Publications

agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of the desiccation tolerant resurrection plant ramonda myconi (l.) rchb.	in this paper we describe the first procedure for agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of the desiccation tolerant plant ramonda myconi (l.) rchb. previously, we reported the establishment of a reliable and effective tissue culture system based on the integrated optimisation of antioxidant and growth regulator composition and the stabilisation of the ph of the culture media by means of a potassium phosphate buffer. this efficient plant regeneration via callus phase provided ...	2006	16362301
tomato pto encodes a functional n-myristoylation motif that is required for signal transduction in nicotiana benthamiana.	pto kinase of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) confers resistance to bacterial speck disease caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato expressing avrpto or avrptob. pto interacts directly with these type-iii secreted effectors, leading to induction of defence responses including the hypersensitive response (hr). signalling by pto requires the nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (nbs-lrr) protein prf. little is known of how pto is controlled prior to or during stimulation, although kinase ...	2006	16367952
the brucella suis type iv secretion system assembles in the cell envelope of the heterologous host agrobacterium tumefaciens and increases incq plasmid pls1 recipient competence.	pathogenic brucella species replicate within mammalian cells, and their type iv secretion system is essential for intracellular survival and replication. the options for biochemical studies on the brucella secretion system are limited due to the rigidity of the cells and biosafety concerns, which preclude large-scale cell culture and fractionation. to overcome these problems, we heterologously expressed the brucella suis virb operon in the closely related alpha(2)-proteobacterium agrobacterium t ...	2006	16368963
the maize knotted1 gene is an effective positive selectable marker gene for agrobacterium-mediated tobacco transformation.	we have assessed the use of a homeobox gene knotted1 (kn1) from maize as a selectable marker gene for plant transformation. the kn1 gene under the control of cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter (35s::kn1) was introduced into nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. under nonselective conditions (without antibiotic selection) on a hormone-free medium (ms), a large number of transgenic calli and shoots were obtained from explants that were infected with agrobacteri ...	2006	16369767
transformation of montmorency sour cherry (prunus cerasus l.) and gisela 6 (p. cerasus x p. canescens) cherry rootstock mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens.	sour cherry (prunus cerasus l.) scion cv. montmorency and rootstock cv. gisela 6 (p. cerasus x p. canescens) were transformed using agrobacterium tumefaciens strain eha105:pbisn1 carrying the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (nptii) and an intron interrupted ss-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene (gusa). whole leaf explants were co-cultivated with a. tumefaciens, and selection and regeneration of transformed cells and shoots of both cultivars was carried out for 12 weeks on selection medium contai ...	2006	16369768
genetic transformation of ascochyta rabiei using agrobacterium-mediated transformation.	in order to study pathogenic mechanisms of the plant pathogen ascochyta rabiei, conditions for efficient transformation using agrobacterium-mediated transformation were investigated. hygromycin b resistance (hph) was superior to geneticin resistance (nptii) for selecting transformants, and the hph gene was more efficiently expressed by the aspergillus nidulans trpc promoter than by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter camv35s. co-cultivation on solid media for 72 h was optimal for generatin ...	2006	16369840
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of the n-terminal photosensory module of phytochrome agp1, a biliverdin-binding photoreceptor from agrobacterium tumefaciens.	phytochromes are photochromic photoreceptors with a bilin chromophore that have been found in plants and bacteria. typical bacterial phytochromes are composed of an n-terminal photosensory chromophore module and a c-terminal protein kinase. the former contains the chromophore, which allows phytochromes to adopt the two interconvertible spectral forms, pr and pfr. the n-terminal photosensory module of agrobacterium phytochrome agp1, agp1-m15, was used for crystallization studies. the protein was ...	2006	16377207
phytochromes from agrobacterium tumefaciens: difference spectroscopy with extracts of wild type and knockout mutants.	phytochromes are photoreceptors that occur in plants, fungi and bacteria, among others in the phytopathogen agrobacterium tumefaciens. we constructed single and double knockout mutants of the two a. tumefaciens phytochromes agp1 and agp2. in liquid culture, the double mutant revealed a reduced growth rate, whereas the growth rates of the single mutants did not differ significantly from that of the wild type. using these mutants, we analyzed the spectral properties of native a. tumefaciens phytoc ...	2006	16378606
agroinjection of tomato fruits. a tool for rapid functional analysis of transgenes directly in fruit.	transient expression of foreign genes in plant tissues is a valuable tool for plant biotechnology. to shorten the time for gene functional analysis in fruits, we developed a transient methodology that could be applied to tomato (solanum lycopersicum cv micro tom) fruits. it was found that injection of agrobacterium cultures through the fruit stylar apex resulted in complete fruit infiltration. this infiltration method, named fruit agroinjection, rendered high levels of 35s cauliflower mosaic vir ...	2006	16403736
transgenic rice expressing allium sativum leaf lectin with enhanced resistance against sap-sucking insect pests.	mannose binding allium sativum leaf agglutinin (asal) has been shown to be antifeedant and insecticidal against sap-sucking insects. in the present investigation, asal coding sequence was expressed under the control of camv35s promoter in a chimeric gene cassette containing plant selection marker, hpt and gusa reporter gene of pcambia1301 binary vector in an elite indica rice cv. ir64. many fertile transgenic plants were generated using scutellar calli as initial explants through agrobacterium-m ...	2006	16404581
transformation of actinidia eriantha: a potential species for functional genomics studies in actinidia.	protocols were developed for regeneration and agrobacterium-mediated transformation of actinidia eriantha benth. a. eriantha has a number of features that make it a useful tool for functional genomics in actinidia: the vines are relatively small and non-vigorous in nature, flowers form all over the vine including on lower axillary branches and the species flowers prolifically in greenhouse conditions. flowering and fruiting of transgenic a. eriantha plants was obtained within 2 years of transfor ...	2006	16404600
dspa/e, a type iii effector essential for erwinia amylovora pathogenicity and growth in planta, induces cell death in host apple and nonhost tobacco plants.	erwinia amylovora is responsible for fire blight, a necrotic disease of apples and pears. e. amylovora relies on a type iii secretion system (ttss) to induce disease on hosts and hypersensitive response (hr) on nonhost plants. the dspa/e protein is essential for e. amylovora pathogenicity and is secreted via the ttss in vitro. dspa/e belongs to a type iii effector family that is conserved in several phytopathogenic bacteria. in e. amylovora, dspa/e has been implicated in the generation of an oxi ...	2006	16404949
the efficiency of interference of potato virus x infection depends on the target gene.	rna silencing is a natural defense response against viral infection. this phenomenon has been used to interfere with viral infections by exploiting fragments of viral genomes as sources of rna silencing. agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of a hairpin rna derived from the tgbp1 gene of potato virus x (pvx) induced rna silencing of the tgbp1 gene and resulted in interference of pvx infection. the interference was induced in the infiltrated leaves but not in the upper non-infiltrated leav ...	2006	16406166
on tracks and locomotives: the long route of dna to the nucleus.	molecular motors have prominent functions in organelle transport, cytoskeletal organization, division and motility. the dyneins are one of the three families of cytoskeleton-based molecular motors and they travel along the cytoplasmic microtubule network towards the minus end of the microtubule. this directed movement is used by dna viruses to deliver their infectious genome and proteins to the host cell nucleus. in recent studies, it has been hypothesized that agrobacterium species use a simila ...	2006	16406211
characterization of rhizobia isolated from albizia spp. in comparison with microsymbionts of acacia spp. and leucaena leucocephala grown in china.	this is the first systematic study of rhizobia associated with albizia trees. the analyses of pcr-rflp and sequencing of 16s rrna genes, sds-page of whole-cell proteins and clustering of phenotypic characters grouped the 31 rhizobial strains isolated from albizia into eight putative species within the genera bradyrhizobium, mesorhizobium and rhizobium. among these eight rhizobial species, five were unique to albizia and the remaining three were shared with acacia and leucaena, two legume trees c ...	2006	16406708
a nucleoporin is required for induction of ca2+ spiking in legume nodule development and essential for rhizobial and fungal symbiosis.	nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning and traffic between cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments are fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. nuclear pore complexes mediate transport of proteins, rnas and ribonucleoprotein particles in and out of the nucleus. here we present positional cloning of a plant nucleoporin gene, nup133, essential for a symbiotic signal transduction pathway shared by rhizobium bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. mutation of nup133 results in a temperature sensitive nodulation de ...	2006	16407163
nitrogen fixation mutants of medicago truncatula fail to support plant and bacterial symbiotic gene expression.	the rhizobium-legume symbiosis culminates in the exchange of nutrients in the root nodule. bacteria within the nodule reduce molecular nitrogen for plant use and plants provide bacteria with carbon-containing compounds. following the initial signaling events that lead to plant infection, little is known about the plant requirements for establishment and maintenance of the symbiosis. we screened 44,000 m2 plants from fast neutron-irradiated medicago truncatula seeds and isolated eight independent ...	2006	16407449
molecular characterization of grapevine plants transformed with gflv resistance genes: ii.	a collection of 127 putatively transgenic individuals of vitis vinifera cv. russalka was characterized by pcr and southern hybridization. six different constructs containing the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptii) marker gene and sequences of the grapevine fanleaf virus coat protein (gflv cp) gene including non-translatable and truncated forms were transferred via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. detection of transgenic sequences by pcr was positive in all lines. southern blot analysis rev ...	2006	16408176
plastid marker-gene excision by transiently expressed cre recombinase.	we report plastid marker-gene excision with a transiently expressed cre, site-specific recombinase. this is a novel protocol that enables rapid removal of marker genes from the approximately 10,000 plastid genome copies without transformation of the plant nucleus. plastid marker excision was tested in tobacco plants transformed with a prototype polycistronic plastid vector, pprv110l, designed to express multiple genes organized in an operon. the pmhb10 and pmhb11 constructs described here are di ...	2006	16412089
transgenic sterility in populus: expression properties of the poplar ptlf, agrobacterium nos and two minimal 35s promoters in vegetative tissues.	transgenic sterility is a desirable trait for containment of many kinds of transgenes and exotic species. genetically engineered floral sterility can be imparted by expression of a cytotoxin under the control of a predominantly floral-tissue-specific promoter. however, many otherwise desirable floral promoters impart substantial non-floral expression, which can impair plant health or make it impossible to regenerate transgenic plants. we are therefore developing a floral sterility system that is ...	2006	16414919
drought effects on carbon and nitrogen metabolism of pea nodules can be mimicked by paraquat: evidence for the occurrence of two regulation pathways under oxidative stresses.	biological nitrogen fixation (bnf) is dramatically affected by environmental constraints such as water stress or heavy metals. it has been reported that these stresses induce the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ros) and, in turn, oxidative stress that may be responsible for the above-mentioned bnf decline at the molecular level. oxidative stress, occurring under different environmental stresses, has been widely related to physiological damage. however, a direct relationship between o ...	2006	16415332
investigation into the role of the truncated denitrification chain in rhizobium sullae strain hcnt1.	most denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate to the inert gases nitrous oxide or nitrogen. a remarkable exception to this is rhizobium sullae strain hcnt1, which catalyses only a single step in the denitrification pathway, the reduction of nitrite to the reactive molecule nitric oxide. further study demonstrated that hcnt1 does not encode the genes for no reductase. prolonged incubation of hcnt1 under anoxic conditions revealed that the cells had reduced culturability but not viability when nitrite ...	2006	16417501
tissue culture and transient transformation of marestail (conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist).	glyphosate resistant crops are useful to agriculture by facilitating the use of nonselective herbicides, such as roundup, that have low human and environmental toxicity. the occurrence of glyphosate resistant weeds, however, has raised concern about the future utility of these crops. conyza canadensis (l.) cronquist (marestail or horseweed) is one such glyphosate resistant weed that has yet to be fully analyzed or established in tissue culture. tissue culture enables the examination of physiolog ...	2006	16418861
ohrr and ohr are the primary sensor/regulator and protective genes against organic hydroperoxide stress in agrobacterium tumefaciens.	the genes involved in organic hydroperoxide protection in agrobacterium tumefaciens were functionally evaluated. gene inactivation studies and functional analyses have identified ohr, encoding a thiol peroxidase, as the gene primarily responsible for organic hydroperoxide protection in a. tumefaciens. an ohr mutant was sensitive to organic hydroperoxide killing and had a reduced capacity to metabolize organic hydroperoxides. ohr is located next to, and is divergently transcribed from, ohrr, enco ...	2006	16428387
complex regulation of arsenite oxidation in agrobacterium tumefaciens.	seminal regulatory controls of microbial arsenite [as(iii)] oxidation are described in this study. transposon mutagenesis of agrobacterium tumefaciens identified genes essential for as(iii) oxidation, including those coding for a two-component signal transduction pair. the transposon interrupted a response regulator gene (referred to as aoxr), which encodes an ntrc-like protein and is immediately downstream of a gene (aoxs) encoding a protein with primary structural features found in sensor hist ...	2006	16428412
the interaction between dcl1 and hyl1 is important for efficient and precise processing of pri-mirna in plant microrna biogenesis.	it has been reported that some double-stranded rna (dsrna) binding proteins interact with small rna biogenesis-related rnase iii enzymes. however, their biological significance is poorly understood. here we examine the relationship between the arabidopsis microrna- (mirna) producing enzyme dcl1 and the dsrna binding protein hyl1. in the hyl1-2 mutant, the processing steps of mir163 biogenesis were partially impaired; increased accumulation of pri-mir163 and reduced accumulation of short pre-mir1 ...	2006	16428603
induction, suppression and requirement of rna silencing pathways in virulent agrobacterium tumefaciens infections.	regulation of gene expression through micrornas (mirnas) and antiviral defense through small interfering rnas (sirnas) are aspects of rna silencing, a process originally discovered as an unintended consequence of plant transformation by disarmed agrobacterium tumefaciens strains. although rna silencing protects cells against foreign genetic elements, its defensive role against virulent, tumor-inducing bacteria has remained unexplored. here, we show that sirnas corresponding to transferred-dna on ...	2006	16429161
tumor-causing plant bacteria may infect animals.		2006	16431032
mucosal immunization using recombinant plant-based oral vaccines.	the induction of mucosal immunity is very important in conferring protection against pathogens that typically invade via mucosal surfaces. delivery of a vaccine to a mucosal surface optimizes the induction of mucosal immunity. the apparent linked nature of the mucosal immune system allows delivery to any mucosal surface to potentially induce immunity at others. oral administration is a very straightforward and inexpensive approach to deliver a vaccine to the mucosal lining of the gut. however, v ...	2006	16431131
development of a rapid and simple agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system for the fungal pathogen heterobasidion annosum.	heterobasidion annosum causes root and butt-rot in trees and is the most serious forest pathogen in the northern hemisphere. we developed a rapid and simple agrobacterium-mediated method of gene delivery into h. annosum to be used in functional studies of candidate genes and for visualization of mycelial interactions. heterobasidion annosum tc 32-1 was cocultivated at ph 5.6 and 20 degrees c in hagems medium with agrobacterium tumefaciens c58 carrying plasmids with hygromycin b resistance as the ...	2006	16436065
structural determination of the nod factors produced by rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum r602.	rhizobium gallicum is a fast-growing bacterium found in european, australian and african soils; it was first isolated in france. it is a microsymbiont which is able to nodulate plants of the genus phaseolus. rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum r602 produces four extracellular signal molecules consisting of a linear backbone of n-acetyl glucosamine, bearing on the nonreducing terminal residue an n-methyl group and different n-acyl substituents. the four acyloligosaccharides terminate with a sulfated ...	2006	16436076
molecular phylogeny based on the 16s rrna gene of elite rhizobial strains used in brazilian commercial inoculants.	nitrogen is often a limiting nutrient, therefore the sustainability of food crops, forages and green manure legumes is mainly associated with their ability to establish symbiotic associations with stem and root-nodulating n2-fixing rhizobia. the selection, identification and maintenance of elite strains for each host are critical. decades of research in brazil resulted in a list of strains officially recommended for several legumes, but their genetic diversity is poorly known. this study aimed a ...	2006	16442259
expression of a synthetic cholera toxin b subunit in tobacco using ubiquitin promoter and bar gene as a selectable marker.	a protocol has been developed to produce a cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) in tobacco tolerant to the herbicide phosphinothricin (ppt) by means of in vitro selection. the synthetic ctb subunit gene was altered to modify the codon usage to that of tobacco plant genes. the gene was then cloned into a plant expression vector and was under the control of the ubiquitin promoter and transformed into tobacco plants by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. transgenic plantlets were selected in a medium s ...	2006	16444010
synthesis of a ricin toxin b subunit-rotavirus vp7 fusion protein in potato.	a gene encoding the outer capsid glycoprotein (vp7) of simian rotavirus sa11, was genetically linked to the amino terminus of the ricin toxin b subunit (rtb) isolated from castor-oil plant (ricinus communis) seeds. to assess fusion protein expression in plant cells, the vp7::rtb fusion gene was transferred into potato (solanum tuberosum) cells by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation methods and transformed plants regenerated. the fusion gene was detected in transformed potato genomi ...	2006	16444013
evaluation of agrobacterium-mediated transformation of agaricus bisporus using a range of promoters linked to hygromycin resistance.	there is interest in establishing genetic modification technologies for the cultivated mushroom agaricus bisporus, both for improved crop characteristics and for molecular pharming. for these methods to be successful, it is necessary to establish a set of transformation systems that include robust and reliable vectors for gene manipulation. in this article, we report the evaluation of a series of promoters for driving expression of the escherichia coli hph gene encoding hygromycin phosphotransfe ...	2006	16444014
defense and counterdefense in the plant world.		2006	16444250
reduction in solanapyrone phytotoxin production by ascochyta rabiei transformed with agrobacterium tumefaciens.	agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to transform ascochyta rabiei, the causal agent of chickpea blight. employing a t-dna containing a hygromycin resistance gene (hph), 908 transformants were obtained from germinated pycnidiospores on a selective medium containing hygromycin. transformants were confirmed using pcr and southern analyses and of four of these that were tested, two had integrated multicopies of the hph gene, one had two copies and one had a single insertion. transformants were tested ...	2006	16448503
plant expression of chicken secretory antibodies derived from combinatorial libraries.	delivery of secretory iga antibodies (siga) to mucosal surfaces is a promising strategy to passively prevent infectious diseases. plants have been proposed as biofactories for such complex immunoglobulin molecules. recently, the molecular characterization of all four monomers of chicken siga (iga immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, j-chain and secretory component) has been completed, allowing recombinant, up scaled production of chicken siga and extension of passive immune strategies to poult ...	2006	16448714
proposal that agrobacterium radiobacter has priority over agrobacterium tumefaciens. request for an opinion.	it is proposed that agrobacterium radiobacter has priority as the earlier heterotypic (subjective) synonym when it is united with agrobacterium tumefaciens. the nomenclatural status of a. tumefaciens as a later heterotypic synonym of the united species is not lost and it remains the type species of the genus. request for an opinion.	2006	16449463
isolation and identification of natural endophytic rhizobia from rice (oryza sativa l.) through rdna pcr-rflp and sequence analysis.	three novel endophytic rhizobial strains (rre3, rre5, and rre6) were isolated from naturally growing surface sterilized rice roots. these isolates had the ability to nodulate common bean (phaseolus vulgaris). polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of 16s rdna of these isolates revealed that rre3 and rre5 are phylogenetically very close to burkholderia cepacia complex, whereas rre6 has affinity with rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli. plant infection t ...	2006	16450073
a na+:h+ antiporter and a molybdate transporter are essential for arsenite oxidation in agrobacterium tumefaciens.	transposon tn5-b22 mutagenesis was used to identify genetic determinants required for arsenite [as(iii)] oxidation in an agrobacterium tumefaciens soil isolate, strain 5a. in one mutant, the transposon interrupted modb, which codes for the permease component of a high-affinity molybdate transporter. in a second mutant, the transposon insertion occurred in mrpb, which is part of a seven-gene operon encoding an mrp-type na+:h+ antiporter complex. complementation experiments with mod and mrp operon ...	2006	16452441
molecular-recognition characteristics of sam-binding riboswitches.		2006	16381055
a highly efficient transformation protocol for micro-tom, a model cultivar for tomato functional genomics.	we report a highly efficient protocol for the agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of a miniature dwarf tomato (lycopersicon esculentum), micro-tom, a model cultivar for tomato functional genomics. cotyledon explants of tomato inoculated with agrobacterium tumefaciens (rhizobium radiobacter) c58c1rif(r) harboring the binary vector pig121hm generated a mass of chimeric non-transgenic and transgenic adventitious buds. repeated shoot elongation from the mass of adventitious buds on selecti ...	2006	16381658
xbase, a collection of online databases for bacterial comparative genomics.	the schema of the previously described escherischia coli database colibase has been applied to a number of other bacterial taxa, under the collective name xbase. the new databases include campydb for campylobacter, helicobacter and wolinella; pseudodb for pseudomonads; clostridb for clostridia; rhizodb for rhizobium and sinorhizobium; and mycodb, for mycobacterium, streptomyces and related organisms. the databases provide user friendly access to annotation and genome comparisons through a web-ba ...	2006	16381881
complex regulation of apra metalloprotease in pseudomonas fluorescens m114: evidence for the involvement of iron, the ecf sigma factor, pbra and pseudobactin m114 siderophore.	in the soil bacterium pseudomonas fluorescens m114, extracellular proteolytic activity and fluorescent siderophore (pseudobactin m114) production were previously shown to be co-ordinately negatively regulated in response to environmental iron levels. an iron-starvation extracytoplasmic function sigma factor, pbra, required for the transcription of siderophore biosynthetic genes, was also implicated in m114 protease regulation. the current study centred on the characterization and genetic regulat ...	2006	16385113
transiently expressed short hairpin rna targeting 126 kda protein of tobacco mosaic virus interferes with virus infection.	rna interference (rnai) silences gene expression by guiding mrna degradation in a sequence-specific fashion. small interfering rna (sirna), an intermediate of the rnai pathway, has been shown to be very effective in inhibiting virus infection in mammalian cells and cultured plant cells. here, we report that agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression of short hairpin rna (shrna) could inhibit tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) rna accumulation by targeting the gene encoding the replication-a ...	2006	16395523
protection conferred by recombinant yersinia pestis antigens produced by a rapid and highly scalable plant expression system.	plague is still an endemic disease in different regions of the world. increasing reports of incidence, the discovery of antibiotic resistance strains, and concern about a potential use of the causative bacteria yersinia pestis as an agent of biological warfare have highlighted the need for a safe, efficacious, and rapidly producible vaccine. the use of f1 and v antigens and the derived protein fusion f1-v has shown great potential as a protective vaccine in animal studies. plants have been exten ...	2006	16410352
studies on the activity of a bidirectional promoter of mungbean yellow mosaic india virus by agroinfiltration.	the av promoter expressing av1 and av2 genes and ac1 promoter expressing ac1 gene are present in opposite orientation in the intergenic region of mungbean yellow mosaic india virus (mymiv). transient agrobacterium-mediated delivery of putative promoter constructs into nicotiana benthamiana and different legumes, followed by reporter gene (beta-d-glucuronidase, gus) assay, identified the promoter region of both ac1 and av genes that is necessary for transcriptional initiation. transcription activ ...	2006	16458986
agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of plants: biology and biotechnology.	agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation is the dominant technology used for the production of genetically modified transgenic plants. extensive research aimed at understanding and improving the molecular machinery of agrobacterium responsible for the generation and transport of the bacterial dna into the host cell has resulted in the establishment of many recombinant agrobacterium strains, plasmids and technologies currently used for the successful transformation of numerous plant species. ...	2006	16459071
characterization of an agrobacterium tumefaciens d-psicose 3-epimerase that converts d-fructose to d-psicose.	the noncharacterized gene previously proposed as the d-tagatose 3-epimerase gene from agrobacterium tumefaciens was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the expressed enzyme was purified by three-step chromatography with a final specific activity of 8.89 u/mg. the molecular mass of the purified protein was estimated to be 132 kda of four identical subunits. mn2+ significantly increased the epimerization rate from d-fructose to d-psicose. the enzyme exhibited maximal activity at 50 degrees c ...	2006	16461638
engineering plant-microbe symbiosis for rhizoremediation of heavy metals.	the use of plants for rehabilitation of heavy-metal-contaminated environments is an emerging area of interest because it provides an ecologically sound and safe method for restoration and remediation. although a number of plant species are capable of hyperaccumulation of heavy metals, the technology is not applicable for remediating sites with multiple contaminants. a clever solution is to combine the advantages of microbe-plant symbiosis within the plant rhizosphere into an effective cleanup te ...	2006	16461658
coexistence of burkholderia, cupriavidus, and rhizobium sp. nodule bacteria on two mimosa spp. in costa rica.	rrna gene sequencing and pcr assays indicated that 215 isolates of root nodule bacteria from two mimosa species at three sites in costa rica belonged to the genera burkholderia, cupriavidus, and rhizobium. this is the first report of cupriavidus sp. nodule symbionts for mimosa populations within their native geographic range in the neotropics. burkholderia spp. predominated among samples from mimosa pigra (86% of isolates), while there was a more even distribution of cupriavidus, burkholderia, a ...	2006	16461667
expression cloning and periplasmic orientation of the francisella novicida lipid a 4'-phosphatase lpxf.	francisella tularensis and related intracellular pathogens synthesize lipid a molecules that differ from their escherichia coli counterparts. although a functional orthologue of lpxk, the gene encoding the lipid a 4'-kinase, is present in francisella, no 4'-phosphate moiety is attached to francisella lipid a. we now demonstrate that a membrane-bound phosphatase present in francisella novicida u112 selectively removes the 4'-phosphate residue from tetra- and pentaacylated lipid a molecules. a clo ...	2006	16467300
agrobacterium t-dna-mediated integration and gene replacement in the brown rot pathogen monilinia fructicola.	a transformation system utilizing agrobacterium tumefaciens was developed for targeted gene disruption in monilinia fructicola, a fungal pathogen that causes brown rot disease of stone fruits. transformation with a vector containing the neomycin phosphotransferase ii (nptii) cassette flanked with 4 kb cutinase gene (mfcut1) flanking sequences resulted in an average of 13 transformants per 10(5) spores. when assayed by pcr and dna blot analyses, more than 50% of the transformants recovered had in ...	2006	16468040
differential inductions of tnf-alpha and igtp, iigp by structurally diverse classic and non-classic lipopolysaccharides.	the innate immune system recognizes microbes by characteristic molecules like the gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (lps). lipid a (the lps bioactive moiety) signals through toll-like receptors (tlrs) to induce pro-inflammatory molecules and small gtpases of the p47 family involved in intracellular pathogen control. we tested tnf-alpha and p47-gtpase induction in macrophages using classical lpss [lipid as with glucosamine backbones, ester- and amide-linked c14:0(3-oh) and c12 to c16 in acyloxyacy ...	2006	16469053
[genetic transformation of peach immature cotyledons with its antisenes aco gene].	genetic transformation of peach immature cotyledons with its aco antisense gene was studied by using particle bombardment method through agrobacterium tumefaciens. kanr shoots and kanr plantlet were obtained. the plantet with aco antisenes gene through agrobacterium tumefaciens was obtained by micrografting technique and survived for nearly one month. the results of the pcr, pcr-southern, genomes southern hybridization analysis and gus color reaction of some kanr materials showed in some degree ...	2006	16469719
a highly efficient in vitro plant regeneration system and agrobacterium-mediated transformation in plumbago zeylanica.	plumbago zeylanica is a unique model for studying flowering plant gametogenesis, heterospermy, and preferential fertilization, yet understanding the control of related molecular mechanisms is impossible without efficient and reproducible regeneration and stable genetic transformation. we found three key factors for enhancing successful regeneration: (1) tissue source of explants, (2) combination and concentration of growth regulators, and (3) culture conditions. the highest frequency of shoot re ...	2006	16470412
production and metabolism of indole acetic acid in roots and root nodules of phaseolus mungo.	the mature root nodules of phaseolus mungo (l.), a leguminous pulse, contain higher amount of indole acetic acid (iaa) than non-nodulated roots. the tryptophan pool present in the mature nodule and young roots might serve as a precursor for the iaa production. presence of iaa metabolising enzymes - iaa oxidase and peroxidase - indicate the metabolism of iaa in the nodules and roots. in culture, the symbiont, isolated from the nodules, produced a high amount of iaa, when tryptophan was supplied i ...	2006	16473504
[transformation of embryogenic calli of siberian wildrye grass (elymus sibiricus l. cv. chuancao no.2) mediated by agrobacterium].	formation of embryogenic calli of siberian wildrye grass (elymus sibiricus l. cv. chuancao no.2) was induced from mature seeds as explants, and proliferated on ms medium containing 2,4-d 5.0 mg/l and kt 0.05 mg/l. an effective and stable callus regeneration system was established by optimizing the culture conditions (tables 1, 2 and fig.2). after the calli were subcultured 8 weeks, selected the whitish-yellow-coloured compact nodular calli that transformed with plasmid pcambia1304 carrying hygro ...	2006	16477130
[expression of an arabidopsis actin-depolymerizing factor 4 gene (atadf4) in tobacco causes morphological change of plants].	the actin-depolymerizing factor 4 gene (adf4) of arabidopsis thaliana was cloned and sequenced (figs.1, 2). the plant expression vector with adf4 was constructed and transformed into tobacco by agrobacterium tumefaciens. molecular identification showed that the adf4 gene was integrated into the genome of tobacco and expressed in transgenic tobaccos assayed by pcr and rt-pcr (fig.3). expression of an arabidopsis thaliana adf4 gene in tobacco resulted in morphological change of plants. the effects ...	2006	16477131
comparative anatomy of gall development on gypsophila paniculata induced by bacteria with different mechanisms of pathogenicity.	galls induced on gypsophila paniculata by pantoea agglomerans pv. gypsophilae (pag) and agrobacterium tumefaciens (at), bacteria with different mechanisms of pathogenicity, were compared morphologically and anatomically. the pathogenicity of pag is dependent on the presence of an indigenous plasmid that harbors hrp gene cluster, genes encoding hop virulence proteins and biosynthetic genes for auxin (iaa) and cytokinins (cks), whereas that of at involves host transformation. the pag-induced gall ...	2006	16477460
genetic diversity of acacia tortilis ssp. raddiana rhizobia in tunisia assessed by 16s and 16s-23s rdna genes analysis.	in order to understand the genetic diversity of acacia tortilis ssp. raddiana-rhizobia in tunisia, isolates from nine geographical locations were obtained and analysed.	2006	16478483
determination of the amino acid residues required for the activity of the anti-rhizobial peptide antibiotic trifolitoxin.	the first aim was to determine those amino acid residues required for the biological activity of the potent peptide antibiotic, trifolitoxin (tfx). the second aim was to determine the concentrations of tfx1 and tfx2 that cause 50% inhibition of bacterial growth (ki), the two predominant isomeric forms of tfx made by rhizobium.	2006	16478489
phenotypical and genotypical characteristics of root-nodulating bacteria isolated from annual medicago spp. in soummam valley (algeria).	in the framework of agro-pastoral system management using local annual medics coupled with their native root-nodulating bacteria to extend pasture zones, increase forage yields and improve ovine and bovine breeding in algeria, we investigated diversity of rhizobia from annual medicago spp. (medicago arabica, medicago polymorpha, medicago minima and medicago orbicularis).	2006	16478510
agrobacterium tumefaciens virb8 structure reveals potential protein-protein interaction sites.	bacterial type iv secretion systems (t4ss) translocate dna and/or proteins to recipient cells, thus providing a mechanism for conjugative transfer of genetic material and bacterial pathogenesis. here we describe the first structure of a core component from the archetypal agrobacterium tumefaciens t4ss: the 2.2-a resolution crystal structure of the virb8 periplasmic domain (pvirb8(at)). virb8 forms a dimer in the crystal, and we identify residues likely important for stabilization of the dimer in ...	2006	16481621
rhizobial exopolysaccharides: genetic control and symbiotic functions.	specific complex interactions between soil bacteria belonging to rhizobium, sinorhizobium, mesorhizobium, phylorhizobium, bradyrhizobium and azorhizobium commonly known as rhizobia, and their host leguminous plants result in development of root nodules. nodules are new organs that consist mainly of plant cells infected with bacteroids that provide the host plant with fixed nitrogen. proper nodule development requires the synthesis and perception of signal molecules such as lipochitooligosacchari ...	2006	16483356
a luxr/luxi-type quorum-sensing system in a plant bacterium, mesorhizobium tianshanense, controls symbiotic nodulation.	the ability of rhizobia to symbiotically fix nitrogen from the atmosphere when forming nodules on their plant hosts requires various signal transduction pathways. luxr-luxi-type quorum-sensing systems have been shown to be one of the players in a number of rhizobium species. in this study, we found that mesorhizobium tianshanense, a moderate-growth rhizobium that forms nodules on a number of licorice plants, produces multiple n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl)-like molecules. a simple screen for ah ...	2006	16484206
mineralization of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate (4-abs) by agrobacterium sp. strain pns-1.	a bacterial strain, pns-1, isolated from activated sludge, could utilize sulphanilic acid (4-abs) as the sole organic carbon and energy source under aerobic conditions. determination and comparison of 16s r dna sequences showed that the strain pns-1 is closely related to the species of agrobacterium genus. growth on 4-abs was accompanied with ammonia and sulfate release. toc results showed complete mineralization of sulphanilic acid. this strain was highly specific for 4-abs as none of the sulph ...	2006	16485085
expression of avian reovirus sigmac protein in transgenic plants.	avian reovirus (arv) structural protein, sigmac encoded by s1 genome segment, is the prime candidate to become a vaccine against arv infection. two plant nuclear expression vectors with expression of sigmac-encoding gene driven by camv 35s promoter and rice actin promoter were constructed, respectively. agrobacterium containing the s1 expression constructs were used to transform alfalfa, and transformants were selected using hygromysin. the integration of s1 transgene in alfalfa chromosome was c ...	2006	16488486
n6-methyl-adenine: an epigenetic signal for dna-protein interactions.	n(6)-methyl-adenine is found in the genomes of bacteria, archaea, protists and fungi. most bacterial dna adenine methyltransferases are part of restriction-modification systems. certain groups of proteobacteria also harbour solitary dna adenine methyltransferases that provide signals for dna-protein interactions. in gamma-proteobacteria, dam methylation regulates chromosome replication, nucleoid segregation, dna repair, transposition of insertion elements and transcription of specific genes. in ...	2006	16489347
in vitro characterization of a bacterial manganese uptake regulator of the fur superfamily.	fur proteins generally act as negative transcriptional regulators by binding to target regulatory sequences (fur boxes) in the promoter regions of iron-responsive genes. recently, rhizobium leguminosarum was reported to contain a protein (mur(rl)) of fur-like sequence, which, under manganese-replete conditions in its native background, repressed transcription of an abc-type mn(ii) transporter by binding to two nonpalindromic mur boxes in its promoter region. mur(rl) displays apparently unusual r ...	2006	16489762
transformation of the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile to the persistent metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (bam) by soil bacteria known to harbour nitrile hydratase or nitrilase.	in soil the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) is degraded to the persistent metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (bam) which has been detected in 19% of samples taken from danish groundwater. we tested if common soil bacteria harbouring nitrile-degrading enzymes, nitrile hydratases or nitrilases, were able to degrade dichlobenil in vitro. we showed that several strains degraded dichlobenil stoichiometrically to bam in 1.5-6.0 days; formation of the amide intermediate thus showed nitri ...	2006	16496093
enzymatic activity assay of d-hydantoinase by isothermal titration calorimetry. determination of the thermodynamic activation parameters for the hydrolysis of several substrates.	isothermal titration calorimetry (itc) has been applied to the determination of the activity of d-hydantoinase (ec 3.5.2.2) with several substrates by monitoring the heat released during the reaction. the method is based on the proportionality between the reaction rate and the thermal power (heat/time) generated. microcalorimetric assays carried out at different temperatures provided the dependence of the catalytic rate constant on temperature. we show that itc assay is a nondestructive method t ...	2006	16497383
dodecaprenyl phosphate-galacturonic acid as a donor substrate for lipopolysaccharide core glycosylation in rhizobium leguminosarum.	the lipid a and inner core regions of rhizobium leguminosarum lipopolysaccharide contain four galacturonic acid (gala) residues. two are attached to the outer unit of the 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) disaccharide, one to the mannose residue, and one to the 4'-position of lipid a. the enzymes rgta and rgtb, described in the accompanying article, catalyze gala transfer to the kdo residue, whereas rgtc is responsible for modification of the core mannose unit. heterologous expression of rg ...	2006	16497671
expression cloning of three rhizobium leguminosarum lipopolysaccharide core galacturonosyltransferases.	the lipid a and core regions of the lipopolysaccharide in rhizobium leguminosarum, a nitrogen-fixing plant endosymbiont, are strikingly different from those of escherichia coli. in r. leguminosarum lipopolysaccharide, the inner core is modified with three galacturonic acid (gala) moieties, two on the distal 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) unit and one on the mannose residue. here we describe the expression cloning of three novel gala transferases from a 22-kb r. leguminosarum genomic dna ...	2006	16497674
enantioconvergent production of (r)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol from styrene oxide by combining the solanum tuberosum and an evolved agrobacterium radiobacter ad1 epoxide hydrolases.	soluble epoxide hydrolase (eh) from the potato solanum tuberosum and an evolved eh of the bacterium agrobacterium radiobacter ad1, echa-i219f, were purified for the enantioconvergent hydrolysis of racemic styrene oxide into the single product (r)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol, which is an important intermediate for pharmaceuticals. echa-i219f has enhanced enantioselectivity (enantiomeric ratio of 91 based on products) for converting (r)-styrene oxide to (r)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (2.0 +/- 0.2 micromo ...	2006	16498626
a simple system for converting lacz to gfp reporter fusions in diverse bacteria.	we describe new plasmids that facilitate the rapid conversion of lacz fusions to gfp transcriptional fusions in bacteria. the exchange is based on a double recombination between lacz sequences in a suicide vector and the recipient chromosome. the suicide vector is a mobilizable, conditionally replicative plasmid that contains the gene for gfp with flanking lacz homology and is derived from a broad host range plasmid that has been successfully used in a wide range of bacterial species. the techni ...	2006	16500039
the partitioned rhizobium etli genome: genetic and metabolic redundancy in seven interacting replicons.	we report the complete 6,530,228-bp genome sequence of the symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterium rhizobium etli. six large plasmids comprise one-third of the total genome size. the chromosome encodes most functions necessary for cell growth, whereas few essential genes or complete metabolic pathways are located in plasmids. chromosomal synteny is disrupted by genes related to insertion sequences, phages, plasmids, and cell-surface components. plasmids do not show synteny, and their orthologs are m ...	2006	16505379
the agrobacterium vitis t-6b oncoprotein induces auxin-independent cell expansion in tobacco.	among the agrobacterium t-dna genes, rolb, rolc, orf13, orf8, lso, 6b and several other genes encode weakly homologous proteins with remarkable effects on plant growth. the 6b oncogene induces tumors and enations. in order to study its properties we have used transgenic tobacco plants that carry a dexamethasone-inducible 6b gene, dex-t-6b. upon induction, dex-t-6b plants develop a large array of morphological modifications, some of which involve abnormal cell expansion. in the present investigat ...	2006	16507091
[production of miniantibodies to agrobacterium tumefaciens vire2 virulence protein by the method of phage display].	the scfv miniantibodies to the recombinant protein vire2 from agrobacterium tumefaciens were obtained by the method of phage display. the miniantibodies were purified and tested using timmunodot method for binding to a recombinant protein from escherichia coli and to the native protein vire2 from a. tumefaciens. the functional activity of the miniantibodies was comparable to the activity of mouse polyclonal antibodies against the vire2 protein.	2006	16512606
insight into the structure of mesorhizobium loti arylamine n-acetyltransferase 2 (mlnat2): a biochemical and computational study.	the arylamine n-acetyltransferases (nat; ec 2.3.1.5) are xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (xme) that catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetylcoa (ac-coa) to arylamine, hydrazines and their n-hydroxylated metabolites. eukaryotes may have up to three nat isoforms, but mesorhizobium loti is the only prokaryote with two functional nat isoforms (mlnat1 and mlnat2). the three-dimensional structure of mlnat1 has been determined (holton, s.j., dairou, j., sandy, j., rodrigues-lima, f., dupret ...	2006	16513121
the pea nodule environment restores the ability of a rhizobium leguminosarum lipopolysaccharide acpxl mutant to add 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid to its lipid a.	members of the rhizobiaceae contain 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid (27ohc(28:0)) in their lipid a. a rhizobium leguminosarum 3841 acpxl mutant (named here rlv22) lacking a functional specialized acyl carrier lacked 27ohc(28:0) in its lipid a, had altered growth and physiological properties (e.g., it was unable to grow in the presence of an elevated salt concentration [0.5% nacl]), and formed irregularly shaped bacteroids, and the synchronous division of this mutant and the host plant-derived symbio ...	2006	16513742
motd of sinorhizobium meliloti and related alpha-proteobacteria is the flagellar-hook-length regulator and therefore reassigned as flik.	the flagella of the soil bacterium sinorhizobium meliloti differ from the enterobacterial paradigm in the complex filament structure and modulation of the flagellar rotary speed. the mode of motility control in s. meliloti has a molecular corollary in two novel periplasmic motility proteins, motc and mote, that are present in addition to the ubiquitous mota/motb energizing proton channel. a fifth motility gene is located in the mot operon downstream of the motb and motc genes. its gene product w ...	2006	16513744
regulation of long-chain n-acyl-homoserine lactones in agrobacterium vitis.	homologs of quorum-sensing luxr and luxi regulatory genes, avsr and avsi, were identified in agrobacterium vitis strain f2/5. compared to other luxi proteins from related species, the deduced avsi shows the greatest identity to sini (71%) from sinorhizobium meliloti rm1021. avsr possesses characteristic autoinducer binding and helix-turn-helix dna binding domains and shares a high level of identity with sinr (38%) from rm1021. site-directed mutagenesis of avsr and avsi was performed, and both ge ...	2006	16513747
transformation of rhizobia with broad-host-range plasmids by using a freeze-thaw method.	several species of rhizobia were successfully transformed with broad-host-range plasmids of different replicons by using a modified freeze-thaw method. a generic binary vector (ppzp211) was maintained in mesorhizobium loti without selection and stably inherited during nodulation. the method could extend the potential of rhizobia as a vehicle for plant transformation.	2006	16517691
a high throughput agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method for functional genomics of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.).	a robust and high throughput agrobacterium genetic transformation procedure has been developed for perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.). embryogenic callus lines were selected and maintained as plants in vitro. embryogenic calli derived from meristematic regions of the vegetative tillers were co-cultivated with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain eha101 carrying the plasmid pcambia 1305.1 in the presence of acetosyringone for 3-4 days. the calli were grown under 94.8 and 151.6 microm hygromycin s ...	2006	16518636
occurrence of tetraploidy in nicotiana attenuata plants after agrobacterium-mediated transformation is genotype specific but independent of polysomaty of explant tissue.	genotypes of nicotiana attenuata collected from utah and arizona were transformed with 17 different vectors (14 unpublished vectors based on 3 new backbone vectors) using an agrobacterium-mediated procedure to functionally analyze genes important for plant-insect interactions. none of the 51 t1-t3 transgenic utah lines analyzed by the flow cytometry were tetraploid, as opposed to 18 of 33 transgenic arizona lines (55%). analysis of t0 regenerants transformed with the same vector carrying an inve ...	2006	16518637
an empirical test of partner choice mechanisms in a wild legume-rhizobium interaction.	mutualisms can be viewed as biological markets in which partners of different species exchange goods and services to their mutual benefit. trade between partners with conflicting interests requires mechanisms to prevent exploitation. partner choice theory proposes that individuals might foil exploiters by preferentially directing benefits to cooperative partners. here, we test this theory in a wild legumerhizobium symbiosis. rhizobial bacteria inhabit legume root nodules and convert atmospheric ...	2006	16519238
metabolic changes of rhizobia in legume nodules.	bacteria have evolved a wide variety of metabolic strategies to cope with varied environments. some are specialists and only able to survive in restricted environments; others are generalists and able to cope with diverse environmental conditions. rhizobia (e.g. rhizobium, sinorhizobium, bradyrhizobium, mesorhizobium and azorhizobium species) can survive and compete for nutrients in soil and the plant rhizosphere but can also form a beneficial symbiosis with legumes in a highly specialized plant ...	2006	16520035
horizontal transfer of a virulence operon to the ancestor of mycobacterium tuberculosis.	the contribution of interspecies horizontal gene transfer (hgt) to the evolution and virulence of mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis in humans, has been barely investigated. here we have studied the evolutionary history of the m. tuberculosis rv0986-8 virulence operon recently identified, through functional genomics approaches, as playing an important role in parasitism of host phagocytic cells. we showed that among actinobacteria, this operon is specific to the m. tuberculosi ...	2006	16520338
diversity of bacteria contaminating paper machines.	formation of microbial biofilms and slimes is a general and serious problem in the operation of paper machines. studies of microbial populations in paper machine-derived biofilms have been conducted using standard microbiological procedures; however, the bacterial genera present in this type of samples as well as their diversity are quite poorly known. here, the bacterial diversity of 38 process water and 22 biofilm samples from four different finnish paper machines were analyzed by length heter ...	2006	16520979
proteomic analysis of quorum sensing in rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae upm791.	production of quorum-sensing signal molecules of the acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl) type by rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae upm791 is dependent on its plasmid content. curing of two of its four native plasmids, pupm791d and psym, resulted in loss of production of the largest (c(14)) and the three smaller (c(6)-c(8)) ahls, respectively. introduction of a lactonase-containing plasmid resulted in ahl signal degradation and quorum quenching. the quorum-dependent proteome was studied in these strai ...	2006	16521149
progress in assisted natural remediation of an arsenic contaminated agricultural soil.	a contaminated soil was collected in a field adjacent to a derelict as((iii)) smelter in reppel (bocholt, belgium). a single soil treatment (% by soil weight) based on either iron grit (ss, 1%), beringite (b, 5%), or iron grit (1%) + beringite (5%) (bss) was applied. untreated and treated reppel soils and a control soil were placed in lysimeters inside a greenhouse and cropped annually. the efficiency of soil treatments in decreasing as and metals in exposure sources and restoring soil functions ...	2006	16522348
transgenic zoysiagrass (zoysia japonica) plants obtained by agrobacterium-mediated transformation.	zoysiagrass (zoysia japonica steud.) is an important turfgrass that spreads by stolons and rhizomes. by exploring the potential of direct shoot formation from stolons, we developed a straightforward and efficient transformation protocol without callus induction and propagation. sterilized stolon nodes were infected and co-cultivated with agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring pcambia vectors. hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (hph) was used as the selectable marker and hygromycin was used as the s ...	2006	16523287
an in vivo, luciferase-based, agrobacterium-infiltration assay system: implications for post-transcriptional gene silencing.	an in vivo assay system for analyzing transient luciferase expression in tobacco leaves infused with agrobacterium tumefaciens is described. the system makes use of a. tumefaciens harboring t-dna vectors containing either an intron-containing firefly (photinus pyralis) luciferase (ec 1.13.12.7) gene or an intron-containing sea pansy (renilla reniformis) luciferase (ec 1.13.12.5) gene. single or mixed agrobacterium lines were infiltrated into leaf tissues (nicotiana tabacum or nicotiana benthamia ...	2006	16523348
the rhizobium etli sigma70 (siga) factor recognizes a lax consensus promoter.	a collection of rhizobium etli promoters was isolated from a genomic dna library constructed in the promoter-trap vector pbbmcs53, by their ability to drive the expression of a gusa reporter gene. thirty-seven clones were selected, and their transcriptional start-sites were determined. the upstream sequence of these 37 start-sites, and the sequences of seven previously identified promoters were compared. on the basis of sequence conservation and mutational analysis, a consensus sequence cttgacn1 ...	2006	16528104
a novel approach for improving the productivity of ubiquinone-10 producing strain by low-energy ion beam irradiation.	agrobacterium tumefaciens atcc4452 cells were irradiated by nitrogen ion beam, a new mutagen, with energy of 10 kev and fluence ranging from 2.6x10(14) ions/cm2 to 6.5x10(15) ions/cm2. a similar "saddle shape" survival curve due to ion beam irradiation appeared again in this study. some mutants with high yield of ubiquinone-10 were induced by ion implantation. high mutation rate and wide mutation spectrum were also observed in the experiment. these results suggested that the mutagenic effect of ...	2006	16528515
molecular analysis of transgene and vector backbone integration into the barley genome following agrobacterium-mediated transformation.	we report a large-scale study on the frequency of transgene and t-dna backbone integration following agrobacterium-mediated transformation of immature barley embryos. one hundred and ninety-one plant lines were regenerated after hygromycin selection and visual selection for gfp expression at the callus stage. southern blotting performed on a subset of 53 lines that were pcr positive for the gfp gene documented the integration of the gfp gene in 27 of the lines. twenty-three of these lines expres ...	2006	16528561
rapid and reproducible agrobacterium-mediated transformation of sorghum.	a rapid and reproducible agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for sorghum has been developed. the protocol uses the nptii selectable marker gene with either of the aminoglycosides geneticin or paromomycin. a screen of various a. tumefaciens strains revealed that a novel c58 nopaline chromosomal background carrying the chrysanthopine disarmed ti plasmid ptikpsf(2), designated ntl(4)/chry5, was most efficient for gene transfer to sorghum immature embryos. a ntl(4)/chry5 transconjugant ha ...	2006	16528567
transgenic spartina alterniflora for phytoremediation.	perennial monoculture forming grasses are very important natural remediators of pollutants. their genetic improvement is an important task because introduction of key transgenes can dramatically improve their remediation potential. transfer of key genes for mercury phytoremediation into the salt marsh cordgrass (spartina alterniflora) is reported here. s. alterniflora plays an important role in the salt marsh by cycling of elements, both nutrients and pollutants, protects the coastline from eros ...	2006	16528587