Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| discrepancy in maldi-tof ms identification of uncommon gram-negative bacteria from lower respiratory secretions in patients with cystic fibrosis. | early identification of microbial organisms from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) is important to guide therapeutic decisions. the objective was to compare the accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) relative to the conventional phenotypic method in identifying common bacterial isolates, including nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria, in a cohort of patients with cf. | 2015 | 25995646 |
| the role of the local microbial ecosystem in respiratory health and disease. | respiratory tract infections are a major global health concern, accounting for high morbidity and mortality, especially in young children and elderly individuals. traditionally, highly common bacterial respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and pneumonia, were thought to be caused by a limited number of pathogens including streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. however, these pathogens are also frequently observed commensal residents of the upper respiratory tract (ur ... | 2015 | 26150660 |
| structure and function of the escherichia coli tol-pal stator protein tolr. | tolr is a 15-kda inner membrane protein subunit of the tol-pal complex in gram-negative bacteria, and its function is poorly understood. tol-pal is recruited to cell division sites where it is involved in maintaining the integrity of the outer membrane. tolr is related to motb, the peptidoglycan (pg)-binding stator protein from the flagellum, suggesting it might serve a similar role in tol-pal. the only structure thus far reported for tolr is of the periplasmic domain from haemophilus influenzae ... | 2015 | 26354441 |
| haemophilus influenzae: using comparative genomics to accurately identify a highly recombinogenic human pathogen. | haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that exclusively colonises humans and is associated with both acute and chronic disease. despite its clinical significance, accurate identification of h. influenzae is a non-trivial endeavour. h. haemolyticus can be misidentified as h. influenzae from clinical specimens using selective culturing methods, reflecting both the shared environmental niche and phenotypic similarities of these species. on the molecular level, frequent geneti ... | 2015 | 26311542 |
| unconventional n-linked glycosylation promotes trimeric autotransporter function in kingella kingae and aggregatibacter aphrophilus. | glycosylation is a widespread mechanism employed by both eukaryotes and bacteria to increase the functional diversity of their proteomes. the nontypeable haemophilus influenzae glycosyltransferase hmw1c mediates unconventional n-linked glycosylation of the adhesive protein hmw1, which is encoded in a two-partner secretion system gene cluster that also encodes hmw1c. in this system, hmw1 is modified in the cytoplasm by sequential transfer of hexose residues. in the present study, we examined king ... | 2015 | 26307167 |
| lytm proteins play a crucial role in cell separation, outer membrane composition, and pathogenesis in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | lytm proteins belong to a family of bacterial metalloproteases. in gram-negative bacteria, lytm factors are mainly reported to have a direct effect on cell division by influencing cleavage and remodeling of peptidoglycan. in this study, mining nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) genomes, three highly conserved open reading frames (orfs) containing a lytm domain were identified, and the proteins encoded by the orfs were named yeba, envc, and nlpd on the basis of their homology with the esch ... | 2015 | 25714719 |
| chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of juniperus excelsa bieb. (cupressaceae) grown in r. macedonia. | there are no information of the yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of berries (eob) or leaves (eol) of juniperus excelsa bieb. (cupressaceae) growing wild in r. macedonia. | 2015 | 25598638 |
| tripartite atp-independent periplasmic (trap) transporters use an arginine-mediated selectivity filter for high affinity substrate binding. | tripartite atp-independent periplasmic (trap) transporters are secondary transporters that have evolved an obligate dependence on a substrate-binding protein (sbp) to confer unidirectional transport. different members of the dctp family of trap sbps have binding sites that recognize a diverse range of organic acid ligands but appear to only share a common electrostatic interaction between a conserved arginine and a carboxylate group in the ligand. we investigated the significance of this interac ... | 2015 | 26342690 |
| orientia, rickettsia, and leptospira pathogens as causes of cns infections in laos: a prospective study. | scrub typhus (caused by orientia tsutsugamushi), murine typhus (caused by rickettsia typhi), and leptospirosis are common causes of febrile illness in asia; meningitis and meningoencephalitis are severe complications. however, scarce data exist for the burden of these pathogens in patients with cns disease in endemic countries. laos is representative of vast economically poor rural areas in asia with little medical information to guide public health policy. we assessed whether these pathogens ar ... | 2015 | 25617190 |
| determinants of bacteriological outcomes in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | changes in sputum microbiology following antibiotic treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd), including patterns of bacteriological relapse and superinfection are not well understood. sputum microbiology at exacerbation is not routinely performed, but pathogen presence and species are determinants of outcomes. therefore, we determined whether baseline clinical factors could predict the presence of bacterial pathogens at exacerbation. bacterial eradicatio ... | 2015 | 26370552 |
| aminomethyl spectinomycins as therapeutics for drug-resistant respiratory tract and sexually transmitted bacterial infections. | the antibiotic spectinomycin is a potent inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis with a unique mechanism of action and an excellent safety index, but it lacks antibacterial activity against most clinically important pathogens. a series of n-benzyl-substituted 3'-(r)-3'-aminomethyl-3'-hydroxy spectinomycins was developed on the basis of a computational analysis of the aminomethyl spectinomycin binding site and structure-guided synthesis. these compounds had ribosomal inhibition values comparable ... | 2015 | 25995221 |
| bacterial adaptation during chronic respiratory infections. | chronic lung infections are associated with increased morbidity and mortality for individuals with underlying respiratory conditions such as cystic fibrosis (cf) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). the process of chronic colonisation allows pathogens to adapt over time to cope with changing selection pressures, co-infecting species and antimicrobial therapies. these adaptations can occur due to environmental pressures in the lung such as inflammatory responses, hypoxia, nutrient de ... | 2015 | 25738646 |
| development of two real-time multiplex pcr assays for the detection and quantification of eight key bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections. | the frequent lack of a positive and timely microbiological diagnosis in patients with lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) is an important obstacle to antimicrobial stewardship. patients are typically prescribed broad-spectrum empirical antibiotics while microbiology results are awaited, but, because these are often slow, negative, or inconclusive, de-escalation to narrow-spectrum agents rarely occurs in clinical practice. the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate two multiplex real- ... | 2015 | 25980353 |
| polymicrobial intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia: prevalence, microbiology and outcome. | microbial aetiology of intensive care unit (icu)-acquired pneumonia (icuap) determines antibiotic treatment and outcomes. the impact of polymicrobial icuap is not extensively known. we therefore investigated the characteristics and outcomes of polymicrobial aetiology of icuap. | 2015 | 26703094 |
| outbreak of a beta-lactam resistant non-typeable haemophilus influenzae sequence type 14 associated with severe clinical outcomes. | during october 2011 several residents and staff members at a long-term care facility (ltcf) for elderly fell ill with respiratory symptoms. several of the residents required hospitalization and one died. non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) was identified as the causative pathogen. | 2015 | 26700635 |
| improvement of antibiotic therapy and icu survival in severe non-pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia: a matched case-control study. | we aimed to compare intensive care unit mortality due to non-pneumococcal severe community-acquired pneumonia between the periods 2000-2002 and 2008-2014, and the impact of the improvement in antibiotic strategies on outcomes. | 2015 | 26369551 |
| the burden and etiology of community-onset pneumonia in the aging japanese population: a multicenter prospective study. | the increasing burden of pneumonia in adults is an emerging health issue in the era of global population aging. this study was conducted to elucidate the burden of community-onset pneumonia (cop) and its etiologic fractions in japan, the world's most aged society. | 2015 | 25822890 |
| moxifloxacin pharmacokinetic profile and efficacy evaluation in empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. | when antimicrobials are used empirically, pathogen mics equal to clinical breakpoints or epidemiological cutoff values must be considered. this is to ensure that the most resistant pathogen subpopulation is appropriately targeted to prevent emergence of resistance. accordingly, we determined the pharmacokinetic (pk) profile of moxifloxacin at 400 mg/day in 18 patients treated empirically for community-acquired pneumonia. we developed a population pharmacokinetic model to assess the potential eff ... | 2015 | 25666151 |
| effects of vaccination with 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenza protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) on the nasopharyngeal microbiome of kenyan toddlers. | pneumococcal conjugate vaccines reduce the prevalence of vaccine serotypes carried in the nasopharynx. because this could alter carriage of other potential pathogens, we assessed the nasopharyngeal microbiome of children who had been vaccinated with 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein-d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv). | 2015 | 26083474 |
| interactions of conjugate vaccines and co-administered vaccines. | conjugate vaccines play an important role in the prevention of infectious diseases such as those caused by the bacteria haemophilus influenzae (hi) type b (hib), neisseria meningitidis, and streptococcus pneumoniae. vaccines developed against these 3 pathogens utilize 3 main carrier proteins, non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin (crm197), diphtheria toxoid (dt) and tetanus toxoid (tt). current pediatric immunisation schedules include the administration of several vaccines simultaneously, therefo ... | 2015 | 26619353 |
| the burden of bacteremia and invasive diseases in children aged less than five years with fever in italy. | invasive diseases (id) caused by streptococcus pneumoniae (s. pneumoniae), haemophilus influenzae (h. influenzae), and neisseria meningitidis are a major public health problem worldwide. comprehensive data on the burden of bacteremia and id in italy, including data based on molecular techniques, are needed. | 2015 | 26589787 |
| neisseria meningitidis group a igg1 and igg2 subclass immune response in african children aged 12-23 months following meningococcal vaccination. | a group a meningococcal conjugate vaccine, psa-tt, was licensed in 2010 and was previously studied in a phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate its safety and immunogenicity in african children 12-23 months of age. | 2015 | 26553689 |
| streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae in paediatric meningitis patients at goroka general hospital, papua new guinea: serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility in the pre-vaccine era. | bacterial meningitis remains an important infection globally, with the greatest burden in children in low-income settings, including papua new guinea (png). we present serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility and outcome data from paediatric meningitis patients prior to introduction of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (pcvs) in png, providing a baseline for evaluation of immunisation programs. | 2015 | 26521138 |
| bacterial infections following splenectomy for malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases. | splenectomy, while often necessary in otherwise healthy patients after major trauma, finds its primary indication for patients with underlying malignant or nonmalignant hematologic diseases. indications of splenectomy for hematologic diseases have been reducing in the last few years, due to improved diagnostic and therapeutic tools. in high-income countries, there is a clear decrease over calendar time in the incidence of all indication splenectomy except nonmalignant hematologic diseases. howev ... | 2015 | 26543526 |
| invasive nontyphoidal salmonella infections among children in mali, 2002-2014: microbiological and epidemiologic features guide vaccine development. | in 2002, following establishment of a clinical microbiology laboratory in the government hospital that admits children with severe illnesses in bamako, mali, surveillance to identify pathogens causing invasive bacterial infections (septicemia, bacteremia, meningitis, etc) was initiated. | 2015 | 26449949 |
| epidemiological, clinical and prognostic profile of childhood acute bacterial meningitis in a resource poor setting. | childhood bacterial meningitis is a neurologic emergency that continues to kill and maims children particularly in developing countries with poor immunization coverage. | 2015 | 26752902 |
| frequency of pathogenic paediatric bacterial meningitis in mozambique: the critical role of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction to estimate the burden of disease. | in sub-saharan africa, including mozambique, acute bacterial meningitis (abm) represents a main cause of childhood mortality. the burden of abm is seriously underestimated because of the poor performance of culture sampling, the primary method of abm surveillance in the region. low quality cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples and frequent consumption of antibiotics prior to sample collection lead to a high rate of false-negative results. to our knowledge, this study is the first to determine the fr ... | 2015 | 26393933 |
| patterns of binding of aluminum-containing adjuvants to haemophilus influenzae type b and meningococcal group c conjugate vaccines and components. | the basis of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) and neisseria meningitidis serogroup c (menc) glycoconjugates binding to aluminum-containing adjuvants was studied. by measuring the amount of polysaccharide and protein in the non-adsorbed supernatant, the adjuvant, aluminum phosphate, alpo4, was found to be less efficient than aluminum hydroxide, al(oh)3 at binding to the conjugates, at concentrations relevant to licensed vaccine formulations and when equimolar. at neutral ph, binding of tt conj ... | 2015 | 26194164 |
| bacterial meningitis in children under 15 years of age in nepal. | bacterial meningitis in children is a life-threatening problem resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. for the prompt initiation of antibacterial therapy, rapid and reliable diagnostic methods are of utmost importance. therefore, this study was designed to find out the rate of bacterial pathogens of meningitis from suspected cases by performing conventional methods and latex agglutination. | 2015 | 26286573 |
| inhibition of the dape-encoded n-succinyl-l,l-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase from neisseria meningitidis by l-captopril. | binding of the competitive inhibitor l-captopril to the dape-encoded n-succinyl-l,l-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase from neisseria meningitidis (nmdape) was examined by kinetic, spectroscopic, and crystallographic methods. l-captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) inhibitor, was previously shown to be a potent inhibitor of the dape from haemophilus influenzae (hidape) with an ic50 of 3.3 μm and a measured ki of 1.8 μm and displayed a dose-responsive antibiotic activity toward escheri ... | 2015 | 26186504 |
| genotyping of haemophilus influenzae type b strains and their incidence in the clinical samples isolated from iranian patients. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is divided into two distinct genotypes, type i and type ii, based on the structure of capsular polysaccharides. the capsulation locus of haemophilus influenzae type b consists of three functionally distinct regions, designated regions 1 to 3. region iii contains hcsa and hcsb genes; however, notable sequence variation in this region can be used to recognize different hib genotypes. the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotype of the ... | 2015 | 26668700 |
| development of a serological assay to predict antibody bactericidal activity against non-typeable haemophilus influenzae. | non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a gram negative microorganism residing in the human nasopharyngeal mucosa and occasionally causing infections of both middle ear and lower respiratory airways. a broadly protective vaccine against nthi has been a long-unmet medical need, as the high genetic variability of this bacterium has posed great challenges. | 2015 | 25927946 |
| epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in the north american arctic, 2000-2010. | to determine the incidence of meningitis caused by haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningitidis, and streptococcus pneumoniae in the north american arctic during 2000-2010. | 2015 | 25864638 |
| safety and immunogenocity of a novel combined haemophilus influenzae type b-neisseria meningitidis serogroups a and c-tetanus-toxoid conjugate vaccine in healthy chinese children aged 6 months to 5 years old. | a novel combined haemophilus influenzae type b-neisseria meningitidis serogroups a and c-tetanus-toxoid conjugate vaccine (hib-menac vaccine) has been developed to protect children against diseases caused by hib, mena, and menc. this study investigated the safety and immunogenicity of the hib-menac vaccine administered in 2-dose series to children aged 6-23 months and in a single dose to children aged 2-5 y. a randomized, positive-controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial was conducted for 1200 ... | 2015 | 25833163 |
| immunogenicity of reduced dose priming schedules of serogroup c meningococcal conjugate vaccine followed by booster at 12 months in infants: open label randomised controlled trial. | to determine whether the immunogenicity of a single dose infant priming schedule of serogroup c meningococcal (menc) conjugate vaccine is non-inferior to a two dose priming schedule when followed by a booster dose at age 12 months. | 2015 | 25832102 |
| structural correlates of carrier protein recognition in tetanus toxoid-conjugated bacterial polysaccharide vaccines. | an analysis of structure-antibody recognition relationships in nine licenced polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid (tt) conjugate vaccines was performed. the panel of conjugates used included vaccine components to protect against disease caused by haemophilus influenzae type b, neisseria meningitidis groups a, c, w and y and streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 18c. conformation and structural analysis included size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering to determine size, and intrinsic ... | 2015 | 25640334 |
| global assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility among gram-negative organisms collected from pediatric patients between 2004 and 2012: results from the tigecycline evaluation and surveillance trial. | the tigecycline evaluation and surveillance trial (test) was designed to monitor susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents among important pathogens. we report here on susceptibility among gram-negative pathogens collected globally from pediatric patients between 2004 and 2012. antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using guidelines published by the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi). most enterobacteriaceae showed high rates of susceptibility (>95%) to amikacin, ... | 2015 | 25653413 |
| the genetic regulation of infant immune responses to vaccination. | a number of factors are recognized to influence immune responses to vaccinations including age, gender, the dose, and quality of the antigen used, the number of doses given, the route of administration, and the nutritional status of the recipient. additionally, several immunogenetic studies have identified associations between polymorphisms in genes encoding immune response proteins, both innate and adaptive, and variation in responses to vaccines. variants in the genes encoding toll-like recept ... | 2015 | 25699041 |
| epidemiology of infant meningococcal disease in the united states, 2006-2012. | the incidence of meningococcal disease is currently at historic lows in the united states; however, incidence remains highest among infants aged <1 year. with routine use of haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal vaccines in infants and children in the united states, neisseria meningitidis remains an important cause of bacterial meningitis in young children. | 2015 | 25583921 |
| the immunogenicity, safety, and consistency of an indonesia combined dtp-hb-hib vaccine in expanded program on immunization schedule. | who recommended incorporation of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccination into immunization program. indonesia would adopt hib as a national immunization program in 2013. we aimed at analyzing immunogenicity, safety, and consistency of a new combined dtp-hb-hib (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-hepatitis b-haemophilus influenza b) vaccine. | 2015 | 26686508 |
| evidence for infection and inflammation in infant deaths in a country with historically low incidences of sudden infant death syndrome. | total infant mortality in hungary has been higher than other european countries; however, the reported incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (sids) has been lower. the low incidence of sids in hungary has been supported by evidence obtained from the high rate of scene of death investigation and medico-legal autopsy mandatory since the 1950s. in this study, we compared the incidence of explained and unexplained infant deaths in hungary for three periods: 1979-1989 when the incidence of sids w ... | 2015 | 26379661 |
| a comparative clinical study to assess safety and reactogenicity of a dtwp-hepb+hib vaccine. | hepatitis b and haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) infections are major public health problems in developing countries, including india. hence, combination vaccines containing dtwp, recombinant hepatitis b and hib conjugate vaccines have been developed. here, we report a phase iv study which assessed safety and reactogenicity of a new dtwp-hepb+hib vaccine. three doses of dtwp-hepb+hib vaccine (pentavac, serum institute of india ltd) or tritanrix-hb+hib (glaxosmithkline beecham) were administer ... | 2015 | 25933183 |
| structural determinants of the interaction between the tpsa and tpsb proteins in the haemophilus influenzae hmw1 two-partner secretion system. | the two-partner secretion (tps) pathway in gram-negative bacteria consists of a tpsa exoprotein and a cognate tpsb outer membrane pore-forming translocator protein. previous work has demonstrated that the tpsa protein contains an n-terminal tps domain that plays an important role in targeting the tpsb protein and is required for secretion. the nontypeable haemophilus influenzae hmw1 and hmw2 adhesins are homologous proteins that are prototype tpsa proteins and are secreted by the hmw1b and hmw2b ... | 2015 | 25777673 |
| nasopharyngeal and adenoid colonization by haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus parainfluenzae in children undergoing adenoidectomy and the ability of bacterial isolates to biofilm production. | haemophili are pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria often colonizing the upper respiratory tract mucosa. the prevalence of haemophilus influenzae (with serotypes distribution), and h. parainfluenzae in the nasopharynx and/or the adenoid core in children with recurrent pharyngotonsillitis undergoing adenoidectomy was assessed. haemophili isolates were investigated for their ability to biofilm production.nasopharyngeal swabs and the adenoid core were collected from 164 children who underwent adeno ... | 2015 | 25950686 |
| pcr detection and identification of bacterial contaminants in ocular samples from post-operative endophthalmitis. | bacterial endophthalmitis is a sight-threatening complication of ocular surgery which requires urgent medical consideration including comprehensive diagnosis. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) as a sensitive molecular method has been extensively used for detection of microbial species in clinical specimens. | 2015 | 26023576 |
| polyarticular septic arthritis caused by haemophilus influenzae serotype f in an 8-month-old immunocompetent infant: a case report and review of the literature. | background. the standard use of vaccinations against pathogens has resulted in a decreased incidence of musculoskeletal infections caused by these previously common bacterial pathogens. consequently, the incidence of infections caused by atypical bacteria is rising. this report presents a case of septic arthritis caused by non-type b h. influenzae in a pediatric patient. methods. we report a case of an infant with polyarticular septic arthritis caused by h. influenzae serotype f. a literature re ... | 2015 | 26064739 |
| in vitro activity of ceftazidime, ceftaroline and aztreonam alone and in combination with avibactam against european gram-negative and gram-positive clinical isolates. | recent clinical isolates of key gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria were collected in 2012 from hospitalised patients in medical centres in four european countries (france, germany, italy and spain) and were tested using standard broth microdilution methodology to assess the impact of 4 mg/l avibactam on the in vitro activities of ceftazidime, ceftaroline and aztreonam. against enterobacteriaceae, addition of avibactam significantly enhanced the level of activity of these antimicrobials. mi ... | 2015 | 25748553 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility trends among gram-positive and -negative clinical isolates collected between 2005 and 2012 in mexico: results from the tigecycline evaluation and surveillance trial. | the tigecycline evaluation and surveillance trial (t.e.s.t) is a global antimicrobial surveillance study of both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. this report presents data on antimicrobial susceptibility among organisms collected in mexico between 2005 and 2012 as part of t.e.s.t., and compares rates between 2005-2007 and 2008-2012. | 2015 | 26667651 |
| accumulation of regulatory t cells and chronic inflammation in the middle ear in a mouse model of chronic otitis media with effusion induced by combined eustachian tube blockage and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae infection. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is associated with chronic otitis media (com). in this study, we generated a murine model of com by using eustachian tube (et) obstruction and nthi (10(7) cfu) inoculation into the tympanic bulla, and we investigated the relationship between regulatory t cells (treg) and chronic inflammation in the middle ear. middle ear effusions (mees) and middle ear mucosae (mem) were collected at days 3 and 14 and at 1 and 2 months after inoculation. untreated mice s ... | 2015 | 26553466 |
| 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein-d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) induces memory b cell responses in healthy kenyan toddlers. | memory b cells are long-lived and could contribute to persistence of humoral immunity by maintaining the plasma-cell pool or making recall responses upon re-exposure to an antigen. we determined the ability of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to induce anti-pneumococcal memory b cells. frequencies of memory b cells against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides from serotypes 1, 6b, 14, 19f and 23f were determined by cultured b cell enzyme-linked immunospot (elispot) in 35 children aged 12-23 mon ... | 2015 | 25845628 |
| the microbiome of otitis media with effusion in indigenous australian children. | indigenous australian children have a high prevalence of otitis media with effusion (ome) and associated conductive hearing loss. only three microbiological studies of middle ear fluid (mef) from indigenous australian children with ome have been reported. all of these were reliant on culture or species-specific pcr assays. the aim of this study was to characterise the middle ear fluid (mef), adenoid and nasopharyngeal (np) microbiomes of indigenous australian children, using culture-independent ... | 2015 | 26228497 |
| [analysis on clinical and epidemioloical characteristics of measles in hospitalized children in shanghai in 2012]. | to investigate the main factors that influence measles morbidity and the genotype of measles virus, so as to provide evidence for scientific decision making to further control the prevalence of measles. | 2015 | 26717659 |
| coaggregation occurs between microorganisms isolated from different environments. | coaggregation, the specific recognition and adherence of different microbial species, is thought to enhance biofilm formation. to date, no studies have focused on the ability of microorganisms isolated from a broad range of environments to coaggregate with each other and it is unclear whether coaggregation promotes the transmission of microorganisms between environmental niches. we aimed to evaluate the coaggregation ability of 29 bacteria and one fungus, isolated from a range of different envir ... | 2015 | 26475462 |
| septic arthritis in infants younger than 3 months: a retrospective review. | septic arthritis in infants is rare and can be difficult to diagnose. this study reviewed a series of patients younger than 3 months to identify factors that may assist in early diagnosis and treatment. a query of records at a large midwestern pediatric hospital (1994-2010) was performed to identify all patients younger than 3 months at the time of diagnosis. analysis included birth history, joint involvement, physical examination findings, laboratory results, imaging results, method of treatmen ... | 2015 | 26375536 |
| rapid microbial sample preparation from blood using a novel concentration device. | appropriate care for bacteremic patients is dictated by the amount of time needed for an accurate diagnosis. however, the concentration of microbes in the blood is extremely low in these patients (1-100 cfu/ml), traditionally requiring growth (blood culture) or amplification (e.g., pcr) for detection. current culture-based methods can take a minimum of two days, while faster methods like pcr require a sample free of inhibitors (i.e., blood components). though commercial kits exist for the remova ... | 2015 | 25675242 |
| crp-dependent positive autoregulation and proteolytic degradation regulate competence activator sxy of escherichia coli. | natural competence, the ability of bacteria to take up exogenous dna and incorporate it into their chromosomes, is in most bacteria a transient phenomenon under complex genetic and environmental control. in the gram-negative bacteria haemophilus influenzae and vibrio cholerae, the master regulator sxy/tfox controls competence development. although not known to be naturally competent, escherichia coli possesses a sxy homologue and a competence regulon containing the genes required for dna uptake. ... | 2015 | 25491382 |
| etiology of community acquired pneumonia among children in india: prospective, cohort study. | childhood community acquired pneumonia (cap) is a significant problem in developing countries, and confirmation of microbial etiology is important for individual, as well as public health. however, there is paucity of data from a large cohort, examining multiple biological specimens for diverse pathogens (bacteria and viruses). the community acquired pneumonia etiology study (capes) was designed to address this knowledge gap. | 2015 | 26528392 |
| pathogen transcriptional profile in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children with acute respiratory tract infection. | acute respiratory tract infections (ari) present a significant morbidity and pose a global health burden. patients are frequently treated with antibiotics although ari are most commonly caused by virus, strengthening the need for improved diagnostic methods. | 2015 | 26209405 |
| the influence of stents on microbial colonization of the airway in children after slide tracheoplasty: a 14-year single-center experience. | this study describes the microbial colonization profile of the airway in children after slide tracheoplasty (stp) with and without stents, and compares colonization to children undergoing cardiothoracic surgical procedures without airway related disease. | 2015 | 24648152 |
| the verification of nucleic acid amplification testing (gen-probe aptima assay) for chlamydia trachomatis from ocular samples. | chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis may present with extended symptoms, and it can have social ramifications as a sexually transmitted disease. for appropriate therapy, c. trachomatis conjunctivitis should be diagnosed definitively. this study presents the verification of nucleic acid amplification testing (naat; gen-probe aptima combo 2 assay) for detection of c. trachomatis ribosomal rna (rrna) from direct ocular samples. | 2015 | 25439605 |
| sweet talk: protein glycosylation in bacterial interaction with the host. | pathogenic bacteria encode virulent glycosyltransferases that conjugate various glycans onto substrate proteins via the n- or o-linkage. the hmw system in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and the pgl system in campylobacter jejuni glycosylate bacterial surface or periplasmic proteins at the eukaryotic-like asn-x-ser/thr motif. the nleb effector from enterobacteria mediates arginine glcnacylation of host death-domain proteins to block inflammation, representing an atypical n-glycosylation. the ... | 2015 | 26433695 |
| [recurrent meningitis due to anatomical defects: the bacteria indicates its origin]. | recurrent meningitis is a rare disease. anatomical abnormalities and immunodeficiency states are predisposing factors. four cases, in which immunodeficiency was excluded, are presented. the causal microorganism led to the detection of the anatomical defect responsible for the recurrences. | 2015 | 25446794 |
| the new schiff base 4-[(4-hydroxy-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-benzylidene)amino]-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one: experimental, dft calculational studies and in vitro antimicrobial activity. | the synthesized schiff base, 4-[(4-hydroxy-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-benzylidene)amino]-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one (i), has been characterized by (13)c nmr, (1)h nmr, 2d nmr ((1)h-(1)h cosy and (13)c apt), ft-ir, uv-vis and x-ray single-crystal techniques. molecular geometry of the compound i in the ground state, vibrational frequencies and chemical shift values have been calculated by using the density functional method (dft) with 6-311++g(d,p) basis set. the obtained results indi ... | 2015 | 25574656 |
| update on routine childhood and adolescent immunizations. | recommendations for routine vaccinations in children and adolescents have changed multiple times in recent years, based on findings in clinical trials, licensure of new vaccines, and evidence of waning immunity. despite the overwhelming success of vaccinations, vaccine delay and refusal are leading to pockets of vaccine-preventable diseases. schedules for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis (dtap); hepatitis a and b; haemophilus influenzae type b (hib); inactivated poliovirus ... | 2015 | 26371731 |
| re-analysis of metagenomic sequences from acute flaccid myelitis patients reveals alternatives to enterovirus d68 infection. | metagenomic sequence data can be used to detect the presence of infectious viruses and bacteria, but normal microbial flora make this process challenging. we re-analyzed metagenomic rna sequence data collected during a recent outbreak of acute flaccid myelitis (afm), caused in some cases by infection with enterovirus d68. we found that among the patients whose symptoms were previously attributed to enterovirus d68, one patient had clear evidence of infection with haemophilus influenzae, and a se ... | 2015 | 26309730 |
| immunogenicity and reactogenicity of infanrix™ when co-administered with meningococcal menacwy-tt conjugate vaccine in toddlers primed with menhibrix™ and pediarix™. | co-administration of an investigational quadrivalent meningococcal serogroups a, c, w and y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (menacwy-tt) with the fourth dose of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (dtap) at age 15-18 months was investigated in 3-dose haemophilus influenzae type b-meningococcal serogroups c/y conjugate vaccine (hibmency-tt)-primed toddlers. | 2015 | 25305567 |
| national, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months - united states, 2014. | the reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with vaccine-preventable diseases in the united states has been described as one of the 10 greatest public health achievements of the first decade of the 21st century. a recent analysis concluded that routine childhood vaccination will prevent 322 million cases of disease and about 732,000 early deaths among children born during 1994-2013, for a net societal cost savings of $1.38 trillion. the national immunization survey (nis) has monitored va ... | 2015 | 26313470 |
| safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of 2-dose catch-up vaccination with 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) in malian children in the second year of life: results from an open study. | pneumonia is still the leading cause of death among african children with pneumococcal serotypes 1 and 5 being dominant in the below 5 y of age group. the present study assessed the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a 2-dose catch-up vaccination with the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) in malian children. this phase iii, open-label study (nct00985465) was conducted in ouelessebougou, mali, between november 2009 and july ... | 2015 | 26020101 |
| 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) in preterm versus term infants. | this study evaluated the immune response and safety profile of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) in preterm infants compared with term infants. | 2015 | 25780077 |
| environmental enteropathy, oral vaccine failure and growth faltering in infants in bangladesh. | environmental enteropathy (ee) is a subclinical enteric condition found in low-income countries that is characterized by intestinal inflammation, reduced intestinal absorption, and gut barrier dysfunction. we aimed to assess if ee impairs the success of oral polio and rotavirus vaccines in infants in bangladesh. | 2015 | 26870801 |
| prokaryotic high-level expression system in producing adhesin recombinant protein e of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | adhesion protein e (pe) of haemophilus influenzae is a 16 - 18 kda protein with 160 amino acids which causes adhesion to epithelial cells and acts as a major factor in pathogenesis. | 2015 | 26034537 |
| [distribution and drug resistance of the pathogenic bacteria from sputum specimens of 1 125 children with tracheo bronchial foreign bodies]. | to analyze the distribution and drug susceptibility of the pathogenic bacteria in the airway secretions in children with tracheobronchial foreign bodies so as to assist physicians in clinical prescription. | 2015 | 25916538 |
| nosocomial infections after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: time course and causative pathogens. | nosocomial infections after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (asah) are associated with prolonged length of stay and poor functional outcome. it remains unclear if infections result in prolonged length of stay or, vice versa, if prolonged length of stay results in more infections. before strategies can be designed to reduce infections after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, more data are needed on time course and causative pathogens of infections. | 2015 | 25900178 |
| glycerophosphorylcholine regulates haemophilus influenzae glpq gene expression. | an important virulence strategy adopted by haemophilus influenzae to establish a niche on the mucosal surface of the host is the phosphorylcholine (chop) decoration of its lipopolysaccharides, which promotes adherence to the host cells. haemophilus influenzae is able to use glycerophosphorylcholine (gpc) from host for chop synthesis. utilization of gpc requires glpq, which encodes a glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase enzyme. in this study, we investigate the transcriptional regulation of gl ... | 2015 | 25837816 |
| antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline tested against bacterial isolates causing respiratory tract and skin and skin structure infections in us medical centers in 2013. | a total of 4533 isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections (cartis) and 8446 from skin and skin structure infections (sssis) were consecutively collected in 149 us medical centers in 2013. strains were susceptibility tested by broth microdilution method against ceftaroline and numerous comparators. ceftaroline (mic(50/90), ≤0.015/0.12 μg/ml) was more potent than ceftriaxone (mic(50/90), ≤0.06/1 μg/ml) against streptococcus pneumoniae and highly active against ceftriaxone-nonsu ... | 2015 | 25708896 |
| bacterial-resistance among outpatients of county hospitals in china: significant geographic distinctions and minor differences between central cities. | the purpose of this study was to survey antibacterial resistance in outpatients of chinese county hospitals. a total of 31 county hospitals were selected and samples continuously collected from august 2010 to august 2011. drug sensitivity testing was conducted in a central laboratory. a total of 2946 unique isolates were collected, including 634 strains of escherichia coli, 606 klebsiella pneumoniae, 476 staphylococcus aureus, 308 streptococcus pneumoniae, and 160 haemophilus influenzae. extende ... | 2015 | 25708671 |
| pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis to evaluate ceftaroline fosamil dosing regimens for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and complicated skin and skin-structure infections in patients with normal and impaired renal function. | in this study, the probability of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment (pta) of ceftaroline against clinical isolates causing community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp) and complicated skin and skin-structure infection (csssi) in europe was evaluated. three dosing regimens were assessed: 600 mg every 12 h (q12 h) as a 1-h infusion (standard dose) or 600 mg every 8 h (q8 h) as a 2-h infusion in virtual patients with normal renal function; and 400 mg q12 h as a 1-h infusion in pati ... | 2015 | 25700566 |
| immune responses to hbsag conjugated to protein d of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae in mice. | hepatitis b vaccine that contains an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant induces apoptotic death of hepa 1-6 cells. difficult-to-degrade chemical additives in vaccines effectively enhance vaccine immunogenicity, but also affect the host tissue. identification of bio-molecules that are readily degraded and compatible in vivo as an adjuvant is important for vaccine research. the hapten-carrier effect suggests that stimulation of helper t (th) cells by carrier adjuvants is feasible. protein d (pd) of non-t ... | 2015 | 25689855 |
| recombinant expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of haemophilus influenzae bamd and bamcd complex. | the bam machinery, which is highly conserved from bacteria to humans, is well recognized as the apparatus responsible for the insertion and folding of most outer membrane proteins in gram-negative bacteria. in escherichia coli, the bam machinery consists of five components (i.e. bama, bamb, bamc, bamd and bame). in comparison, there are only four partners in haemophilus influenzae: a bamb homologue is not found in its genome. in this study, the recombinant expression, purification, crystallizati ... | 2015 | 25664802 |
| haemophilus influenzae type f hijacks vitronectin using protein h to resist host innate immunity and adhere to pulmonary epithelial cells. | the incidence of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease has significantly decreased since the introduction of an efficient vaccine against hib. however, in contrast to hib, infections caused by h. influenzae serotype f (hif) are emerging. we recently did a whole genome sequencing of an invasive hif isolate, and reported that hif interacts with factor h by expressing protein h (ph). in this study, upon screening with various human complement regulators, we revealed that ph is also a ... | 2015 | 26538390 |
| ceftaroline activity on certain respiratory tract and wound infection agents at the minimum inhibitory concentration level. | the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of ceftaroline against agents frequently isolated from respiratory tract and wound infections. | 2015 | 26517483 |
| molecular cloning, expression and purification of truncated hpd fragment of haemophilus influenzae in escherichia coli. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a significant pathogen in children, causing otitis media, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and occasionally invasive infections. protein d (pd) belongs to the minor outer-membrane proteins of h. influenza. moreover, it has been shown that this protein is one of the most potent vaccine candidates against the nthi strain. | 2015 | 26464772 |
| rapid and fully automated bacterial pathogen detection on a centrifugal-microfluidic labdisk using highly sensitive nested pcr with integrated sample preparation. | diagnosis of infectious diseases suffers from long turnaround times for gold standard culture-based identification of bacterial pathogens, therefore impeding timely specific antimicrobial treatment based on laboratory evidence. rapid molecular diagnostics-based technologies enable detection of microorganisms within hours however cumbersome workflows and complex equipment still prevent their widespread use in the routine clinical microbiology setting. we developed a centrifugal-microfluidic "labd ... | 2015 | 26235430 |
| bacteria etiological agents causing lower respiratory tract infections and their resistance patterns. | lower respiratory tract infections (ltris) are among the most common infectious diseases with potential life-threatening complications. | 2015 | 26220641 |
| outer membrane protein p1 is the ceacam-binding adhesin of haemophilus influenzae. | haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative pathogen colonizing the upper respiratory tract mucosa. h. influenzae is one of several human-restricted bacteria, which bind to carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (ceacams) on the epithelium leading to bacterial uptake by the eukaryotic cells. adhesion to ceacams is thought to be mediated by the h. influenzae outer membrane protein (omp) p5. however, ceacams still bound to h. influenzae lacking omp p5 expression, and soluble ceacam ... | 2015 | 26179342 |
| distribution of pathogens causing nosocomial infection in patients with bronchial asthma. | this study aimed to analyze nosocomial respiratory infection (nri) in patients with bronchial asthma. among the clinical data of 575 asthmatic patients that was collected and analyzed, 52 were diagnosed with nri. the most common gram-positive bacterial species was streptococcus pneumoniae, which was detected in 8 patients, whereas the predominant gram-negative bacteria included haemophilus influenzae (11 patients), moraxella catarrhalis (8 patients), and escherichia coli (7 patients). the simult ... | 2015 | 26662406 |
| regional specifics of microbial landscape in outpatients with lower respiratory tract infections. | the last years have witnessed progressive growth of antimicrobial resistance (amr) both in hospital-acquired and community-acquired respiratory infections. regional guidelines (2006) presented standard approaches to pharmacotherapy and provided an important contribution to improvement of antimicrobial therapy at healthcare facilities of both the city of stavropol and the stavropol region. at the same time, recent years have witnessed substantial changes in sensitivity to antimicrobials; besides, ... | 2015 | 26639714 |
| crystal structure and kinetic studies of a tetrameric type ii β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae. | carbonic anhydrase (ca) is a zinc enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate) and a proton. cas have been extensively investigated owing to their involvement in numerous physiological and pathological processes. currently, ca inhibitors are widely used as antiglaucoma, anticancer and anti-obesity drugs and for the treatment of neurological disorders. recently, the potential use of ca inhibitors to fight infections caused by protozoa, fung ... | 2015 | 26627652 |
| respiratory bacterial culture from two sequential bronchoalveolar lavages of the same lobe in children with chronic cough. | identification of bacteria causing lower-airway infections is important to determine appropriate antimicrobial therapy. flexible bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) is used to obtain lower-airway specimens in young children. the first lavage (lavage-1) is typically used for bacterial culture. however, no studies in children have compared the detection of cultivable bacteria from sequential lavages of the same lobe. bal fluid was collected from two sequential lavages of the same lobe i ... | 2015 | 26399701 |
| complete deletion of the fucose operon in haemophilus influenzae is associated with a cluster in multilocus sequence analysis-based phylogenetic group ii related to haemophilus haemolyticus: implications for identification and typing. | nonhemolytic variants of haemophilus haemolyticus are difficult to differentiate from haemophilus influenzae despite a wide difference in pathogenic potential. a previous investigation characterized a challenging set of 60 clinical strains using multiple pcrs for marker genes and described strains that could not be unequivocally identified as either species. we have analyzed the same set of strains by multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) and near-full-length 16s rrna gene sequencing. mlsa unambig ... | 2015 | 26378279 |
| genital carriage of the genus haemophilus in pregnancy: species distribution and antibiotic susceptibility. | recent reports have hypothesized that colonization of the maternal genital tract with non-capsulated haemophilus influenzae could result in neonatal invasive disease. in this study, genital carriage of the genus haemophilus was investigated in 510 pregnant women attending an italian hospital for routine controls. overall, vaginal carriage of the genus haemophilus was 9.0 % (46/510). a high colonization rate with haemophilus parainfluenzae (37/510, 7.3 %) was found; other species, such as haemoph ... | 2015 | 25976004 |
| interspecies transfer of the penicillin-binding protein 3-encoding gene ftsi between haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus haemolyticus can confer reduced susceptibility to β-lactam antimicrobial agents. | mutations in ftsi, encoding penicillin-binding protein 3, can cause decreased β-lactam susceptibility in haemophilus influenzae. sequencing of ftsi from clinical strains has indicated interspecies recombination of ftsi between h. influenzae and haemophilus haemolyticus. this study documented apparently unrestricted homologous recombination of ftsi between h. influenzae and h. haemolyticus in vitro. transfer of ftsi from resistant isolates conferred similar but not identical increases in the mics ... | 2015 | 25918135 |
| what the pediatrician should know about non-typeable haemophilus influenzae. | non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) live exclusively in the pharynges of humans and are increasingly recognized as pathogens that cause both localized infections of the respiratory tract (middle ear spaces, sinuses, and bronchi) and systemic infections such as bacteraemia and pneumonia. only one vaccine antigen of nthi, protein d, has been extensively studied in humans and its efficacy in preventing nthi otitis media is modest. recent genetic analyses reveal that nthi are closely related ... | 2015 | 25917803 |
| comparative profile of heme acquisition genes in disease-causing and colonizing nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus haemolyticus. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are gram-negative bacteria that colonize the human pharynx and can cause respiratory tract infections, such as acute otitis media (aom). since nthi require iron from their hosts for aerobic growth, the heme acquisition genes may play a significant role in avoiding host nutritional immunity and determining virulence. therefore, we employed a hybridization-based technique to compare the prevalence of five heme acquisition genes (hxua, hxub, hxuc, hemr, and ... | 2015 | 25903577 |
| difficult identification of haemophilus influenzae, a typical cause of upper respiratory tract infections, in the microbiological diagnostic routine. | haemophilus influenzae is a key pathogen of upper respiratory tract infections. its reliable discrimination from nonpathogenic haemophilus spp. is necessary because merely colonizing bacteria are frequent at primarily unsterile sites. due to close phylogenetic relationship, it is not easy to discriminate h. influenzae from the colonizer haemophilus haemolyticus. the frequency of h. haemolyticus isolations depends on factors like sampling site, patient condition, and geographic region. biochemica ... | 2015 | 25883794 |
| identifying haemophilus haemolyticus and haemophilus influenzae by sybr green real-time pcr. | sybr green real time pcr assays for protein d (hpd), fuculose kinase (fuck) and [cu, zn]-superoxide dismutase (sodc) were designed for use in an algorithm for the identification of haemophilus influenzae and h. haemolyticus. when tested on 127 h. influenzae and 60 h. haemolyticus all isolates were identified correctly. | 2015 | 25753676 |
| relationship between clinical site of isolation and ability to form biofilms in vitro in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with a range of infections, including various lower respiratory infections, otitis media, and conjunctivitis. there is some debate as to whether or not nthi produces biofilms and, if so, whether or not this is relevant to pathogenesis. although many studies have examined the association between in vitro biofilm formation and isolates from a specific infection type, few have made comparisons from isolates from a bro ... | 2015 | 25706230 |
| liquid based microbiological transport systems: conformity assessment of two commercial devices. | we compared two types of liquid-based microbiology devices for microorganism viability according to standardized quantitative elution method clsi m40-a2. the eswab® met clsi acceptance criteria of viability maintenance for all microorganisms tested. the σ-transwab® failed to meet clsi acceptance criteria for peptostreptococcus anaerobius, prevotella melaninogenica, fusobacterium nucleatum and haemophilus influenzae. | 2015 | 25957512 |
| one-step purification and porin transport activity of the major outer membrane proteins p2 from haemophilus influenzae, foma from fusobacterium nucleatum and porb from neisseria meningitidis. | bacterial porins are major outer membrane proteins that function as essential solute transporters between the bacteria and the extracellular environment. structural features of porins are also recognized by eukaryotic cell receptors involved in innate and adaptive immunity. to better investigate the function of porins, proper refolding is necessary following purification from inclusion bodies [1, 2]. using a single-step size exclusion chromatographic method, we have purified three major porins f ... | 2015 | 25575589 |
| phid-cv induces anti-protein d antibodies but does not augment pulmonary clearance of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae in mice. | a recently-licensed 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (phid-cv; synflorix, gsk) uses protein d from haemophilus influenzae as a carrier protein. phid-cv therefore has the potential to provide additional protection against nontypeable h. influenzae (nthi). nthi frequently causes respiratory tract infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and there is currently no vaccine. | 2015 | 26212006 |