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selection for cry3bb1 resistance in a genetically diverse population of nondiapausing western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).five short-diapause laboratory lines of western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), were selected for resistance to mon863, a variety of corn genetically modified with the bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) transgene that expresses the cry3bb1 delta-endotoxin. three of the selected lines were developed by incremental increase in the duration of exposure to mon863 over 11 generations (moderate selected lines). two selected lines were developed from ...201121735927
a single major qtl controls expression of larval cry1f resistance trait in ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae) and is independent of midgut receptor genes.the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae), is an introduced crop pest in north america that causes major damage to corn and reduces yield of food, feed, and biofuel materials. the cry1f toxin from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) expressed in transgenic hybrid corn is highly toxic to o. nubilalis larvae and effective in minimizing feeding damage. a laboratory colony of o. nubilalis was selected for high levels of cry1f resistance (>12,000-fold compared to susceptible larvae ...201121822602
monitoring temporal fluctuations of culex quinquefasciatus using oviposition traps containing attractant and larvicide in an urban environment in recife, brazil.the use of attractants and larvicides in oviposition traps is of practical interest for the surveillance and control of urban mosquitoes. in addition to increasing the safety of the traps, this combination is essential for an attract-and-kill control strategy based on trapping mosquito eggs. the combination of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) and grass infusion (gi) vs. gi alone were tested for their ability to attract in paired br-ovt traps in the backyards of 10 houses in recife, ...201121739033
synergistic activity of cyt1a from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis with bacillus sphaericus b101 h5a5b against bacillus sphaericus b101 h5a5b-resistant strains of anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae).integrated vector control is an effective and essential part of any successful vector control program. increasing insecticide resistance requires strategies to prolong the use of highly effective vector control compounds. synergistic activity between current effective pesticides is a powerful tool and is one such strategy. in the current study, cyt1a from bacillus thurigiensis subsp. israelensis and bacillus sphaericus b101h5ah5b bs were evaluated for the synergistic activity against b. sphaeric ...201121732183
decrease in catalase activity of folsomia candida fed a bt rice diet.here we report the effects of three bt-rice varieties and their non-bt conventional isolines on biological traits including survival, reproduction, and the activities of three antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase, in the collembolan, folsomia candida. the reproduction was significantly lower when fed kemingdao and huahui1 than those feeding on their non-gm near-isogenic varieties xiushui and minghui63 respectively, this can be explained by the differences of plant co ...201121835518
carboxy-terminal extension effects on crystal formation and insecticidal properties of cry15aa.cry15aa protein, produced by bacillus thuringiensis serovar thompsoni hd542, in a crystal together with a 40 kda accompanying protein, is one of a small group of non-typical, less well-studied members of the cry family of insecticidal proteins, and may provide an alternative for the more commonly used cry proteins in insect pest management. in this study we examined the role of the c-terminal part of cry15aa and of the 40kda protein in crystal formation in recombinant b. thuringiensis. the contr ...201121723871
fitness cost of resistance to bt cotton linked with increased gossypol content in pink bollworm larvae.fitness costs of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crops occur in the absence of bt toxins, when individuals with resistance alleles are less fit than individuals without resistance alleles. as costs of bt resistance are common, refuges of non-bt host plants can delay resistance not only by providing susceptible individuals to mate with resistant individuals, but also by selecting against resistance. because costs typically vary across host plants, refuges with host plants that magnify c ...201121738799
molecular phylogenetic diversity of bacillus community and its temporal-spatial distribution during the swine manure of composting.in order to obtain the diversity and temporal-spatial distribution of bacillus community during the swine manure composting, we utilized traditional culture methods and the modern molecular biology techniques of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) and -denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge). bacillus species were firstly isolated from the composting. based on temperature changes, the temporal-spatial characteristics of total culturable bacill ...201121701982
field-evolved resistance to bt maize by western corn rootworm.crops engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are planted on millions of hectares annually, reducing the use of conventional insecticides and suppressing pests. however, the evolution of resistance could cut short these benefits. a primary pest targeted by bt maize in the united states is the western corn rootworm diabrotica virgifera virgifera (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).201121829470
bt maize and integrated pest management-a european perspective.the european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis), the mediterranean corn borer (sesamia nonagrioides) and the western corn rootworm (diabrotica virgifera virgifera) are the main arthropod pests in european maize production. practised pest control includes chemical control, biological control and cultural control such as ploughing and crop rotation. a pest control option that is available since 1996 is maize varieties that are genetically engineered (ge) to produce insecticidal compounds. ge maize va ...201121710684
specific binding of activated vip3aa10 to helicoverpa armigera brush border membrane vesicles results in pore formation.helicoverpa armigera is one of the most harmful pests in china. although it had been successfully controlled by cry1a toxins, some h. armigera populations are building up resistance to cry1a toxins in the laboratory. vip3a, secreted by bacillus thuringiensis, is another potential toxin against h. armigera. previous reports showed that activated vip3a performs its function by inserting into the midgut brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) of susceptible insects. to further investigate the binding ...201121824478
selection for resistance to mcry3a-expressing transgenic corn in western corn rootworm.to investigate the development of resistance to mcry3a, a laboratory colony of the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, was established from field survivors of mcry3a-expressing (mir604) corn, zea mays l. feral adults emerging from mir604 (selected) and isoline (control) field plots were collected and returned to the laboratory. progeny of each colony was reared one generation on isoline corn and then crossed reciprocally with a nondiapausing colony. the resulting nondi ...201121735928
developmental studies of transgenic maize expressing cry1ab on the african stem borer, busseola fusca; effects on midgut cellular structure.background: busseola fusca is a major pest of maize in africa but unfortunately is difficult to control using chemical insecticides. insect-resistant transgenic crops may provide an alternative viable strategy to control this pest. results: recombinant cry1ab (1%) reduced larval weight by 60% over the trial period, while larval weight in the control group increased by 25%; no effects on mortality were observed. insect survival, developmental rate and pupal and adult weight were significantly red ...201121842526
differential alteration of two aminopeptidases n associated with resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ac in cabbage looper.the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is the most successfully used biopesticide in agriculture, and its insecticidal protein genes are the primary transgenes used for insect control in transgenic crops. however, evolution of insect resistance to bt toxins threatens the long-term future of bt applications. to date, cases of resistance to bt toxins have been reported in agricultural situations in six insect species, but the molecular basis for these cases of resistance remains unclear. h ...201121844358
Modification of hormonal balance in larvae of the corn borer Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) due to sublethal Bacillus thuringiensis protein ingestion.Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn, Zea mays L., is highly efficient against the corn borer Sesamia nonagrioides (Lef+¿bvre) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) when the larvae feed only on the transgenic plants. However, when they feed on Bt leaves during only part of their development, thus ingesting sublethal amounts of Bt toxins, some larvae survive. A previous study reported a prolonged development and precocious diapause induction in larvae fed on a diet with sublethal amounts of Cry1Ab protein. To det ...201121735904
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa fused to a cellulase-binding peptide shows increased toxicity against the longhorned beetle.Cry3 class toxins are used extensively for biological control of coleopteran larvae. We previously identified a peptide (PCx) from a phage display library that specifically binds Cx-cellulase from the midgut of Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Asian longhorn beetle) larvae. Here, we added a DNA fragment that encodes the peptide onto either end of the cry3Aa gene and tested the expressed PCx-Cry3Aa and Cry3Aa-PCx proteins for insecticidal activity in the longhorned beetle. An insect bioassay ...201121842153
insertion of an intact cr1 retrotransposon in a cadherin gene linked with bt resistance in the pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella.three mutations in the pectinophora gossypiella cadherin gene pgcad1 are linked with resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin cry1ac. here we show that the r3 mutation entails recent insertion into pgcad1 of an active chicken repeat (cr1) retrotransposon, designated cr1-1_pg. unlike most other cr1 elements, cr1-1_pg is intact, transcribed by a flanking promoter, contains target site duplications and has a relatively low number of copies. examination of transcripts from the pgcad1 locus re ...201121815956
transgenic rice plants expressing cry1ia5 gene are resistant to stem borer (chilo agamemnon).the stem borer,-áchilo agamemnon-ábles., is the most serious insect pest in-árice-áfields of the egyptian nile delta.-áto induce rice plant resistance to-áchilo agamemnon,-áthe-ácry1ia5-ágene was introduced to rice plants (oryza sativa-ál.).-áthe integration of the-ácry1ia5-ágene into the plant genome was confirmed using pcr and southern blot analyses. the obtained plantlets were transferred to the greenhouse until seeds were collected. northern blot analysis of the t1 plants confirmed the expre ...201021844686
novel vip3a bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize approaches high-dose efficacy against helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) under field conditions: implications for resistance management.sweet corn, zea mays l., transformed to express a novel vegetative insecticidal protein, vip3a (event mir162, syngenta seeds, inc..), produced by the bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis (bt), was evaluated over four field seasons in maryland and two field seasons in minnesota for efficacy against the corn earworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie). -áhybrids expressing the vip3a protein and pyramided in hybrids also expressing the cry1ab bt protein (event bt11, attribute (-«) , syngenta seeds, inc.) were c ...201021844691
[essential expression and inducible synthesis polymorphism of chitinase in bacillus thuringiensis].chitinases were produced by a lot of microorganisms. chitinase gene expression in most of the chitinase producing bacteria was inducible by chitin. low levels of chitinase were observed in the presence of glucose. to date, however, the regulation of such chitinase gene in bacillus thuringiensis had not been well studied. in this paper, all 77 bacillus thuringiensis strains were grown in the medium with or without chitin. we measured quantitatively the chitinase activity of the cultures. moreover ...201021284213
[ecological safety of mosquitocidal biocides based on bacillus thuringiensis israelensis].bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) has been developed into many products for the biological control of dipteran larvae, including mosquitoes (culicidae), black flies (simuliidae), and midges (chironomidae) in various parts of the world. bti appears to pose significantly less of a risk than other chemical pesticides used for mosquito control and eradication programs. bioproducts based on bti are highly selective with short environmental persistence, and thus they have very little potential ...201021452523
emergence of minor pests becoming major pests in ge cotton in china: what are the reasons? what are the alternatives practices to this change of status?a recent study in china by lu et al. ( 1) shows that populations of an occasional cotton pest, mirid bugs (heteroptera: miridae), increased following the introduction of genetically engineered (ge) cotton plants. the ge cotton produces a delta-endotoxin from the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis (bt) to control the cotton bollworm. before the introduction of bt cotton in china, mirid bugs were usually controlled by broad-spectrum pesticide sprays targeted against the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa a ...201021844676
susceptibility of field-collected aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) to bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and temephos.the susceptibility status of field-collected aedes aegypti (l.) from a dengue endemic area to bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) and temephos was determined. since august 2007, biweekly ovitrap surveillance (os) was conducted for 12 mo in 2 sites, a & b, in shah alam, selangor. site a was treated with a bti formulation, vectobac® wg at 500 g/ha, from december 2007 - june 2008 while site b was subjected to routine dengue vector control activities conducted by the local municipality. aedes a ...201021399591
[significance of evaluation of the antibiotic-resistant properties of bacterial producing strains in the hygienic standardization system].the study was undertaken to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms that were used in biotechnological production and belonged to different taxons: gram-positive (bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, and bacillus thuringiensis) and gram-negative (alcaligenes denitrificans and pseudomonas caryophylii) bacteria and noncardioform actinomycetes (rhodococcus erythropolis and rhodococcus corallinus). the sensitivity of the strains to a range of antibiotics was determined by the aga ...201021344698
transgenic organisms expressing genes from bacillus thuringiensis to combat insect pests.various subspecies (ssp.) of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are considered the best agents known so far to control insects, being highly specific and safe, easily mass produced and with long shelf life.1 the para-crystalline body that is produced during sporulation in the exosporium includes polypeptides named δ-endotoxins, each killing a specific set of insects. the different entomopathogenic toxins of various bt ssp. can be manipulated genetically in an educated way to construct more efficient tr ...201021326834
bt-engineered bugs versus insect pests. 201021326839
bacillus thuringiensis: a genomics and proteomics perspective.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is a unique bacterium in that it shares a common place with a number of chemical compounds which are used commercially to control insects important to agriculture and public health. although other bacteria, including b. popilliae and b. sphaericus, are used as microbial insecticides, their spectrum of insecticidal activity is quite limited compared to bt. importantly, bt is safe for humans and is the most widely used environmentally compatible biopesticide worldwide. ...201021327125
antixenosis in maize reduces feeding by western corn rootworm larvae (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).sum2162 is the first known example of a naturally occurring maize, zea mays l., genotype with antixenosis (nonpreference) resistance to western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), larval feeding. behavioral responses of neonate western corn rootworm larvae were evaluated in laboratory bioassays with seven maize genotypes selected for native resistance to rootworm feeding damage. two susceptible maize genotypes and one transgenic (bacillus thuringien ...201021309225
reducing the impact of pesticides on biological control in australian vineyards: pesticide mortality and fecundity effects on an indicator species, the predatory mite euseius victoriensis (acari: phytoseiidae).laboratory bioassays on detached soybean, glycine max (l.) merr., leaves were used to test 23 fungicides, five insecticides, two acaricides, one herbicide, and two adjuvants on a key australian predatory mite species euseius victoriensis (womersley) in "worst-case scenario" direct overspray assays. zero- to 48-h-old juveniles, their initial food, and water supply were sprayed to runoff with a potter tower; spinosad and wettable sulfur residues also were tested. tests were standardized to deliver ...201021309226
characteristics of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry2ab in a strain of helicoverpa punctigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) isolated from a field population.in 1996, the australian cotton industry adopted ingard that expresses the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin gene cry1ac and was planted at a cap of 30%. in 2004-2005, bollgard ii, which expresses cry1ac and cry2ab, replaced ingard in australia, and subsequently has made up >80% of the area planted to cotton, gossypium hirsutum l. the australian target species helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren) are innately moderately tolerant to bt toxins, but the absence of a ...201021309238
vip3aa tolerance response of helicoverpa armigera populations from a cry1ac cotton planting region.transgenic cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., that expresses the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1ac toxin, holds great promise in controlling target insect pests. evolution of resistance by target pests is the primary threat to the continued efficacy of bt cotton. to thwart pest resistance evolution, a transgenic cotton culitvar that produces two different bt toxins, cry1ac and vip3a genes, was proposed as a successor of cry1ac cotton. this article reports on levels of vip3aa tolerance in helicoverp ...201021309241
mortality of western corn rootworm larvae on mir604 transgenic maize roots: field survivorship has no significant impact on survivorship of f1 progeny on mir604.mortality of western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, larvae due to mir604 transgenic corn, zea mays l., expressing the modified cry3a (mcry3a) protein relative to survivorship on corn with the same genetic background without the gene (isoline corn) was evaluated at three missouri sites in both 2005 and 2006. we made these comparisons by using wild-type western corn rootworm at three different egg densities (6,000, 3,000, and 1,500 eggs per m) so that the role of density-de ...201021309243
response of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar to transgenic poplar, populus simonii x p. nigra, expressing fusion protein gene of the spider insecticidal peptide and bt-toxin c-peptide.the response of the asian gypsy moth lymantria dispar (l.) (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) to a fusion gene consisting of the spider, atrax robustus simon (araneae: hexanthelidae) ω-actx-ar1 sequence coding for an ω-atracotoxin and a sequence coding for the bt-toxin c-peptide, expressed in transgenic poplar populus simonii x p. nigra l. (malphigiales: salicaceae) was investigated. individual performance, feeding selection, midgut proteinase activity and nutrition utilization were monitored. the grow ...201021268699
[effect of quorum sensing response regulator nprr deletion on expression of cry protein in bacillus thuringiensis].the role of quroum sensing response regulator nprr on the expression of cry protein in b. thuringiensis hd-73 was studied.201021268903
the influence of fertilizer level and spore density on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of transgenic bt 11 maize (zea mays) in experimental microcosms.crop plants genetically modified for the expression of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal toxins have broad appeal for reducing insect damage in agricultural systems, yet questions remain about the impact of bt plants on symbiotic soil organisms. here, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (amf) colonization of transgenic maize isoline bt 11 (expressing cry1ab) and its non-bt parental line (providence) was evaluated under different fertilizer level and spore density scenarios. in a three-way facto ...201021198682
bacillus gaemokensis sp. nov., isolated from foreshore tidal flat sediment from the yellow sea.a gram-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming organism, strain bl3-6(t), was isolated from tidal flat sediments of the yellow sea in the region of tae-an. a 16s rrna gene sequence analysis demonstrated that this isolate belongs to the bacillus cereus group, and is closely related to bacillus mycoides (99.0% similarity), bacillus thuringiensis (99.0%), bacillus weihenstephanensis (99.0%), bacillus cereus (98.9%), bacillus anthracis (98.8%), and bacillus pseudomycoides (98.1%). the phylogenetic d ...201021221948
field efficacy of granular formulations of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis--strain am65-52 against floodwater mosquitoes in poland and germany.this paper presents results of studies evaluating the efficacy of various granular formulations of vectobac (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis de barjac [bti] h-14 strain am65-52) against immature mosquitoes in 2 distinct habitats in poland and germany. meadows intermittently flooded with sewage water in the city of wroclaw, poland, provide ideal habitats for immature stages of aedes caspius, ae. vexans, and culex pipiens pipiens. helicopter applications of vectobac g and vectobac tp sand granu ...201021033056
adsorption of transgenic insecticidal cry1ab protein to sio2. 2. patch-controlled electrostatic attraction.adsorption governs the fate of cry proteins from genetically modified bt crops in soils. the effect of ionic strength (i) on the adsorption of cry1ab (isoelectric point iep(cry1ab) ≈ 6) to negatively charged quartz (sio(2)) and positively charged poly-l-lysine (pll) was investigated at ph 5 to 8, using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy. cry1ab adsorbed via positively and negatively charged surface patches to sio(2) and pll, respe ...201021033744
adsorption of transgenic insecticidal cry1ab protein to sio2. 1. forces driving adsorption.genetically modified bt crops express insecticidal cry proteins (bt toxins) that may enter agricultural soils. a mechanistic understanding of cry protein adsorption to soils is critical for risk assessment, as this process governs cry protein fate and bioavailability. we used quartz crystal microbalance and optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy to elucidate the driving forces of the adsorption of monomeric cry1ab to negatively charged quartz (sio(2)) and positively charged poly-l-lysine (pll) ...201021033745
bt-toxin uptake by the non-target herbivore, myzus persicae (hemiptera: aphididae), feeding on transgenic oilseed rape in laboratory conditions.the potential non-target effects of genetically modified crops are some of the more debated topics within applied biotechnologies in agriculture and environmental risk assessment. the objective of the present research was to study the potential bt-toxin uptake by the non-target herbivore myzus persicae sulzer (hemiptera: aphididae) feeding on transgenic oilseed rape plants (brassica napus cv. 'westar' lines gt 2-4) expressing the cry1ac endotoxin. a specific aim was to replicate our previous exp ...201021034523
effects of transgenic bt cotton on overwintering characteristics and survival of helicoverpa armigera.the effects of transgenic bt cotton on the overwintering generation of the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), are unknown. we hypothesized that a bt cotton diet may adversely affect fitness of this generation and examined fresh weight, lipids, glycogens, low-molecular-weight sugars and scps (supercooling points) of pupae, as well as survival of larvae, diapausing pupae and adult emergence in comparison with controls. field and laboratory experiments showed t ...201021034745
cadherin, alkaline phosphatase, and aminopeptidase n as receptors of cry11ba toxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan in aedes aegypti.cry11ba is one of the most toxic proteins to mosquito larvae produced by bacillus thuringiensis. it binds aedes aegypti brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) with high affinity, showing an apparent dissociation constant (k(d)) of 8.2 nm. we previously reported that an anticadherin antibody competes with cry11ba binding to bbmv, suggesting a possible role of cadherin as a toxin receptor. here we provide evidence of specific cadherin repeat regions involved in this interaction. using cadherin frag ...201021037295
identification of the minimal active fragment of the cry1ah toxin.cry1ah1, a novel holo-type gene cloned from bacillus thuringiensis strain bt-8, encoded a protein exhibiting strong insecticidal activity against lepidopteran insects. to identify the minimal active fragment of the cry1ah toxin, 9 pairs of primers were designed to generate different pcr products. seven pcr products were amplified by different primers using the cry1ah1 gene as a template and cloned into a pet-21b vector. these positive clones were separately transformed into escherichia coli. ins ...201021046197
transgenic sugarcane plants expressing high levels of modified cry1ac provide effective control against stem borers in field trials.to improve transgene expression level, we synthesized a truncated insecticidal gene m-cry1ac by increasing its gc content from 37.4 to 54.8%, based on the codon usage pattern of sugarcane genes, and transferred it into two sugarcane cultivars (roc16 and yt79-177) by microprojectile bombardment. the integration sites and expression pattern of the transgene were determined, respectively, by southern, northern and western blot analyses. the transgenic sugarcane lines produced up to 50 ng cry1ac pro ...201021046242
genetic diversity of cry gene sequences of bacillus thuringiensis strains analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.pcr has been widely used to identify cry-type genes, to determine their distribution, to detect new such genes and to predict insecticidal activities. we describe here a molecular approach to analyze the genetic diversity of b. thuringiensis cry-like genes based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge). this analysis demonstrated that different b. thuringiensis isolates can be distinguished according to its pcr-dgge profile of cry-like genes. identification of the resolvable dna fragmen ...201021046400
control of pine processionary moth, thaumetopoea pityocampa with bacillus thuringiensis in antalya, turkey.taumetopoea pityocampa (den. and schiff) is one of the most common defoliator insects found in turkey. although several methods have been used in attempting to control this major forest pest up to now but the problem still remains largely unsolved in turkey. there is an urgent need to control and minimize the damages caused by these defoliating caterpillars. therefore, we planned and applied field treatments using by foray 76b and vbc 60074 to put forward to the efficiency of these bioinsecticid ...201021047011
responses of stream macroinvertebrates to bt maize leaf detritus.in the midwestern united states, maize detritus enters streams draining agricultural land. genetically modified bt maize is commonly planted along streams and can possibly affect benthic macroinvertebrates, specifically members of the order trichoptera, which are closely related to target species of some bt toxins and are important detritivores in streams. the significance of inputs of bt maize to aquatic systems has only recently been recognized, and assessments of potential nontarget impacts o ...201021049882
trna 5'-end repair activities of trnahis guanylyltransferase (thg1)-like proteins from bacteria and archaea.the trna(his) guanylyltransferase (thg1) family comprises a set of unique 3'-5' nucleotide addition enzymes found ubiquitously in eukaryotes, where they function in the critical g(-1) addition reaction required for trna(his) maturation. however, in most bacteria and archaea, g(-1) is genomically encoded; thus post-transcriptional addition of g(-1) to trna(his) is not necessarily required. the presence of highly conserved thg1-like proteins (tlps) in more than 40 bacteria and archaea therefore su ...201021051361
survival of betta splendens fish (regan, 1910) in domestic water containers and its effectiveness in controlling aedes aegypti larvae (linnaeus, 1762) in northeast brazil.objective: in northeast brazil, large domestic containers used to store water are important breeding sites of aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue fever. the objective of this study was to estimate the survival of betta splendens (perciformes: osphronemidae) fish in domestic containers in fortaleza (ceará state), as well as its effectiveness in the control of premature a. aegypti stages. methods: the use of b. splendens was compared to bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) in domestic con ...201021054694
molecular identification and pectate lyase production by bacillus strains involved in cocoa fermentation.we have previously reported the implication of bacillus in the production of pectinolytic enzymes during cocoa fermentation. the objective of this work was to identify the bacillus strains isolated from cocoa fermentation and study their ability to produce pectate lyase (pl) in various growth conditions. ninety-eight strains were analyzed by amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis (ardra). four different banding patterns were obtained leading to the clustering of the bacterial isolates into ...201021056768
suppressing resistance to bt cotton with sterile insect releases.genetically engineered crops that produce insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are grown widely for pest control. however, insect adaptation can reduce the toxins' efficacy. the predominant strategy for delaying pest resistance to bt crops requires refuges of non-bt host plants to provide susceptible insects to mate with resistant insects. variable farmer compliance is one of the limitations of this approach. here we report the benefits of an alternative strategy where sterile in ...201021057498
when cytoskeletal worlds collide. 201021059902
enhanced toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis japonensis strain buibui toxin to oriental beetle and northern masked chafer (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) larvae with bacillus sp. nfd2.bacillus thuringiensisjaponensis strain buibui (btj) has the potential to be an important control agent for pest scarabs. bioassays using autoclaved and nonautoclaved soil showed there were always lower lc, values associated with nonautoclaved soil. we identified five other bacteria found in the hemolymph of insects killed by btj and used them in bioassays to see whether we could enhance the control achieved with btj alone. one bacterium, designated nfd2 and later identified as a bacillus sp., s ...201021061952
activity of broad-spectrum and reduced-risk insecticides on various life stages of cranberry fruitworm (lepidoptera: pyralidae) in highbush blueberry.laboratory and semifield bioassays were conducted to determine the life-stage activity of insecticides for controlling cranberry fruitworm, acrobasis vaccinii riley (lepidoptera: pyralidae), a key lepidopteran pest of highbush blueberry, vaccinium corymbosum l. the organophosphates azinphosmethyl and phosmet, the pyrethroid esfenvalerate, and the carbamate methomyl were lethal to all life stages. the neonicotinoids thiacloprid and acetamiprid demonstrated strong larvicidal and ovicidal activity ...201021061972
evaluating resistance to bt toxin cry1ab by f2 screen in european populations of ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae).the large-scale cultivation of transgenic crops producing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins have already lead to the evolution of bt resistance in some pest populations targeted by these crops. we used the f2 screening method for further estimating the frequency of resistance alleles of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae), to bt maize, zea mays l., producing the cry1ab toxin. in france, germany, and italy, 784, 455, and 80 lines of european corn borer w ...201021061983
effects of four nematode species on fitness costs of pink bollworm resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ac.evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the efficacy oftransgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt). in conjunction with refuges of non-bt host plants, fitness costs can delay the evolution of resistance. furthermore, fitness costs often vary with ecological conditions, suggesting that agricultural landscapes can be manipulated to magnify fitness costs and thereby prolong the efficacy of bt crops. in the current study, we tested th ...201021061986
evaluation of bacillus thuringiensis pathogenicity for a strain of the tick, rhipicephalus microplus, resistant to chemical pesticides.the pathogenicity of four native strains of bacillus thuringiensis against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrine) (acari: ixodidae) was evaluated. a r. microplus strain that is resistant to organophosphates, pyrethroids, and amidines, was used in this study. adult r. microplus females were bioassayed using the immersion test of drummond against 60 b. thuringiensis strains. four strains, gp123, gp138, gp130, and gp140, were found to be toxic. for the immersion test, the total protein co ...201021062139
spinosad as an effective larvicide for control of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti, vectors of dengue in southern mexico.background: field trials were conducted during the wet and dry seasons in periurban and semi-rural cemeteries in southern mexico to determine the efficacy of a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad (tracer 480sc) on the inhibition of development of aedes albopictus l. and ae. aegypti skuse. for this, oviposition traps were treated with spinosad (1 or 5 mg l(-1)), bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti, vectobac 12as), a sustained release formulation of temephos and a water control.resu ...201021064145
a novel l-isoleucine metabolism in bacillus thuringiensis generating (2s,3r,4s)-4-hydroxyisoleucine, a potential insulinotropic and anti-obesity amino acid.4-hydroxyisoleucine (hil) found in fenugreek seeds has insulinotropic and anti-obesity effects and is expected to be a novel orally active drug for insulin-independent diabetes. here, we show that the newly isolated strain bacillus thuringiensis 2e2 and the closely related strain b. thuringiensis atcc 35646 operate a novel metabolic pathway for l-isoleucine (l-ile) via hil and 2-amino-3-methyl-4-ketopentanoic acid (amkp). the hil synthesis was catalyzed stereoselectively by an α-ketoglutaric aci ...201021069315
aedes albopictus control with spray application of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, strain am 65-52.a bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) formulation, vectobac wg (strain am 65-52), was evaluated for mosquito control in a training area with dense vegetation. bti was spray applied to target aedes albopictus larval habitats of 130 ha once every 2 weeks using a motorized back pack mist blower, stihl sr420, and a vehicle mounted ultra low volume generator (ulv), igeba u40. ovitrap index (oi) and larval density (ld) were used to measure the efficacy of larviciding. in the bti treated area the ...201021073027
identification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) as a binding protein for a 68-kda bacillus thuringiensis parasporal protein cytotoxic against leukaemic cells.bacillus thuringiensis (bt), an ubiquitous gram-positive spore-forming bacterium forms parasporal proteins during the stationary phase of its growth. recent findings of selective human cancer cell-killing activity in non-insecticidal bt isolates resulted in a new category of bt parasporal protein called parasporin. however, little is known about the receptor molecules that bind parasporins and the mechanism of anti-cancer activity. a malaysian bt isolate, designated bt18 produces parasporal prot ...201021073742
mode of action of parasporin-4, a cytocidal protein from bacillus thuringiensis.parasporin-4 (ps4) is a cytotoxic protein produced by bacillus thuringiensis strain a1470. it exhibits specific cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines, caco-2, sawano, and molt-4 cells, in particular. when cells were administrated with ps4, cell swelling and nuclear shrinkage were induced, and, the ballooned cells burst within 24 h. psi-blast search showed that the protein shared homology not only with b. thuringiensis cry toxins but also with aerolysin-type β-pore-forming toxins. circular ...201021073856
characterization of bacillus thuringiensis isolates and their differential toxicity against helicoverpa armigera populations.bacillus thuringiensis isolates were characterized in rhizospheric cotton soils by using acetate selection process from eight different locations in south india. the fact that b. thuringiensis indices were higher in proportion in soil samples taken from tamil nadu and karnataka than from andhra pradesh, indicates the abundance of b. thuringiensis populations in the cotton rhizosphere. biochemical typing of the isolates designated eight local isolates (btng13, btco1, bthyb7, btam2, btrm5, btwr3, ...201021077117
bioinformatic analysis for allergenicity assessment of bacillus thuringiensis cry proteins expressed in insect-resistant food crops.the novel proteins introduced into the genetically modified (gm) crops need to be evaluated for the potential allergenicity before their introduction into the food chain to address the safety concerns of consumers. at present, there is no single definitive test that can be relied upon to predict allergic response in humans to a new protein; hence a composite approach to allergic response prediction is described in this study. the present study reports on the evaluation of the cry proteins, encod ...201021078358
formation of macromolecule complex with bacillus thuringiensis cry1a toxins and chlorophyllide binding 252-kda lipocalin-like protein locating on bombyx mori midgut membrane.p252, a 252-kda bombyx mori protein located on the larval midgut membrane, has been shown to bind strongly with bacillus thuringiensis cry1a toxins (hossain et al. appl environ microbiol 70:4604-4612, 2004). p252 was also shown to bind chlorophyllide (chlide) to form red fluorescence-emitting complex bm252rfp with significant antimicrobial activity (pandian et al. appl environ microbiol 74:1324-1331, 2008). in this article, we show that cry1a toxin bound with bm252rfp and bm252rfp-cry1a macrocom ...201021079938
effects of mutations within surface-exposed loops in the pore-forming domain of the cry9ca insecticidal toxin of bacillus thuringiensis.the pore-forming domain of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal cry toxins is formed of seven amphipathic α-helices. because pore formation is thought to involve conformational changes within this domain, the possible role of its interhelical loops in this crucial step was investigated with cry9ca double mutants, which all share the previously characterized r164a mutation, using a combination of homology modeling, bioassays and electrophysiological measurements. the mutations either introduced, n ...201021082167
influence of mutagenesis of bacillus thuringiensis cry1aa toxin on larvicidal activity.domain iii of bacillus thuringiensis cry δ-endotoxins are considered to be related to the stability of the structure and avoidance of overdigestion by proteases. in this study, some residues of potential chymotrypsin and trypsin sites in domain iii of b. thuringiensis cry1aa were replaced individually with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis, in order to investigate their functional roles. except f574a, all mutants f536a, r543a, f550a, f565a, r566a, f570a, f576a, f583a, and f590a were highly ex ...201021082182
interaction of allium sativum leaf agglutinin with midgut brush border membrane vesicles proteins and its stability in helicoverpa armigera.allium sativum leaf agglutinin (asal) binds to several proteins in the midgut of helicoverpa armigera and causes toxicity. most of these were glycosylated. six asal-binding proteins were selected for identification. pmf and ms/ms data showed their similarity with midgut aminopeptidase apn2, polycalins and alkaline phosphatase of h. armigera, cadherin-n protein (partial agap009726-pa) of acyrthosiphon pisum, cytochrome p450 (cyp315a1) of manduca sexta and alkaline phosphatase of heliothis viresce ...201021082761
introduction and control of three invasive mosquito species in the netherlands, july-october 2010.in july 2010, during routine mosquito surveillance inspections at companies that import used tires, three invasive species were found at five locations in the netherlands: the yellow fever mosquito (aedes aegypti), the asian tiger mosquito (ae. albopictus), and the american rock-pool mosquito (ae. atropalpus). this is the first time that ae. aegypti is reported from the netherlands. mosquito control was initiated one week after the first invasive mosquito was found, using adulticides and larvici ...201021087591
haematology, blood biochemistry and tissue histopathology of lambs maintained on diets containing an insect controlling protein (cry1ac) in bt-cottonseed.this experiment assessed the effect of feeding genetically modified cottonseed (bt) containing an insect controlling protein (cry1ac) on haematology, blood biochemistry and histopathology of lambs. haemato-biochemicals were estimated at periodic intervals, and histopathology at termination of experiment. thirty three weaner lambs were fed a composite feed mixture (cfm) ad libitum individually, in three groups for 123 days. the isonitrogenous cfm had roughage (perl millet stover) and concentrate ...201021091548
effect of ultrasonication and fenton oxidation on biodegradation of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) in wastewater sludge.the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) and its metabolites, i.e. 2-ethylhexanol, 2-ethylhexanal, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid in wastewater sludge (wws) were investigated during aerobic digestion and bacillus thuringiensis (bt)-based fermentation of wws. ultrasonication and fenton oxidation pre-treatment was applied to improve biodegradability of wws and bioavailability of the target compounds for digestion and fermentation. dehp and 2-ethylhexanoic acid were observed at higher concentra ...201021094970
self-assembly and recrystallization of bacterial s-layer proteins of bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis on silicone, mica and quartz crystal supports.the oriented architecture of macromolecules plays a critical role in many aspects of nanobiotechnology such as in the development of biosensors. to this regard, s-layers which constitute the outermost cell envelope component of many prokaryotic organisms, represent unique self assembled systems with the capability to rearrange into monomolecular and oriented arrays. these properties can be exploited to promote their crystallization on surfaces (e.g. silicone) which is pivotal for the subsequent ...201021096866
developmental and photosynthetic regulation of δ-endotoxin reveals that engineered sugarcane conferring resistance to 'dead heart' contains no toxins in cane juice.the phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) carboxylase is regulated at the levels of transcription and post-translation in c4 plants in light and abundantly accumulates in leaf mesophyll cells. we report here developmental and photosynthetic regulation of stably accumulated bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin under the control of pep-c promoter in transgenic sugarcane. in young leaves of plants, the transprotein is accumulated to 39% of the levels in mature leaves (135 ng mg(-1)), and is induced with the cell ...201021104030
in vivo fluorescence observation of parasporal inclusion formation in bacillus thuringiensis.a recombinant gene expressing a cry1ac-gfp fusion protein with a molecular mass of approximately 160 kd was constructed to investigate the expression of cry1ac, the localization of its gene product cry1ac, and its role in crystal development in bacillus thuringiensis. the cry1ac-gfp fusion gene under the control of the cry1ac promoter was cloned into the plasmid pht304, and this construct was designated phtcry1ac-gfp. phtcry1ac-gfp was transformed into the crystal-negative strain, hd-73 cry(-), ...201021104371
[hypothetical link between endometriosis and xenobiotics-associated genetically modified food].endometriosis is an oestrogen-dependent inflammatory disease affecting 10 % of reproductive-aged women. often accompanied by chronic pelvic pain and infertility, endometriosis rigorously interferes with women's quality of life. although the pathophysiology of endometriosis remains unclear, a growing body of evidence points to the implication of environmental toxicants. over the last decade, an increase in the incidence of endometriosis has been reported and coincides with the introduction of gen ...201021111655
novel microbial route to synthesize silver nanoparticles using spore crystal mixture of bacillus thuringiensis.metallic nanoparticles are traditionally synthesized by wet chemical techniques, where the chemicals used are often toxic and flammable. in the present study, the spore crystal mixture of bacillus thuringiensis was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. nanoparticles were characterized using uv-vis absorption spectroscopy, xrd and tem. x-ray diffraction and tem analysis showed the average particle size of 15 nm and mixed (cubic and hexagonal) structure. this is for the first time that a ...201021117457
bacillus cereus cytotoxins hbl, nhe and cytk are secreted via the sec translocation pathway.bacillus cereus and the closely related bacillus thuringiensis are gram positive opportunistic pathogens that may cause food poisoning, and the three secreted pore-forming cytotoxins hbl, nhe and cytk have been implicated as the causative agents of diarrhoeal disease. it has been proposed that the hbl toxin is secreted using the flagellar export apparatus (fea) despite the presence of sec-type signal peptides. as protein secretion is of key importance in virulence of a microorganism, the mechani ...201021118484
[toxic activity of bacillus thuringiensis isolates to aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) larvae].aedes aegypti (l.), the main vector of dengue fever in brazil, has been controlled with the use of massive chemical products, contributing to the development of resistance and decreasing the insect control efficiency. the control of dipterans with bioinsecticides based on bacillus thuringiensis has been satisfactory, due to the production of insecticidal proteins denominated cry (crystal), cyt (cytolytic) toxins and chi (chitinase), and to the synergistic effects among them. the present work aim ...201021120386
characterization of an argentine isolate of bacillus thuringiensis similar to the hd-1 strain.we report the characterization of an argentine isolate of bacillus thuringiensis (inta ta24-6) similar to the hd-1 strain, which harbors a cryptic cry2ab gene that apparently is transcribed but not translated into a protein. inta ta24-6 showed a rep-pcr pattern identical to the hd-1 strain, a plasmid pattern that resembled that of this strain and cry1 and cry2 genes as hd-1. screening of cry1 and cry2 genes showed that inta ta24-6 harbors only cry1ac and cry2ab genes. furthermore, crystalline in ...201021120387
effect of bt-176 maize pollen on first instar larvae of the peacock butterfly (inachis io) (lepidoptera; nymphalidae).more than 10 years after registration of the first bt maize cultivar in europe, there still exists a remarkable lack of data on effects on lepidoptera which would be necessary for a complete and comprehensive environmental risk assessment. so far only very few european butterfly species have been tested in this aspect. in our study the effect of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize pollen (event bt-176) on the development and survival of neonate larvae of the peacock butterfly, inachis i ...201021122482
interaction of allium sativum leaf agglutinin with midgut brush border membrane vesicles proteins and its stability in helicoverpa armigera.allium sativum leaf agglutinin (asal) binds to several proteins in the midgut of helicoverpa armigera and causes toxicity. most of these were glycosylated. six asal-binding proteins were selected for identification. pmf and ms/ms data showed their similarity with midgut aminopeptidase apn2, polycalins and alkaline phosphatase of h. armigera, cadherin-n protein (partial agap009726-pa) of acyrthosiphon pisum, cytochrome p450 (cyp315a1) of manduca sexta and alkaline phosphatase of heliothis viresce ...201021136596
no refuge for insect pests. 201021139612
agroinfiltration as a technique for rapid assays for evaluating candidate insect resistance transgenes in plants.functional analysis of candidate transgenes for insect resistance in stably transformed plants is a time-consuming task that can take months to achieve in even the fastest of plant models. in this study, a rapid screening technique is described, which employs candidate transgene transient expression using agroinfiltration in nicotiana benthamiana combined with a simple insect bioassay. using this system the known insecticidal protein cry1ac is demonstrated to effectively control helicoverpa zea. ...201021140154
the amino- and carboxyl-terminal fragments of the bacillus thuringensis cyt1aa toxin have differential roles in toxin oligomerization and pore formation.the cyt toxins produced by the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis show insecticidal activity against some insects, mainly dipteran larvae, being able to kill mosquitoes and black flies. however, they also possess a general cytolytic activity in vitro, showing hemolytic activity in red blood cells. these proteins are composed of two outer layers of α-helix hairpins wrapped around a β-sheet. with regard to their mode of action, one model proposed that the two outer layers of α-helix hairpins swing aw ...201021142020
functional expression in insect cells of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked alkaline phosphatase from aedes aegypti larval midgut: a bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin receptor.bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins which bind to cell surface receptors on the brush border membrane of susceptible midgut larvae. the toxin-receptor interaction generates pores in midgut epithelial cells resulting in cell lysis. here, a cdna encoding membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase from aedes aegypti (aa-malp) midgut larvae, based on the sequence identity hit to bombyx mori membrane-bound alp, was amplified by rt-pcr and transiently expressed in spodoptera f ...201021146607
hemocytes of rhynchophorus ferrugineus (olivier) (coleoptera: curculionidae) and their response to saccharomyces cerevisiae and bacillus thuringiensis.originally from tropical asia, the red palm weevil (rpw rhynchophorus ferrugineus (olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in france, greece and italy. at present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. in this regard, rpw appears to be one pest that is very difficult to c ...201021147119
decomposition rates and residue-colonizing microbial communities of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein cry3bb-expressing (bt) and non-bt corn hybrids in the field.despite the rapid adoption of crops expressing the insecticidal cry protein(s) from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), public concern continues to mount over the potential environmental impacts. reduced residue decomposition rates and increased tissue lignin concentrations reported for some bt corn hybrids have been highlighted recently as they may influence soil carbon dynamics. we assessed the effects of mon863 bt corn, producing the cry3bb protein against the corn rootworm complex, on these aspects ...201021148693
pollen- and seed-mediated transgene flow in commercial cotton seed production fields.characterizing the spatial patterns of gene flow from transgenic crops is challenging, making it difficult to design containment strategies for markets that regulate the adventitious presence of transgenes. insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton is planted on millions of hectares annually and is a potential source of transgene flow.201021152426
spinosad as an effective larvicide for control of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti, vectors of dengue in southern mexico.field trials were conducted during the wet and dry seasons in periurban and semi-rural cemeteries in southern mexico to determine the efficacy of a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad (tracer 480sc) on the inhibition of development of aedes albopictus l. and ae. aegypti skuse. for this, oviposition traps were treated with spinosad (1 or 5 mg l(-1)), bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti, vectobac 12as), a sustained release formulation of temephos and a water control.201021162151
persistence of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple bti toxins in mosquitoes.the simultaneous production of six different toxins by bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) is thought to delay the evolution of resistance in treated mosquito populations. recent studies have shown that bti can persist and proliferate in the environment, thereby imposing continuous selective pressure on mosquito populations, raising concerns about the long-term effectiveness of this bioinsecticide. in order to evaluate the effect of bti persistence on the evolution of resistance, the author ...201021162152
modular columns to study depth-dependence behavior of mosquito larvae and toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.modular transparent column system was designed to study depth-dependence behavior of mosquito larvae. the system was used in preliminary experiments to evaluate the effect of water depth on the larvicidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis de barjac against bottom feeder larvae of aedes aegypti (linn.) (diptera: culicidae), and suggestions for increasing the efficiency of the device are discussed.201021167119
developmental penalties associated with inducible tolerance in helicoverpa armigera to insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis.exposure of insect larvae to sublethal concentrations of crystal toxins from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt toxins) causes the induction of immune and metabolic responses that can be transmitted to offspring by epigenetic inheritance mechanisms. given that the elevated immune status carries significant developmental penalties, we wanted to establish the relationships between immune induction, tolerance to the toxin and developmental penalties. a laboratory culture of helicoverpa a ...201021169448
sero-biochemical studies in sheep fed with bt cotton plants.an experimental study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological effects, if any, due to feeding of bt (bacillus thuringiensis) cotton plants to sheep. a total of 32 sheep of one year of age belonging to deccani breed were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of eight sheep in each group. group 1 was maintained on basal diet (concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g + green fodder at the rate of 3 kg/sheep/day), group 2 on non-bt cotton plant at the rate of 1.5 kg + green fodder at the ra ...201021170255
bacillus thuringiensis isolates entomopathogenic for culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) and anticarsia gemmatalis (lepidoptera: noctuidae).samples of the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) were collected from soil and insects. eight isolates were selected from rural soil, 15 from urban soil and 11 from insects. these were evaluated for entomopathogenicity against larvae of anticarsia gemmatalis and culex quinquefasciatus. the pathogenicity tests showed that a higher percentage of isolates were active against a. gemmatalis (60%) compared to c. quinquefasciatus (31%). probit analysis (lc₅₀) indicated that against a. gemmatalis four of the i ...201021180911
evaluation of a new formulation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.the aim of this study was to determine the potency (itu) and efficacy of a liquid formulation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis developed by the state university of londrina named biouel, against early fourth instar larvae of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. the itu/mg of biouel was 960, the lc₅₀ was of 0.271 (± 0.39) ppm, and the lc₉₅ was 0.634 (± 0.099) ppm, in larvae of c. quinquefasciatus. in a. aegypti larvae, lc₅₀ was 0.332 (± 0.042) ppm and lc₉₅ was 0.694 (± 0.073) ppm. the i ...201021180922
[the reemergence of the chikungunya virus in réunion island on 2010: evolution of the mosquito control practices.]the re-emergence of local transmission of chikungunya virus caused by aedes albopictus since march 2010 in the réunion island, french territory in the southwest indian ocean, calls for better epidemiological surveys, vector control, and community-based chikungunya control. this paper describes the strategy and the new ways of vector control applied since the last major chikungunya virus outbreak in 2005-2007, and the high levels of collaboration with mayors and local associations for community i ...201021181327
effect of bt broccoli and resistant genotype of plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae) on development and host acceptance of the parasitoid diadegma insulare (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae).the ecological implications on biological control of insecticidal transgenic plants, which produce crystal (cry) proteins from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt), remain a contentious issue and affect risk assessment decisions. in this study, we used a unique system of resistant insects, bt plants and a parasitoid to critically evaluate this issue. the effects of broccoli type (normal or expressing cry1ac protein) and insect genotype (susceptible or cry1ac-resistant) of plutella xylo ...201021181494
microfluidic module for automated isolation and purification of nucleic acids from biological samples. 201021184296
bioefficacy of insecticides against leucinodes orbonalis on brinjal.studies on bioefficacy of insecticides against brinjal shoot and fruit borer, leucinodes orbonalis guenee on brinjal were carried out during 2007 and 2008. the results on bioefficacy of insecticides showed that in terms of shoot infestation, emamectin benzoate (0.002%), endosulfan (0.05%), novaluron (0.01%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.004%) were found superior. the total number of drooping shoots was minimum (4.17) in emamectin benzoate followed by endosulfan (6.83) and novaluron (7.00), as compar ...201021186709
an abc transporter mutation is correlated with insect resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin.transgenic crops producing insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are commercially successful in reducing pest damage, yet knowledge of resistance mechanisms that threaten their sustainability is incomplete. insect resistance to the pore-forming cry1ac toxin is correlated with the loss of high-affinity, irreversible binding to the mid-gut membrane, but the genetic factors responsible for this change have been elusive. mutations in a 12-cadherin-domain protein confer some cry1ac res ...201021187898
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