Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| swarming differentiation of vibrio vulnificus downregulates the expression of the vvhba hemolysin gene via the luxs quorum-sensing system. | swarming has proven to be a good in vitro model for bacterial surface adherence and colonization, and the swarming differentiation of a bacterium has been shown to be coupled with changes in the expression of virulence factors associated with its invasiveness, particularly in the early stages of infection. in this study, we attempted to determine whether the expression of vvha, which encodes for hemolysin/cytolysin (vvha), is either upregulated or downregulated during the swarming differentiatio ... | 2006 | 16728960 |
| evidence for an intermediate colony morphology of vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus causes both food-borne disease and wound infections. most v. vulnificus strains express capsular polysaccharide (cps), which is required for the virulence of this organism. under standard growth conditions, cps expression is lost at a relatively high frequency (10(-3) to 10(-4)), resulting in a switch from an opaque (op, cps+) colony morphology to a translucent (tr, cps-) colony morphology. the wzb gene, which encodes a phosphatase required for cps expression, has been proposed ... | 2006 | 16751551 |
| [proteases of genus vibrio as the pathogenic factor]. | 2006 | 16780123 | |
| [distribution of vibrio vulnificus along the coastal area of shimane prefecture and contamination of retail fish and shellfish with v. vulnificus in shimane prefecture, japan]. | we studied distribution of vibrio vulnificus in sea water, sediment, and shellfish along the coast and contamination of retail fish and shellfish with v. vulnificus in shimane prefecture, japan between 2001 and 2004. v. vulnificus was isolated from 77 (68.1%) of 113 sea water samples with < or =10(5) mpn/l, 88 (70.4%) of 125 sediment samples with < or = 10(7) mpn/100g, 8 (17.2%) of 46 fish samples with < or = 10(6) cfu/10 g and 68 (43.8%) of 156 shellfish samples with < or = 10(6) mpn/10g. this ... | 2006 | 16780128 |
| caenorhabditis elegans as a simple model host for vibrio vulnificus infection. | vibrio vulnificus is a human opportunistic pathogen which causes fatal septicemia and necrotic wound infection, resulting in a high mortality (over 50%). caenorhabditis elegans has been studied as a model experimental host for v. vulnificus infection. v. vulnificus was shown to kill c. elegans effectively on different growth media and culture conditions. a marked reduction was observed in the life spans of worms when they were fed on v. vulnificus rather than on the ordinary laboratory food sour ... | 2006 | 16782063 |
| detection of free-living and plankton-bound vibrios in coastal waters of the adriatic sea (italy) and study of their pathogenicity-associated properties. | culturable vibrios were isolated from water and plankton fractions collected during an 18-month sampling study performed along the north-central coast of the adriatic sea (italy). unculturable vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus were detected in plankton fractions by polymerase chain reaction amplification of dna sequences for cytotoxin-haemolysin and thermolabile haemolysin respectively. the presence of v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus and v. cholerae virulence genes and the expression ... | 2006 | 16817938 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of a large subunit of salmonella typhimurium glutamate synthase (gogat) gene in escherichia coli. | two pathways of ammonium assimilation and glutamate biosynthesis have been identified in microorganisms. one pathway involves the nadp-linked glutamate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the amination of 2-oxoglutarate to form glutamate. an alternative pathway involves the combined activities of glutamine synthetase, which aminates glutamate to form glutamine, and glutamate synthase, which transfers the amide group of glutamine to 2-oxoglutarate to yield two molecules of glutamate. we have cloned th ... | 2006 | 16820760 |
| post-hurricane katrina challenge: vibrio vulnificus. | to describe the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vibrio vulnificus, a rare organism that surfaced following huricane katrina and caused serious problems for many victims. | 2006 | 16827837 |
| suppression and inactivation of vibrio vulnificus hemolysin in cirrhotic ascites, a human ex vivo experimental system. | to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the in vivo suppression and inactivation of vibrio vulnificus hemolysin (vvha), we used cirrhotic ascites fluid as a human ex vivo experimental system. vvha expression was suppressed in proportion to the amount of cirrhotic ascites. the expression of vvha in undiluted cirrhotic ascites could be suppressed further by the addition of glucose, a constituent of cirrhotic ascites. vvha was readily inactivated in the presence of cirrhotic ascites by a cholesterol ... | 2006 | 16831209 |
| a gyrb-based pcr for the detection of vibrio vulnificus and its application for direct detection of this pathogen in oyster enrichment broths. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method based on the gyrb (encoding gyrase b or topoisomerase ii) gene sequence was developed for the detection of vibrio vulnificus in seafood. the gyrb primers detected all laboratory isolates of v. vulnificus and did not cross react with other vibiro and non-vibrio species examined in this study. the sensitivity of detection of v. vulnificus by gyrb pcr was 300 cfu/g in artificially seeded oyster homogenate without enrichment while, 30 cfu/g could be detected ... | 2006 | 16854484 |
| use of a marker plasmid to examine differential rates of growth and death between clinical and environmental strains of vibrio vulnificus in experimentally infected mice. | vibrio vulnificus is gram-negative bacterium that contaminates oysters, causing highly lethal sepsis after consumption of raw oysters and wound infection. we previously described two sets of v. vulnificus strains with different levels of virulence in subcutaneously inoculated iron dextran-treated mice. both virulent, clinical strains and attenuated, environmental strains could be recovered in high numbers from skin lesions and livers; however, the attenuated environmental strains required signif ... | 2006 | 16856938 |
| fate of staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and vibrio vulnificus in raw oysters treated with chitosan. | the fate of staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and vibrio vulnificus in oysters treated with chitosan was investigated. three concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%) of chitosan in 0.5% hydrochloric acid were prepared and coated onto raw oysters, which were then stored at 4 degrees c for 12 days. untreated oysters and oysters coated with 0.5% hydrochloric acid without chitosan were used as controls. s. aureus cells were most sensitive to 2.0% chitosan followed by 0.5 and ... | 2006 | 16865892 |
| [a collective review of vibrio vulnificus infection in japan]. | vibrio vulnificus is found globally in marine coastal waters. infection with this organism, via ingestion of raw shellfish or exposure to marine water, can cause necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis, which have high mortality and short latency. in japan, many cases have been reported since 1980, mainly from hospitals in western prefectures. however, because of the sporadic nature of infection outbreaks, a thorough epidemiologic survey has not been done. we studied the epidemiological and clinical ch ... | 2006 | 17176855 |
| surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water--united states, 2003-2004. | since 1971, cdc, the u.s. environmental protection agency, and the council of state and territorial epidemiologists have collaboratively maintained the waterborne disease and outbreak surveillance system for collecting and reporting waterborne disease and outbreak (wbdo)-related data. in 1978, wbdos associated with recreational water (natural and treated water) were added. this system is the primary source of data regarding the scope and effects of wbdos in the united states. | 2006 | 17183230 |
| susceptibility of the heat-, acid-, and bile-adapted vibrio vulnificus to lethal low-salinity stress. | as a marine pathogenic bacterium that inhabits seawater or seafood, vibrio vulnificus encounters low salinity and other stresses in the natural environment and during food processing. this investigation explores the cross-protective response of sublethal heat-, acid-, or bile-adapted v. vulnificus yj03 against lethal low-salinity stress. experimental results reveal that the acid (ph 4.4)- and heat (41 degrees c)-adapted v. vulnificus were not cross-protected against the lethal low-salinity chall ... | 2006 | 17186660 |
| the structure of vibrio cholerae extracellular endonuclease i reveals the presence of a buried chloride ion. | the crystal structure of a periplasmic/extracellular endonuclease from vibrio cholerae has been solved at low and at neutral ph. crystals grown at ph 4.6 and 6.9 diffracted to 1.6 a (on bm01a at the esrf) and 1.95 a (on a rotating-anode generator), respectively. the structures of the endonuclease were compared with the structure of a homologous enzyme in v. vulnificus. the structures of the v. cholerae enzyme at different ph values are essentially identical to each other and to the v. vulnificus ... | 2006 | 17057343 |
| prognostic factors and antibiotics in vibrio vulnificus septicemia. | immunocompromised patients with vibrio vulnificus septicemia are at high risk for fatality. when a hemorrhagic bullous necrotic cutaneous lesion (hbncl) and decreased blood pressure develop, approximately 50% of v vulnificus septicemic patients die within 48 hours. this study aimed to evaluate the risk factor(s) for fatality among patients with v vulnificus septicemia, emphasizing the role of prescribed antimicrobial agents in general and the therapeutic efficacy of the combination of a third-ge ... | 2006 | 17060542 |
| endotoxin shock due to vibrio vulnificus infection. | a 54-year-old man with hepatitis c fell into shock with symptoms similar to enterocolitis after ingesting an undercooked barbecued mackerel. most of his eruptions developed into annular erythema with small vesicles. he had taken high dose corticosteroids with intravenous cefotiam. his eruptions improved, but his shock state was exacerbated on day 2. treatment for endotoxin shock was initiated using piperacillin, intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig), and hemoperfusion with polymyxin b immobilized fi ... | 2006 | 16935803 |
| capsular polysaccharide phase variation in vibrio vulnificus. | commonly found in raw oysters, vibrio vulnificus poses a serious health threat to immunocompromised individuals and those with serum iron overload, with a fatality rate of approximately 50%. an essential virulence factor is its capsular polysaccharide (cps), which is responsible for a significant increase in virulence compared to nonencapsulated strains. however, this bacterium is known to vary the amount of cps expressed on the cell surface, converting from an opaque (op) colony phenotype to a ... | 2006 | 16936057 |
| a fatal case of vibrio vulnificus septicemia from a nongulf state: a public health alert for patients with chronic liver disease. | 2006 | 16938606 | |
| rapid quantification of vibrio vulnificus in clams (protochaca staminea) using real-time pcr. | we used a rapid dna extraction and purification method to obtain the dna from vibrio vulnificus seeded into clam tissue homogenates for real-time pcr quantification of the organism. without enrichment, the limit of detection was 1 x 10(2) cfu/g of tissue with a linear detection range of 1 x 10(2) to 1 x 10(8) cfu/g. with a 5 h non-selective enrichment, the limit of detection was 1 cfu/g of tissue with a linear detection range of 1 to 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of tissue. we found a 10-fold higher detection ... | 2006 | 16943079 |
| the role of quorum sensing and the effect of environmental conditions on biofilm formation by strains of vibrio vulnificus. | it has been suggested that vibrio vulnificus attaches to plankton and algae and is found in large numbers in the environment. factors affecting attachment, biofilm formation and morphology of v. vulnificus have not been thoroughly investigated. this study evaluated the role of quorum sensing (qs) and environmental conditions on biofilm development of v. vulnificus. it was found that biofilm development by v. vulnificus was affected by nutrient and glucose concentration, but not by nacl concentra ... | 2006 | 17290858 |
| antibacterial spectrum of plant polyphenols and extracts depending upon hydroxyphenyl structure. | the relationship between the structure and antibacterial activity of 22 polyphenols was analyzed by using minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) as a criterion against 26 species of bacteria which can grow in mueller-hinton medium. there was no clear correlation between gram-staining and bacterial susceptibility to polyphenols, and the extent of the susceptibility was approximately dependent on the species of bacteria. in the same gram-negative bacteria, the antibacterial activity of the polyphe ... | 2006 | 17077519 |
| necrotising fasciitis causing compartment syndrome of the forearm and septic shock due to vibrio vulnificus: a case report. | compartment syndrome caused by necrotising fasciitis has rarely been described. we report a case of systemic vibrio vulnificus necrotising fasciitis presented with compartmental syndrome of the forearm and septic shock. the patient was treated with systemic antibiotic treatment and urgent surgical decompression followed by multiple necrotic tissue debridements. the patient recovered with some limited motion of the hand function. prompt recognition and immediate treatment with antibiotics and sur ... | 2006 | 17080535 |
| vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease vvpe has no direct effect on iron-uptake from human hemoglobin. | this study was designed to determine whether or not vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease vvpe can promote iron uptake via the proteolytic cleavage of human hemoglobin. we found that v. vulnificus utilized hemoglobin as an iron source more efficiently via the vulnibactin-mediated iron-uptake system than via the hupa-mediated iron-uptake system and, of the proteases produced by v. vulnificus, vvpe was found to be the only protease capable of destroying hemoglobin. however, vvpe expression, on both th ... | 2006 | 17082748 |
| effects of electrolyzed oxidizing water treatment on reducing vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in raw oysters. | contamination of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in oysters is a food safety concern. this study investigated effects of electrolyzed oxidizing (eo) water treatment on reducing v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in laboratory-contaminated oysters. eo water exhibited strong antibacterial activity against v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in pure cultures. populations of v. parahaemolyticus (8.74 x 10(7) cfu/ml) and v. vulnificus (8.69 x 10(7) cfu/ml) decreased quickly in eo w ... | 2006 | 16924906 |
| vibrio vulnificus septicemia after handling tilapia species fish: a canadian case report and review. | vibrio vulnificus can cause a necrotizing soft tissue infection or primary septicemia; these infections are collectively known as vibriosis. this bacterium is commonly found within molluscan shellfish. primary septicemia is often fatal, principally affecting persons with chronic liver disease. | 2006 | 18418489 |
| discrimination of viable vibrio vulnificus cells from dead cells in real-time pcr. | ethidium bromide monoazide (ema) was utilized to selectively allow the real-time pcr (rt-pcr) amplification of a targeted dna sequence in viable but not dead cells of vibrio vulnificus. the optimized light exposure time to achieve cross-linking of dna by the ema in dead cells and to photolyse the free ema in solution was at least 15 min. the use of 3.0 microg/ml or less of ema did not inhibit the pcr amplification of dna derived from viable cells of v. vulnificus. the minimum amount of ema to co ... | 2006 | 15932774 |
| detection and differentiation of vibrio vulnificus in seawater and plankton of a coastal zone of the mediterranean sea. | vibrio vulnificus, a human and animal pathogen, is present in low numbers in the mediterranean sea. seawater and plankton samples were collected from a marine coastal zone of the straits of messina in the mediterranean sea (italy) in order to investigate v. vulnificus as free-living (>0.2 microm) and associated with small (>64 microm) and large plankton (>200 microm) utilizing cultural and molecular techniques. characteristic colonies, grown on thiosulfate, citrate, bile salts and sucrose agar p ... | 2006 | 16129581 |
| vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and microorganisms of fecal origin in mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis) sold in the puglia region (italy). | mytilus galloprovincialis is one of the most commonly consumed of all bivalve molluscs. the consumption of raw bivalve molluscs has caused outbreaks of food poisoning due to vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. this paper reports the results of a survey on the presence of v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus fecal coliform bacteria, escherichia coli and salmonella spp. in 600 m. galloprovincialis samples collected from retail outlets in the puglia region. v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulni ... | 2006 | 16226820 |
| crystal structure and functional studies reveal that pas factor from vibrio vulnificus is a novel member of the saposin-fold family. | pas factor is a novel putative bacterial secretion factor thought to induce secretion of periplasmic proteins. we solved the crystal structure of pas factor from vibrio vulnificus at 1.8a resolution and found it to be comprised of five alpha helices that form an antiparallel bundle with an up-and-down topology, and to adopt the saposin-fold characteristic of a family of proteins that bind to membranes and lipids. pas factor lacks the disulfide bridge characteristic of mammalian saposin-fold prot ... | 2006 | 16318855 |
| a bacterial flagellin, vibrio vulnificus flab, has a strong mucosal adjuvant activity to induce protective immunity. | flagellin, the structural component of flagellar filament in various locomotive bacteria, is the ligand for toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) of host cells. tlr stimulation by various pathogen-associated molecular patterns leads to activation of innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses. therefore, tlr ligands are considered attractive adjuvant candidates in vaccine development. in this study, we show the highly potent mucosal adjuvant activity of a vibrio vulnificus major flagellin (flab). usin ... | 2006 | 16369026 |
| identification of the vibrio vulnificus wbpp gene and evaluation of its role in virulence. | a wbpp gene encoding a putative udp-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine c(4) epimerase was identified and cloned from vibrio vulnificus. the functions of the wbpp gene, assessed by the construction of an isogenic mutant and by evaluating its phenotype changes, demonstrated that wbpp is essential in both the pathogenesis and the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis of v. vulnificus. | 2006 | 16369029 |
| isolation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus from wild aquatic birds in japan. | vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus were isolated from faecal samples of wild aquatic birds in winter. although v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus were present in low numbers in seawater in the area where the faecal samples of the birds were collected, the pathogens were isolated from the faeces of the birds. this study demonstrates that wild aquatic birds are a vehicle for v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus to survive in winter. | 2006 | 16371182 |
| human serum albumin enhances the hemolytic activity of vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus hemolysin (vvha) is inactivated in the late growth phase by its oligomerization. albumin is known to affect the activities of many bacterial toxins. in this study, we investigated the effects of human or bovine serum albumin (hsa or bsa) on the production and activity of vvha. hsa did not affect v. vulnificus growth and vvha transcription. however, vvha hemolytic activity in culture supernatants was significantly higher in the presence of hsa than in the absence of hsa. by west ... | 2006 | 16394536 |
| proteomic analysis of pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus. | in this study we have constructed a proteome reference map of the pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus. from the reference map, we identified several virulence-related proteins, such as toxr and toxs, as well as numerous proteins involved in diverse cellular functions. to search for additional virulence-related proteins, we compared the whole proteomes from the wild-type and toxr mutant of v. vulnificus and found that several proteins were up- or down-regulated in the toxr mutant. we suggest t ... | 2006 | 16421934 |
| vibrio vulnificus infection of the hand. | 2006 | 16437355 | |
| more on the emergency response to the gulf coast devastation by hurricanes katrina and rita: experiences and impressions. | 2006 | 16439289 | |
| genomic island identification in vibrio vulnificus reveals significant genome plasticity in this human pathogen. | genomic islands (gis) are large chromosomal regions present in a subset of bacterial strains that increase the fitness of the organism under specific conditions. we compared the complete genome sequences of two vibrio vulnificus strains yj016 and cmcp6 and identified 14 regions (ranging in size from 14 to 117 kb), which had the characteristics of gis. bioinformatic analysis of these 14 gi regions identified the presence of phage-like integrase genes, aberrant gc content and genome signature (din ... | 2006 | 16443635 |
| [quantitative detection of vibrio vulnificus in seafood]. | to quantify the number of vibrio vulnificus in shellfish, we compared the most probable number (mpn) combined with a culture (mpn-culture) or polymerase-chain reaction (pcr) assay (mpn-pcr) to a quantitative pcr assay. enrichment in alkaline peptone water by mpn was conducted at 25 and 35 degrees c. enrichment at 35 degrees c was superior or similar to enrichment at 25 degrees c in over 65% of samples by mpnculture and in more than 75% of samples by mpn-pcr assay. v. vulnificus was more easily i ... | 2005 | 16444974 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of pas factor from vibrio vulnificus. | plasmid achromobacter secretion (pas) factor is a putative secretion factor that induces the secretion of periplasmic proteins. pas factor from vibrio vulnificus was crystallized at 294 k by the hanging drop vapor-diffusion method. it was isolated as a monomer during the purification procedures. the native crystal belongs to the f222 space group with unit cell parameters a=56.1, b=74.4, c=80.0 a, a=b=g=90 degrees. the crystal was soaked in cryoprotectant containing 1 m nabr for 1 h for mad phasi ... | 2005 | 16404150 |
| rpos involvement and requirement for exogenous nutrient for osmotically induced cross protection in vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen which is the causative agent of food-borne disease and wound infections. v. vulnificus is able to adapt to a variety of potentially stressful environmental changes, such as osmotic, nutrient, and temperature variations in estuarine environments, as well as oxidative, osmotic, and acidity differences following infection of a human host. after exposure to sub-lethal levels of a particular environmental stress, many bacteria become resistant to u ... | 2005 | 16329963 |
| necrotizing fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus: a review of four cases in a singapore tertiary hospital. | 2005 | 16294098 | |
| an acquisition account of genomic islands based on genome signature comparisons. | recent analyses of prokaryotic genome sequences have demonstrated the important force horizontal gene transfer constitutes in genome evolution. horizontally acquired sequences are detectable by, among others, their dinucleotide composition (genome signature) dissimilarity with the host genome. genomic islands (gis) comprise important and interesting horizontally transferred sequences, but information about acquisition events or relatedness between gis is scarce. in vibrio vulnificus cmcp6, 10 an ... | 2005 | 16297239 |
| virulence and stress susceptibility of clinical and environmental strains of vibrio vulnificus isolated from samples from taiwan and the united states. | vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium that causes severe wound infection and septicemia with high mortality. it also can be transmitted through the consumption of raw contaminated seafood and is an important foodborne pathogen. a total of 40 environmental and clinical v. vulnificus strains isolated from the united states and taiwan were analyzed for virulence in animals, the presence of virulence-associated factors, and susceptibility to environmental stresses. virulence in mice was exhibi ... | 2005 | 16355823 |
| vibrionaceae as a possible source of qnr-like quinolone resistance determinants. | to gain insight into the functionality of qnr-like genes of several bacterial species of vibrionaceae that may encode quinolone resistance determinants. | 2005 | 16227349 |
| identification of dna sequences specific for vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 strains by suppression subtractive hybridization. | vibrio vulnificus can be divided into three biotypes, and only biotype 2, which is further divided into serovars, contains eel-virulent strains. we compared the genomic dna of a biotype 2 serovar e isolate (tester) with the genomic dnas of three biotype 1 strains by suppression subtractive hybridization and then tested the distribution of the tester-specific dna sequences in a wide collection of bacterial strains. in this way we identified three plasmid-borne dna sequences that were specific for ... | 2005 | 16151155 |
| a novel aerobactin utilization cluster in vibrio vulnificus with a gene involved in the transcription regulation of the iuta homologue. | we demonstrated that vibrio vulnificus m2799 utilizes aerobactin for growth as an exogenous siderophore under iron-limiting conditions, concomitant with enhanced production of the 76-kda iron-repressible outer membrane protein. subsequently, by applying the fur titration assay method to the m2799 genomic libraries followed by further cloning of the regions surrounding the candidate genes, we identified the 8.4-kb aerobactin utilization gene cluster which consists of five genes arranged in three ... | 2005 | 16172537 |
| vibrio vulnificus secretes a broad-specificity metalloprotease capable of interfering with blood homeostasis through prothrombin activation and fibrinolysis. | vibrio vulnificus is a causative agent of serious food-borne diseases in humans related to the consumption of raw seafood. it secretes a metalloprotease that is associated with skin lesions and serious hemorrhagic complications. in this study, we purified and characterized an extracellular metalloprotease (designated as vep) having prothrombin activation and fibrinolytic activities from v. vulnificus atcc 29307. vep could cleave various blood clotting-associated proteins such as prothrombin, pla ... | 2005 | 16199560 |
| real-time pcr detection of vibrio vulnificus in oysters: comparison of oligonucleotide primers and probes targeting vvha. | we compared three sets of oligonucleotide primers and two probes designed for vibrio vulnificus hemolysin a gene (vvha) for taqman-based real-time pcr method enabling specific detection of vibrio vulnificus in oysters. two of three sets of primers with a probe were specific for the detection of all 81 v. vulnificus isolates by taqman pcr. the 25 nonvibrio and 12 other vibrio isolates tested were negative. however, the third set of primers, f-vvh1059 and r-vvh1159, with the p-vvh1109 probe, altho ... | 2005 | 16204478 |
| septicaemia secondary to vibrio vulnificus cellulitis. | vibrio vulnificus is a naturally occurring, salt-water bacteria found in estuarine and coastal waters worldwide. it prefers low salinity and warm water temperatures for optimum growth. infection from vibrio vulnificus is uncommon, although it has been reported from many locations (e.g. southern united states of america, israel, republic of korea, japan, taiwan, spain, turkey). it can be serious and life threatening, causing septicaemia and wound infections. this paper reports a case of septicaem ... | 2005 | 16220870 |
| images in clinical medicine. hemorrhagic cellulitis after consumption of raw oysters. | 2005 | 16221783 | |
| vibrio vulnificus peritonitis after handling of seafood in a patient receiving capd. | vibrio vulnificus is a marine bacterium and opportunistic human pathogen. associated infections have contributed to the majority of seafood-related deaths in the united states. in patients with such predisposed clinical conditions as chronic liver disease, immunocompromised state, and end-stage renal disease, this organism has been associated with the development of life-threatening primary septicemia and severe wound infection. however, continuous ambulatory peritonitis dialysis (capd)-related ... | 2005 | 16253715 |
| bacteriophage therapy: a revitalized therapy against bacterial infectious diseases. | bacteriophage (phage) therapy involves using phages or their products as bioagents for the treatment or prophylaxis of bacterial infectious diseases. much evidence in support of the effectiveness of phage therapy against bacterial infectious diseases has accumulated since 1980 from animal model studies conducted in western countries. reports indicate that appropriate administration of living phages can be used to treat lethal infectious diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria, such as escheric ... | 2005 | 16258815 |
| cadc activates ph-dependent expression of the vibrio vulnificus cadba operon at a distance through direct binding to an upstream region. | the vibrio vulnificus cadba genes were transcribed as a transcriptional operon by a single promoter, p(cadba), which was activated by cadc in a ph-dependent manner. a direct interaction between cadc and the p(cadba) dna was demonstrated, and a cadc binding site centered at -233.5 was mapped by deletion analyses of p(cadba) and confirmed by a dnase i protection assay. | 2005 | 16267313 |
| immunization with major outer membrane protein of vibrio vulnificus elicits protective antibodies in a murine model. | sera from rabbits were infected with vibrio vulnificus containing an antibody against major outer membrane protein (momp). momp of v. vulnificus atcc 27562 were isolated and purified by sarkosyl and tritonx-100 dual treatment. molecular size of momp was identified as 36-kda on 13% sds-page. the sequence of the first 26 amino acid residues from the n-terminal end of the protein is aelynqdgtsldmggraearlsmkdg , which is a perfect match with ompu of v. vulnificus cmcp6 and yj016. momp specific igm a ... | 2005 | 16273036 |
| vibrio vulnificus. | 2005 | 16280939 | |
| wound infections in tsunami survivors: a commentary. | survivors of the december 2004 indian ocean tsunami sustained a variety of wound infections, ranging from common pathogens to rarely seen organisms. this article discusses the likely microbiology potentially seen in wound infections with exposure to freshwater, seawater, soil, faecal or other contamination, and attempts to provide an organising framework for choosing empiric antibiotics for such infections. therapy for less frequently encountered clinical entities is also discussed, including te ... | 2005 | 16284684 |
| recognizing the pseudogenes in bacterial genomes. | pseudogenes are now known to be a regular feature of bacterial genomes and are found in particularly high numbers within the genomes of recently emerged bacterial pathogens. as most pseudogenes are recognized by sequence alignments, we use newly available genomic sequences to identify the pseudogenes in 11 genomes from 4 bacterial genera, each of which contains at least 1 human pathogen. the numbers of pseudogenes range from 27 in staphylococcus aureus mw2 to 337 in yersinia pestis co92 (e.g. 1- ... | 2005 | 15933207 |
| vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease vvpe has no direct effect on the iron-assimilation from human holotransferrin. | in order to elucidate the role of vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease vvpe in the uptake of iron from human transferrin, we constructed a vvpe-deficient mutant and a merozygotic vvpe-transcriptional reporter from the wild type strain mo6-24/o. all three strains were able to grow only in deferrated heart infusion broth (df-hi) with human holotransferrin (ht), but not in df-hi containing partially iron-saturated transferrin or apotransferrin, without noticeable differences among the strains. all str ... | 2005 | 15936899 |
| study of the occurrence of vibrio vulnificus in oysters in india by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and heterogeneity among v. vulnificus by randomly amplified polymorphic dna pcr and gyrb sequence analysis. | the pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus is widely distributed in estuarine waters throughout the world. in this study, the presence of v. vulnificus in oysters was studied both by conventional culture and dna-based molecular technique. following enrichment in alkaline peptone water (apw), the bacteria were lysed and a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for vvha gene was performed. the effect of duration of enrichment on the sensitivity of detection by pcr was evaluated. the organism was i ... | 2005 | 15946295 |
| vibrio vulnificus load reduction in oysters after combined exposure to vibrio vulnificus--specific bacteriophage and to an oyster extract component. | oysters infected with vibrio vulnificus can present a serious health risk to diabetic, immunocompromised, and iron-deficient individuals. numerous studies have been conducted with the goal of eliminating this organism from raw oysters. we utilized two natural oyster-associated components: pooled vibrio vulnificus-specific bacteriophage and an extract of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) that contains an antimicrobial component we named anti-vibrio vulnificus factor, which is bactericida ... | 2005 | 15954705 |
| ice immersion as a postharvest treatment of oysters for the reduction of vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus produces serious illnesses that are commonly associated with shellfish consumption, particularly raw oysters. ingestion can result in fatal septicemia in susceptible individuals with hepatitis, cirrhosis, immune dysfunction, diabetes, or hemochromatosis (metabolic iron overload). therefore, postharvest treatments to reduce vibrio levels in oysters have been recommended. in this study, rapid chilling by immersion of unwashed whole oysters in ice for 3 h was assessed as a posthar ... | 2005 | 15954706 |
| wound infections caused by vibrio vulnificus and other marine bacteria. | infections caused by vibrio vulnificus were first reported in 1979 by blake et al. of the us centers for disease control. at that time described as a 'rare, unnamed halophilic lactose-fermenting vibrio species', v. vulnificus has emerged as the most virulent foodborne pathogen in the united states with a hospitalization rate of 0.910 and a case-fatality rate of 0.390. it is in addition a significant cause of potentially life-threatening wound infections. infections following ingestion of raw or ... | 2005 | 15962544 |
| the cytotoxin-hemolysin genes of human and eel pathogenic vibrio vulnificus strains: comparison of nucleotide sequences and application to the genetic grouping. | vibrio vulnificus can be divided into two groups on the basis of pathogenesis. group 1 is pathogenic only to humans, whereas group 2 is pathogenic to eels and occasionally to humans. although both groups produce a 50-kda cytotoxin-hemolysin (v. vulnificus hemolysin; vvh), the toxins are different. in the present study, the nucleotide sequence of the toxin gene (vvha ) of strain cdc b3547 (a group 2 strain) was determined, and the deduced amino acid sequence was compared to that of strain l-180 ( ... | 2005 | 15965298 |
| viral promoters can initiate expression of toxin genes introduced into escherichia coli. | the expression of recombinant proteins in eukaryotic cells requires the fusion of the coding region to a promoter functional in the eukaryotic cell line. viral promoters are very often used for this purpose. the preceding cloning procedures are usually performed in escherichia coli and it is therefore of interest if the foreign promoter results in an expression of the gene in bacteria. in the case molecules toxic for humans are to be expressed, this knowledge is indispensable for the specificati ... | 2005 | 15967027 |
| inactivation of vibrio vulnificus hemolysin by oligomerization but not proteolysis. | vibrio vulnificus extracellular protease (vvpe) is believed to destroy its hemolysin (vvha) in the late growth phase, without obvious experimental evidence. so, we attempted to elucidate the mechanism. the hemolytic activity steeply increased with the expression of the vvha in the early growth phase, and then abruptly declined with the expression of vvpe in the late growth phase. however, the vvha activity also abruptly declined in a vvpe-deficient mutant. in western blot, the degradation of vvh ... | 2005 | 15997117 |
| [pathogenic factors of vibrios with special emphasis on vibrio vulnificus]. | bacteria of the genus vibrio are normal habitants of the aquatic environment and play roles for biocontrole of aquatic ecosystem, but some species are believed to be human pathogens. these species can be classified into two groups according to the types of diseases they cause: the gastrointestinal infections and the extraintestinal infections. the pathogenic species produce various pathogenic factors including enterotoxin, hemolysin, cytotoxin, protease, siderophore, adhesive factor, and hemaggl ... | 2005 | 15997210 |
| identification of an arac-like regulator gene required for induction of the 78-kda ferrioxamine b receptor in vibrio vulnificus. | we previously reported that the 78-kda outer membrane receptor for ferrioxamine b is induced in iron-starved vibrio vulnificus cells when desferrioxamine b was supplied exogenously. based on its n-terminal amino acid sequence, a candidate gene for the ferrichrome b receptor was detected in the v. vulnificus cmcp6 genomic database. here, two contiguous genes, named desr and desa, encoding a member of the arac family of transcriptional activators and the ferrioxamine b receptor, respectively, were ... | 2005 | 16000245 |
| development of a simple and rapid fluorogenic procedure for identification of vibrionaceae family members. | we describe a simple colony overlay procedure for peptidases (copp) for the rapid fluorogenic detection and quantification of vibrionaceae from seawater, shellfish, sewage, and clinical samples. the assay detects phosphoglucose isomerase with a lysyl aminopeptidase activity that is produced by vibrionaceae family members. overnight cultures are overlaid for 10 min with membranes containing a synthetic substrate, and the membranes are examined for fluorescent foci under uv illumination. fluoresce ... | 2005 | 16000757 |
| induction of interleukin-8 production via nuclear factor-kappab activation in human intestinal epithelial cells infected with vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus, a gram-negative estuarine bacterium, is a causative agent of food-borne diseases, such as life-threatening septicaemia and wound infection disease. v. vulnificus penetrating into the epithelial barrier stimulates an inflammatory response in the adjacent mucosa. therefore, interaction between v. vulnificus and epithelial cells is important for understanding of both the immunology of mucosal surfaces and v. vulnificus. in this study, we investigated the effect and action mechani ... | 2005 | 16011519 |
| selectivity and specificity of a chromogenic medium for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticust. | the thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (tcbs) used in the most-probable-number method for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of v. parahaemolyticus from vibrio vulnificus or vibrio mimicus. this study examined the selectivity and specificity of bio-chrome vibrio medium (bcvm), a chromogenic medium that detects v. parahaemolyticus on the basis of the formation of distinct purple colonies on the medium. a panel consisting of 221 strains of bacteria, including 17 ... | 2005 | 16013386 |
| quorum sensing signal molecules (acylated homoserine lactones) in gram-negative fish pathogenic bacteria. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the production of quorum sensing signals (specifically acylated homoserine lactones, ahls) among a selection of strains of gram-negative fish bacterial pathogens. these signals are involved in the regulation of virulence factors in some human and plant-pathogenic bacteria. a total of 59 strains, representing 9 different fish pathogenic species, were tested against 2 ahl monitor bacteria (agrobacterium tumefaciens nt1 [pzlr4] and chromobacterium vio ... | 2005 | 16042042 |
| in vitro efficacy of the combination of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime against vibrio vulnificus. | we performed time-kill studies of antimicrobial combinations that included minocycline, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin with vibrio vulnificus atcc 27562. cefotaxime-plus-ciprofloxacin combinations acted synergistically against v. vulnificus in vitro, and this combination regimen can be a good choice as the empirical treatment for suspected necrotizing fasciitis due to v. vulnificus. | 2005 | 16048966 |
| rapid phenotypic characterization of vibrio isolates by pyrolysis metastable atom bombardment mass spectrometry. | pyrolysis mass spectrometry was investigated for rapid characterization of food-borne bacterial pathogens. nine isolates of vibrio parahaemolyticus and one isolate each of vibrio fluvialis, vibrio hollisae, and vibrio vulnificus were analyzed. pyrolysis mass spectra, generated via an alternative ionization method, metastable atom bombardment, were subject to principal component-discriminant analysis. the spectral patterns were used to distinguish vibrio isolates differing in species, serotype an ... | 2005 | 16096691 |
| a novel, conserved cluster of genes promotes symbiotic colonization and sigma-dependent biofilm formation by vibrio fischeri. | vibrio fischeri is the exclusive symbiont residing in the light organ of the squid euprymna scolopes. to understand the genetic requirements for this association, we searched a library of v. fischeri transposon insertion mutants for those that failed to colonize e. scolopes. we identified four mutants that exhibited severe defects in initiating colonization. sequence analysis revealed that the strains contained insertions in four different members of a cluster of 21 genes oriented in the same di ... | 2005 | 16102015 |
| induction of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase is required for acid tolerance in vibrio vulnificus. | the manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (mnsod) of vibrio vulnificus, normally detected after the onset of the stationary phase, is expressed during the lag that immediately follows the transfer of cells grown exponentially to a fresh medium acidified to ph 5.0, whereas fe-containing sod is constitutively expressed. the signal triggering the growth lag and mnsod induction therein is not low ph but intracellular superoxide accumulated under these conditions, since addition of a superoxide s ... | 2005 | 16109940 |
| identification of group a streptococcus antigenic determinants upregulated in vivo. | group a streptococcus (gas) causes a range of diseases in humans, from mild noninvasive infections to severe invasive infections. the molecular basis for the varying severity of disease remains unclear. we identified genes expressed during invasive disease using in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat), applied for the first time in a gram-positive organism. convalescent-phase sera from patients with invasive disease were pooled, adsorbed against antigens derived from in vitro-grown gas, and u ... | 2005 | 16113323 |
| four novel hemolysin genes of vibrio anguillarum and their virulence to rainbow trout. | four nucleotide sequences showing homology to known hemolysin genes were cloned and sequenced from v. anguillarum strain h775-3. the four genes, vah2, vah3, vah4 and vah5, have open reading frames encoding polypeptides of 291, 690, 200 and 585 amino acid residues, respectively, with predicted molecular masses of 33, 75, 22 and 66kda, respectively. vah2 is most closely related to a putative hemolysin of vibrio vulnificus yj016 (89% identity). vah3 is most closely related to a hemolysin-related pr ... | 2005 | 16126365 |
| depletion of lymphocytes, but not neutrophils, via apoptosis in a murine model of vibrio vulnificus infection. | vibrio vulnificus causes severe sepsis in humans. there are several reports about the relationship between host immunity and bacterial growth in v. vulnificus infection. however, the effect on leukocytes of v. vulnificus infection in vivo has not been elucidated. a murine model of v. vulnificus infection was used to investigate its effects on leukocytes in this study. bacteria were recovered from the blood of mice 3 h after subcutaneous injection in the right lower flank. they were detected in 8 ... | 2005 | 15591250 |
| a rapid and simple pcr analysis indicates there are two subgroups of vibrio vulnificus which correlate with clinical or environmental isolation. | vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium which is the causative agent of both food-borne disease and wound infection. although v. vulnificus is commonly found in molluscan shellfish at high numbers, the incidence of disease is relatively low, leading to the hypothesis that not all strains of v. vulnificus are equally virulent. unfortunately, there is currently no easy test to identify virulent strains of this species. we have previously identified a 200 bp randomly amplified polymorphic dna ( ... | 2005 | 15840964 |
| vibrio vulnificus septicemia presenting as purpura fulminans. | we present a case of vibrio vulnificus septicemia presenting as purpura fulminans, which can often result in a catastrophic course. this case had a fortunate outcome due to immediate and intensive empirical antibiotic treatment and the relatively healthy condition of the patient. we focused on the prognostic factors for the relatively good outcome in this patient. | 2005 | 15841662 |
| chronic liver disease and consumption of raw oysters: a potentially lethal combination--a review of vibrio vulnificus septicemia. | vibrio vulnificus septicemia is the most common cause of fatality related to seafood consumption in the united states. it occurs predominantly in patients with chronic liver disease following consumption of raw oysters. v. vulnificus is a highly virulent human pathogen, normally found in warm estuarine and marine environment. it lodges in filter feeders like oysters. the onset of this illness is abrupt, rapidly progressing to septic shock with a high mortality. clinicians managing patients with ... | 2005 | 15842598 |
| antibacterial potential from indian suregada angustifolia. | phytochemical analysis of the leaves from indian suregada angustifolia (baill. ex muell. arg.) airy shaw (euphorbiaceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of six known compounds, viz. friedelin, epi-friedelinol, n-octacosanol, alpha-amyrin, beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol-3-beta-d-glucopyranoside. aqueous (room temperature, boiled and autoclaved) and various solvent (methanol, chloroform and hexane) extracts of leaves were tested against 12 human pathogenic bacteria by the agar we ... | 2005 | 15878247 |
| vibrio vulnificus endophthalmitis occurring after ingestion of raw seafood. | ocular vibrio vulnificus infections are quite rare, and all previously reported cases have been associated with exposure to seafood and seawater. here, we report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by v. vulnificus, occurring after the ingestion of raw seafood. this case was not associated with any cutaneous or other severe systemic manifestations. | 2005 | 15904969 |
| development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction targeted to the toxr for detection of vibrio vulnificus. | the taqman assay, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr), was developed to target the toxr gene (toxr) of vibrio vulnificus. the toxr of v. vulnificus was cloned and sequenced. based on these results, we designed specific primers and a probe for use in the quantitative pcr assay. twenty-nine strains of v. vulnificus that were obtained from various sources produced a single pcr product. the amount of final amplification product and threshold cycle number were the same among the ... | 2005 | 15676198 |
| influence of temperature, salinity and ph on the growth of environmental aeromonas and vibrio species isolated from mai po and the inner deep bay nature reserve ramsar site of hong kong. | four environmental bacterial isolates including aeromonas hydrophila mp-3, a. salmonicida mp-4, vibrio vulnificus mp-2 and v. cholerae mp-1 isolated from sediment and water of mai po nature reserve of hong kong were examined for their responses to temperature, ph and salinity under laboratory conditions in this study. v. cholerae mp-1 was found to resist vibriostatic agent o/129 at concentration of 10 microg/ml. in addition, bacterial growth under test conditions was measured and the results wer ... | 2005 | 15678554 |
| essential role of an adenylate cyclase in regulating vibrio vulnificus virulence. | vibrio vulnificus, a halophilic estuarine bacterium, causes a fatal septicemia and necrotizing wound infection. to investigate the role of camp in v. vulnificus virulence regulation, an in-frame deletion mutant of the cya gene encoding adenylate cyclase was constructed. the cya null mutation resulted in a pleiotropic change of virulence phenotypes. the production of hemolysin and protease, the motility, and the cytotoxicity were decreased by the cya mutation. the defects in the cya mutant were f ... | 2005 | 15686854 |
| tubo-ovarian abscess caused by vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that causes an aggressive infection with high mortality, especially in patients with liver disease. wound infections due to v. vulnificus occur via direct contamination of cutaneous tissues and can include the uterus. we report a case of v. vulnificus tubo-ovarian infection from an unusual method of acquisition in the gulf of mexico. | 2005 | 15698719 |
| complete genome sequence of vibrio fischeri: a symbiotic bacterium with pathogenic congeners. | vibrio fischeri belongs to the vibrionaceae, a large family of marine gamma-proteobacteria that includes several dozen species known to engage in a diversity of beneficial or pathogenic interactions with animal tissue. among the small number of pathogenic vibrio species that cause human diseases are vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus, the only members of the vibrionaceae that have had their genome sequences reported. nonpathogenic members of the genus vibrio, includi ... | 2005 | 15703294 |
| hybrid vibrio vulnificus. | the recent emergence of the human-pathogenic vibrio vulnificus in israel was investigated by using multilocus genotype data and modern molecular evolutionary analysis tools. we show that this pathogen is a hybrid organism that evolved by the hybridization of the genomes from 2 distinct and independent populations. these findings provide clear evidence of how hybridization between 2 existing and nonpathogenic forms has apparently led to the emergence of an epidemic infectious disease caused by th ... | 2005 | 15705319 |
| [a patient with vibrio vulnificus meningoencephalitis]. | a 76-year-old man with liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus was admitted to our hospital because of bacterial meningoencephalitis. he had eaten raw fish 2 days before onset. he also developed septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome and panophthalmitis of the right eye. vibrio vulnificus was isolated from the blood culture. extensive therapy including antibiotics and nafamostat methylate, resulted in full recovery except for right blindness. the ... | 2005 | 15714995 |
| was this the demise of the food critic? | 2005 | 15726750 | |
| comparison of kinetic models to describe high pressure and gamma irradiation used to inactivate vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus prepared in buffer solution and in whole oysters. | comparisons of different models in inactivation kinetics were conducted on data obtained from high-pressure and gamma-irradiation processing. vibrio vulnificus (mo-624) and vibrio parahaemolyticus (o3:k6 tx-2103) suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (ph 7.4, 10(7) cfu/ml) were exposed to pressures from 207 to 379 mpa for 1 to 20 min. inoculated whole oysters (106 cfu/g) were exposed to pressure from 276 to 379 mpa for 1 to 15 min. pure cultures and inoculated oysters (10(6) cfu/g) also were ir ... | 2005 | 15726971 |
| bactericidal effects of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic action on vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative, highly invasive bacterium responsible for human opportunistic infections. we studied the antibacterial effects of toluidine blue o (tbo)-mediated photodynamic therapy (pdt) for v. vulnificus wound infections in mice. fifty-three percent (10 of 19) of mice treated with 100 microg of tbo per ml and exposed to broad-spectrum red light (150 j/cm(2) at 80 mw/cm(2)) survived, even though systemic septicemia had been established with a bacterial inoculum 100 times ... | 2005 | 15728881 |
| a vibrio vulnificus type iv pilin contributes to biofilm formation, adherence to epithelial cells, and virulence. | vibrio vulnificus expresses a multitude of cell-associated and secreted factors that potentially contribute to pathogenicity, although the specific roles of most of these factors have been difficult to define. previously we have shown that a mutation in pild (originally designated vvpd), which encodes a type iv prepilin peptidase/n-methyltransferase, abolishes expression of surface pili, suggesting that they belong to the type iv class. in addition, a pild mutant exhibits reduced adherence to he ... | 2005 | 15731039 |
| a survey for phosphoglucose isomerase with lysyl aminopeptidase activity in vibrionaceae and non-vibrio pathogens. | phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) with a novel lysyl aminopeptidase (lysap) activity was recently purified and characterized from vibrio vulnificus. we showed that it cleaves the amino-terminal lysyl residue from des-arg(10)-kallidin to produce des-arg(9)-bradykinin, suggesting that it plays a role in virulence. a survey was conducted to determine the presence of this potential virulence-enhancing enzyme among twenty-three halotolerant human and fish pathogens from eleven species within the vibrion ... | 2005 | 15752701 |
| molecular pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic pathogen of humans that has the capability of causing rare, yet devastating disease. the bacteria are naturally present in estuarine environments and frequently contaminate seafoods. within days of consuming uncooked, contaminated seafood, predisposed individuals can succumb to sepsis. additionally, in otherwise healthy people, v. vulnificus causes wound infection that can require amputation or lead to sepsis. these diseases share the characteristics that th ... | 2005 | 15765065 |
| vibrio vulnificus--a rare but fulminant pathogen causing airway obstruction. | 2005 | 15765355 | |
| high-frequency phase variation of vibrio vulnificus 1003: isolation and characterization of a rugose phenotypic variant. | the marine bacterium vibrio vulnificus is a human pathogen that can spontaneously switch between virulent opaque and avirulent translucent phenotypes. here, we document an additional form, the rugose variant, which produces copious biofilms and which may contribute both to pathogenicity of v. vulnificus and to its survival under adverse environmental conditions. | 2005 | 15774896 |