Publications

expanding the bactericidal action of the food color additive phloxine b to gram-negative bacteria.	phloxine b (d&c red no. 28) is a color additive for food, drugs, and cosmetics. it has been previously shown to have anti-staphylococcus aureus activities. in this work, the effect of phloxine b on various gram-negative bacteria and other gram-positive bacteria including bacillus cereus, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus mycoides, bacillus subtilis, bacillus aureus, salmonella, escherichia coli and shigella was studied, along with the mechanism of anti-microbial activity. in the presence of fluor ...	2005	15949926
epidemic strain shigella dysenteriae type 1 dt66 encodes several drug resistances by chromosome.	multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1 were isolated from an epidemic in west bengal, india (1984). during the past two decades, much attention was given to reevaluation of treatment recommendations. however, there are no useful data on drug resistance encoded by chromosome.	2005	15950082
shigella effector ipah9.8 binds to a splicing factor u2af(35) to modulate host immune responses.	shigella effectors injected into the host cell via the type iii secretion system are involved in various aspects of infection. here, we show that one of the effectors, ipah9.8, plays a role in modulating inflammatory responses to shigella infection. in murine lung infection model, deltaipah9.8 mutant caused more severe inflammatory responses with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production levels than did wild-type shigella, which resulted in a 30-fold decrease in bacterial colonization. bind ...	2005	15950937
traveler's diarrhea.	acute diarrhea affects millions of persons who travel to developing countries each year. food and water contaminated with fecal matter are the main sources of infection. bacteria such as enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, enteroaggregative e. coli, campylobacter, salmonella, and shigella are common causes of traveler's diarrhea. parasites and viruses are less common etiologies. travel destination is the most significant risk factor for traveler's diarrhea. the efficacy of pretravel counseling and ...	2005	15952437
comparative imaging of a bacterial surface-located gfp fusion protein by epifluorescence and scanning near-field optical microscopy.	icsa is an autotransporter protein that plays a role in the virulence of shigella bacteria. we have examined the cellular localization of a fusion of an icsa fragment to the green fluorescent protein (gfp) expressed in escherichia coli using a dual epifluorescence and scanning near-field optical microscope. by combining the data obtained from far-field with near-field microscopy of the same sample, discrimination between surface-bound fusion proteins and fusion proteins located in the cellular c ...	2005	15817062
cortactin: an achilles' heel of the actin cytoskeleton targeted by pathogens.	cortactin is an actin-binding protein and a central regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. importantly, cortactin is also a common target exploited by microbes during infection. its involvement in disease development is exemplified by a variety of pathogenic processes, such as pedestal formation [enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (epec and ehec)], invasion (shigella, neisseria, rickettsia, chlamydia, staphylococcus and cryptosporidium), actin-based motility (listeria, shigel ...	2005	15817388
oiling the key hole.	many bacteria have been found to interact with specialized domains, rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids, of the host plasma membrane, termed lipid rafts. the mechanisms that underlie this interaction are starting to be unravelled. in this issue, hayward et al. show that early effector proteins secreted by type iii secretion harbouring gram-negative bacteria are in fact cholesterol-binding proteins. combined with other recent findings, this work shows that multiple steps leading to infection by ...	2005	15819615
cholesterol binding by the bacterial type iii translocon is essential for virulence effector delivery into mammalian cells.	a ubiquitous early step in infection of man and animals by enteric bacterial pathogens like salmonella, shigella and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) is the translocation of virulence effector proteins into mammalian cells via specialized type iii secretion systems (ttsss). translocated effectors subvert the host cytoskeleton and stimulate signalling to promote bacterial internalization or survival. target cell plasma membrane cholesterol is central to pathogen-host cross-talk, but the p ...	2005	15819617
isolation and characterization of provisional serovar shigella boydii e16553 from diarrhoeal patients in bangladesh.	in previous studies with strains of the shigella dysenteriae provisional serovars e22383 and e23507 from diarrhoeal stools from patients in bangladesh, two strains of shigella species were identified as shigella boydii provisional serovar e16553 by a reference laboratory. further tests with an antiserum to an international type strain of the provisional serovar e16553 identified an additional 15 isolates. none of the isolates reacted with antisera to the established shigella serovars or any othe ...	2005	15824427
an unusual cluster of dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae type 4 in dhaka, bangladesh.		2005	15824434
multidrug-resistant shigella sonnei and salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates producing ctx-m beta-lactamases as causes of community-acquired infection in france.		2005	15825010
shigella sonnei meningitis due to interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 deficiency: first association with a primary immune deficiency.	inherited interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase-4 (irak-4) deficiency is a recently described immunodeficiency associated with pyogenic bacterial infections and a poor inflammatory response. shigella sonnei is generally associated with outbreaks of rectocolitis in developed countries, but systemic illnesses have occasionally been reported. an underlying primary immunodeficiency has not been found in such cases before now.	2005	15825022
a millennium update on pediatric diarrheal illness in the developing world.	more than one billion diarrhea episodes occur every year among children younger than 5 years of age in socioeconomically developing countries causing 2 to 2.5 million deaths. more than twenty viral, bacterial, and parasitic enteropathogens are currently associated with acute diarrhea. rotavirus and diarrheagenic escherichia coli are the most common pathogens responsible for acute diarrhea episodes in children; shigella spp., salmonella spp, campylobacter jejuni/coli, vibrio cholerae, aeromonas s ...	2005	15825143
frequency and characteristics of selected enteropathogens in fecal and rectal specimens from childhood diarrhea in trinidad, 1998-2000.	to determine the prevalence and characteristics of selected enteric pathogens in diarrheic children in six counties of the island of trinidad.	2005	15826396
helicobacter pylori infection in anterior uveitis.	despite intensive research, the etiology of acute anterior uveitis (aau) remains poorly defined. infection with gram-negative bacteria such as yersinia, salmonella, shigella, and chlamydia have already been suggested as a possible trigger event for aau. helicobacter pylori is also a gram-negative bacterium, shares the lipopolysaccharides, but did not attract the attention of many ophthalmologists until recently. having in mind the relatively high incidence of h. pylori infection in the populatio ...	2005	15827876
fibrino-necrotic typhlitis caused by escherichia fergusonii in ostriches (struthio camelus).	two adult ostriches developed anorexia, prostration, and severe hemorrhagic diarrhea, dying 24 hr after the onset of clinical signs. on postmortem examination, the cecal mucosa showed locally extensive areas of hemorrhages and fibrino-necrotic typhlitis with a white-yellowish material covering the mucosal surface. multiple serosal petequial hemorrhages and fibrinous peritonitis were present. histologic examination revealed an intense mononuclear infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa o ...	2005	15839434
modulation of host cytoskeleton function by the enteropathogenic escherichia coli and citrobacter rodentium effector protein espg.	espg is a conserved protein encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) of attaching and effacing (a/e) pathogens, including enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli and citrobacter rodentium. espg is delivered into infected host cells by a type iii secretion system. the role of espg in virulence has not yet been defined. here we describe experiments that probe the virulence characteristics and biological activities of espg in vitro and in vivo. a c. rodentium espg mutant ...	2005	15845460
ipgb1 is a novel shigella effector protein involved in bacterial invasion of host cells. its activity to promote membrane ruffling via rac1 and cdc42 activation.	shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, is capable of inducing the large scale membrane ruffling required for the bacterial invasion of host cells. shigella secrete a subset of effectors via the type iii secretion system (ttss) into the host cells to induce membrane ruffling. here, we show that ipgb1 is secreted via the ttss into epithelial cells and plays a major role in producing membrane ruffles via stimulation of rac1 and cdc42 activities, thus promoting bacterial invasion of e ...	2005	15849186
use of fatty acid profiles to identify food-borne bacterial pathogens and aerobic endospore-forming bacilli.	capillary gas chromatography (gc) with flame ionization detection was used to determine the cellular fatty acid profiles of various food-borne microbial pathogens and to compare the fatty acid profiles of spores and vegetative cells of the same endospore-forming bacilli. fifteen bacteria, representing eight genera (staphylococcus, listeria, bacillus, yersinia, salmonella, shigella, escherichia, and vibrio) and 11 species were used to compare the extracted fatty acid methyl esters (fames). endosp ...	2005	15853428
model for the combined effects of temperature, ph and sodium chloride concentration on survival of shigella flexneri strain 5348 under aerobic conditions.	shigella is recognized as a major foodborne pathogen; however, relatively few studies have been reported on its growth and survival characteristics, particularly under conditions relevant to food. a fractional factorial design was used to measure the effects and interactions of temperature (4-37 degrees c), ph (2-6) and nacl (0.5-9%) on survival kinetics of shigella flexneri strain 5348 in bhi broth. stationary-phase cells were inoculated into sterile media to give initial populations of 6-7 log ...	2005	15862880
plasmid partition system of the p1par family from the pwr100 virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri.	p1par family members promote the active segregation of a variety of plasmids and plasmid prophages in gram-negative bacteria. each has genes for para and parb proteins, followed by a pars partition site. the large virulence plasmid pwr100 of shigella flexneri contains a new p1par family member: pwr100par. although typical para and parb genes are present, the putative pwr100pars site is atypical in sequence and organization. however, pwr100pars promoted accurate plasmid partition in escherichia c ...	2005	15866921
identification of shigella sonnei biotype g isolates carrying class 2 integrons in italy (2001 to 2003).	phenotyping and genotyping have been carried out on 64 epidemic and sporadic isolates of shigella sonnei identified in italy in the years 2001 to 2003. class 2 integron carriage has been also investigated. isolates from four of the five outbreaks and four of six sporadic cases were biotype g, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type b, and class 2 integron positive, suggesting emergence and spread of an epidemic clone in italy.	2005	15872285
outbreak of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei enterocolitis in men who have sex with men, quebec, 1999 to 2001.		2005	15875326
extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in shigella flexneri from argentina: first report of toho-1 outside japan.	a 9-year nation-wide survey of the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) in shigella flexneri is described. ten of 9033 (0.1%) isolates produced esbls, which were characterized by isoelectric focusing, pcr and dna sequencing. these were ctx-m-2 (five isolates), toho-1 (one isolate), shv-2 (two isolates) and per-2 (two isolates, the first report in s. flexneri world wide). the emergence of each esbl type in s. flexneri was not restricted to a particular region of argentina. toho-1 ...	2005	15878653
shigellosis.	shigellosis is a global human health problem. four species of shigella i.e. s. dysenteriae, s. flexneri, s. boydii and s. sonnei are able to cause the disease. these species are subdivided into serotypes on the basis of o-specific polysaccharide of the lps. shigella dysenteriae type 1 produces severe disease and may be associated with life-threatening complications. the symptoms of shigellosis include diarrhoea and/or dysentery with frequent mucoid bloody stools, abdominal cramps and tenesmus. s ...	2005	15880088
molecular evolution of the lysine decarboxylase-defective phenotype in shigella sonnei.	shigella, the etiological agent of the bacillary dysentery, belongs to the extremely diverse species of escherichia coli. in the evolutionary route of shigella from commensal e. coli ancestors towards a pathogenic lifestyle, the critical events have been the acquisition of the pinv plasmid, through horizontal transfer and the inactivation of pre-existing genes. these so-called pathoadaptive mutations affect the expression of genes negatively interfering with the newly acquired functions necessar ...	2005	15790294
alteration in the gyra subunit of dna gyrase and the parc subunit of topoisomerase iv in quinolone-resistant shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 clinical isolates from kolkata, india.		2005	15793166
surprising dependence on postsegregational killing of host cells for maintenance of the large virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri.	low-copy-number plasmids all encode multiple systems to ensure their propagation, including replication, partition (active segregation), and postsegregational killing (psk) systems. psk systems kill those rare cells that lose the plasmid due to replication or segregation errors. psk systems should not be used as the principle means of maintaining the plasmid. the metabolic cost of killing the many cured cells that would arise from random plasmid segregation is far too high. here we describe an i ...	2005	15805523
shigellosis: disease burden, epidemiology and case management.		2005	15807074
[small treatise on art of warfare... from shigella].		2005	15811311
heterogeneity among strains of diffusely adherent escherichia coli isolated in brazil.	one hundred twelve diffusely adherent escherichia coli strains isolated from children in a case control study were evaluated for virulence-associated characteristics, serotyping, antibiotic resistance, and plasmid profiles. half of the strains hybridized with the probes for icua (aerobactin) and fimh (type 1 pili); daae (f1845 fimbriae), afa (afimbrial dr adhesin), agg-3a (aggregative adhesion fimbria type iii fimbriae), pap (p fimbriae), asta (east1 toxin), and shet1 (shigella enterotoxin 1) se ...	2005	15815034
[bacterial colony as a complex community].	information on the adaptive behavior of cells in the process of the formation of a colony by bacteria shigella flexneri rd, used as a model, was obtained with the use of light, transmission and scanning microscopy. the process of the formation of a microcolony was demonstrated; at the initial stages (8 hours) it included 3 groups of cells, and 24 hours later it exhibited sharply defined structurization. the conclusion was made on the possibility of the joint use of different methods of microscop ...	2005	15881929
[antibiotic resistance of shigellae and rationale for etiotropic therapy of shigella infections].	the study was aimed at determining sensitivity of shigellae to antibacterial preparations and their clinical effectiveness for correcting recommendations on the empirical therapy of acute shigella infections (asi). the sensitivity of 164 s. flexneri strains and 80 s. sonnei strains, isolated in 1996-2003 in the sumy region, ukraine, was determined with respect to 19 antibacterial preparations: ampicillin (am), tetracycline (te), rifampicin (ri), chloramphenicol (ca), streptomycin (st), fusidin ( ...	2005	15881945
spatial distribution and functional significance of activated vinculin in living cells.	conformational change is believed to be important to vinculin's function at sites of cell adhesion. however, nothing is known about vinculin's conformation in living cells. using a forster resonance energy transfer probe that reports on changes in vinculin's conformation, we find that vinculin is in the actin-binding conformation in a peripheral band of adhesive puncta in spreading cells. however, in fully spread cells with established polarity, vinculin's conformation is variable at focal adhes ...	2005	15883197
interferon gamma induces translocation of commensal escherichia coli across gut epithelial cells via a lipid raft-mediated process.	the "leaky gut" hypothesis proposes that leakage of enteric bacteria into the body resulting from disruption of the epithelial barrier is a critical step in the pathophysiology of various disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and sepsis. however, the pathways and underlying mechanisms by which commensal bacteria cross the epithelial barrier in inflammatory conditions remain unclear. this study investigated the mechanisms of interferon gamma-mediated bacterial translocation across human co ...	2005	15887109
antagonistic activity of a natural fungal population towards pathogenic bacteria. an in vitro study.	in the present work, we performed in vitro testing of 33 species of fungi of the subdivision deuteromycotina isolated from water and sediment of the kolubara river for antagonistic action towards 11 species of pathogenic bacteria. of gram-negative bacteria, the species most sensitive to metabolic fluid of the fungi were proteus mirabilis, salmonella enteritidis, and shigella sonnei, while the most resistant were klebsiella pneumoniae and salmonella typhimurium. of gram-positive bacteria, the mos ...	2005	15889346
cytokine release induced by killed bacteria associated with anti-ifn-gamma antibody in shigella infection.	an effort was made to analyze the effect of in vitro stimulation on macrophages using killed shigella dysenteriae type-1 (ksd1) coupled with anti-interferon gamma (anti-ifn-gamma) antibody. the stimulated macrophages were co-cultured with primed or non-primed t-cells from shigella infected patients. t-cell cultures were also established by co-culturing ksd1 coupled with or without pha stimulated macrophages. emulsified ksd1 coupled with anti-ifn-gamma antibody was found to act as a potent immuno ...	2005	15894487
antibacterial activity of the essential oil from cymbopogon nervatus inflorescence.	antibacterial activity of essential oil of dried inflorescence of cymbopogon nervatus was investigated. the essential oil remarkably inhibited the growth of tested bacteria except for salmonella typhi. the maximum activity was against shigella dysenteriae and klebsiella pneumoniae.	2005	15896926
a gene encoding l-methionine gamma-lyase is present in enterobacteriaceae family genomes: identification and characterization of citrobacter freundii l-methionine gamma-lyase.	citrobacter freundii cells produce l-methionine gamma-lyase when grown on a medium containing l-methionine. the nucleotide sequence of the hybrid plasmid with a c. freundii ecori insert of about 3.0 kbp contained two open reading frames, consisting of 1,194 nucleotides and 1,296 nucleotides, respectively. the first one (denoted megl) encoded l-methionine gamma-lyase. the enzyme was overexpressed in escherichia coli and purified. the second frame encoded a protein belonging to the family of perme ...	2005	15901718
antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of the barks of xylocarpus moluccensis in castor oil- and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea models in mice.	the methanol (meoh) extract of the barks of xylocarpus moluccensis, and different fractions of this extract were studied for antidiarrhoeal activity using castor oil- and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea models in mice. at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, the meoh extract showed significant antidiarrhoeal activity in both models. the etoac fraction (eaf) and the residual meoh fraction (rmf) exhibited similar activity using a dose of 250 mg/kg in both models. no antidiarrhoeal activity was obs ...	2005	15905054
salmonellosis and the food chain in khon kaen, northeastern thailand.	non-typhoidal salmonellosis is a major cause of food-borne illness in thailand. specific serotyping of salmonellae, linked with certain foods, can be used to identify outbreaks, transmission, and for surveillance. we aimed to identify the chain of non-typhoidal salmonella transmission from food to humans in five slums, two open markets, four supermarkets and an abattoir in the municipality of khon kaen. during three months representing the cool-dry, hot-dry, and rainy seasons of 2002, culture sa ...	2005	15906654
cryptic plasmid prk2 from escherichia coli w: sequence analysis and segregational stability.	cryptic plasmid prk2 of the strain escherichia coli w (atcc 9637), an ancestor of production strains for penicillin g acylase, was sequenced and characterized. based on the data on replication region and origin (ori sequence aac, 924-926nt), the plasmid was classified as cole1-like plasmid. dna sequence analysis revealed five orfs hypothetical products of which shared a significant sequence similarity with putative proteins encoded by dna of plasmid pcole1. orf1 codes for protein rom involved in ...	2005	15907542
genomic divergence of escherichia coli strains: evidence for horizontal transfer and variation in mutation rates.	this report describes the sequencing in the escherichia coli b genome of 36 randomly chosen regions that are present in most or all of the fully sequenced e. coli genomes. the phylogenetic relationships among e. coli strains were examined, and evidence for the horizontal gene transfer and variation in mutation rates was determined. the overall phylogenetic tree indicated that e. coli b and k-12 are the most closely related strains, with e. coli o157:h7 being more distantly related, shigella flex ...	2005	16562379
prevalence and characterization of clostridium perfringens from spices in argentina.	spices can present high microbial counts and clostridium perfringens, bacillus cereus, salmonella and shigella, among others have been isolated from spices. c. perfringens is an important pathogen agent causing, among other diseases, enteritis in humans caused by c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) which causes human food poisoning and enterotoxemia in domestic animals. the aims of the present work were (i) to establish the hygienic sanitary quality of some spices in san luis, argentina; (ii) to de ...	2005	16701595
antimicrobial activity of 1,2-bis-[2-(5-r)-1h-benzimidazolyl]- 1,2-ethanediols, 1,4-bis-[2-(5-r)-1h-benzimidazolyl]- 1,2,3,4-butanetetraols and their feiii, cuii, and agi complexes.	1,2-bis-[2-(5-h/me/cl/no2)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2-ethanediols (l1-l4), 1,4-bis-[2-(5-h/me/cl)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2,3,4-butanetetraols (l5-l7) and their complexes with fecl3, cucl2, and agno3 were synthesized; antibacterial activity of the compounds was determined toward staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri, proteus mirabilis, and antifungal activity against candida albicans. the a ...	2005	16681141
antimicrobial activity of znii, cdii, and hgii complexes of 1,2-bis-[2-(5-r)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2-ethanediols and 1,4-bis-[2-(5-r)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2,3,4-butanetetraols.	1,2-bis-[2-(5-h/me/cl/no2)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2-ethanediols (l1-l4), 1,4-bis-[2-(5-h/me/cl)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2,3,4-butanetetraols (l5-l7) and their complexes with zncl2, cdcl2 and hgcl2 were synthesized and antibacterial activity of the compounds was tested toward staphylococcus aureus, s. epidermidis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri, proteus mirabilis and antifungal activity against candida albicans. hgii complexes have ...	2005	16681142
[modulation of molecular signaling mechanisms in excitable cells by toxins and bacterial substances].	the mechanisms of bacterial substances (protein a, peptidoglican staphylococcus aureus), bacterium toxins (st. aureus, corynebacterium diphtheriae, shigella dysenteriae, clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetani, vibrio choleral), transfer factor of immune reactivity to staphylococcus aureus upon the key link (acetylcholine-, atp-, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-, ryanodin-sensitive receptors, g-proteins, ca2+, k(+)-transporting systems, second messengers) in the chain of signal conduction of excit ...	2005	16566125
shigella sonnei outbreak due to consumption of unpasteurised milk curds in vilnius, lithuania, 2004.		2005	16799218
prevalence of shigella species and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in eastern nepal.	the study was conducted to determine the prevalence of shigella species and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in eastern nepal. stool samples submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of b.p. koirala institute of health sciences, nepal, during august 2000-july 2004, were cultured for shigella species and were confirmed by biochemical and serological tests. of 53 shigella species isolated, shigella dysenteriae type 1 was the most predominant isolate (73.7%), followed by s. flexneri (23%) and s ...	2005	16599104
the action of photosensitizers and serum in a bactericidal process. ii. the effects of dyes: hypericin, eosin y and saphranine o.	the aim of the present work was to recognize the reasons for differences in the photodynamic action of dyes against various bacterial strains. it is expected that a better understanding of this problem may help in design of new photosensitizers. the sensitivity of 6 various bacterial strains to the photodynamic action of 5 photosensitizers was determined. the hydrophobicity of cell surface and susceptibility of bacteria to the natural defense mechanism of human serum, were estimated. the differe ...	2005	16599305
[total and specific iga in colostrum and milk of mothers of natal-rio grande do norte, brasil].	to determine the concentration of total secretory iga and evaluate the repertoire of iga antibodies to enteropathogenic escherichia coli and shigella flexneri antigens in colostrums and milk from mothers in natal, rn.	2005	17768806
[application of the rapid test of glutamate decarboxylase for the confirmation of escherichia coli isolated from clinical samples].	a rapid test was evaluated in the diagnosis of escherichia coli in different types of infectious samples, and a comparison with the biomedical methods of traditional identification was made. it has been reported that glutamate decarboxylase (gad) is very specific (97-99%) for the identification of escherichia coli; hovewer, its use is very limited nowadays. 461 clinical samples of different origin were analyzed in a children's hospital. in general, escherichia coli, was more frequently isolated ...	2005	17969270
viability of escherichia coli topa mutants lacking dna topoisomerase i.	the viability of the topa mutants lacking dna topoisomerase i was thought to depend on the presence of compensatory mutations in escherichia coli but not salmonella typhimurium or shigella flexneri. this apparent discrepancy in topa requirements in different bacteria prompted us to reexamine the topa requirements in e. coli. we find that e. coli strains bearing topa mutations, introduced into the strains by dna-mediated gene replacement, are viable at 37 or 42 degrees c without any compensatory ...	2005	15522872
trends in shigella outbreaks in the israeli military over 15 years.		2005	15578249
reactive arthritis attributable to shigella infection: a clinical and epidemiological nationwide study.	to study the incidence and clinical picture of shigella associated reactive arthritis (rea) and the arthritogenicity of various shigella species in the population.	2005	15550534
a sensor of the two-component system cpxa affects expression of the type iii secretion system through posttranscriptional processing of inve.	the chief function of the cpx two-component system is perceiving various cell envelope stresses, but cpxr is also known to regulate the expression of the type iii secretion system (ttss) of shigella sonnei through transcription of the primary regulator virf. here, we have isolated novel cpxa mutants that exhibited decreased ttss expression from escherichia coli hw1273, which carries the virulence plasmid of s. sonnei. the cpxa deletion strain of hw1273 expressed beta-galactosidase activity level ...	2005	15601694
porin of shigella dysenteriae enhances toll-like receptors 2 and 6 of mouse peritoneal b-2 cells and induces the expression of immunoglobulin m, immunoglobulin g2a and immunoglobulin a.	porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 increased the mrna levels for toll-like receptors tlr2 and tlr6, by 1.8-fold and twofold, respectively, in peritoneal cavity b-2 cells from c57bl/6 mice, implicating that the co-expression of tlr2 and tlr6 occurs as a combinatorial repertoire in response to porin. among the two key tlrs, tlr2 and tlr4, which are primarily responsible for recognizing the majority of bacterial products, tlr2 alone participates in porin recognition. tlr2 expression was increased ...	2005	15606799
crystal structure of the copper homeostasis protein (cutcm) from shigella flexneri at 1.7 a resolution: the first structure of a new sequence family of tim barrels.		2005	15624211
evolutionary genetics of a new pathogenic escherichia species: escherichia albertii and related shigella boydii strains.	a bacterium originally described as hafnia alvei induces diarrhea in rabbits and causes epithelial damage similar to the attachment and effacement associated with enteropathogenic escherichia coli. subsequent studies identified similar h. alvei-like strains that are positive for an intimin gene (eae) probe and, based on dna relatedness, are classified as a distinct escherichia species, escherichia albertii. we determined sequences for multiple housekeeping genes in five e. albertii strains and c ...	2005	15629933
structural and genetic characterization of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o145 o antigen and development of an o145 serogroup-specific pcr assay.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o145 strains are emerging as causes of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. in this study, we present the structure of the e. coli o145 o antigen and the sequence of its gene cluster. the o145 antigen has repeat units containing three monosaccharide residues: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose (glcnac), 2-acetamidoylamino-2,6-dideoxy-l-galactose, and n-acetylneuraminic acid. it is very closely related to salmonella enterica serovar touera and s. enteri ...	2005	15629947
bacteria spurned by self-absorbed cells.		2005	15635436
modulation of an outer membrane protease contributes to the virulence defect of shigella flexneri strains carrying a mutation in the virk locus.	the shigella actin assembly protein icsa is removed from the bacterial surface by the protease icsp. we show that decreased intracellular spreading of virk::tn10 mutants is due in part to significant increases in icsp and icsp-mediated cleavage of icsa and that icsp expression is a critical determinant of shigella virulence.	2005	15664968
use of molecular hydrogen as an energy substrate by human pathogenic bacteria.	molecular hydrogen is produced as a fermentation by-product in the large intestine of animals and its production can be correlated with the digestibility of the carbohydrates consumed. pathogenic helicobacter species (helicobacter pylori and h. hepaticus) have the ability to use h(2) through a respiratory hydrogenase, and it was demonstrated that the gas is present in the tissues colonized by these pathogens (the stomach and the liver respectively of live animals). mutant strains of h. pylori un ...	2005	15667272
rifaximin--a novel antimicrobial for enteric infections.	rifaximin is a poorly absorbed rifamycin antimicrobial drug with in vitro activity against gram-positive, gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. the minimal concentration that inhibits 90% of strains of bacterial pathogens (mic90) ranges between 32 and 64 microg/ml. less than 1% of the drug is absorbed after oral administration. after three days of therapy, the average fecal level of this drug is 8000 microg/g of stool. selection of resistant mutants, a problem with the related rifampin, appears ...	2005	15667909
sensitive and rapid detection of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method.	here we report a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for detecting shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli. the target for this lamp method is the ipah gene which is carried by both of the pathogens. the lamp method efficiently detected the gene within 2 h at a minimal amount of bacteria (8 cfu) per reaction.	2005	15668027
synthesis of two linear padre conjugates bearing a deca- or pentadecasaccharide b epitope as potential synthetic vaccines against shigella flexneri serotype 2a infection.	the blockwise synthesis of the 2-aminoethyl glycosides of a deca- and a pentadecasaccharide made of two and three repeating units, respectively, of the shigella flexneri serotype 2a specific polysaccharide is reported. the strategy relies on trifluoromethanesulfonic acid mediated glycosylation of a pentasaccharide building block acting as a glycosyl donor and a potential glycoside acceptor. both targets were made available in amounts large enough for their subsequent conversion into glycoconjuga ...	2005	15669066
analysis of replication region of the cryptic plasmid pag20 from acetobacter aceti 3620.	the dna sequence of small cryptic plasmid pag20 in acetobacter aceti was determined at 3064 bp with 51.6% gc pairs. the plasmid encoded a 186 amino acid protein which is important for plasmid replication in gram-negative bacteria except escherichia coli. two 21 bp large direct repeat sequence 1 and two 13 bp direct repeat sequence 2 were determined in the regulation region upstream from gene encoded rep protein. vector pag24 with kanamycin gene and two deletion derivatives pag25 and pag26 withou ...	2005	15670745
physiological stress of intracellular shigella flexneri visualized with a metabolic sensor fused to a surface-reporter system.	when deleted of its n-terminal signal-reception domain, the broad host range sigma54-dependent transcriptional regulator xylr, along with its cognate promoter pu, becomes a sensor of the metabolic stress of the carrier bacteria. we have employed a surface reporter system to visualize the physiological status of intracellular shigella flexneri during infection of henle 407 cells in culture. to this end, the xylrdeltaa gene has been engineered adjacent to a bicistronic transcriptional fusion of pu ...	2005	15670852
cloning of a novel gene for quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid in shigella flexneri 2b.	a novel gene for quinolone resistance was cloned from a transferable plasmid carried by a clinical isolate of shigella flexneri 2b that was resistant to fluoroquinolones. the plasmid conferred low-level resistance to quinolones on escherichia coli hb101. the protein encoded by the gene showed 59% amino acid identity with qnr.	2005	15673773
antibiotic resistance in diarrheagenic escherichia coli and shigella strains isolated from children in hanoi, vietnam.	the mics for 162 diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains and 28 shigella strains were determined on the basis of nccls guidelines. more than 75% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol (53.6% of shigella strains), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. multiresistance was detected in 89.5% of e. coli strains and 78.6% of shigella strains.	2005	15673777
occurrence of integrons and resistance genes among sulphonamide-resistant shigella spp. from brazil.	to determine the occurrence of class 1 and 2 integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes among sulphonamide-resistant shigella strains isolated in brazil during 1999-2003.	2005	15681578
the flag-2 locus, an ancestral gene cluster, is potentially associated with a novel flagellar system from escherichia coli.	escherichia coli k-12 possesses two adjacent, divergent, promoterless flagellar genes, fhia-mbha, that are absent from salmonella enterica. through bioinformatics analysis, we found that these genes are remnants of an ancestral 44-gene cluster and are capable of encoding a novel flagellar system, flag-2. in enteroaggregative e. coli strain 042, there is a frameshift in lfgc that is likely to have inactivated the system in this strain. tiling path pcr studies showed that the flag-2 cluster is pre ...	2005	15687208
selection-driven transcriptome polymorphism in escherichia coli/shigella species.	to explore the role of transcriptome polymorphism in adaptation of organisms to their environment, we evaluated this parameter for the escherichia coli/shigella bacterial species, which is composed of well-characterized phylogenetic groups that exhibit characteristic life styles ranging from commensalism to intracellular pathogenicity. both the genomic content and the transcriptome of 10 strains representative of the major e. coli/shigella phylogenetic groups were evaluated using macroarrays dis ...	2005	15687289
tyrosine kinase signaling and type iii effectors orchestrating shigella invasion.	upon epithelial cell contact, shigella type iii effectors activate complex signaling pathways that induce localized membrane ruffling, resulting in shigella invasion. bacterial induced membrane ruffles require a timely coordination of cytoskeletal processes, including actin polymerization, filament reorganization and depolymerization, orchestrated by rho gtpases and tyrosine kinases. an emerging concept is that multiple shigella effectors act in synergy to promote actin polymerization in membran ...	2005	15694852
actin-based motility of intracellular pathogens.	the actin cytoskeleton is harnessed by several pathogenic bacteria that are capable of entering into non-phagocytic cells, the so-called 'invasive bacteria'. among them, a few also exploit the host actin cytoskeleton to move intra- and inter-cellularly. our knowledge of the basic mechanisms underlying actin-based motility has dramatically increased and the list of bacteria that are able to move in this way is also increasing including not only listeria, shigella and rickettsia species but also m ...	2005	15694855
a novel caspase-1/toll-like receptor 4-independent pathway of cell death induced by cytosolic shigella in infected macrophages.	shigella-induced macrophage cell death is an important step in the induction of acute inflammatory responses that ultimately lead to bacillary dysentery. cell death was previously reported to be dependent upon the activation of caspase-1 via interaction with ipab secreted by intracellular shigella, but in this study, we show that shigella infection of macrophages can also induce cell death independent of caspase-1 or ipab activity. time-lapse imaging and electron microscopic analyses indicated t ...	2005	15695506
a novel shigella dysenteriae serovar isolated in canada.	the etiological agent most commonly associated with bacillary dysentery is shigella. as part of its mandate, the bacteriology and enteric disease program of health canada identifies and serotypes unusual isolates of shigella received from provincial laboratories of public health. in this report, six unusual isolates from three provinces were analyzed biochemically and serologically using slide and tube agglutinations and molecularly using standard pulsed-filed gel electrophoresis (pfge), pcr, an ...	2005	15695673
the nf2 tumor suppressor merlin and the erm proteins interact with n-wasp and regulate its actin polymerization function.	the function of the nf2 tumor suppressor merlin has remained elusive despite increasing evidence for its role in actin cytoskeleton reorganization. the closely related erm proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) act as linkers between the cell membrane and cytoskeleton, and have also been implicated as active actin reorganizers. we report here that merlin and the erms can interact with and regulate n-wasp, a critical regulator of actin dynamics. merlin and moesin were found to inhibit n-wasp-media ...	2005	15699051
characterization of the flexible genome complement of the commensal escherichia coli strain a0 34/86 (o83 : k24 : h31).	colonization by the commensal escherichia coli strain a0 34/86 (o83 : k24 : h31) has proved to be safe and efficient in the prophylaxis and treatment of nosocomial infections and diarrhoea of preterm and newborn infants in czech paediatric clinics over the past three decades. in searching for traits contributing to this beneficial effect related to the gut colonization capacity of the strain, the authors have analysed its genome by dna-dna hybridization to e. coli k-12 (mg1655) genomic dna array ...	2005	15699189
effects of zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy on the systemic immune responses in shigellosis.	zinc is lost during diarrheal diseases, and zinc deficiency induces intestinal morphology-altering inflammatory responses that zinc supplementation can correct.	2005	15699240
spectroscopic characterization of microorganisms by fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy.	spectroscopic fingerprints of bacteria were investigated by fourier transform infrared (ftir) microspectroscopy for the elucidation of chemical composition and structural information during growth. good differentiation of six microorganisms was achieved down to the strain level. the inherent compositional and structural differences of cell envelopes and cytoplasm were investigated and utilized to obtain more detailed analysis of the spectroscopic features. bands or regions of key functional grou ...	2005	15700299
intravenous infection of virulent shigellae causes fulminant hepatitis in mice.	shigella spp. are pathogenic bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. the major lesions in colonic mucosa are intense inflammation with apoptosis of macrophages and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. the study of shigellosis is hindered by the natural resistance of rodents to oral infection with shigella. therefore, animal models exploit other routes of infection. here, we describe a novel murine model in which animals receive shigellae via the caudal vein. mice infected with ...	2005	15617528
transcriptional adaptation of shigella flexneri during infection of macrophages and epithelial cells: insights into the strategies of a cytosolic bacterial pathogen.	shigella flexneri, the etiologic agent of bacillary dysentery, invades epithelial cells as well as macrophages and dendritic cells and escapes into the cytosol soon after invasion. dissection of the global gene expression profile of the bacterium in its intracellular niche is essential to fully understand the biology of shigella infection. we have determined the complete gene expression profiles for s. flexneri infecting human epithelial hela cells and human macrophage-like u937 cells. approxima ...	2005	15618144
construction and characterization of bivalent shigella flexneri 2a vaccine strains sc608(pcfai) and sc608(pcfai/ltb) that express antigens from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.	an invasive strain of shigella flexneri 2a (sc608) has been developed as a vector for the expression and delivery of heterologous antigens. sc608 is an aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) derivative of sc602 (icsa iuc), a well-characterized live attenuated vaccine strain which has undergone several clinical trials in human volunteers. when administered orally at a single 10(4) (cfu) dose, sc602 is both immunogenic and efficacious against shigellosis. using asd-based plasmid vectors, we de ...	2005	15618162
virulent shigella flexneri causes damage to mitochondria and triggers necrosis in infected human monocyte-derived macrophages.	shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacterium that causes bacillary dysentery in humans that is characterized by an acute inflammatory response of the colon. the fate of phagocytes that are infected in vitro with virulent shigella has been the subject of some investigation and debate. in this study we found that virulent shigella caused a rapid increase in the cell membrane permeability of infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (hmdm) but not in the cell membrane permeability of monocytes, ...	2005	15618190
campylobacter species and drug resistance in a north indian rural community.	campylobacter species are known as agents of enteritis worldwide. however, rural community-based studies on campylobacter infections are lacking. we carried out a prospective case-control study from july to december 2002 to investigate the prevalence and socio-epidemiological determinants of campylobacter infection in a rural community in north india and the drug resistance of campylobacter strains isolated from the community. stool specimens from 348 subjects with diarrhoea and 351 age- and gen ...	2005	15653123
the generalized transducing salmonella bacteriophage es18: complete genome sequence and dna packaging strategy.	the generalized transducing double-stranded dna bacteriophage es18 has an icosahedral head and a long noncontractile tail, and it infects both rough and smooth salmonella enterica strains. we report here the complete 46,900-bp genome nucleotide sequence and provide an analysis of the sequence. its 79 genes and their organization clearly show that es18 is a member of the lambda-like (lambdoid) phage group; however, it contains a novel set of genes that program assembly of the virion head. most of ...	2005	15659686
a novel intranasal protollin-based measles vaccine induces mucosal and systemic neutralizing antibody responses and cell-mediated immunity in mice.	protollin-mv is a vaccine produced by mixing split measles virus (mv) antigen with the novel adjuvant protollin (neisseria meningitidis outer membrane proteins non-covalently complexed with shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide). intranasal immunization of mice with two or three doses of protollin-mv induces both serum igg and mucosal iga with strong neutralizing activity. there is a dose-dependent shift towards lower igg1:igg2a ratios and mv-specific ifngamma production in splenocytes. intran ...	2005	15661386
update in traveler's diarrhea.	td has not proved as preventable as hoped, despite knowing that it is transmitted mainly through food. travelers have little ability to select restaurants based on the kitchen hygiene. the rates of td in travelers to developing countries have not changed in the past 50 years, either because the dietary precautions they are taught are not effective or they cannot be adhered to in the course of a pleasurable vacation. nonantibiotic prophylaxis with bismuth subsalicylate has the potential to preven ...	2005	15701551
etiology of diarrhea in pediatric outpatient settings.	the frequency with which bacteria cause diarrhea evaluated in ambulatory settings is often unknown. we attempted to determine the microbiologic etiology of diarrhea in a private pediatric practice (site a) and a clinic serving largely immigrant children (site b) and to establish guidelines for bacterial culture.	2005	15702043
shigellosis caused by shigella boydii in a preterm neonate, masquerading as necrotizing enterocolitis.	a rare case of neonatal shigellosis caused by shigella boydii in a preterm neonate, severe enough to necessitate intensive care support, is presented. the roles of breast-feeding, hand-washing and surveillance for enteric infections in the prevention of shigellosis in low risk settings such as a special care baby unit are highlighted.	2005	15702053
serum amyloid a protein binds to outer membrane protein a of gram-negative bacteria.	serum amyloid a (saa) is the major acute phase protein in man and most mammals. we observed saa binding to a surprisingly large number of gram-negative bacteria, including escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, klebsiella pneumoniae, vibrio cholerae, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the binding was found to be high affinity and rapid. importantly, this binding was not inhibited by high density lipoprotein with which saa is normally complexed in serum. binding was also observed w ...	2005	15705572
detection of virulence genes in malaysian shigella species by multiplex pcr assay.	in malaysia, shigella spp. was reported to be the third commonest bacterial agent responsible for childhood diarrhoea. currently, isolation of the bacterium and confirmation of the disease by microbiological and biochemical methods remain as the "gold standard". this study aimed to detect the prevalence of four shigella virulence genes present concurrently, in randomly selected malaysian strains via a rapid multiplex pcr (mpcr) assay.	2005	15707504
topological analysis of gtra and gtrb proteins encoded by the serotype-converting cassette of shigella flexneri.	serotype conversion (o-antigen glucosylation) in shigella flexneri is mediated by temperate bacteriophages, which encode a three-gene cluster that contains gtra, gtrb, and gtr([type]). sequence analysis has revealed that gtra and gtrb are conserved and readily interchangeable between serotypes. the gtr([type]) is unique in each serotype and responsible for specifically mediating conversion by the addition of a glucosyl group to the o-antigen units. analysis of the gtra and gtrb amino acid sequen ...	2005	15708010
gastroenteritis in us marines during operation iraqi freedom.	approximately 83,000 us marines participated in the opening phase of operation iraqi freedom in spring 2003. a navy preventive medicine laboratory was set up in ad diwaniyah, iraq, to provide clinical diagnostic support for marine medical units during a period of repositioning in south-central iraq.	2005	15712073
role of the pst system in plaque formation by the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri.	in response to the host cell environment, the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri induces the expression of numerous genes, including those in the pst operon which is predicted to encode a high-affinity phosphate acquisition system that is expressed under reduced phosphate conditions. an s. flexneri pst mutant forms smaller plaques in henle cell monolayers than does the parental strain. this mutant exhibited normal production and localization of the s. flexneri icsa protein. the pst mutant ...	2005	15731038
ipad of shigella flexneri is independently required for regulation of ipa protein secretion and efficient insertion of ipab and ipac into host membranes.	shigella flexneri causes human dysentery after invading the cells of the colonic epithelium. the best-studied effectors of shigella entry into colonocytes are the invasion plasmid antigens ipac and ipab. these proteins are exported via a type iii secretion system (ttss) to form a pore in the host membrane that may allow the translocation of other effectors into the host cytoplasm. ttss-mediated secretion of ipad is also required for translocation pore formation, bacterial invasion, and virulence ...	2005	15731041
microbiology. a pathogen attacks while keeping up defense.		2005	15731433
optimization of virulence functions through glucosylation of shigella lps.	shigella, the leading cause of bacillary dysentery, uses a type iii secretion system (ttss) to inject proteins into human cells, leading to bacterial invasion and a vigorous inflammatory response. the bacterium is protected against the response by the o antigen of lipopolysaccharide (lps) on its surface. we show that bacteriophage-encoded glucosylation of shigella o antigen, the basis of different serotypes, shortens the lps molecule by around half. this enhances ttss function without compromisi ...	2005	15731456
recent advances in the development of live, attenuated bacterial vectors.	over the last quarter century, scientific advances have created new tools and technologies to improve the safety and efficacy of vaccines. these improvements are spurred by social and commercial needs to enhance existing vaccines or to create new ones against an expanding spectrum of diseases. vaccines based on live, attenuated, pathogenic bacteria were originally developed to prevent infection by homologous pathogens. more recently, strategies have been developed to use these bacterial vaccines ...	2005	15732531