Publications

structural and genetic characterization of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o145 o antigen and development of an o145 serogroup-specific pcr assay.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o145 strains are emerging as causes of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. in this study, we present the structure of the e. coli o145 o antigen and the sequence of its gene cluster. the o145 antigen has repeat units containing three monosaccharide residues: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose (glcnac), 2-acetamidoylamino-2,6-dideoxy-l-galactose, and n-acetylneuraminic acid. it is very closely related to salmonella enterica serovar touera and s. enteri ...	2005	15629947
bacteria spurned by self-absorbed cells.		2005	15635436
modulation of an outer membrane protease contributes to the virulence defect of shigella flexneri strains carrying a mutation in the virk locus.	the shigella actin assembly protein icsa is removed from the bacterial surface by the protease icsp. we show that decreased intracellular spreading of virk::tn10 mutants is due in part to significant increases in icsp and icsp-mediated cleavage of icsa and that icsp expression is a critical determinant of shigella virulence.	2005	15664968
use of molecular hydrogen as an energy substrate by human pathogenic bacteria.	molecular hydrogen is produced as a fermentation by-product in the large intestine of animals and its production can be correlated with the digestibility of the carbohydrates consumed. pathogenic helicobacter species (helicobacter pylori and h. hepaticus) have the ability to use h(2) through a respiratory hydrogenase, and it was demonstrated that the gas is present in the tissues colonized by these pathogens (the stomach and the liver respectively of live animals). mutant strains of h. pylori un ...	2005	15667272
rifaximin--a novel antimicrobial for enteric infections.	rifaximin is a poorly absorbed rifamycin antimicrobial drug with in vitro activity against gram-positive, gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. the minimal concentration that inhibits 90% of strains of bacterial pathogens (mic90) ranges between 32 and 64 microg/ml. less than 1% of the drug is absorbed after oral administration. after three days of therapy, the average fecal level of this drug is 8000 microg/g of stool. selection of resistant mutants, a problem with the related rifampin, appears ...	2005	15667909
sensitive and rapid detection of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method.	here we report a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for detecting shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli. the target for this lamp method is the ipah gene which is carried by both of the pathogens. the lamp method efficiently detected the gene within 2 h at a minimal amount of bacteria (8 cfu) per reaction.	2005	15668027
synthesis of two linear padre conjugates bearing a deca- or pentadecasaccharide b epitope as potential synthetic vaccines against shigella flexneri serotype 2a infection.	the blockwise synthesis of the 2-aminoethyl glycosides of a deca- and a pentadecasaccharide made of two and three repeating units, respectively, of the shigella flexneri serotype 2a specific polysaccharide is reported. the strategy relies on trifluoromethanesulfonic acid mediated glycosylation of a pentasaccharide building block acting as a glycosyl donor and a potential glycoside acceptor. both targets were made available in amounts large enough for their subsequent conversion into glycoconjuga ...	2005	15669066
analysis of replication region of the cryptic plasmid pag20 from acetobacter aceti 3620.	the dna sequence of small cryptic plasmid pag20 in acetobacter aceti was determined at 3064 bp with 51.6% gc pairs. the plasmid encoded a 186 amino acid protein which is important for plasmid replication in gram-negative bacteria except escherichia coli. two 21 bp large direct repeat sequence 1 and two 13 bp direct repeat sequence 2 were determined in the regulation region upstream from gene encoded rep protein. vector pag24 with kanamycin gene and two deletion derivatives pag25 and pag26 withou ...	2005	15670745
physiological stress of intracellular shigella flexneri visualized with a metabolic sensor fused to a surface-reporter system.	when deleted of its n-terminal signal-reception domain, the broad host range sigma54-dependent transcriptional regulator xylr, along with its cognate promoter pu, becomes a sensor of the metabolic stress of the carrier bacteria. we have employed a surface reporter system to visualize the physiological status of intracellular shigella flexneri during infection of henle 407 cells in culture. to this end, the xylrdeltaa gene has been engineered adjacent to a bicistronic transcriptional fusion of pu ...	2005	15670852
cloning of a novel gene for quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid in shigella flexneri 2b.	a novel gene for quinolone resistance was cloned from a transferable plasmid carried by a clinical isolate of shigella flexneri 2b that was resistant to fluoroquinolones. the plasmid conferred low-level resistance to quinolones on escherichia coli hb101. the protein encoded by the gene showed 59% amino acid identity with qnr.	2005	15673773
antibiotic resistance in diarrheagenic escherichia coli and shigella strains isolated from children in hanoi, vietnam.	the mics for 162 diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains and 28 shigella strains were determined on the basis of nccls guidelines. more than 75% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol (53.6% of shigella strains), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. multiresistance was detected in 89.5% of e. coli strains and 78.6% of shigella strains.	2005	15673777
occurrence of integrons and resistance genes among sulphonamide-resistant shigella spp. from brazil.	to determine the occurrence of class 1 and 2 integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes among sulphonamide-resistant shigella strains isolated in brazil during 1999-2003.	2005	15681578
the flag-2 locus, an ancestral gene cluster, is potentially associated with a novel flagellar system from escherichia coli.	escherichia coli k-12 possesses two adjacent, divergent, promoterless flagellar genes, fhia-mbha, that are absent from salmonella enterica. through bioinformatics analysis, we found that these genes are remnants of an ancestral 44-gene cluster and are capable of encoding a novel flagellar system, flag-2. in enteroaggregative e. coli strain 042, there is a frameshift in lfgc that is likely to have inactivated the system in this strain. tiling path pcr studies showed that the flag-2 cluster is pre ...	2005	15687208
selection-driven transcriptome polymorphism in escherichia coli/shigella species.	to explore the role of transcriptome polymorphism in adaptation of organisms to their environment, we evaluated this parameter for the escherichia coli/shigella bacterial species, which is composed of well-characterized phylogenetic groups that exhibit characteristic life styles ranging from commensalism to intracellular pathogenicity. both the genomic content and the transcriptome of 10 strains representative of the major e. coli/shigella phylogenetic groups were evaluated using macroarrays dis ...	2005	15687289
tyrosine kinase signaling and type iii effectors orchestrating shigella invasion.	upon epithelial cell contact, shigella type iii effectors activate complex signaling pathways that induce localized membrane ruffling, resulting in shigella invasion. bacterial induced membrane ruffles require a timely coordination of cytoskeletal processes, including actin polymerization, filament reorganization and depolymerization, orchestrated by rho gtpases and tyrosine kinases. an emerging concept is that multiple shigella effectors act in synergy to promote actin polymerization in membran ...	2005	15694852
actin-based motility of intracellular pathogens.	the actin cytoskeleton is harnessed by several pathogenic bacteria that are capable of entering into non-phagocytic cells, the so-called 'invasive bacteria'. among them, a few also exploit the host actin cytoskeleton to move intra- and inter-cellularly. our knowledge of the basic mechanisms underlying actin-based motility has dramatically increased and the list of bacteria that are able to move in this way is also increasing including not only listeria, shigella and rickettsia species but also m ...	2005	15694855
a novel caspase-1/toll-like receptor 4-independent pathway of cell death induced by cytosolic shigella in infected macrophages.	shigella-induced macrophage cell death is an important step in the induction of acute inflammatory responses that ultimately lead to bacillary dysentery. cell death was previously reported to be dependent upon the activation of caspase-1 via interaction with ipab secreted by intracellular shigella, but in this study, we show that shigella infection of macrophages can also induce cell death independent of caspase-1 or ipab activity. time-lapse imaging and electron microscopic analyses indicated t ...	2005	15695506
a novel shigella dysenteriae serovar isolated in canada.	the etiological agent most commonly associated with bacillary dysentery is shigella. as part of its mandate, the bacteriology and enteric disease program of health canada identifies and serotypes unusual isolates of shigella received from provincial laboratories of public health. in this report, six unusual isolates from three provinces were analyzed biochemically and serologically using slide and tube agglutinations and molecularly using standard pulsed-filed gel electrophoresis (pfge), pcr, an ...	2005	15695673
the nf2 tumor suppressor merlin and the erm proteins interact with n-wasp and regulate its actin polymerization function.	the function of the nf2 tumor suppressor merlin has remained elusive despite increasing evidence for its role in actin cytoskeleton reorganization. the closely related erm proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) act as linkers between the cell membrane and cytoskeleton, and have also been implicated as active actin reorganizers. we report here that merlin and the erms can interact with and regulate n-wasp, a critical regulator of actin dynamics. merlin and moesin were found to inhibit n-wasp-media ...	2005	15699051
characterization of the flexible genome complement of the commensal escherichia coli strain a0 34/86 (o83 : k24 : h31).	colonization by the commensal escherichia coli strain a0 34/86 (o83 : k24 : h31) has proved to be safe and efficient in the prophylaxis and treatment of nosocomial infections and diarrhoea of preterm and newborn infants in czech paediatric clinics over the past three decades. in searching for traits contributing to this beneficial effect related to the gut colonization capacity of the strain, the authors have analysed its genome by dna-dna hybridization to e. coli k-12 (mg1655) genomic dna array ...	2005	15699189
effects of zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy on the systemic immune responses in shigellosis.	zinc is lost during diarrheal diseases, and zinc deficiency induces intestinal morphology-altering inflammatory responses that zinc supplementation can correct.	2005	15699240
spectroscopic characterization of microorganisms by fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy.	spectroscopic fingerprints of bacteria were investigated by fourier transform infrared (ftir) microspectroscopy for the elucidation of chemical composition and structural information during growth. good differentiation of six microorganisms was achieved down to the strain level. the inherent compositional and structural differences of cell envelopes and cytoplasm were investigated and utilized to obtain more detailed analysis of the spectroscopic features. bands or regions of key functional grou ...	2005	15700299
update in traveler's diarrhea.	td has not proved as preventable as hoped, despite knowing that it is transmitted mainly through food. travelers have little ability to select restaurants based on the kitchen hygiene. the rates of td in travelers to developing countries have not changed in the past 50 years, either because the dietary precautions they are taught are not effective or they cannot be adhered to in the course of a pleasurable vacation. nonantibiotic prophylaxis with bismuth subsalicylate has the potential to preven ...	2005	15701551
etiology of diarrhea in pediatric outpatient settings.	the frequency with which bacteria cause diarrhea evaluated in ambulatory settings is often unknown. we attempted to determine the microbiologic etiology of diarrhea in a private pediatric practice (site a) and a clinic serving largely immigrant children (site b) and to establish guidelines for bacterial culture.	2005	15702043
shigellosis caused by shigella boydii in a preterm neonate, masquerading as necrotizing enterocolitis.	a rare case of neonatal shigellosis caused by shigella boydii in a preterm neonate, severe enough to necessitate intensive care support, is presented. the roles of breast-feeding, hand-washing and surveillance for enteric infections in the prevention of shigellosis in low risk settings such as a special care baby unit are highlighted.	2005	15702053
serum amyloid a protein binds to outer membrane protein a of gram-negative bacteria.	serum amyloid a (saa) is the major acute phase protein in man and most mammals. we observed saa binding to a surprisingly large number of gram-negative bacteria, including escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, klebsiella pneumoniae, vibrio cholerae, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the binding was found to be high affinity and rapid. importantly, this binding was not inhibited by high density lipoprotein with which saa is normally complexed in serum. binding was also observed w ...	2005	15705572
detection of virulence genes in malaysian shigella species by multiplex pcr assay.	in malaysia, shigella spp. was reported to be the third commonest bacterial agent responsible for childhood diarrhoea. currently, isolation of the bacterium and confirmation of the disease by microbiological and biochemical methods remain as the "gold standard". this study aimed to detect the prevalence of four shigella virulence genes present concurrently, in randomly selected malaysian strains via a rapid multiplex pcr (mpcr) assay.	2005	15707504
topological analysis of gtra and gtrb proteins encoded by the serotype-converting cassette of shigella flexneri.	serotype conversion (o-antigen glucosylation) in shigella flexneri is mediated by temperate bacteriophages, which encode a three-gene cluster that contains gtra, gtrb, and gtr([type]). sequence analysis has revealed that gtra and gtrb are conserved and readily interchangeable between serotypes. the gtr([type]) is unique in each serotype and responsible for specifically mediating conversion by the addition of a glucosyl group to the o-antigen units. analysis of the gtra and gtrb amino acid sequen ...	2005	15708010
gastroenteritis in us marines during operation iraqi freedom.	approximately 83,000 us marines participated in the opening phase of operation iraqi freedom in spring 2003. a navy preventive medicine laboratory was set up in ad diwaniyah, iraq, to provide clinical diagnostic support for marine medical units during a period of repositioning in south-central iraq.	2005	15712073
campylobacter species and drug resistance in a north indian rural community.	campylobacter species are known as agents of enteritis worldwide. however, rural community-based studies on campylobacter infections are lacking. we carried out a prospective case-control study from july to december 2002 to investigate the prevalence and socio-epidemiological determinants of campylobacter infection in a rural community in north india and the drug resistance of campylobacter strains isolated from the community. stool specimens from 348 subjects with diarrhoea and 351 age- and gen ...	2005	15653123
the generalized transducing salmonella bacteriophage es18: complete genome sequence and dna packaging strategy.	the generalized transducing double-stranded dna bacteriophage es18 has an icosahedral head and a long noncontractile tail, and it infects both rough and smooth salmonella enterica strains. we report here the complete 46,900-bp genome nucleotide sequence and provide an analysis of the sequence. its 79 genes and their organization clearly show that es18 is a member of the lambda-like (lambdoid) phage group; however, it contains a novel set of genes that program assembly of the virion head. most of ...	2005	15659686
a novel intranasal protollin-based measles vaccine induces mucosal and systemic neutralizing antibody responses and cell-mediated immunity in mice.	protollin-mv is a vaccine produced by mixing split measles virus (mv) antigen with the novel adjuvant protollin (neisseria meningitidis outer membrane proteins non-covalently complexed with shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide). intranasal immunization of mice with two or three doses of protollin-mv induces both serum igg and mucosal iga with strong neutralizing activity. there is a dose-dependent shift towards lower igg1:igg2a ratios and mv-specific ifngamma production in splenocytes. intran ...	2005	15661386
description of a 111-kb pathogenicity island (pai) encoding various virulence features in the enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) strain rw1374 (o103:h2) and detection of a similar pai in other ehec strains of serotype 0103:h2.	human infections with enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) strains of serotype o103:h2 are of increasing importance in germany. as bovines are the principal ehec reservoir behind the occurrence of human infections, we analyzed a pathogenicity island (pai i(rw1374)) of bovine o103:h2 strain rw1374 to identify putative virulence features. this pai i(rw1374) harbors a functional 34-kb locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) core region and has a total length of 111 kb. about 43 kb upstream of the lee core ...	2005	15715170
[experimental study on pharmacodynamical of oxalis griffithii, a national medicine in guizhou].	to study the on effects of anti-bacteria, anti-inflammatory and pyretolysis of oxalis griffithii, it is possible safety.	2005	15719644
genetic analysis of antibiotic-resistance determinants in multidrug-resistant shigella strains isolated from chilean children.	a total of 162 clinical isolates of shigella collected from children in a semi-rural community of chile were examined for the presence of genetic determinants of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. ampicillin resistance was most frequently associated with the presence of bla(oxa) in s. flexneri and with bla(tem) in s. sonnei. the bla(oxa) gene but not bla(tem) was located in class 1 integrons. the dhfria gene encoding for resistance to trimethoprim was asso ...	2005	15724714
molecular strategies for the detection, identification, and differentiation between enteroinvasive escherichia coli and shigella spp.	a strategy for the detection, identification, and differentiation of enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) and shigella spp. has been developed. the strategy includes (i) a multiplex pcr for the amplification of two virulence genes, i.e., iuc (222 bp) and ipah (629 bp); (ii) amplification of the ial gene (a 1,038-bp amplicon) located within a large plasmid; and (iii) restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of the ial gene amplicon. the multiplex pcr provided three patterns. pattern 1 (i ...	2005	15726963
survival of pathogenic bacteria in pesticide solutions and on treated tomato plants.	the ability of salmonella, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and shigella to survive or grow in pesticide solutions (ambush 240ec, benlate t-n-g, bravo 500, botran 75wp, captan 80wdg, parasol, and vendex 50w) used by the horticultural industry was examined. in the laboratory, individual cultures were inoculated at 4 log cfu/ml in pesticides diluted with sterile saline to the lowest recommended spray concentrations. during 21 degrees c incubation for < or =96 h, bacterial survivor ...	2005	15726972
antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella sonnei isolates in japan and molecular analysis of s. sonnei isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.	we performed susceptibility testing with shigella sonnei isolates from imported and domestic cases of infection in japan during 2001 and 2002. some s. sonnei isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. most of the nalidixic acid-resistant strains showed reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones but did not show fluoroquinolone resistance.	2005	15728928
role of the pst system in plaque formation by the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri.	in response to the host cell environment, the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri induces the expression of numerous genes, including those in the pst operon which is predicted to encode a high-affinity phosphate acquisition system that is expressed under reduced phosphate conditions. an s. flexneri pst mutant forms smaller plaques in henle cell monolayers than does the parental strain. this mutant exhibited normal production and localization of the s. flexneri icsa protein. the pst mutant ...	2005	15731038
ipad of shigella flexneri is independently required for regulation of ipa protein secretion and efficient insertion of ipab and ipac into host membranes.	shigella flexneri causes human dysentery after invading the cells of the colonic epithelium. the best-studied effectors of shigella entry into colonocytes are the invasion plasmid antigens ipac and ipab. these proteins are exported via a type iii secretion system (ttss) to form a pore in the host membrane that may allow the translocation of other effectors into the host cytoplasm. ttss-mediated secretion of ipad is also required for translocation pore formation, bacterial invasion, and virulence ...	2005	15731041
microbiology. a pathogen attacks while keeping up defense.		2005	15731433
optimization of virulence functions through glucosylation of shigella lps.	shigella, the leading cause of bacillary dysentery, uses a type iii secretion system (ttss) to inject proteins into human cells, leading to bacterial invasion and a vigorous inflammatory response. the bacterium is protected against the response by the o antigen of lipopolysaccharide (lps) on its surface. we show that bacteriophage-encoded glucosylation of shigella o antigen, the basis of different serotypes, shortens the lps molecule by around half. this enhances ttss function without compromisi ...	2005	15731456
recent advances in the development of live, attenuated bacterial vectors.	over the last quarter century, scientific advances have created new tools and technologies to improve the safety and efficacy of vaccines. these improvements are spurred by social and commercial needs to enhance existing vaccines or to create new ones against an expanding spectrum of diseases. vaccines based on live, attenuated, pathogenic bacteria were originally developed to prevent infection by homologous pathogens. more recently, strategies have been developed to use these bacterial vaccines ...	2005	15732531
shigella antibiotic resistance in central turkey: comparison of the years 1987-1994 and 1995-2002.	the epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of shigella species changes over time. updated susceptibility knowledge is necessary for appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment.	2005	15735493
post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with shigella infection.	bacterial gastroenteritis has been known as a risk factor of irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). several risk factors of post-infectious ibs (pi-ibs) have been documented. the aims of this study were to verify the role of bacterial gastroenteritis in the development of ibs and the risk factors for the development of pi-ibs. the clinical course of pi-ibs was also investigated.	2005	15740480
[evaluation of the robobact system for processing stool cultures: another step towards automation in the microbiology laboratory].	the objective of this study was to evaluate the robobact system (diesse diagnostica senese s.p.a., italy) for processing stool specimens and to compare it with conventional methodology.	2005	15743574
environmental ph sensing: resolving the vira/virg two-component system inputs for agrobacterium pathogenesis.	agrobacterium tumefaciens stands as one of biotechnology's greatest successes, with all plant genetic engineering building on the strategies of this pathogen. by integrating responses to external phs, phenols, and monosaccharides, this organism mobilizes oncogenic elements to efficiently transform most dicotyledonous plants. we now show that the complex signaling network used to regulate lateral gene transfer can be resolved as individual signaling modules. while ph and sugar perception are coup ...	2005	15743967
comparative evaluation of apoptosis induced by shiga toxin 1 and/or lipopolysaccharides in human monocytic and macrophage-like cells.	the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli share the property of expressing the structurally and functionally related cytotoxins that comprise the shiga toxin (stx) family. stx-producing bacteria are causative agents of bloody diarrheal diseases that may progress to life threatening complications involving the destruction of blood vessels in the kidneys and the central nervous system (cns). the precise mechanisms of toxin transport across the ...	2005	15748808
establishment of a universal size standard strain for use with the pulsenet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols: converting the national databases to the new size standard.	the pulsenet national database, established by the centers for disease control and prevention in 1996, consists of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns obtained from isolates of food-borne pathogens (currently escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, shigella, and listeria) and textual information about the isolates. electronic images and accompanying text are submitted from over 60 u.s. public health and food regulatory agency laboratories. the pfge patterns are generated according to ...	2005	15750058
molecular epidemiology of shigella flexneri in a long-stay psychiatric nursing center during 2001 to 2003.	with six separate wards accommodating more than 1,600 patients, v nursing center (vnc) is a long-stay psychiatric nursing center in eastern taiwan. during 2001 to 2003, 39 shigellosis cases occurred in vnc. different from the notion that most cases of shigellosis are caused by shigella sonnei, all except one of these cases were caused by s. flexneri, with the remaining one caused by an s. sonnei isolate. o-antigen serotyping showed that the 38 s. flexneri strains were of either type 1a (n = 20) ...	2005	15750107
in-vitro antimicrobial activity of lawsonia inermis linn (henna). a pilot study on the omani henna.	to investigate the antimicrobial activity of henna's fresh and dry leaves and seeds obtained from oman.	2005	15756356
[serotype and phage type distribution of human salmonella strains isolated in spain, 1997-2001].	salmonellosis is one of the most frequent causes of gastroenteritis in spain. serotyping is the gold standard epidemiological marker for subdividing salmonella spp. strains. a small number of serotypes are very frequently isolated, reducing the discriminatory power of serotyping. thus, to increase our knowledge of salmonella spp. epidemiology, additional epidemiological markers, such as phage typing, should be used for this purpose.	2005	15757583
analysis of virulence plasmid gene expression defines three classes of effectors in the type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri.	proteins directly involved in entry and dissemination of shigella flexneri into epithelial cells are encoded by a virulence plasmid of 200 kb. a 30-kb region (designated the entry region) of this plasmid encodes components of a type iii secretion (tts) apparatus, substrates of this apparatus and their dedicated chaperones. during growth of bacteria in broth, expression of these genes is induced at 37 degrees c and the tts apparatus is assembled in the bacterial envelope but is not active. secret ...	2005	15758240
presumptive shigellosis: clinical and laboratory characteristics of bangladeshi patients.	the aim of the study was to examine some selected clinical and laboratory parameters in distinguishing non-shigella invasive diarrhoeas from culture-confirmed shigella cases. we conducted a clinic-based, cross-sectional study at the dhaka hospital of icddr,b located in bangladesh. in total, 389 patients of all age groups and of both genders, with a history of diarrhoea of less than 96 h and presence of visible blood and/or mucus in the stool were presumed to have shigellosis and enrolled in the ...	2005	15764200
[change of serological properties of museum strains of shigella flexneri in different terms of storage].	the viability, purity, biological and serological properties of museum strains of shigella flexneri which were kept in lyophilized state during above 30 years were studied. primary serological characteristics were specified, it was established that type 2a is the predominant serotype independent of the years and regions of isolation. some strains lost antigens as a result of the long-term preservation or reinoculation on agar media.	2005	15765879
bacteriophage-encoded glucosyltransferase gtrii of shigella flexneri: membrane topology and identification of critical residues.	the shigella flexneri serotypes differ in the nature of their o-antigens. the addition of glucosyl or o-acetyl groups to the common backbone repeat units gives rise to the different serotypes. gtrii glucosylates rhamnose iii of the o-antigen repeat unit, thus converting serotype y (which has no modifications to the basic o-antigen repeat unit) into serotype 2a, the most prevalent serotype. in the present study, the topology of gtrii has been determined. gtrii has nine transmembrane helices, a re ...	2005	15766330
shigella induced reactive arthritis.		2005	15769909
comparative analysis of shigella boydii 18 foodborne outbreak isolate and related enteric bacteria: role of rpos and adia in acid stress response.	shigella boydii cdph (chicago department of public health) serotype 18 was implicated in an outbreak of foodborne illness in 1998. the suspected food vehicles were parsley and cilantro imported from mexico used to prepare bean salad. previous studies revealed that s. boydii cdph serotype 18 can survive in bean salad, which contains organic acids and whose ph decreases over time. acid challenge assays in acidified tryptic soy broth at ph 4.5, acidified luria-bertani broth at ph 4.5, and acidified ...	2005	15771176
comparison of chromogenic shigella spp. plating medium with standard media for the recovery of shigella boydii and shigella sonnei from tomato surfaces.	isolation of shigella spp. from food is difficult because of a lack of appropriate selective media and the presence of low numbers of shigellae relative to competitive microorganisms. chromogenic shigella spp. plating medium (cspm) was evaluated for use with the u.s. food and drug administration bacteriological analytical manual (bam) enrichment procedure for isolation of artificially contaminated shigella boydii ui02 and shigella sonnei ui05 from tomato surfaces. tomatoes were inoculated with v ...	2005	15771194
direct immunofluorescence assay for rapid environmental detection of vibrio cholerae o1.	an immunofluorescence assay for direct detection of v. cholerae o1 was developed using polyclonal antibodies raised against outer membrane proteins (omps) of v. cholerae o1. production of omps varied with growth media used; maximum production was found in tryptic soy broth. the detection system was specific because no cross-reactivity was observed with other bacteria including v. cholerae o139, e. coli, s. dysenteriae and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi. the technique was able ...	2005	16475506
anti-bacterial alkaloids of saracococca saligna.	the crude ethanolic extract of saracococca saligna was found to be cytotoxic and antibacterial but produced no platelet aggregation induced by adp. antibacterial activity of two known alkaloid, pachyaximine-a and saracodine was determined. pachyaximine-a possessed significant antibacterial activity against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, corynebacterium diphtheriae and corynebacterium pyrogenes. saracodme showed moderate activity against staphylococcus pyrogenes, escherichia coli, staph ...	2005	16431389
erythromycin synergism with essential and trace elements.	in order to establish the role of various essential and trace element complexation on the antibacterial activity of various macrolide antibiotics, the synergistic or antagonistic behavior of erythromycin metal complexes have been studied and compared with the parent drug. metal complexes of erythromycin with magnesium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium have been investigated for their antibacterial activity and compared with erythromycin by observing th ...	2005	16431396
detection and identification of intestinal pathogenic bacteria by hybridization to oligonucleotide microarrays.	to detect the common intestinal pathogenic bacteria quickly and accurately.	2005	16437687
cephalosporin resistant shigella flexneri from a clinical isolate--a rare finding.	shigellosis is an important public health problem, especially in developing countries. antibiotic treatment of dysentery aimed at resolving diarrhea or reducing its duration, and to prevent transmission to other close contacts. isolates with resistance to first line drugs have been reported throughout world, third generation cephalosporins and quinolones are mainstay of treatment. shigella flexneri resistant to third generation cephalosporins in a clinical isolate is a rare finding, and this has ...	2005	16438280
aerobic heterotrophic bacterial diversity in sediments of rajakkamangalam estuary, south west coast of india.	the abundance of aerobic heterotrophic bacterial population in the sediment sample of six experimental stations (s1 to s6) at rajakkamangalam estuary was studied for a period of one year from march, 1998 to february, 1999. the important bacterial genera encountered were pseudomonas, bacillus, vibrio, escherichia, micrococcus, enterobacter, salmonella, aeromonas, shigella, klebsiella, proteus, alkaligenes, staphylococcus, citrobacter and flavobacterium. the bacterial population based on numerical ...	2005	16459565
immunoproteomics of membrane proteins of shigella flexneri 2a 2457t.	to screen the immunogenic membrane proteins of shigella flexneri 2a 2457t.	2005	16425402
sepsis caused by food-borne infection with escherichia coli.	we report a case of sepsis caused by escherichia coli (e. coli) of serotype o-143. a 78-year-old man developed symptoms of gastroenteritis after ingesting raw meat on noodles. he rapidly developed respiratory failure. blood culture grew e. coli. the sepsis seemed to have directly spread from a food-borne infection. the development of primary sepsis after ingesting e. coli is very rare. we suspect that bacterial translocation played a major role. serotype o-143 is recognized in enteroinvasive e. ...	2005	16415557
[the colicynogenic activity and anthibiotic sensitivity of collected and newly isolated strains of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei].	among the collection strains of s. flexneri 10.5; 5.5; 2.6; 2.6 and 7.9% of strains were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, ceftryaxon, cefasoline, chloramphenycol, respectively. the maximum number of r-determinants of one strain was 4. the strains resistant to cefalosporynes were not revealed; among newly isolated strains of this agent, these strains resistant to ampicilline, tetracycline and chloramphenycol made 20%. among the collection and newly isolated strains of s. flexneri, isolated ...	2005	16396114
shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced diarrhea in rats.	with the aim of setting up an animal model of shigella dysenteriae-induced diarrhea, wistar rats received per os increasing densities of s. dysenteriae type 1 (sd1). inoculum of 12 x 10(8) sd1 provoked dysenteric diarrhea within 24 h. feces of healthy rats were molded, brown to black and rough. rats developing diarrhea presented blood at the anal orifice; stools were soft or liquid containing mucus, or molded, smooth and mucus-coated. at times, stools appeared longer, dark and shiny due to the p ...	2005	16377862
antibiotic principles from a streptomyces species and their sub-acute toxicity studies on hepatic, renal and haemopoietic system of rats.	two promising antibiotics, jf-a and jf-b were isolated from the chloroform extract of a banglaeshi streptomyces strain. the mean zones of inhibition produced by the chloroform extract (400 microg/disc), jf-a (200 microg/disc) and jf-b (200 microg/disc) against 19 pathogenic bacteria were found to be 9-50, 12-38 and 10-41 mm while those produced by a standard antibiotic, kanamycin were 11-40 mm at 30 microg/disc. mics of jf-a and jf-b were determined to be 64 microg/ml against bacillus subtilis a ...	2005	16380336
new vaccines against enteric bacteria for children in less developed countries.	diarrheal diseases represent a major threat to infant survival in less developed countries. a real opportunity now exists to help alleviate this problem through the development of safe and effective multicomponent whole-bacterial cell vaccine(s) against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and shigella, two important pathogens for which no licensed vaccine exists. what is preventing realization of this achievement is a lack of focus on the unique needs of children in less developed countries, along ...	2005	16372876
re-emergence of multi-drug resistant shigella dysenteriae with added resistance to ciprofloxacin in north india & their plasmid profiles.	multi drug resistant shigellae pose a major threat in control of shigellosis with. shigella dysenteriae being the most prevalent species at our centre before 1994. a gradual decrease in s. dysenteriae occurred over the years with a corresponding increase in s. flexneri which became the predominant serotype. from may to november 2003, an increase in number of patients admitted with clinical diagnosis of dysentery was noted in comparison to previous years, with a corresponding increase in the isol ...	2005	16394329
detection and isolation method for bacterial lysozyme inhibitors by use of lysozyme affinity chromatography.		2005	16366278
a ph dependent mechanism for inactivation of gram-negative bacteria by hen egg white and lambda lysozymes under high pressure.		2005	16366309
[symptoms of food-borne diseases and gastroenteritis in kyushu, japan].	in this study we analyzed the symptoms of gastroenteritis or food-borne disease caused by the 10 most prevalent pathogens: norovirus, salmonella, vibrio parahaemolyticus, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium perfringens, shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec), shigella sonnei/flexneri (shigella), staphylococcus aureus, and emetic-type bacillus cereus. the symptoms diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and headache, and the incubation period in 646 cases i ...	2005	16366357
evolution of foodborne pathogens via temperate bacteriophage-mediated gene transfer.	temperate bacteriophages have always been central to the evolution of bacteria, although their importance has been consistently underestimated compared to transformation and conjugation. in the last 20 years, as more gene and genome sequences have become available and researchers have more accurately determined bacteriophage populations in the environment, we are gaining a clearer picture of their role in the past and potential role in the future. the transductive and lysogenic capacities of thi ...	2005	16366852
the utility of lactoferrin in differentiating parasitic from bacterial infections.	lactoferrin is an iron binding glycoprotein found in the 2ry granules of pmn. in order to determine the usefulness of such marker for neutrophilic activity in differentiating cases suffering from amoebic and bacillary dysentery, schistosoma and bacterial uti infections, we examined stool and urine specimens using anti-lactoferrin antibodies (lactoferrin latex agglutination test: lfla), compared with different standard gold techniques. our results demonstrated that cases with either shigllosis or ...	2005	16363291
[alibi verification and the pcr method to estimate the source of epidemic for a few notified cases of s. sonnei].	a few culture-confirmed cases of s. sonnei have been notified from korean hospitals. the source of epidemic can't be firmly determined in such cases because of the rarity of this illness in the local communities and the timing of the outbreaks. the objective of this study is to estimate the source of epidemic by investigating the patients' lifestyles.	2005	16358827
carriage by the housefly (musca domestica) of multiple-antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans, in hospital and other urban environments in misurata, libya.	using standard microbiological procedures, bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans were isolated from 150 houseflies collected in the libyan city of misurata (50 flies each from the central hospital, streets and abattoir). salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica and edwardsiella tarda were isolated from flies collected on the streets and in the abattoir but not from those collected in the hospital. shigella sonnei was detected in just one fly, which was collected in the abattoir. of ...	2005	16297293
molecular markers for detection of pathogenic escherichia coli strains belonging to serogroups o 138 and o 139.	escherichia coli strains belonging to o-serogroup 138 and 139 are important as disease agents in pigs causing post-weaning diarrhea and edema disease. several types of shiga toxin-producing o 138 and o 139 strains were isolated from diarrheic humans and from cattle and food of bovine origin. serotyping is the current method for detection of o 138 and o 139 strains but its applicability can be limited due to the presence of capsules and capsular-like bacterial surface antigens and in the case of ...	2005	16280204
immunoproteomics of outer membrane proteins and extracellular proteins of shigella flexneri 2a 2457t.	shigella flexneri 2a is an important pathogen causing bacillary dysentery in humans. in order to investigate any potential vaccine candidate proteins present in outer membrane proteins (omps) and extracellular proteins of s. flexneri 2a 2457t, we use the proteome mapping and database analyzing techniques. a subproteome map and database of omps were established first. one hundred and nine of the total 126 marked spots were cut out and processed to maldi-tof-ms and pmf. eighty-seven spots were ide ...	2005	16281178
late detection of a shigellosis outbreak in a school in madrid.	even though shigellosis in spain is rare, an indigenous outbreak is occasionally detected. we describe an outbreak in a school in madrid caused by person-to-person transmission of shigella sonnei. after the detection of shigella sonnei in a stool sample from a 3 year old girl, an investigation at her school was initiated. questionnaires were distributed to the parents of 520 pupils attending the school. a case was defined as a school case if it was the first case in a child's household, and as a ...	2005	16282643
estimating the burden of shigellosis in thailand: 36-month population-based surveillance study.	to estimate incidence of shigellosis in the kaengkhoi district, saraburi province, thailand.	2005	16283050
risk factors for mortality due to shigellosis: a case-control study among severely-malnourished children in bangladesh.	to determine the risk factors for death of severely-malnourished bangladeshi children with shigellosis, a case-control study was conducted at the clinical research and service centre of icddr,b: centre for health and population research in dhaka, bangladesh. one hundred severely-malnourished children (weight-for-age <60% of median of the national center for health statistics), with a positive stool culture for shigella dysenteriae type 1 or s. flexneri, who died during hospitalization, were comp ...	2005	16262023
the mreb and min cytoskeletal-like systems play independent roles in prokaryotic polar differentiation.	establishment of an axis of cell polarity and differentiation of the cell poles are fundamental aspects of cellular development in many organisms. we compared the effects of two bacterial cytoskeletal-like systems, the mreb and mincde systems, on these processes in escherichia coli. we report that the min proteins are capable of establishing an axis of oscillation that is the initial step in establishment of polarity in spherical cells, in a process that is independent of the mreb cytoskeleton. ...	2005	16262780
construction of prophylactic human papillomavirus type 16 l1 capsid protein vaccine delivered by live attenuated shigella flexneri strain sh42.	to express human papillomavirus (hpv) l1 capsid protein in the recombinant strain of shigella and study the potential of a live attenuated shigella-based hpv prophylactic vaccine in preventing hpv infection, the icsa/virg fragment of shigella-based prokaryotic expression plasmid phs3199 was constructed. hpv type 16 l1 (hpv16l1) gene was inserted into plasmid phs3199 to form the phs3199-hpv16l1 construct, and phs3199-hpv16l1 was electroporated into a live attenuated shigella strain sh42. western ...	2005	16270153
shigella flexneri perinephric abscess and bacteremia.		2005	16270768
peptidoglycan degradation by specialized lytic transglycosylases associated with type iii and type iv secretion systems.	specialized lytic transglycosylases are muramidases capable of locally degrading the peptidoglycan meshwork of gram-negative bacteria. specialized lytic transglycosylase genes are present in clusters encoding diverse macromolecular transport systems. this paper reports the analysis of selected members of the specialized lytic transglycosylase family from type iii and type iv secretion systems. these proteins were analysed in vivo by assaying their ability to complement the dna transfer defect of ...	2005	16272370
in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial action of tea: the commonest beverage of asia.	the methanolic extract of leaves of camellia sinensis (l) o. kuntze was screened for antimicrobial property against 111 bacteria comprising 2 genera of gram positive and 7 genera of gram negative bacteria. most of these strains were inhibited by the compound at 10-50 microg/ml level and few strains were sensitive even at lower concentrations (5 microg/ml). the bacteria could be arranged in the decreasing order of sensitivity towards the compound in the following manner: staphylococcus aureus, vi ...	2005	16272702
preparation of monoclonal antibody and development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for escherichia coli o157 in foods.	to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mab) and antisera specific for escherichia coli (e. coli) o157, and to develop a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect e. coli o157 in foods.	2005	16274107
species diversity and antimicrobial resistance of shigella spp. isolated between 2001 and 2004 from hospitalized children with diarrhoea in kolkata (calcutta), india.	the incidence, phenotypic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns of 193 shigella strains isolated from 2489 hospitalized children with acute diarrhoea were studied during january 2001 to august 2004. s. flexneri (60%) was the most prevalent serogroup, followed by s. sonnei (23.8%), s. dysenteriae (9.8%) and s. boydii (5.7%). since 2002, s. flexneri 2a was the most dominant serotype. almost all s. flexneri strains exhibited resistance to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, na ...	2005	16274506
genome dynamics and diversity of shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery.	the shigella bacteria cause bacillary dysentery, which remains a significant threat to public health. the genus status and species classification appear no longer valid, as compelling evidence indicates that shigella, as well as enteroinvasive escherichia coli, are derived from multiple origins of e.coli and form a single pathovar. nevertheless, shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 causes deadly epidemics but shigella boydii is restricted to the indian subcontinent, while shigella flexneri and shigel ...	2005	16275786
identification of core and variable components of the salmonella enterica subspecies i genome by microarray.	we have performed microarray hybridization studies on 40 clinical isolates from 12 common serovars within salmonella enterica subspecies i to identify the conserved chromosomal gene pool. we were able to separate the core invariant portion of the genome by a novel mathematical approach using a decision tree based on genes ranked by increasing variance. all genes within the core component were confirmed using available sequence and microarray information for s. enterica subspecies i strains. the ...	2005	16299280
community-based safety, immunogenicity, and transmissibility study of the shigella sonnei wrss1 vaccine in israeli volunteers.	we describe the first community-based evaluation of shigella sonnei strain wrss1, a live, oral candidate vaccine attenuated by a 212-bp deletion in the virg (or icsa) plasmid virulence gene. three single-dose regimens of wrss1 (5 x 10(3) cfu, 2 x 10(4) cfu, and 4 x 10(5) cfu) were tested with cohorts of 15 adult volunteers. the vaccine was generally well tolerated at the 10(3)- and 10(4)-cfu doses. there were no fevers and there was one report of moderate diarrhea in 30 vaccinees; five additiona ...	2005	16299296
shiga toxin 2 and lipopolysaccharide induce human microvascular endothelial cells to release chemokines and factors that stimulate platelet function.	shiga toxins (stxs) produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli are the most common cause of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus). it is well established that vascular endothelial cells, mainly those located in the renal microvasculature, are targets for stxs. the aim of the present research was to evaluate whether e. coli-derived shiga toxin 2 (stx2) incubated with human microvascular endothelial cells (hmec-1) induces release of chemokines and other factors that m ...	2005	16299328
flashlights on bacterial virulence proteins.		2005	16299473
secretion of type iii effectors into host cells in real time.	type iii secretion (t3s) systems are key features of many gram-negative bacteria that translocate t3s effector proteins directly into eukaryotic cells. there, t3s effectors exert many effects, such as cellular invasion or modulation of host immune responses. studying spatiotemporal orchestrated secretion of various effectors has been difficult without disrupting their functions. here we developed a new approach using shigella flexneri t3s as a model to investigate bacterial translocation of indi ...	2005	16299482
ready-to-eat shrimp as an international vehicle of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.	the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in foods of animal origin is a potential health threat because resistance can be transferred among bacteria, and antibiotic-resistant pathogens may not respond to antibiotic treatments. thirteen brands of ready-to-eat shrimp representing four countries of origin were obtained from local grocery stores. total heterotrophic plate counts were determined, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria were isolated. total heterotrophic colony counts ranged from 3.3 ...	2005	16300079
pneumonia complicating shigella sonnei dysentery in an hiv-infected adult male.	an hiv-1-infected adult presented with a short history of dyspnoea, productive cough and myalgia with fever. shortly after presentation, he developed the abrupt onset of high-volume watery diarrhoea: stool culture grew shigella sonnei. at the same time, he became hypoxaemic, and thoracic imaging showed bilateral lower lobe consolidation/collapse. culture of sputum and blood was negative. the patient recovered with fluid resuscitation and ciprofloxacin monotherapy. this is the first reported case ...	2005	16303074
purification and preliminary crystallographic studies of cutc, a novel copper homeostasis protein from shigella flexneri.	cutc is a novel copper homeostasis protein containing 248 amino acids. here we report the cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of cutc from shigella flexneri 2a. purification of cutc and its selenomethionine (semet) derivate were done using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography. the purified proteins were crystallized using the hanging drop vapor diffusion method. the diffraction ...	2005	16305556