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[an outbreak of shigella dysenteriae type 1 dysentery in a refugee camp in rwanda].as a consequence of the civil war that devastated burundi in october 1993, more than 300,000 refugees settled in the neighboring country of rwanda. we describe the outbreak of dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1) that developed in nzangwa, a camp hosting some 20,000 burundese refugees. between november 17, 1993 and march 10, 1994, 6,122 cases of bloody diarrhea were notified by the health information system of the camp. the overall attack rate was 32.3%, and the fatality rate was 3 ...19957640901
a murine antibody to shigella dysenteriae type 1 employs v-genes that contain a rearranged codon for the lambda light chain.the cdna coding for a hybridoma anti shigella dysenteriae type 1 antibody (3707 e9) has been cloned, and sequenced. binding patterns with fragments of the bacterial polysaccharide antigen had already been studied in detail. the vh sequence utilizes the vh441 gene, first identified amongst beta-(1,6)galactan-binding antibodies, while the vl is closely related to the v lambda 1 gene. we found that the vl3707 e9 gene employed a vl-j combinatorial joining leading to a rare trp-->leu substitution at ...19957643860
starvation- and stationary-phase-induced acid tolerance in escherichia coli o157:h7.stationary phase and the starvation of log-phase cells increased the acid tolerance of escherichia coli o157:h7 strains. although the degree of acid tolerance varied, the survival of most o157:h7 strains exceeded that of other, related, pathogens in a synthetic gastric fluid.19957646045
public health impact of rwandan refugee crisis: what happened in goma, zaire, in july, 1994? goma epidemiology group.the flight of 500,000-800,000 rwandan refugees into the north kivu region of zaire in july, 1994, overwhelmed the world's response capacity. during the first month after the influx, almost 50,000 refugees died, an average crude mortality rate of 20-35 per 10,000 per day. this death rate was associated with explosive epidemics of diarrhoeal disease caused by vibrio cholerae 01 and shigella dysenteriae type 1. 3-4 weeks after the influx of refugees, acute malnutrition rates among children under 5 ...19957646638
[epidemiologic studies on three episodes of acute bacillary dysentery outbreak].three episodes of illness outbreak, with major symptoms of acute abdominal pain and diarrhea, occurred in 1990 to 1991 in the army forces stationed in beijing. bacillary dysentery outbreak caused by shigella dysentariae were confirmed with epidemiological investigations and pathogen identification. drug sensitivity tests with kirby-bauer method for the strain isolated showed it had obvious resistance to 13 of 14 kinds of antibiotics tested. detection of plasmid with birnboim method showed most o ...19957648949
role of amylase-treated, energy-dense liquid diet in the nutritional management of acute shigellosis in children: a controlled clinical trial.to evaluate if an energy-dense porridge liquefied by amylase-rich flour (arf) from germinated wheat increased the calorie intake in children with acute shigellosis, we studied 66 children, aged 6-35 months, in a randomized, controlled clinical trial. children were randomized to receive either an energy-dense porridge liquefied with arf (group 1), a thick unaltered porridge (group 2) or a porridge diluted with water (group 3) to a similar viscosity as that in group 1. mean +/- sd calorie intakes ...19957488808
shigellosis in mozambique: the 1993 outbreak rehabilitation--a follow-up study.in this paper we describe a dysentery outbreak in mozambique during 1993. a total of 47,483 cases and 199 deaths were reported, with an incidence rate of 292.5/100,000 and a fatality rate of 0.25% for the whole country. of the 144 districts in the country 123 were affected: those situated along the principal communications routes and corridors had high incidence rates, up to 3308/100,000. all the provincial capitals were affected with incidence rates between 59.6 and 4381.8/100,000. shigella dys ...19957502323
mucosal immune response in patients with dysentery. 19957502926
a monoclonal antibody to shigella dysenteriae serotype 13 cross-reacting with shiga toxin. 19957502927
pivmecillinam resistant shigella infections in rural bangladesh. 19957660498
fecal excretion of leukotriene c4 during human disease due to shigella dysenteriae.fecal excretion of leukotriene c4 was determined in 26 individuals with dysentery and in 19 healthy controls. of the patients, five were infected with shigella dysenteriae type 1, 15 were infected with shigella flexneri, two were infected with shigella boydii, and four were infected with shigella sonnei. three of the healthy controls were infected with non-dysenteriae shigellae. all isolates of shigella dysenteriae type 1 produced shiga toxin; the other strains were not toxigenic. patients with ...19957714683
immunoglobulin subclass distribution and dynamics of shigella-specific antibody responses in serum and stool samples in shigellosis.to assess the humoral immunological responses at the subclass level in shigellosis, specific antibody responses against shigella dysenteriae 1 lipopolysaccharide (lps), s. flexneri y lps, invasion plasmid-coded protein antigens (ipa), and shiga toxin were analyzed. antibody responses of 41 patients with s. dysenteriae 1 infection (sdip) and 15 patients with s. flexneri infection (sfip) were compared with those of controls (n = 40). the levels of total immunoglobulin g (igg), iga, igm, and albumi ...19957729920
genetics and regulation of heme iron transport in shigella dysenteriae and detection of an analogous system in escherichia coli o157:h7.shigella species can use heme as the sole source of iron. in this work, the heme utilization locus of shigella dysenteriae was cloned and characterized. a cosmid bank of s. dysenteriae serotype 1 dna was constructed in an escherichia coli siderophore synthesis mutant incapable of heme transport. a recombinant clone, pshu12, carrying the heme utilization system of s. dysenteriae was isolated by screening on iron-poor medium supplemented with hemin. transposon insertional mutagenesis and subclonin ...19957768795
analysis of shiga toxin subunit association by using hybrid a polypeptides and site-specific mutagenesis.shiga toxin (stx), a bacterial toxin produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1, is a hexamer composed of five receptor-binding b subunits which encircle an alpha-helix at the carboxyl terminus of the enzymatic a polypeptide. hybrid toxins constructed by fusing the a polypeptide sequences of stx and shiga-like toxin type ii were used to confirm that the carboxyl terminus of the a subunits governs association with the b pentamers. the alpha-helix of the 293-amino-acid stx a subunit contains nine res ...19957768810
antimicrobial susceptibilities of shigella dysenteriae type 1 isolated in zimbabwe--implications for the management of dysentery.shigella dysenteriae type 1 was cultured from 56/170 (33 pc) rectal swab specimens collected from patients presenting to hospitals in harare, zimbabwe with dysentery. all of the isolates were resistant in vitro to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, with mics > 32 mg/l, and all except one were resistant to ampicillin, most with an mic > 256 mg/l. one isolate was resistant to nalidixic acid (mic > 256 mg/l), but all of the others were sensitive, most with an mic of 2 mg/l or less. using antibiotic dis ...19957788685
vicious circles: looking back on resistance plasmids. 19957789752
ompa fusion proteins for presentation of foreign antigens on the bacterial outer membrane.the ompa genes of escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae have been used to construct a group of enterobacterial surface expression vectors for foreign genes. linker oligonucleotides were inserted into the sequence corresponding to the third or fourth outer domain to allow in-frame sandwich fusion of foreign genes or epitopes into ompa. influenza haemagglutinin was inserted without its leader peptide and anchor sequences and shown to be transferred as an ompa fusion protein to the bacterial su ...19957796962
simultaneous outbreak due to vibrio cholerae and shigella dysenteriae in kenya. 19957799734
pathogenesis of bacterial colitis. 19957890228
[hemolytic-uremic syndrome after verotoxin-producing escherichia coli infection].the haemolytic uraemic syndrome, first described in 1955 by gasser, is the number one cause of acute renal failure in infants. there are three types of the haemolytic uraemic syndrome: the seasonal epidemic form with prodromic diarrhoea and generally favourable outcome which usually occurs in infants, a less typical form without signs of digestive tract involvement and no seasonal prevalence which occurs more readily in older children and sometimes in families has a less favourable prognosis, an ...19957899353
l-rhamnose inhibits proliferation of murine splenocytes by the lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharide moiety of shigella dysenteriae type 1 lipopolysaccharide.the induction of proliferation of murine splenocytes by lipopolysaccharide (lps) of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and its polysaccharide (ps) and lipid a fractions was investigated. the lps-induced proliferation reached a maximum at a concentration of 30 ng/ml. the ps and lipid a induced proliferation of murine splenocytes at similar concentrations. preincubation of murine splenocytes with varying concentrations of l-rhamnose blocked lps- and ps-induced proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. th ...19957751010
an animal model for the study of neurotoxicity of bacterial products and application of the model to demonstrate that shiga toxin and lipopolysaccharide cooperate in inducing neurologic disorders.an approach for studying neurotoxicity of bacterial products is presented. pentylenetetrazol, a convulsant drug, was injected into mice, and increased sensitivity to pentylenetetrazol was used as an indicator of neurotoxicity. the preinjection of sonicates of shigella dysenteriae 60r or escherichia coli h30 (producing shiga toxin or shiga-like toxin i, respectively) enhanced the response of mice to pentylenetetrazol within 6 h. this was indicated by a higher mean convulsion score, increased numb ...19957751700
persistence of local cytokine production in shigellosis in acute and convalescent stages.shigella infection is accompanied by an intestinal activation of epithelial cells, t cells, and macrophages within the inflamed colonic mucosa. a prospective study was carried out to elucidate the cytokine pattern in shigella infection linked to development of immunity and eradication of bacteria from the local site and also to correlate the cytokine profile with histological severity. an indirect immunohistochemical technique was used to determine the production and localization of various cyto ...19957806368
a distinct array of proinflammatory cytokines is expressed in human colon epithelial cells in response to bacterial invasion.pathogenic bacteria that penetrate the intestinal epithelial barrier stimulate an inflammatory response in the adjacent intestinal mucosa. the present studies asked whether colon epithelial cells can provide signals that are important for the initiation and amplification of an acute mucosal inflammatory response. infection of monolayers of human colon epithelial cell lines (t84, ht29, caco-2) with invasive strains of bacteria (salmonella dublin, shigella dysenteriae, yersinia enterocolitica, lis ...19957814646
antimicrobial-resistant epidemic shigella dysenteriae type 1 in zambia: modes of transmission.to determine the modes of transmission of an epidemic caused by shigella dysenteriae type i (sd1) in zambia, a case-control study was conducted. case-patients were more likely to have recent contact with a person with dysentery (p = .03) and to have a family member with preceding dysentery (p = .01). case households were more likely to share their latrine (p = .06). stored drinking water was obtained by hand-dipping a cup into wide-mouthed vessels or by pouring from narrow-mouthed vessels; case ...19957844374
heterogeneity of the amino-acid sequences of escherichia coli shiga-like toxin type-i operons.pcr was used to amplify approx. 1470-bp segments of dna containing complete shiga-like toxin type i (slti) operons from escherichia coli strains belonging to serotypes o48:h21, o111:h- and ox3:h8. these fragments were cloned and dna sequence analysis identified several variations, as compared with published slti sequences. all three slti genes analysed were more closely related to shiga toxin-encoding genes (sht) of shigella dysenteriae type 1, than to previously published e. coli phage-encoded ...19957883188
epidemic shigella dysenteriae type 1 in natal.since its first isolation in south africa in 1994, shigella dysenteriae type 1 has now spread to cause an epidemic outbreak in natal kwazulu, resulting in a steep rise in admissions for dysentery and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome in children. we report on the epidemic as it has evolved so far. a large outbreak is to be expected in south africa in view of large scale poverty, lack of housing, and adequate water and sanitation, unless urgent public health measures are taken.19958531259
shigellosis in children from north india: a clinicopathological study.stool samples of 1488 children suffering from acute diarrhoea were studied for bacterial culture and sensitivity. shigella culture was positive in 143 (10 per cent) children and 53 hospitalized children could be studied in detail. thirty-six (68 per cent) children were under 2 years of age and peak prevalence was observed in summer months. fever and diarrhoea were universal features; 96 per cent had blood and mucus in the stools, but 32 per cent started with watery diarrhoea lasting 1-3 days fol ...19958531265
peripheral blood neutrophil responses in children with shigellosis.alterations in peripheral blood neutrophil function are known to occur in patients with colitis and may have a role in precipitating nonspecific tissue injury. it is not known whether neutrophil function is altered in patients with shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection, during which there is extensive colitis and which may be associated with life-threatening complications in young children. three aspects of peripheral blood neutrophil function, polarization, attachment to yeast particles, and lo ...19958548543
[the chemical and immunochemical characteristics of the antigens of shigella dysenteriae 1 isolated by using hydroxylamine hydrochloride]. 19958553750
[the immunomodulating activity of shigella dysenteriae 1 strains differing by their capacity for invasion and shiga toxin production]. 19958553759
binding specificity for four monoclonal antibodies recognizing terminal gal alpha 1-->4gal residues in haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide.four murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reactive with the outer-core region of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) from haemophilus influenzae were generated after immunization with azide-killed h. influenzae rm.7004 ah1-2 and their epitope specificities studied. the monoclonal antibodies: mahi 6 (igm), mahi 5 (igg2a), mahi 8 (igg3), and mahi 11 (igg2b) bound to synthetic glycoconjugates or glycolipids with terminal galabiosyl (gal alpha 1-->4gal beta 1-) or globotriaosyl (gal alpha 1-->4gal beta 1 1- ...19958559043
microbiological investigation of diarrhoea epidemics among rwandan refugees in zaire. 19958560524
role of enteric nervous system in shigella dysenteriae type 1 toxin-induced fluid secretion in rabbit ileum.intracellular-free calcium concentrations were measured in the intestinal epithelial cells isolated from the rabbit ileum treated with shigella dysenteriae type 1 toxin. there is almost a five-fold increase in the [ca+2]i levels in the epithelial cells isolated from the toxin-treated rabbit ileum compared to control. the [ca+2]i levels were also measured in the presence or absence of tetrodotoxin, a neurotoxin, and atropine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist. these drugs significantly decrease ...19958568191
serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of shigellae isolated from diarrhoeal patients in yangon, myanmar.in myanmar there is a changing pattern in the prevalence of shigella strains with an increasing antimicrobial resistance, and, thus the serotype prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of shigellae were studied in 1993. dysenteric stool samples were collected from the laboratory of infectious diseases hospital, yangon during january-june 1993. the shigella isolates were identified by the standard bacteriologic procedures. four hundred and sixty stool samples containing blood and mucous wer ...19958568195
myocardial abscess: clinical and pathologic findings in twenty patients. 1995295369
subcellular localization of ipac, an invasion plasmid antigen of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and its in-vitro binding capability to mammalian cells.invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac), a 45-kda protein encoded by an invasion plasmid of shigella, is associated with the invasion of epithelial cells by the bacteria. invasive strains of s. dysenteriae type 1 secreted more proteins into the extracellular environment than a non-invasive strain and secreted more ipac protein. an anti-ipac mouse monoclonal antibody was used as a probe to determine the subcellular localization of ipac and its involvement in invasion of mammalian cells. immunogold labe ...199524414917
regulation of cell-wall morphology and growth encoded by plasmids in shigella dysenteriae type 1.shigella dysenteriae type 1, isolated locally, was found to contain six plasmids and these could be eliminated using sds. a 70-kb plasmid was necessary to maintain the normal cell-wall morphology. synthesis of nine major membrane proteins (90 to 40 kda) was severely impaired in all-plasmid cured strains. electron microscopy revealed a prominent separation between the outer and inner membranes of the cured strains, indicating that plasmid loss led to defects in the cell envelope. the growth rates ...199524414647
[epr- and ir-spectroscopic study of the processes of carbonization of amino acid crystals].initial stages of "low temperature" carbonization in crystal amino acids have been studied by esr- and ir-spectroscopy. it was revealed that block polycondensation of amino acids with the formation of polypeptide chains took place. in the air oxygen also surface carbonization of crystals took place; it became stronger with the occurrence of radiation defects.1995173400
surgical reconstruction of the upper extremity in cerebral palsy. 19953437126
the gangliosidoses.the gangliosidoses are hereditary diseases with a recessive mode of inheritance and are caused by a genetically induced enzymatic block, which results in the accumulation of gangliosides in various tissues of the body, mainly in the brain. although tay-sachs disease, the most commonly occurring of the gangliosidoses, has been known for nearly 100 years, additional variants of ganglioside "storage" disorders have been discovered during the past 15 years. considerable progress in the knowledge of ...1995170187
frequency and prognosis of liver changes associated with cholelithiasis. 1995228185
upper gastrointestinal bleeding from merkel cell carcinoma.merkel cell carcinoma is a rare small cell carcinoma of the dermis with aggressive clinical features and frequent local recurrence. intra-abdominal spread of the cancer has previously been noted primarily in the liver and retroperitoneal nodes. we report a patient with previously diagnosed merkel cell carcinoma of the right buttock with metastases to the stomach and duodenum presenting with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.19951415105
the complexion and complexity of the nursing profession. 19952486684
[changes in the melanin content in the kupffer cells of rana esculenta l., induced by parenteral administration of heme]. 1994303113
prognostic aspects of endometrial carcinoma.a retrospective analysis of 91 patients with endometrial carcinoma is presented with emphasis on important factors in relation to survival. patients with stage 1 carcinoma were treated with a standardized mode of preoperative radiation and extended abdominal hysterectomy. an 87.1% 5-year survival rate was obtained for patients with well differentiated lesions, with only 1 patient developing a vault metastasis. the assessment of residual tumour after intracavity radiotherapy proved reliable in pr ...1994284770
independent eye movements in the turtle.in order to evaluate the normal eye movements of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, the positions of each eye were recorded simultaneously using two search-coil contact lenses. optokinetic nystagmus (okn) was strikingly unyoked in this animal such that one eye's slow-phase velocity was substantially independent of that of the other eye. on the other hand, the fast-phase motions of both eyes occurred more or less in synchrony. an eye's slow-phase gain is primarily dependent on the direction a ...19942271458
a new class of proteins regulating gene expression in enterobacteria.ymoa and hha are highly similar bacterial proteins downregulating gene expression in yersinia enterocolitica and escherichia coli, respectively. the phenotype of ymoa mutants evokes that of mutants affected in some histone-like proteins. this paper describes complementation of a ymoa mutation in y. enterocolitica by the hha gene from e. coli. we show that ymoa and hha are not only very similar proteins but that they are functionally interchangeable. genetic experiments indicate that hha can also ...19948145648
in vivo r-plasmid transfer in a patient with a mixed infection of shigella dysentery.transfer of shigella r-plasmids in vivo has seldom been demonstrated. strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shigella flexneri type 5b were isolated from a bulgarian traveller who visited vietnam and developed dysentery, which was treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smz) for a short time. both species of shigellae are unusual in bulgaria where strains of s. sonnei predominate. both shigella strains were multiresistant to the same antimicrobial agents. each strain contained a 48-k ...19948149999
stimulation of gastrointestinal antibody to shiga toxin by orogastric immunization in mice.shiga toxin (st) is a protein toxin of shigella dysenteriae type 1, a causative agent of severe diarrhoea and dysentery. in this report we describe the gastrointestinal secretory antibody response of mice following orogastric immunization with st. gastrointestinal secretions were sampled by a gastrointestinal lavage technique weekly for 5 weeks after initial immunization. assay of lavage samples by elisa showed that mice vaccinated orogastrically with various doses of st developed gastrointestin ...19948157288
pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea: xvii. a mammalian cell membrane glycolipid, gb3, is required but not sufficient to confer sensitivity to shiga toxin.shiga toxin recognizes a galactose-alpha 1-->4-galactose terminal glycolipid, globotriaosylceramide (gb3), in sensitive mammalian cells and is translocated by endocytosis to the cytoplasm, where it blocks protein synthesis. to determine if gb3 is both required and sufficient for toxicity, gb3 content in cells was altered by blocking key biosynthetic or degradative path enzymes with specific inhibitors. the resulting decrease or increase in cellular gb3 was associated with a decrease or increase ...19948158025
epidemic shigella dysenteriae type 1 in burundi: panresistance and implications for prevention.an epidemic of shigella dysenteriae type 1 infections has affected africa since 1979. reported dysentery cases increase sharply in burundi during september through december. of stool samples from 189 patients reporting bloody diarrhea in november 1990, a pathogen was identified in 123 (65%). the pathogen was s. dysenteriae type 1 in 82 (67%). all s. dysenteriae type 1 isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethopr ...19948169388
infection, diarrhea, and dysentery caused by shigella species and campylobacter jejuni among guatemalan rural children.to examine the factors that may influence the outcome of infections by shigella spp. and campylobacter jejuni we followed for 24 consecutive months 321 rural guatemala children 0 to 35 months old. home visits were made to determine child morbidity patterns with emphasis on diarrhea and dysentery. fecal samples for microbiologic studies were obtained from the participants when they were ill and during healthy periods. shigella spp. were isolated from 9.8 and 4.0% of ill and healthy children, resp ...19948177630
[the epidemiological characteristics of the spread of grigor'ev-shiga dysentery in the territories of the former ussr in recent years].on the basis of special data on the registered cases of grigor'ev-shiga dysentery on the territory of the former ussr the spread of this nosological form of shigella infections since 1980 until the present moment has been analyzed. as shown by this analysis, grigor'ev-shiga dysentery is not widely spread on the whole territory of the former ussr, the cases of this disease being mostly registered in namangan (the uzbek republic). the study has shown that the area of the circulation of shigella dy ...19948184610
short-term pefloxacin therapy in madagascan children with shigellosis due to multiresistant organisms. 19947888566
shigellosis in jordanian children: a clinico-epidemiologic prospective study and susceptibility to antibiotics.during a 2-year prospective study of children hospitalized with gastroenteritis, shigellosis was detected in 66 cases (9 per cent of 726 admissions). the age group for peak shigella incidence was 1-4 years. the incidence increased from 8 per cent in 1991, to 11 per cent in 1992. shigella flexneri was the most common isolate (65 per cent), followed by shigella sonnei (17 per cent), shigella boydi (11 per cent), and shigella dysenteriae (7 per cent). at presentation, 44 per cent had watery diarrho ...19947853441
intestinal perforation in a child with shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection: a rare complication. 19947868832
[bacterial dysentery in 1992]. 19948073150
health status of displaced persons following civil war--burundi, december 1993-january 1994.in burundi (1990 population: 5.7 million), located in central-east africa, seasonal epidemics of dysentery caused by shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1) have been documented each year since 1980. the assassination of the president of burundi on october 21, 1993, resulted in widespread violence involving major tribal groups. by december, an estimated 130,000 persons had become displaced within the country, and approximately 683,000 persons had fled to rwanda, tanzania, or zaire. many displaced pers ...19948084334
one-ended insertion of is911.an apparently nonreplicative integration reaction mediated by the insertion sequence is911 has been analyzed. it is shown to involve the right-end inverted repeat (irr) of the element and sequences in the flanking vector dna. the flanking sequences appear to behave as a surrogate is911 end, since integration is greatly reduced when limited similarities with irr are eliminated by site-directed mutagenesis. data are presented which suggest that the activity of the irr junction results from the pro ...19948106332
cytotoxicity of a shiga toxin a subunit-cd4 fusion protein to human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells.shiga toxin (stx) is a ribosome-inactivating cytotoxin produced by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. the enzymatic domain of the stx a polypeptide has been defined by introducing amino- and carboxy-terminal deletions in the polypeptide and assessing activity in a cell-free translation system. three recombinant forms of stxa which possess enzymatic activity were genetically fused to a 165-amino-acid polypeptide derived from cd4, the cellular receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) ...19948112869
infection with hiv, a risk factor for epidemic dysentery? a case-control study from zambia. 19947818833
modulation and recovery of immune response of balb/c mice to shigella dysenteriae antigens after cyclophosphamide treatment.we have analysed the suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide, when given in vivo, on the antibody response of balb/c mice against shigella dysenteriae antigens using elisa and immunoblot. out of various protocols tried, it was found that co-injection of cyclophosphamide at 150 mg/kg bodyweight, i.p., at the time of antigen administration and then after a lapse of 24 h during both primary and secondary immunizations, was the most effective in suppressing antibody response of mice. analysis of sera ...19947835986
antitumor activity of bacterial endotoxins and their subunits in in vitro test.the tumoricidal effect of endotoxins and their subunits of shigella dysenteriae serovar 1 of both growth forms and certain other representatives of the enterobacteriaceae family was tested against németh-kellner mouse lymphoma cells using an in vitro assay based on the use of sodium chromate solution yielding labelled hexavalent 51cr ions. the most effective in vitro activity was evidenced in both growth forms by s. dysenteriae 1 lipopolysaccharide-protein complex (lpsp) (76-92%), lipid a and li ...19947812253
characterization of a 38 kda penicillin-binding protein and its possible involvement in maintaining stationary-phase cells of shigella dysenteriae.this paper reports the first attempt to characterize the penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) of shigella dysenteriae, an important human pathogen. the pbp pattern of the membranes of s. dysenteriae closely resembles that of escherichia coli membranes. a 38 kda pbp which is an important target for the penem sch34343, the cephamycin cefoxitin and the oxacephem moxalactam, has been purified. this pbp is immunologically related to a pbp of similar molecular mass in e. coli and is present at high leve ...19947812457
the detection of vero cytotoxin-producing escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae type 1 in faecal specimens using polymerase chain reaction gene amplification.fifty consecutive faecal specimens received by the lep were examined for the presence of vero cytotoxin (vt) genes by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) gene amplification. nineteen were positive by pcr and from 16 of these, vt positive escherichia coli o157 were isolated. the remaining three samples were positive for vt genes by pcr but vtec were not isolated. in a preliminary experiment, shigella dysenteriae type 1 was isolated from a case of bloody diarrhoea following a positive amplification re ...19947765704
[vaccination against the enterobacteria responsible for enteric infections].development of vaccines against enterobacterial species responsible for enteric infections sounds like an unrealistic project. on the other hand, based on our growing understanding of the pathogenesis of infections caused by the major species (i.e. salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri and shigella dysenteriae 1, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli) and on our better characterization of the immunological parameters of mucosal protection, it is likely that a limited number of vaccines controlling dise ...19948210205
haemolytic-uraemic syndrome in adults with resistant shigella dysenteriae type i. 19947912809
monoclonal antibodies specific for shigella dysenteriae serotype 13. production, characterization, and diagnostic application.three mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) (icl3, icl4, and icl5) were produced that specifically recognized the lipopolysaccharide antigen of the newly recognized shigella dysenteriae serotype-13 strain. all three mabs reacted with all nine reference isolates of s. dysenteriae 13 in different tests. the mabs also detected colonies of s. dysenteriae-13 isolates by direct slide agglutination test. the mabs also reacted with the reference escherichia coli 0150 strain and showed its close antigenic r ...19947924205
purification, pore-forming ability, and antigenic relatedness of the major outer membrane protein of shigella dysenteriae type 1.the major outer membrane protein (momp), the most abundant outer membrane protein, was purified to homogeneity from shigella dysenteriae type 1. the purification method involved selective extraction of momp with sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of 0.4 m sodium chloride followed by size exclusion chromatography with sephacryl s-200 hr. momp was found to form hydrophilic diffusion pores by incorporation into artificial liposome vesicles composed of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine and dicetylpho ...19947927692
purified shiga-like toxins induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines from murine peritoneal macrophages.infections with shiga toxin-producing shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shiga-like toxin (slt)-producing escherichia coli cause outbreaks of bloody diarrhea in which patients are at risk for developing life-threatening complications involving the renal and central nervous systems. histopathology studies and in vitro experiments suggested that the toxins damage toxin receptor-expressing endothelial cells (ec) lining glomerular and central nervous system capillaries. in the presence of inducible hos ...19947927791
[clinical study in treating intractable ulcerative colitis with traditional chinese medicine].clinical double blind study in treating 153 intractable ulcerative colitis with chinese medicinal herbs was conducted, the patients were randomly assigned to three groups. group i is administered with jian pi ling (jpl) tablet with retention-enema of radix sophorae flavescentis and flos sophora (rsf-fs) decoction per night, group ii with salicylazosulfapyridine (sasp) and retention-enema of dexamethasone, group iii with placebo and retention-enema of decoction as that in group i. after 90 days e ...19947950223
shigellosis in calcutta during 1990-1992: antibiotic susceptibility pattern and clinical features.of 230 cases of bloody diarrhoea studied, 100 (43.5%) were positive for shigellae by stool culture, of which shigella dysenteriae type 1 was isolated from 56 cases, s. flexneri from 35, s. boydii from 5 and s. sonnei from 4. the major clinical manifestations of the patients infected with shigella spp. were abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting, tenesmus, and fever. fever of above 100.5 degrees f and frequency of stool of more than 15 per day were noticed more among cases infected with s. dysenteria ...19947963341
serum igg antibody responses to shigella invasion plasmid-coded antigens detected by immunoblot.serum igg antibody responses to shigella invasion plasmid-coded antigens (ipa) from 58 shigella flexneri, s. sonnei, and s. dysenteriae infected swedish patients were investigated by immunoblot technique. intense responses to most components of ipa (ipas a, b, c, d, and virg-virulence determinant on sali fragment g of the plasmid) were evident in sera from s. flexneri infected patients. the strongest response was to ipa b and the weakest, to ipa d. in contrast, there were weaker responses to ipa ...19947984976
methionine uptake and cytopathogenicity of viable but nonculturable shigella dysenteriae type 1.a pathogenic strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1 was selected for study to elucidate the physiology and potential pathogenicity of organisms in the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state in the environment. studies in our laboratory have shown that s. dysenteriae type 1 survives in laboratory microcosms in the vbnc state for long periods of time, i.e., more than 6 months. vbnc cells of s. dysenteriae type 1 were found to retain cytopathogenicity for cultured hela cells. to determine whether vbn ...19947986035
synthesis and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of a tetra- and a hexa-saccharide fragment of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1.the synthesis of the tetra- and hexa-saccharide methyl glycosides alpha-d-galp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-glcpnac-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)- alpha-l-rhap- ome (1), and alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galp-(1--> 3)-alpha-d-glcpnac- (1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-ome (3) is described, which represent various epitopes of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1. the following monosaccharide intermediates were used: 1,3-di-o-acetyl-2-o-benzoyl-4-o-benzyl-alph ...19948013005
shigellosis in neonates and young infants.to determine the clinical features and outcome of shigellosis in young infants, we reviewed the hospital records of 159 infants < or = 3 months of age (including 30 neonates) and 159 children 1 to 10 years of age with shigellosis who were admitted to the diarrhoea treatment centre in dacca, bangladesh. infants more commonly had a history of nonbloody diarrhea (82.8% vs 42.7%; p < 0.001), moderate or severe dehydration (59.9% vs 32.1%; p < 0.001), or bacteremia (12.0% vs 5.0%; p = 0.027) and less ...19948021764
immunopathological patterns in the rectal mucosa of patients with shigellosis: expression of hla-dr antigens and t-lymphocyte subsets.expression of hla-dr antigens and infiltration of t-lymphocyte subsets (cd4, cd8), cell activation marker (cd25), b cells (cd20), macrophages (cd68 and ber-mac 3) and natural killer cells (cd56) in the rectal mucosa of patients with bacillary dysentery and in healthy controls were studied in an effort to interpret the immunopathological changes taking place in the rectal mucosa during the acute phase of shigellosis. the epithelium of the rectal mucosa from 21 of 32 patients was hla-dr+. conventi ...19948024739
nucleotide sequence of the pseudomonas aeruginosa insertion sequence is222: another member of the is3 family.sequence analysis of the pseudomonas aeruginosa insertion sequence element is222 revealed it to be 1234 bp in size with 23 bp imperfect terminal inverted repeats. insertion caused a 5-bp duplication of the insertion site. two orfs were identified, one of which, orfa, could encode a basic (pi 10.5) polypeptide with a mass of 11,709. this sequence bears strong homology to the putative orfa product from the shigella dysenteriae insertion sequence element is911, which is a member of the is3 family o ...19948029330
ompa-fmdv vp1 fusion proteins: production, cell surface exposure and immune responses to the major antigenic domain of foot-and-mouth disease virus.exposure at the bacterial outer surface of the major antigenic epitope of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmdv) viral protein vp1 was studied using protein fusion with outer membrane protein a (ompa) of shigella dysenteriae for production and transport of the foreign polypeptide to the outer membrane of escherichia coli. fusion constructs with vp1 peptide insertions of up to 56 amino acids in the third outer domain of ompa could be demonstrated on the bacterial surface by indirect immunofluorescence ...19948036821
typing of shigella dysenteriae strains of different serogroups by lectins.ten different serogroups of shigella dysenteriae were typed with the aid of lectins of known sugar specificity resulting from their interactions with the carbohydrates on lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane of bacteria as evidenced by the agglutination-inhibition assay with simple carbohydrates. lipopolysaccharides of two serogroups of shigella were precipitated with different lectins and the results were corroborated by those derived from the agglutination assay suggesting that shigella d ...19947803930
[short-term ciprofloxacin treatment of bacillary dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae type 1 in rwandan refugees].in 1994, an outbreak of dysentery caused by shigella dysenteriae type i resistant to all public health antibiotics in vitro occurred among rwandan refugees in zaïre. the only active antimicrobial agent available was ciprofloxacin. it was administered to hospitalized patients in a conventional 5-day schedule. to ration the supply for the benefit of the greatest number, a randomized blinded study was performed to compare the effectiveness of short-term treatment (1 g of ciprofloxacin in a single d ...19947746123
[diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, new frontiers?]. 19947746137
crystal structure of the holotoxin from shigella dysenteriae at 2.5 a resolution.shigella dysenteriae is the pathogen responsible for the severe form of dysentery in humans. it produces shiga toxin, the prototype of a family of closely related bacterial protein toxins. we have determined the structure of the holotoxin, an ab5 hexamer, by x-ray crystallography. the five b subunits form a pentameric ring, encircling a helix at the carboxy terminus of the a subunit. the a subunit interacts with the b pentamer via this c-terminal helix and a four-stranded mixed beta-sheet. the f ...19947656009
synthesis of methyl o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galactopyranosides specifically deoxygenated at position 3, 4, or 6 of the galactose residue.the title disaccharides were synthesized by condensation of 2,3,4-tri-o-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl bromide with suitably protected, deoxygenated derivatives of methyl alpha-d-galactopyranoside. deoxygenation was achieved via activation of a protected methyl alpha-d-gluco- or galacto-pyranoside with n,n'-thiocarbonyldiimidazole followed by treatment with tributyltin hydride and azobisisobutyronitrile. at position 3, the deoxygenation was more successful when performed with the tri-o-benzoyla ...19947511986
genes for tdp-rhamnose synthesis affect the pattern of lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity in escherichia coli k-12.the rough lipopolysaccharide (lps) of commonly used strains of escherichia coli k-12 has two distinctly different band patterns when analyzed by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the lps of ancestral strains such as w1485f- consists primarily of a single broad gel band. in contrast, the lps of strains derived from strain y10 such as ab1133 or c600 gives three sharp gel bands. complementation studies using dna fragments from the rfb gene cluster of shigella dysenteriae 1 indicat ...19947517388
genetic analysis of the o-specific lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis region (rfb) of escherichia coli k-12 w3110: identification of genes that confer group 6 specificity to shigella flexneri serotypes y and 4a.we recently reported a novel genetic locus located in the sbcb-his region of the chromosomal map of escherichia coli k-12 which directs the expression of group 6-positive phenotype in shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide, presumably due to the transfer of o-acetyl groups onto rhamnose residues of the s. flexneri o-specific polysaccharide (z. yao, h. liu, and m. a. valvano, j. bacteriol. 174:7500-7508, 1992). in this study, we identified the genetic region encoding group 6 specificity as part of ...19947517390
structure of the o antigen of escherichia coli k-12 and the sequence of its rfb gene cluster.escherichia coli k-12 has long been known not to produce an o antigen. we recently identified two independent mutations in different lineages of k-12 which had led to loss of o antigen synthesis (d. liu and p. r. reeves, microbiology 140:49-57, 1994) and constructed a strain with all rfb (o antigen) genes intact which synthesized a variant of o antigen o16, giving cross-reaction with anti-o17 antibody. we determined the structure of this o antigen to be -->2)-beta-d-galf-(1-->6)-alpha-d-glcp- (1 ...19947517391
convergent synthesis of an octasaccharide fragment of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1.a stereocontrolled, convergent synthesis is described of the linear octasaccharide methyl glycoside alpha-l-rha p-(1-->2)-alpha-d-gal p-(1-->3)-alpha-glc p nac-(1-->3)-al pha-l-rha p-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rha p-(1-->2)-alpha-d-gal p-(1-->3) -alpha-d-glc p nac-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rha p-ome (11), which corresponds to two contiguous repeating units of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1.19947518739
fluorination at position 6 of derivatives of methyl alpha-d-galactopyranoside. 19947518742
synthesis of specifically monofluorinated ligands related to the o-polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1.the synthesis is reported of galactopyranose nucleophiles monofluorinated at positions 3, 4, or 6 and protected by 4,6-o-benzylidene, 3,6-di-o-benzyl, or 3,4-o-isopropylidene groups, respectively. the condensation of these nucleophiles with 2,3,4-tri-o-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnosyl bromide gave, after deprotection, the disaccharide analogues of methyl o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galactopyranoside, monofluorinated at position 3, 4, or 6 of the galactoside residue.19947518745
production of slime polysaccharides by shigella dysenteriae type 1.electron microscopy of ruthenium red-stained ultrathin section of strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1 grown in the casamino acids-yeast extract broth medium showed the presence of an extracellular slime layer. the slime appeared as a dense sheath covering bacteria. the presence of slime promoted hemagglutinating activity of the bacteria. the slime polysaccharide (sps) isolated from the cell-free culture supernatant or the bacterial surface was less than 162,000 daltons in size and immunochemi ...19947519716
epitope mapping of six monoclonal antibodies recognizing the shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-antigenic repeating unit expressed in escherichia coli k-12.mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies were generated against lipopolysaccharides expressed in escherichia coli k-12/shigella dysenteriae type 1 hybrids and native shigella dysenteriae type 1 bacteria. six monoclonal antibodies, all igm and reacting with the e. coli k-12/shigella dysenteriae type 1 hybrids, were selected and characterized. the specificities were studied in inhibition experiments using purified native and synthetic saccharides, representing different parts of the s. dysenteriae type ...19947520112
lipopolysaccharide o-antigen biosynthesis in shigella dysenteriae serotype 1: analysis of the plasmid-carried rfp determinant.the o-antigen polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 is encoded by determinants located on a 9 kb plasmid (rfp) and on the chromosome near the his locus (rfb). molecular genetic and biochemical studies of the rfp determinant reported here show that the rfp region contains two genes, rfpa and rfpb, lying in an operon. rfpb was demonstrated to encode a membrane-bound galactosyl-transferase. the low g+c content of rfp dna suggests that it did not originate in sh ...19947520113
antigenicity and antigenic relatedness of the outer membrane proteins of shigella species.sds-page analysis of the outer membrane proteins (omp) of shigella dysenteriae, s. flexneri, s. boydii and s. sonnei showed similar profiles after isolation from shigella species grown at 30, 37 and 42 degrees c. in s. dysenteriae there was a 25 and a 17 kd polypeptide at 37 degrees c only, compared with the other two temperatures. in all four shigella spp the major protein band was around 34-38 kd. antibodies raised in mice against formalinized bacteria gave a strong omp specific response in bo ...19947521507
cholera epidemic among rwandan refugees: experience of icddr,b in goma, zaire.in july 1994, one of the worst cholera epidemics broke out among the nearly a million rwandan refugees in goma, eastern zaire. the united nations high commission for refugees estimated that nearly 12,000 people died during the epidemic. the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b) sent an eight-member medical team to goma headed by dr ak siddique, a senior scientist of the center and head of the epidemic control preparedness program, dacca, bangladesh. during th ...199412288419
detection of 4-quinolone resistance mutation in gyra gene of shigella dysenteriae type 1 by pcr.to study 4-quinolone resistance, the n-terminal coding region of gyra from nalidixic acid-susceptible and -resistant isolates of shigella dysenteriae type 1 was amplified by pcr, cloned, and sequenced. dna sequence analysis of gyra from nalidixic acid-resistant isolates revealed a c-to-t transition at nucleotide position 248 leading to a ser-83-to-leu substitution which was absent in susceptible clinical isolates. direct hinfi digestion of pcr-amplified dna detected similar mutations. thus, dna ...19947840594
synthesis of di- to penta-saccharides related to the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1, and their nuclear magnetic resonance study.the syntheses of oligosaccharide fragments of the o-specific polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1 are described, including disaccharides methyl o-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galactopyranoside (1), and methyl o-(2-deoxy-2-propionamido-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-alpha-l- rhamnopyranoside (2), trisaccharide methyl o-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->3)-o-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-d- glucopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside (3), tetrasaccharide ...19937521746
expression of the shigella dysenteriae type-1 lipopolysaccharide repeating unit in escherichia coli k12/shigella dysenteriae type-1 hybrids.the structures of the polysaccharide part of lipopolysaccharides isolated from eight escherichia coli k12/shigella dysenteriae type 1 hybrids have been determined using sugar and methylation analysis plus 1h- and 13c-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. the hybrids express parts of the s. dysenteriae type 1 o-antigen tetrasaccharide repeating unit because of the presence of pss3, a plasmid expressing an alpha-galactosyl: lipopolysaccharide transferase and pss9, a pbr322 plasmid expressing s. ...19937682945
di- and tri-saccharide glycosyl donors for the synthesis of fragments of the o-specific antigen of shigella dysenteriae type 1.methyl o-(2,4-di-o-benzoyl-3-o-bromoacetyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1-->3)- 2,4-di-o-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside was treated with dichloromethyl methyl ether and zncl2 to give o-(2,4-di-o-benzoyl-3-o-bromoacetyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1-->3)2,4- di-o- benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl chloride. similar treatment of methyl o-(3,4,6-tri-o-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-alpha-d- glucopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-2,4-di-o-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside (13) gave crystalline o-(3,4,6-tir-o-acetyl-2-azido-2-de ...19937690306
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