the faeces of a healthy adult dog) on composition and metabolism of dog intestinal microflora. when added to dog faecal cultures, la4 reduced enterococci and increased lactobacilli counts throughout the study, whereas c. perfringens counts were significantly reduced at 24 h. after ...200717462835
inhibition of germination and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores by lactic acid salts during cooling of injected turkey.inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by lactic acid salts (calcium, potassium, and sodium) during exponential cooling of injected turkey product was evaluated. injected turkey samples containing calcium lactate, potassium lactate, or sodium lactate (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.8% [w/w]), along with a control (product without lactate), were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of c. perfringens spores to achieve a final spore population of 2.5 to 3.0 log cfu/g. the ino ...200717477262
microbiological safety of retail vacuum-packed and modified-atmosphere-packed cooked meats at end of shelf life.a study of retail modified-atmosphere-packed and vacuum-packed cooked ready-to-eat meats was undertaken from september through mid-november 2003 to determine the microbiological quality at the end of shelf life and to establish any risk factors in the production, storage, and display of this product. examination of 2,981 samples using microbiological guidelines criteria revealed that 66% were of satisfactory or acceptable microbiology quality, 33% were of unsatisfactory quality mainly due to hig ...200717477265
multistate evaluation of an ultrafiltration-based procedure for simultaneous recovery of enteric microbes in 100-liter tap water samples.ultrafiltration (uf) is increasingly being recognized as a potentially effective procedure for concentrating and recovering microbes from large volumes of water and treated wastewater. because of their very small pore sizes, uf membranes are capable of simultaneously concentrating viruses, bacteria, and parasites based on size exclusion. in this study, a uf-based water sampling procedure was used to simultaneously recover representatives of these three microbial classes seeded into 100-liter sam ...200717483281
spontaneous clostridium perfringens myonecrosis of the shoulder: a case report.clostridium perfringens is a rare, life-threatening infection. we present an atypical evolution of spontaneous clostridium perfringens myonecrosis in a monitored healthy patient. after a head injury, the hemodynamically stable patient became febrile and grew cultures of clostridium perfringens with no identifiable focus. antibiotics were initiated. seventy-two hours after culture results, the patient complained of shoulder pain and imaging revealed periscapular subcutaneous emphysema. multiple s ...200717483728
aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of the immersion chilling procedure during poultry processing.the development of treatments to reduce bacterial numbers on poultry carcasses is important for the overall hygienic quality of birds. the important washing effect of the immersion chilling procedure is discussed. systematic monitoring of fecal bacterial indicators as well as some classic pathogens was performed at selected critical points in a water chiller ecosystem. clostridium perfringens, fecal coliforms, enterococcus sp., and streptococcus sp. were found in all water chiller samples. the t ...200717495095
relationships between bacteroides 16s rrna genetic markers and presence of bacterial enteric pathogens and conventional fecal indicators.occurrence and prevalence of different bacterial enteric pathogens as well as their relationships with conventional (total and fecal coliforms) and alternative fecal indicators (host-specific bacteroides 16s rrna genetic markers) were investigated for various water samples taken from different sites with different degrees of fecal contamination. the results showed that a wide range of bacterial pathogens could be detected in both municipal wastewater treatment plant samples and in surface water ...200717507075
infection in a leukemia patient. 200717508499
dietary encapsulated glycine influences clostridium perfringens and lactobacilli growth in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens.three experiments were conducted to determine whether there is a causative relation between dietary glycine concentration and intestinal clostridium perfringens growth in broiler chickens. expt. 1 showed that glycine concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in jejunum and ileum of birds fed fat-encapsulated glycine compared with crystalline glycine. in expt. 2, 2 cages of 6 birds were assigned to 1 of 6 experimental diets formulated to contain 7.6 and 10.6, 17.8 and 40.6, 27.8 and 30.6, 37.8 and 20 ...200717513399
enteric peritonitis caused by clostridium perfringens in peritoneal dialysis.peritonitis is a common complication in peritoneal dialysis (pd). epidemiology of the causative organism varied over time, but anaerobes are still extremely rare. we describe a second reported case of clostridium perfringens peritonitis in a peritoneal dialysis patient since 1998. the patient presented with pd-related peritonitis that did not respond to the antibiotic choice recommended by the international society of peritoneal dialysis guidelines. we used piperacillin/tazobactam with good resu ...200717526384
soluble cd14 and cd83 from human neonatal antigen-presenting cells are inducible by commensal bacteria and suppress allergen-induced human neonatal th2 differentiation.cd14 is expressed on the cell surface of various antigen-presenting cells, and cd83 is a maturation marker for dendritic cells (dc). cd14 and cd83 are also present as soluble proteins, and both have immunoregulatory functions. we examined whether neonatal cord blood monocytes or dc released soluble cd14 (scd14) or scd83 when exposed to the commensal intestinal bacteria clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus rhamnosus, escherichia coli, and bacteroides fragilis. we found th ...200717526743
overexpression of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin receptors claudin-3 and claudin-4 in uterine carcinosarcomas.to evaluate the expression levels of claudin-3 and claudin-4, the low- and high-affinity receptors, respectively, for the cytotoxic clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) in uterine carcinosarcomas and explore the potential for targeting these receptors in the treatment of this aggressive uterine tumor.200717545541
disruption of a toxin gene by introduction of a foreign gene into the chromosome of clostridium perfringens using targetron-induced mutagenesis.clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) has been developed as a potential oral delivery vehicle to deliver antigens or therapeutic compounds to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (galt). however, this recombinant c. perfringens carries a plasmid-encoded expression system, which raises several safety concerns regarding possible horizontal plasmid transfer and spread of plasmid-associated antibiotic resistant genes. furthermore, this bacterium produces the extracellular theta toxin, which poses a pot ...200717553563
conformational changes that effect oligomerization and initiate pore formation are triggered throughout perfringolysin o upon binding to cholesterol.pore formation by the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs) requires the presence of cholesterol in the target membrane. cholesterol was long thought to be the cellular receptor for these toxins, but not all cdcs require cholesterol for binding. intermedilysin, secreted by streptococcus intermedius, only binds to membranes containing the human protein cd59 but forms pores only if the membrane contains sufficient cholesterol. in contrast, perfringolysin o (pfo), secreted by clostridium perfring ...200717553799
expression, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of recombinant clostridium perfringens beta 2-toxin.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive sporulating anaerobic bacterium that is responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases in animals, birds and humans. the virulence of c. perfringens is associated with the production of several enterotoxins and exotoxins. beta2-toxin is a 28 kda exotoxin produced by c. perfringens. it is implicated in necrotic enteritis in animals and humans, a disease characterized by a sudden acute onset with lethal hemorrhagic mucosal ulceration. the recombinant express ...200717554168
prevalence of selected enteropathogenic bacteria in hungarian finishing pigs.the aim of this study was to obtain prevalence estimates about the most important enteropathogenic bacteria: lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira hyodysenteriae, brachyspira pilosicoli, salmonella enterica and clostridium perfringens a and c in hungarian farrow-to-finish pig herds. a total of 31 herds were selected, from where six pooled faecal samples, each containing three individual rectal faecal samples were collected from fattening pigs of 5-6 months of age. all 186 samples were examined b ...200717555287
civilian gas gangrene: a clinical challenge.gas gangrene due to clostridia infections is commonly seen in war injuries and is much less commonly seen in civilian life. when such problems do occur, they present a challenge to the surgeon due to the associated high morbidity and mortality associated. a case is presented where a patient developed gas gangrene in a limb consequent to trauma that had been treated surgically. it is vital to make a correct diagnosis at the earliest to limit disease progression and to avoid complications.200717558007
clostridium perfringens type d enterotoxaemia in neonatal lambs. 200717558035
the effect of multifunctional polymer-based gels on wound healing in full thickness bacteria-contaminated mouse skin wound models.we determined whether a two-part space-conforming polyethylene glycol/dopa polymer-based gel promoted healing of contaminated wounds in mice. this silver-catalysed gel was previously developed to be broadly microbiocidal in vitro while being biocompatible with human wound cell functioning. full-thickness wounds were created on the backs of mice. the wounds were inoculated with 10(4) cfu of each of four common skin wound contaminants, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter b ...200717561250
purification of the recombinant beta2 toxin (cpb2) from an enterotoxaemic bovine clostridium perfringens strain and production of a specific immune serum.overgrowth of clostridium perfringens clones with production of one or more of its toxin(s) results in diverse digestive and systemic pathologies in human and animals, such as cattle enterotoxaemia. the so-called beta2 toxin (cpb2) is the most recently described major toxin produced by c. perfringens. in this study, the cpb2 orf (cpb2fm) from a cattle c. perfringens-associated enterotoxaemia was cloned and sequenced. the cpb2fm and its deduced nucleotide sequence clearly corresponded to the cpb2 ...200717562369
development and application of an oral challenge mouse model for studying clostridium perfringens type d infection.clostridium perfringens type d isolates cause enterotoxemia in sheep, goats, and probably cattle. while the major disease signs and lesions of type d animal disease are usually attributed to epsilon toxin, a class b select agent, these bacteria typically produce several lethal toxins. understanding of disease pathogenesis and development of improved vaccines are hindered by the lack of a small-animal model mimicking natural disease caused by type d isolates. addressing this need, we developed an ...200717562765
removal of proteases from clostridium perfringens fermented broth by aqueous two-phase systems (peg/citrate).in order to reduce the toxicity of clostridium perfringens fermentation broths used in vaccine preparation, we developed two-phase aqueous systems for removal of toxin-activating proteases. removal of the proteases inhibits the conversion of protoxin to active toxin. in order to establish the conditions under which the phase separation occurs, binodal curves, formed by poly(ethylene glycol) (peg) and sodium citrate, were investigated at different values of ph and peg molar mass. a 2(4)-experimen ...200717566805
pore-forming epsilon toxin causes membrane permeabilization and rapid atp depletion-mediated cell death in renal collecting duct cells.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (et) is a potent pore-forming cytotoxin causing fatal enterotoxemia in livestock. et accumulates in brain and kidney, particularly in the renal distal-collecting ducts. et binds and oligomerizes in detergent-resistant membranes (drms) microdomains and causes cell death. however, the causal linkage between membrane permeabilization and cell death is not clear. here, we show that et binds and forms 220-kda insoluble complexes in plasma membrane drms of renal m ...200717567938
distribution of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin in the brains of acutely intoxicated mice and its effect upon glial cells.epsilon toxin (epsilon-toxin), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, causes fatal enterotoxaemia in livestock. the disease is principally manifested as severe and often fatal neurological disturbance. oedema of several organs, including the brain, is also a clinical sign related to microvascular damage. recombinant epsilon-toxin-green fluorescence protein (epsilon-toxin-gfp) and epsilon-prototoxin-gfp have already been characterised as useful tools to track their distribution in int ...200717572464
prevention of transfusion of platelet components contaminated with low levels of bacteria: a comparison of bacteria culture and pathogen inactivation methods.this study compared the efficacy of bacterial detection with inactivation for reducing the risk associated with transfusion of platelet (plt) components contaminated with low levels of bacteria.200717581146
compositional and stoichiometric analysis of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin complexes in caco-2 cells and claudin 4 fibroblast transfectants.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) binds to host cell receptors, forming a small complex precursor for two large complexes reportedly having molecular masses of approximately 155 or approximately 200 kda. formation of the approximately 155 kda complex causes a ca(2+) influx that leads to apoptosis or oncosis. cpe complex composition is currently poorly understood, although occludin was identified in the approximately 200 kda complex. the current study used heteromer gel shift analysis to ...200717587331
analysis of protection afforded by a clostridium perfringens alpha-toxoid against heterologous clostridial phospholipases c.the major virulence determinant in clostridial myonecrosis caused by clostridium perfringens is a phospholipase c (plc), the alpha-toxin. previously, mice have been protected against challenge with heterologous alpha-toxin or clostridium perfringens spores by immunisation with the c-domain (known as cpa(247-370) or alpha-toxoid) of the alpha-toxin. in this study, we have determined the ability of the alpha-toxoid to protect against the lethal effects of a divergent c. perfringens alpha-toxin and ...200717604945
control of clostridium perfringens spores by green tea leaf extracts during cooling of cooked ground beef, chicken, and pork.we investigated the inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by two green tea extracts with low (green tea leaf powder [gtl]; 141 mg of total catechins per g of green tea extract) and high (green tea leaf extract [gte]; 697 mg of total catechins per g of extract) catechin levels during abusive chilling of retail cooked ground beef, chicken, and pork. green tea extracts were mixed into the thawed beef, chicken, and pork at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% (wt/ wt) ...200717612073
production of small, acid-soluble spore proteins in clostridium perfringens nonfoodborne gastrointestinal disease isolates.the molecular basis for the differences in heat resistance between spores of clostridium perfringens food-borne versus nonfoodborne isolates remains unknown. since a recent study demonstrated the role of small, acid-soluble spore proteins (sasps) in heat resistance of spores of food-borne isolates, in the current study, we evaluated the expression of sasp-encoding genes (ssp) and the production of sasps in nonfoodborne isolates. our results demonstrated the presence of all three ssp genes in fiv ...200717612607
clostridium perfringens and its toxins in minced meat from kars, turkey.the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of clostridium perfringens and its toxins in minced meat. a total of 96 minced meat samples were collected from local markets (16) and small butcher's shops (80) in kars (turkey). samples were analysed for the presence of c. perfringens and its toxins using a commercially available elisa kit. a total of 31 (32%) clostridium spp. strains were isolated and 17 (55%) of these isolates were identified as c. perfringens. four (25%) of the samples f ...200717613051
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