Publications

[clinical manifestation of acute dysentery caused by the polyagglutinable strain of shigella sonnei].	it was established, that clinical manifestation of acute dysentery caused by the polyagglutinable strain of sonne shigellosis is characterized by acute onset of the disease, general toxic syndrome (high body temperature up mild pyrexia, chill, headache, low appetite) and in 6-24 hours followed by gastric indigestion resembling acute enterocolitis. in general, there have not been severe and lingering forms of the disease. etiotropic and pathogenetic treatments are leading procedure in care of suc ...	2005	15915995
a secreted anti-activator, ospd1, and its chaperone, spa15, are involved in the control of transcription by the type iii secretion apparatus activity in shigella flexneri.	bacteria of shigella spp. are responsible for shigellosis in humans and use a type iii secretion (tts) system to enter epithelial cells and trigger apoptosis in macrophages. transit of translocator and effector proteins through the tts apparatus is activated upon contact of bacteria with host cells. transcription of approximately 15 genes encoding effectors is regulated by the tts apparatus activity and controlled by mxie, an arac family activator, and its coactivator ipgc, the chaperone of ipab ...	2005	15916611
a directed screen for chlamydial proteins secreted by a type iii mechanism identifies a translocated protein and numerous other new candidates.	chlamydiae are strict intracellular parasites that induce their internalization upon contact with the host cell and grow inside an intracellular compartment called an inclusion. they possess a type iii secretion (tts) apparatus, which allows for the translocation of specific proteins in the host cell cytosol. in particular, chlamydial proteins of the inc family are secreted to the inclusion membrane by a tts mechanism; other tts substrates are mostly unknown. using a secretion assay based on the ...	2005	15916612
important bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens in children: a pathogenesis perspective.	this article focuses on the five most common bacterial enteropathogens of the developed world--helicobacter pylori, escherichia coli, shigella, salmonella, and campylobacter--from the perspective of how they cause disease and how they relate to each other. basic and recurring themes of bacterial pathogenesis, including mechanisms of entry, methods of adherence, sites of cellular injury, role of toxins, and how pathogens acquire particular virulence traits (and antimicrobial resistance), are disc ...	2005	15925661
optimizing protein crystal growth through dynamic seeding.	a dynamic seeding method that is different from the conventional method of seeding drops that have been equilibrated is described. the method basically consists of two steps. firstly, microseeding was used in association with adjustment of the seeding-drop components, including buffer, additive and concentrations of the precipitants and protein, in order to screen suitable seeding conditions under which microseeds are seeded into a new non-equilibrated drop as the dynamic macroseed drop for the ...	2005	15930637
[bacterial colony as a complex community].	information on the adaptive behavior of cells in the process of the formation of a colony by bacteria shigella flexneri rd, used as a model, was obtained with the use of light, transmission and scanning microscopy. the process of the formation of a microcolony was demonstrated; at the initial stages (8 hours) it included 3 groups of cells, and 24 hours later it exhibited sharply defined structurization. the conclusion was made on the possibility of the joint use of different methods of microscop ...	2005	15881929
[antibiotic resistance of shigellae and rationale for etiotropic therapy of shigella infections].	the study was aimed at determining sensitivity of shigellae to antibacterial preparations and their clinical effectiveness for correcting recommendations on the empirical therapy of acute shigella infections (asi). the sensitivity of 164 s. flexneri strains and 80 s. sonnei strains, isolated in 1996-2003 in the sumy region, ukraine, was determined with respect to 19 antibacterial preparations: ampicillin (am), tetracycline (te), rifampicin (ri), chloramphenicol (ca), streptomycin (st), fusidin ( ...	2005	15881945
spatial distribution and functional significance of activated vinculin in living cells.	conformational change is believed to be important to vinculin's function at sites of cell adhesion. however, nothing is known about vinculin's conformation in living cells. using a forster resonance energy transfer probe that reports on changes in vinculin's conformation, we find that vinculin is in the actin-binding conformation in a peripheral band of adhesive puncta in spreading cells. however, in fully spread cells with established polarity, vinculin's conformation is variable at focal adhes ...	2005	15883197
interferon gamma induces translocation of commensal escherichia coli across gut epithelial cells via a lipid raft-mediated process.	the "leaky gut" hypothesis proposes that leakage of enteric bacteria into the body resulting from disruption of the epithelial barrier is a critical step in the pathophysiology of various disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and sepsis. however, the pathways and underlying mechanisms by which commensal bacteria cross the epithelial barrier in inflammatory conditions remain unclear. this study investigated the mechanisms of interferon gamma-mediated bacterial translocation across human co ...	2005	15887109
antagonistic activity of a natural fungal population towards pathogenic bacteria. an in vitro study.	in the present work, we performed in vitro testing of 33 species of fungi of the subdivision deuteromycotina isolated from water and sediment of the kolubara river for antagonistic action towards 11 species of pathogenic bacteria. of gram-negative bacteria, the species most sensitive to metabolic fluid of the fungi were proteus mirabilis, salmonella enteritidis, and shigella sonnei, while the most resistant were klebsiella pneumoniae and salmonella typhimurium. of gram-positive bacteria, the mos ...	2005	15889346
cytokine release induced by killed bacteria associated with anti-ifn-gamma antibody in shigella infection.	an effort was made to analyze the effect of in vitro stimulation on macrophages using killed shigella dysenteriae type-1 (ksd1) coupled with anti-interferon gamma (anti-ifn-gamma) antibody. the stimulated macrophages were co-cultured with primed or non-primed t-cells from shigella infected patients. t-cell cultures were also established by co-culturing ksd1 coupled with or without pha stimulated macrophages. emulsified ksd1 coupled with anti-ifn-gamma antibody was found to act as a potent immuno ...	2005	15894487
antibacterial activity of the essential oil from cymbopogon nervatus inflorescence.	antibacterial activity of essential oil of dried inflorescence of cymbopogon nervatus was investigated. the essential oil remarkably inhibited the growth of tested bacteria except for salmonella typhi. the maximum activity was against shigella dysenteriae and klebsiella pneumoniae.	2005	15896926
a gene encoding l-methionine gamma-lyase is present in enterobacteriaceae family genomes: identification and characterization of citrobacter freundii l-methionine gamma-lyase.	citrobacter freundii cells produce l-methionine gamma-lyase when grown on a medium containing l-methionine. the nucleotide sequence of the hybrid plasmid with a c. freundii ecori insert of about 3.0 kbp contained two open reading frames, consisting of 1,194 nucleotides and 1,296 nucleotides, respectively. the first one (denoted megl) encoded l-methionine gamma-lyase. the enzyme was overexpressed in escherichia coli and purified. the second frame encoded a protein belonging to the family of perme ...	2005	15901718
antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of the barks of xylocarpus moluccensis in castor oil- and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea models in mice.	the methanol (meoh) extract of the barks of xylocarpus moluccensis, and different fractions of this extract were studied for antidiarrhoeal activity using castor oil- and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea models in mice. at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, the meoh extract showed significant antidiarrhoeal activity in both models. the etoac fraction (eaf) and the residual meoh fraction (rmf) exhibited similar activity using a dose of 250 mg/kg in both models. no antidiarrhoeal activity was obs ...	2005	15905054
salmonellosis and the food chain in khon kaen, northeastern thailand.	non-typhoidal salmonellosis is a major cause of food-borne illness in thailand. specific serotyping of salmonellae, linked with certain foods, can be used to identify outbreaks, transmission, and for surveillance. we aimed to identify the chain of non-typhoidal salmonella transmission from food to humans in five slums, two open markets, four supermarkets and an abattoir in the municipality of khon kaen. during three months representing the cool-dry, hot-dry, and rainy seasons of 2002, culture sa ...	2005	15906654
cryptic plasmid prk2 from escherichia coli w: sequence analysis and segregational stability.	cryptic plasmid prk2 of the strain escherichia coli w (atcc 9637), an ancestor of production strains for penicillin g acylase, was sequenced and characterized. based on the data on replication region and origin (ori sequence aac, 924-926nt), the plasmid was classified as cole1-like plasmid. dna sequence analysis revealed five orfs hypothetical products of which shared a significant sequence similarity with putative proteins encoded by dna of plasmid pcole1. orf1 codes for protein rom involved in ...	2005	15907542
update in traveler's diarrhea.	td has not proved as preventable as hoped, despite knowing that it is transmitted mainly through food. travelers have little ability to select restaurants based on the kitchen hygiene. the rates of td in travelers to developing countries have not changed in the past 50 years, either because the dietary precautions they are taught are not effective or they cannot be adhered to in the course of a pleasurable vacation. nonantibiotic prophylaxis with bismuth subsalicylate has the potential to preven ...	2005	15701551
etiology of diarrhea in pediatric outpatient settings.	the frequency with which bacteria cause diarrhea evaluated in ambulatory settings is often unknown. we attempted to determine the microbiologic etiology of diarrhea in a private pediatric practice (site a) and a clinic serving largely immigrant children (site b) and to establish guidelines for bacterial culture.	2005	15702043
shigellosis caused by shigella boydii in a preterm neonate, masquerading as necrotizing enterocolitis.	a rare case of neonatal shigellosis caused by shigella boydii in a preterm neonate, severe enough to necessitate intensive care support, is presented. the roles of breast-feeding, hand-washing and surveillance for enteric infections in the prevention of shigellosis in low risk settings such as a special care baby unit are highlighted.	2005	15702053
serum amyloid a protein binds to outer membrane protein a of gram-negative bacteria.	serum amyloid a (saa) is the major acute phase protein in man and most mammals. we observed saa binding to a surprisingly large number of gram-negative bacteria, including escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, klebsiella pneumoniae, vibrio cholerae, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the binding was found to be high affinity and rapid. importantly, this binding was not inhibited by high density lipoprotein with which saa is normally complexed in serum. binding was also observed w ...	2005	15705572
detection of virulence genes in malaysian shigella species by multiplex pcr assay.	in malaysia, shigella spp. was reported to be the third commonest bacterial agent responsible for childhood diarrhoea. currently, isolation of the bacterium and confirmation of the disease by microbiological and biochemical methods remain as the "gold standard". this study aimed to detect the prevalence of four shigella virulence genes present concurrently, in randomly selected malaysian strains via a rapid multiplex pcr (mpcr) assay.	2005	15707504
topological analysis of gtra and gtrb proteins encoded by the serotype-converting cassette of shigella flexneri.	serotype conversion (o-antigen glucosylation) in shigella flexneri is mediated by temperate bacteriophages, which encode a three-gene cluster that contains gtra, gtrb, and gtr([type]). sequence analysis has revealed that gtra and gtrb are conserved and readily interchangeable between serotypes. the gtr([type]) is unique in each serotype and responsible for specifically mediating conversion by the addition of a glucosyl group to the o-antigen units. analysis of the gtra and gtrb amino acid sequen ...	2005	15708010
gastroenteritis in us marines during operation iraqi freedom.	approximately 83,000 us marines participated in the opening phase of operation iraqi freedom in spring 2003. a navy preventive medicine laboratory was set up in ad diwaniyah, iraq, to provide clinical diagnostic support for marine medical units during a period of repositioning in south-central iraq.	2005	15712073
campylobacter species and drug resistance in a north indian rural community.	campylobacter species are known as agents of enteritis worldwide. however, rural community-based studies on campylobacter infections are lacking. we carried out a prospective case-control study from july to december 2002 to investigate the prevalence and socio-epidemiological determinants of campylobacter infection in a rural community in north india and the drug resistance of campylobacter strains isolated from the community. stool specimens from 348 subjects with diarrhoea and 351 age- and gen ...	2005	15653123
the generalized transducing salmonella bacteriophage es18: complete genome sequence and dna packaging strategy.	the generalized transducing double-stranded dna bacteriophage es18 has an icosahedral head and a long noncontractile tail, and it infects both rough and smooth salmonella enterica strains. we report here the complete 46,900-bp genome nucleotide sequence and provide an analysis of the sequence. its 79 genes and their organization clearly show that es18 is a member of the lambda-like (lambdoid) phage group; however, it contains a novel set of genes that program assembly of the virion head. most of ...	2005	15659686
a novel intranasal protollin-based measles vaccine induces mucosal and systemic neutralizing antibody responses and cell-mediated immunity in mice.	protollin-mv is a vaccine produced by mixing split measles virus (mv) antigen with the novel adjuvant protollin (neisseria meningitidis outer membrane proteins non-covalently complexed with shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide). intranasal immunization of mice with two or three doses of protollin-mv induces both serum igg and mucosal iga with strong neutralizing activity. there is a dose-dependent shift towards lower igg1:igg2a ratios and mv-specific ifngamma production in splenocytes. intran ...	2005	15661386
description of a 111-kb pathogenicity island (pai) encoding various virulence features in the enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) strain rw1374 (o103:h2) and detection of a similar pai in other ehec strains of serotype 0103:h2.	human infections with enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) strains of serotype o103:h2 are of increasing importance in germany. as bovines are the principal ehec reservoir behind the occurrence of human infections, we analyzed a pathogenicity island (pai i(rw1374)) of bovine o103:h2 strain rw1374 to identify putative virulence features. this pai i(rw1374) harbors a functional 34-kb locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) core region and has a total length of 111 kb. about 43 kb upstream of the lee core ...	2005	15715170
[experimental study on pharmacodynamical of oxalis griffithii, a national medicine in guizhou].	to study the on effects of anti-bacteria, anti-inflammatory and pyretolysis of oxalis griffithii, it is possible safety.	2005	15719644
genetic analysis of antibiotic-resistance determinants in multidrug-resistant shigella strains isolated from chilean children.	a total of 162 clinical isolates of shigella collected from children in a semi-rural community of chile were examined for the presence of genetic determinants of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. ampicillin resistance was most frequently associated with the presence of bla(oxa) in s. flexneri and with bla(tem) in s. sonnei. the bla(oxa) gene but not bla(tem) was located in class 1 integrons. the dhfria gene encoding for resistance to trimethoprim was asso ...	2005	15724714
molecular strategies for the detection, identification, and differentiation between enteroinvasive escherichia coli and shigella spp.	a strategy for the detection, identification, and differentiation of enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) and shigella spp. has been developed. the strategy includes (i) a multiplex pcr for the amplification of two virulence genes, i.e., iuc (222 bp) and ipah (629 bp); (ii) amplification of the ial gene (a 1,038-bp amplicon) located within a large plasmid; and (iii) restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of the ial gene amplicon. the multiplex pcr provided three patterns. pattern 1 (i ...	2005	15726963
survival of pathogenic bacteria in pesticide solutions and on treated tomato plants.	the ability of salmonella, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and shigella to survive or grow in pesticide solutions (ambush 240ec, benlate t-n-g, bravo 500, botran 75wp, captan 80wdg, parasol, and vendex 50w) used by the horticultural industry was examined. in the laboratory, individual cultures were inoculated at 4 log cfu/ml in pesticides diluted with sterile saline to the lowest recommended spray concentrations. during 21 degrees c incubation for < or =96 h, bacterial survivor ...	2005	15726972
antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella sonnei isolates in japan and molecular analysis of s. sonnei isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.	we performed susceptibility testing with shigella sonnei isolates from imported and domestic cases of infection in japan during 2001 and 2002. some s. sonnei isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. most of the nalidixic acid-resistant strains showed reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones but did not show fluoroquinolone resistance.	2005	15728928
role of the pst system in plaque formation by the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri.	in response to the host cell environment, the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri induces the expression of numerous genes, including those in the pst operon which is predicted to encode a high-affinity phosphate acquisition system that is expressed under reduced phosphate conditions. an s. flexneri pst mutant forms smaller plaques in henle cell monolayers than does the parental strain. this mutant exhibited normal production and localization of the s. flexneri icsa protein. the pst mutant ...	2005	15731038
ipad of shigella flexneri is independently required for regulation of ipa protein secretion and efficient insertion of ipab and ipac into host membranes.	shigella flexneri causes human dysentery after invading the cells of the colonic epithelium. the best-studied effectors of shigella entry into colonocytes are the invasion plasmid antigens ipac and ipab. these proteins are exported via a type iii secretion system (ttss) to form a pore in the host membrane that may allow the translocation of other effectors into the host cytoplasm. ttss-mediated secretion of ipad is also required for translocation pore formation, bacterial invasion, and virulence ...	2005	15731041
microbiology. a pathogen attacks while keeping up defense.		2005	15731433
optimization of virulence functions through glucosylation of shigella lps.	shigella, the leading cause of bacillary dysentery, uses a type iii secretion system (ttss) to inject proteins into human cells, leading to bacterial invasion and a vigorous inflammatory response. the bacterium is protected against the response by the o antigen of lipopolysaccharide (lps) on its surface. we show that bacteriophage-encoded glucosylation of shigella o antigen, the basis of different serotypes, shortens the lps molecule by around half. this enhances ttss function without compromisi ...	2005	15731456
recent advances in the development of live, attenuated bacterial vectors.	over the last quarter century, scientific advances have created new tools and technologies to improve the safety and efficacy of vaccines. these improvements are spurred by social and commercial needs to enhance existing vaccines or to create new ones against an expanding spectrum of diseases. vaccines based on live, attenuated, pathogenic bacteria were originally developed to prevent infection by homologous pathogens. more recently, strategies have been developed to use these bacterial vaccines ...	2005	15732531
shigella antibiotic resistance in central turkey: comparison of the years 1987-1994 and 1995-2002.	the epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of shigella species changes over time. updated susceptibility knowledge is necessary for appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment.	2005	15735493
post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with shigella infection.	bacterial gastroenteritis has been known as a risk factor of irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). several risk factors of post-infectious ibs (pi-ibs) have been documented. the aims of this study were to verify the role of bacterial gastroenteritis in the development of ibs and the risk factors for the development of pi-ibs. the clinical course of pi-ibs was also investigated.	2005	15740480
[evaluation of the robobact system for processing stool cultures: another step towards automation in the microbiology laboratory].	the objective of this study was to evaluate the robobact system (diesse diagnostica senese s.p.a., italy) for processing stool specimens and to compare it with conventional methodology.	2005	15743574
environmental ph sensing: resolving the vira/virg two-component system inputs for agrobacterium pathogenesis.	agrobacterium tumefaciens stands as one of biotechnology's greatest successes, with all plant genetic engineering building on the strategies of this pathogen. by integrating responses to external phs, phenols, and monosaccharides, this organism mobilizes oncogenic elements to efficiently transform most dicotyledonous plants. we now show that the complex signaling network used to regulate lateral gene transfer can be resolved as individual signaling modules. while ph and sugar perception are coup ...	2005	15743967
comparative evaluation of apoptosis induced by shiga toxin 1 and/or lipopolysaccharides in human monocytic and macrophage-like cells.	the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli share the property of expressing the structurally and functionally related cytotoxins that comprise the shiga toxin (stx) family. stx-producing bacteria are causative agents of bloody diarrheal diseases that may progress to life threatening complications involving the destruction of blood vessels in the kidneys and the central nervous system (cns). the precise mechanisms of toxin transport across the ...	2005	15748808
establishment of a universal size standard strain for use with the pulsenet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols: converting the national databases to the new size standard.	the pulsenet national database, established by the centers for disease control and prevention in 1996, consists of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns obtained from isolates of food-borne pathogens (currently escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, shigella, and listeria) and textual information about the isolates. electronic images and accompanying text are submitted from over 60 u.s. public health and food regulatory agency laboratories. the pfge patterns are generated according to ...	2005	15750058
molecular epidemiology of shigella flexneri in a long-stay psychiatric nursing center during 2001 to 2003.	with six separate wards accommodating more than 1,600 patients, v nursing center (vnc) is a long-stay psychiatric nursing center in eastern taiwan. during 2001 to 2003, 39 shigellosis cases occurred in vnc. different from the notion that most cases of shigellosis are caused by shigella sonnei, all except one of these cases were caused by s. flexneri, with the remaining one caused by an s. sonnei isolate. o-antigen serotyping showed that the 38 s. flexneri strains were of either type 1a (n = 20) ...	2005	15750107
in-vitro antimicrobial activity of lawsonia inermis linn (henna). a pilot study on the omani henna.	to investigate the antimicrobial activity of henna's fresh and dry leaves and seeds obtained from oman.	2005	15756356
[serotype and phage type distribution of human salmonella strains isolated in spain, 1997-2001].	salmonellosis is one of the most frequent causes of gastroenteritis in spain. serotyping is the gold standard epidemiological marker for subdividing salmonella spp. strains. a small number of serotypes are very frequently isolated, reducing the discriminatory power of serotyping. thus, to increase our knowledge of salmonella spp. epidemiology, additional epidemiological markers, such as phage typing, should be used for this purpose.	2005	15757583
analysis of virulence plasmid gene expression defines three classes of effectors in the type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri.	proteins directly involved in entry and dissemination of shigella flexneri into epithelial cells are encoded by a virulence plasmid of 200 kb. a 30-kb region (designated the entry region) of this plasmid encodes components of a type iii secretion (tts) apparatus, substrates of this apparatus and their dedicated chaperones. during growth of bacteria in broth, expression of these genes is induced at 37 degrees c and the tts apparatus is assembled in the bacterial envelope but is not active. secret ...	2005	15758240
presumptive shigellosis: clinical and laboratory characteristics of bangladeshi patients.	the aim of the study was to examine some selected clinical and laboratory parameters in distinguishing non-shigella invasive diarrhoeas from culture-confirmed shigella cases. we conducted a clinic-based, cross-sectional study at the dhaka hospital of icddr,b located in bangladesh. in total, 389 patients of all age groups and of both genders, with a history of diarrhoea of less than 96 h and presence of visible blood and/or mucus in the stool were presumed to have shigellosis and enrolled in the ...	2005	15764200
[change of serological properties of museum strains of shigella flexneri in different terms of storage].	the viability, purity, biological and serological properties of museum strains of shigella flexneri which were kept in lyophilized state during above 30 years were studied. primary serological characteristics were specified, it was established that type 2a is the predominant serotype independent of the years and regions of isolation. some strains lost antigens as a result of the long-term preservation or reinoculation on agar media.	2005	15765879
bacteriophage-encoded glucosyltransferase gtrii of shigella flexneri: membrane topology and identification of critical residues.	the shigella flexneri serotypes differ in the nature of their o-antigens. the addition of glucosyl or o-acetyl groups to the common backbone repeat units gives rise to the different serotypes. gtrii glucosylates rhamnose iii of the o-antigen repeat unit, thus converting serotype y (which has no modifications to the basic o-antigen repeat unit) into serotype 2a, the most prevalent serotype. in the present study, the topology of gtrii has been determined. gtrii has nine transmembrane helices, a re ...	2005	15766330
shigella induced reactive arthritis.		2005	15769909
comparative analysis of shigella boydii 18 foodborne outbreak isolate and related enteric bacteria: role of rpos and adia in acid stress response.	shigella boydii cdph (chicago department of public health) serotype 18 was implicated in an outbreak of foodborne illness in 1998. the suspected food vehicles were parsley and cilantro imported from mexico used to prepare bean salad. previous studies revealed that s. boydii cdph serotype 18 can survive in bean salad, which contains organic acids and whose ph decreases over time. acid challenge assays in acidified tryptic soy broth at ph 4.5, acidified luria-bertani broth at ph 4.5, and acidified ...	2005	15771176
comparison of chromogenic shigella spp. plating medium with standard media for the recovery of shigella boydii and shigella sonnei from tomato surfaces.	isolation of shigella spp. from food is difficult because of a lack of appropriate selective media and the presence of low numbers of shigellae relative to competitive microorganisms. chromogenic shigella spp. plating medium (cspm) was evaluated for use with the u.s. food and drug administration bacteriological analytical manual (bam) enrichment procedure for isolation of artificially contaminated shigella boydii ui02 and shigella sonnei ui05 from tomato surfaces. tomatoes were inoculated with v ...	2005	15771194
frameshifting by transcriptional slippage is involved in production of mxie, the transcription activator regulated by the activity of the type iii secretion apparatus in shigella flexneri.	bacteria of shigella spp. are responsible for shigellosis in humans. they use a type iii secretion (tts) system encoded by a 200 kb virulence plasmid to enter epithelial cells and trigger apoptosis in macrophages. this tts system comprises a secretion apparatus, translocators and effectors that transit through this apparatus, cytoplasmic chaperones and specific transcription regulators. the tts apparatus assembled during growth of shigella flexneri in broth is activated upon contact with epithel ...	2005	15773990
structural and genetic characterization of the shigella boydii type 10 and type 6 o antigens.	comparison of the o antigens of shigella boydii types 10 and 6 by chemical analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that their structures are similar, with the only difference being the presence or absence of d-ribofuranose, which is the immunodominant sugar in s. boydii type 10. in s. boydii type 6, a residue previously reported as alpha-d-glcpa, was shown to be beta-d-glcpa as in s. boydii type 10. s. boydii types 10 and 6 are reported not to cross-react serologically, and t ...	2005	15774901
structure and biochemical analysis of a secretin pilot protein.	the ability to translocate virulence proteins into host cells through a type iii secretion apparatus (ttss) is a hallmark of several gram-negative pathogens including shigella, salmonella, yersinia, pseudomonas, and enteropathogenic escherichia coli. in common with other types of bacterial secretion apparatus, the assembly of the ttss complex requires the preceding formation of its integral outer membrane secretin ring component. we have determined at 1.5 a the structure of mxim28-142, the shige ...	2005	15775974
the use of a genetic algorithm search for molecular mechanics (mm3)-based conformational analysis of oligosaccharides.	we have implemented a system called glygal that can perform conformational searches on oligosaccharides using several different genetic algorithm (ga) search methods. the searches are performed in the torsion angle conformational space, considering both the primary glycosidic linkages as well as the pendant groups (c-5-c-6 and hydroxyl groups) where energy calculations are performed using the mm3(96) force field. the system includes a graphical user interface for setting calculation parameters a ...	2005	15780270
policymakers' views regarding the introduction of new-generation vaccines against typhoid fever, shigellosis and cholera in asia.	face-to-face interviews and meetings with more than 160 policymakers and other influential professionals in seven large asian countries (bangladesh, china, india, indonesia, pakistan, thailand and vietnam) were conducted to survey opinions regarding the need for, and potential uses of new-generation vaccines against cholera, typhoid fever and shigellosis. despite several barriers to their uptake--notably uncertainty of the burden of enteric diseases; preference for water, sanitation and other en ...	2005	15780724
quantitative microarray-based dna-dna hybridization assay for measuring genetic distances among bacterial species and its application to the identification of family enterobacteriaceae.	quantitative dna-dna hybridization to measure the genetic distances among bacterial species is indispensable for taxonomical determination. in the current studies, we developed a method to determine bacterial dna relatedness on a glass microarray. reference dnas representing a total 93 species of enterobacteriaceae were arrayed on a glass microplate, and signal intensities were measured after 2 hr of hybridization with cy3-labeled bacterial dnas. all immobilized dnas from members of the family e ...	2005	15781999
emergence of ctx-m-type beta-lactam resistance in shigella spp. in hong kong.		2005	15784319
comparative imaging of a bacterial surface-located gfp fusion protein by epifluorescence and scanning near-field optical microscopy.	icsa is an autotransporter protein that plays a role in the virulence of shigella bacteria. we have examined the cellular localization of a fusion of an icsa fragment to the green fluorescent protein (gfp) expressed in escherichia coli using a dual epifluorescence and scanning near-field optical microscope. by combining the data obtained from far-field with near-field microscopy of the same sample, discrimination between surface-bound fusion proteins and fusion proteins located in the cellular c ...	2005	15817062
cortactin: an achilles' heel of the actin cytoskeleton targeted by pathogens.	cortactin is an actin-binding protein and a central regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. importantly, cortactin is also a common target exploited by microbes during infection. its involvement in disease development is exemplified by a variety of pathogenic processes, such as pedestal formation [enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (epec and ehec)], invasion (shigella, neisseria, rickettsia, chlamydia, staphylococcus and cryptosporidium), actin-based motility (listeria, shigel ...	2005	15817388
oiling the key hole.	many bacteria have been found to interact with specialized domains, rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids, of the host plasma membrane, termed lipid rafts. the mechanisms that underlie this interaction are starting to be unravelled. in this issue, hayward et al. show that early effector proteins secreted by type iii secretion harbouring gram-negative bacteria are in fact cholesterol-binding proteins. combined with other recent findings, this work shows that multiple steps leading to infection by ...	2005	15819615
cholesterol binding by the bacterial type iii translocon is essential for virulence effector delivery into mammalian cells.	a ubiquitous early step in infection of man and animals by enteric bacterial pathogens like salmonella, shigella and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) is the translocation of virulence effector proteins into mammalian cells via specialized type iii secretion systems (ttsss). translocated effectors subvert the host cytoskeleton and stimulate signalling to promote bacterial internalization or survival. target cell plasma membrane cholesterol is central to pathogen-host cross-talk, but the p ...	2005	15819617
isolation and characterization of provisional serovar shigella boydii e16553 from diarrhoeal patients in bangladesh.	in previous studies with strains of the shigella dysenteriae provisional serovars e22383 and e23507 from diarrhoeal stools from patients in bangladesh, two strains of shigella species were identified as shigella boydii provisional serovar e16553 by a reference laboratory. further tests with an antiserum to an international type strain of the provisional serovar e16553 identified an additional 15 isolates. none of the isolates reacted with antisera to the established shigella serovars or any othe ...	2005	15824427
an unusual cluster of dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae type 4 in dhaka, bangladesh.		2005	15824434
multidrug-resistant shigella sonnei and salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates producing ctx-m beta-lactamases as causes of community-acquired infection in france.		2005	15825010
shigella sonnei meningitis due to interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 deficiency: first association with a primary immune deficiency.	inherited interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase-4 (irak-4) deficiency is a recently described immunodeficiency associated with pyogenic bacterial infections and a poor inflammatory response. shigella sonnei is generally associated with outbreaks of rectocolitis in developed countries, but systemic illnesses have occasionally been reported. an underlying primary immunodeficiency has not been found in such cases before now.	2005	15825022
a millennium update on pediatric diarrheal illness in the developing world.	more than one billion diarrhea episodes occur every year among children younger than 5 years of age in socioeconomically developing countries causing 2 to 2.5 million deaths. more than twenty viral, bacterial, and parasitic enteropathogens are currently associated with acute diarrhea. rotavirus and diarrheagenic escherichia coli are the most common pathogens responsible for acute diarrhea episodes in children; shigella spp., salmonella spp, campylobacter jejuni/coli, vibrio cholerae, aeromonas s ...	2005	15825143
frequency and characteristics of selected enteropathogens in fecal and rectal specimens from childhood diarrhea in trinidad, 1998-2000.	to determine the prevalence and characteristics of selected enteric pathogens in diarrheic children in six counties of the island of trinidad.	2005	15826396
helicobacter pylori infection in anterior uveitis.	despite intensive research, the etiology of acute anterior uveitis (aau) remains poorly defined. infection with gram-negative bacteria such as yersinia, salmonella, shigella, and chlamydia have already been suggested as a possible trigger event for aau. helicobacter pylori is also a gram-negative bacterium, shares the lipopolysaccharides, but did not attract the attention of many ophthalmologists until recently. having in mind the relatively high incidence of h. pylori infection in the populatio ...	2005	15827876
molecular evolution of the lysine decarboxylase-defective phenotype in shigella sonnei.	shigella, the etiological agent of the bacillary dysentery, belongs to the extremely diverse species of escherichia coli. in the evolutionary route of shigella from commensal e. coli ancestors towards a pathogenic lifestyle, the critical events have been the acquisition of the pinv plasmid, through horizontal transfer and the inactivation of pre-existing genes. these so-called pathoadaptive mutations affect the expression of genes negatively interfering with the newly acquired functions necessar ...	2005	15790294
alteration in the gyra subunit of dna gyrase and the parc subunit of topoisomerase iv in quinolone-resistant shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 clinical isolates from kolkata, india.		2005	15793166
surprising dependence on postsegregational killing of host cells for maintenance of the large virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri.	low-copy-number plasmids all encode multiple systems to ensure their propagation, including replication, partition (active segregation), and postsegregational killing (psk) systems. psk systems kill those rare cells that lose the plasmid due to replication or segregation errors. psk systems should not be used as the principle means of maintaining the plasmid. the metabolic cost of killing the many cured cells that would arise from random plasmid segregation is far too high. here we describe an i ...	2005	15805523
shigellosis: disease burden, epidemiology and case management.		2005	15807074
[small treatise on art of warfare... from shigella].		2005	15811311
heterogeneity among strains of diffusely adherent escherichia coli isolated in brazil.	one hundred twelve diffusely adherent escherichia coli strains isolated from children in a case control study were evaluated for virulence-associated characteristics, serotyping, antibiotic resistance, and plasmid profiles. half of the strains hybridized with the probes for icua (aerobactin) and fimh (type 1 pili); daae (f1845 fimbriae), afa (afimbrial dr adhesin), agg-3a (aggregative adhesion fimbria type iii fimbriae), pap (p fimbriae), asta (east1 toxin), and shet1 (shigella enterotoxin 1) se ...	2005	15815034
characterization of escherichia coli o86 o-antigen gene cluster and identification of o86-specific genes.	escherichia coli o86 belongs to the enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) group, some strains of which are pathogens of humans, wild birds and farm animals. the o-antigen gene cluster of e. coli o86 was amplified by long-range pcr using primers based on the housekeeping genes galf and gnd, and then sequenced. genes involved in gdp-fuc and n-acetyl-galactosamine (galnac) synthesis and genes encoding glycosyltransferases, o-unit flippase and o-antigen polymerase were identified on the basis of homology. ...	2005	15778030
survival of shigella boydii 18 in bean salad.	a strain of shigella boydii 18 involved in a bean salad outbreak and s. boydii 18 atcc 35966 were used to inoculate bean salad. bean salad samples were stored at 4 or 23 degrees c. at 4 degrees c, the s. boydii survived for the duration of the shelf life of the salad but did not grow. at 23 degrees c, both strains increased by two orders of magnitude by day 2 and decreased rapidly thereafter. this demonstrates the importance of proper storage in preventing the outgrowth of foodborne pathogens.	2005	15830680
considerations for development of whole cell bacterial vaccines to prevent diarrheal diseases in children in developing countries.	enteric pathogens constitute a major pediatric threat in the developing world through their impact on morbidity and mortality, physical and cognitive development and cause and effect relationship with malnutrition. although many bacterial pathogens can cause diarrheal diseases, a group of less than 10 including shigella spp., enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), vibrio cholerae, and possibly, campylobacter jejuni account for a significant percentage of these diseases in developing countries. ...	2005	15837361
fibrino-necrotic typhlitis caused by escherichia fergusonii in ostriches (struthio camelus).	two adult ostriches developed anorexia, prostration, and severe hemorrhagic diarrhea, dying 24 hr after the onset of clinical signs. on postmortem examination, the cecal mucosa showed locally extensive areas of hemorrhages and fibrino-necrotic typhlitis with a white-yellowish material covering the mucosal surface. multiple serosal petequial hemorrhages and fibrinous peritonitis were present. histologic examination revealed an intense mononuclear infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa o ...	2005	15839434
modulation of host cytoskeleton function by the enteropathogenic escherichia coli and citrobacter rodentium effector protein espg.	espg is a conserved protein encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) of attaching and effacing (a/e) pathogens, including enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli and citrobacter rodentium. espg is delivered into infected host cells by a type iii secretion system. the role of espg in virulence has not yet been defined. here we describe experiments that probe the virulence characteristics and biological activities of espg in vitro and in vivo. a c. rodentium espg mutant ...	2005	15845460
ipgb1 is a novel shigella effector protein involved in bacterial invasion of host cells. its activity to promote membrane ruffling via rac1 and cdc42 activation.	shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, is capable of inducing the large scale membrane ruffling required for the bacterial invasion of host cells. shigella secrete a subset of effectors via the type iii secretion system (ttss) into the host cells to induce membrane ruffling. here, we show that ipgb1 is secreted via the ttss into epithelial cells and plays a major role in producing membrane ruffles via stimulation of rac1 and cdc42 activities, thus promoting bacterial invasion of e ...	2005	15849186
use of fatty acid profiles to identify food-borne bacterial pathogens and aerobic endospore-forming bacilli.	capillary gas chromatography (gc) with flame ionization detection was used to determine the cellular fatty acid profiles of various food-borne microbial pathogens and to compare the fatty acid profiles of spores and vegetative cells of the same endospore-forming bacilli. fifteen bacteria, representing eight genera (staphylococcus, listeria, bacillus, yersinia, salmonella, shigella, escherichia, and vibrio) and 11 species were used to compare the extracted fatty acid methyl esters (fames). endosp ...	2005	15853428
model for the combined effects of temperature, ph and sodium chloride concentration on survival of shigella flexneri strain 5348 under aerobic conditions.	shigella is recognized as a major foodborne pathogen; however, relatively few studies have been reported on its growth and survival characteristics, particularly under conditions relevant to food. a fractional factorial design was used to measure the effects and interactions of temperature (4-37 degrees c), ph (2-6) and nacl (0.5-9%) on survival kinetics of shigella flexneri strain 5348 in bhi broth. stationary-phase cells were inoculated into sterile media to give initial populations of 6-7 log ...	2005	15862880
plasmid partition system of the p1par family from the pwr100 virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri.	p1par family members promote the active segregation of a variety of plasmids and plasmid prophages in gram-negative bacteria. each has genes for para and parb proteins, followed by a pars partition site. the large virulence plasmid pwr100 of shigella flexneri contains a new p1par family member: pwr100par. although typical para and parb genes are present, the putative pwr100pars site is atypical in sequence and organization. however, pwr100pars promoted accurate plasmid partition in escherichia c ...	2005	15866921
identification of shigella sonnei biotype g isolates carrying class 2 integrons in italy (2001 to 2003).	phenotyping and genotyping have been carried out on 64 epidemic and sporadic isolates of shigella sonnei identified in italy in the years 2001 to 2003. class 2 integron carriage has been also investigated. isolates from four of the five outbreaks and four of six sporadic cases were biotype g, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type b, and class 2 integron positive, suggesting emergence and spread of an epidemic clone in italy.	2005	15872285
outbreak of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei enterocolitis in men who have sex with men, quebec, 1999 to 2001.		2005	15875326
extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in shigella flexneri from argentina: first report of toho-1 outside japan.	a 9-year nation-wide survey of the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) in shigella flexneri is described. ten of 9033 (0.1%) isolates produced esbls, which were characterized by isoelectric focusing, pcr and dna sequencing. these were ctx-m-2 (five isolates), toho-1 (one isolate), shv-2 (two isolates) and per-2 (two isolates, the first report in s. flexneri world wide). the emergence of each esbl type in s. flexneri was not restricted to a particular region of argentina. toho-1 ...	2005	15878653
shigellosis.	shigellosis is a global human health problem. four species of shigella i.e. s. dysenteriae, s. flexneri, s. boydii and s. sonnei are able to cause the disease. these species are subdivided into serotypes on the basis of o-specific polysaccharide of the lps. shigella dysenteriae type 1 produces severe disease and may be associated with life-threatening complications. the symptoms of shigellosis include diarrhoea and/or dysentery with frequent mucoid bloody stools, abdominal cramps and tenesmus. s ...	2005	15880088
viability of escherichia coli topa mutants lacking dna topoisomerase i.	the viability of the topa mutants lacking dna topoisomerase i was thought to depend on the presence of compensatory mutations in escherichia coli but not salmonella typhimurium or shigella flexneri. this apparent discrepancy in topa requirements in different bacteria prompted us to reexamine the topa requirements in e. coli. we find that e. coli strains bearing topa mutations, introduced into the strains by dna-mediated gene replacement, are viable at 37 or 42 degrees c without any compensatory ...	2005	15522872
reactive arthritis attributable to shigella infection: a clinical and epidemiological nationwide study.	to study the incidence and clinical picture of shigella associated reactive arthritis (rea) and the arthritogenicity of various shigella species in the population.	2005	15550534
trends in shigella outbreaks in the israeli military over 15 years.		2005	15578249
porin of shigella dysenteriae enhances toll-like receptors 2 and 6 of mouse peritoneal b-2 cells and induces the expression of immunoglobulin m, immunoglobulin g2a and immunoglobulin a.	porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 increased the mrna levels for toll-like receptors tlr2 and tlr6, by 1.8-fold and twofold, respectively, in peritoneal cavity b-2 cells from c57bl/6 mice, implicating that the co-expression of tlr2 and tlr6 occurs as a combinatorial repertoire in response to porin. among the two key tlrs, tlr2 and tlr4, which are primarily responsible for recognizing the majority of bacterial products, tlr2 alone participates in porin recognition. tlr2 expression was increased ...	2005	15606799
crystal structure of the copper homeostasis protein (cutcm) from shigella flexneri at 1.7 a resolution: the first structure of a new sequence family of tim barrels.		2005	15624211
evolutionary genetics of a new pathogenic escherichia species: escherichia albertii and related shigella boydii strains.	a bacterium originally described as hafnia alvei induces diarrhea in rabbits and causes epithelial damage similar to the attachment and effacement associated with enteropathogenic escherichia coli. subsequent studies identified similar h. alvei-like strains that are positive for an intimin gene (eae) probe and, based on dna relatedness, are classified as a distinct escherichia species, escherichia albertii. we determined sequences for multiple housekeeping genes in five e. albertii strains and c ...	2005	15629933
structural and genetic characterization of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o145 o antigen and development of an o145 serogroup-specific pcr assay.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o145 strains are emerging as causes of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. in this study, we present the structure of the e. coli o145 o antigen and the sequence of its gene cluster. the o145 antigen has repeat units containing three monosaccharide residues: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose (glcnac), 2-acetamidoylamino-2,6-dideoxy-l-galactose, and n-acetylneuraminic acid. it is very closely related to salmonella enterica serovar touera and s. enteri ...	2005	15629947
bacteria spurned by self-absorbed cells.		2005	15635436
intravenous infection of virulent shigellae causes fulminant hepatitis in mice.	shigella spp. are pathogenic bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. the major lesions in colonic mucosa are intense inflammation with apoptosis of macrophages and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. the study of shigellosis is hindered by the natural resistance of rodents to oral infection with shigella. therefore, animal models exploit other routes of infection. here, we describe a novel murine model in which animals receive shigellae via the caudal vein. mice infected with ...	2005	15617528
transcriptional adaptation of shigella flexneri during infection of macrophages and epithelial cells: insights into the strategies of a cytosolic bacterial pathogen.	shigella flexneri, the etiologic agent of bacillary dysentery, invades epithelial cells as well as macrophages and dendritic cells and escapes into the cytosol soon after invasion. dissection of the global gene expression profile of the bacterium in its intracellular niche is essential to fully understand the biology of shigella infection. we have determined the complete gene expression profiles for s. flexneri infecting human epithelial hela cells and human macrophage-like u937 cells. approxima ...	2005	15618144