Publications

autoimmunity contributes to nociceptive sensitization in a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome.	complex regional pain syndrome (crps) is a painful, disabling, chronic condition whose etiology remains poorly understood. the recent suggestion that immunological mechanisms may underlie crps provides an entirely novel framework in which to study the condition and consider new approaches to treatment. using a murine fracture/cast model of crps, we studied the effects of b-cell depletion using anti-cd20 antibodies or by performing experiments in genetically b-cell-deficient (μmt) mice. we observ ...	2014	25218828
genome analysis of campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from a waterborne outbreak.	waterborne campylobacter jejuni outbreaks are common in the nordic countries, and pfge (pulsed field gel electrophoresis) remains the genotyping method of choice in outbreak investigations. however, pfge cannot assess the clonal relationship between isolates, leading to difficulties in molecular epidemiological investigations. here, we explored the applicability of whole genome sequencing to outbreak investigation by re-analysing three c. jejuni strains (one isolated from water and two from pati ...	2014	25196593
pseudomonas aeruginosa promotes escherichia coli biofilm formation in nutrient-limited medium.	biofilms have been implicated as an important reservoir for pathogens and commensal enteric bacteria such as escherichia coli in natural and engineered water systems. however, the processes that regulate the survival of e. coli in aquatic biofilms have not been thoroughly studied. we examined the effects of hydrodynamic shear and nutrient concentrations on e. coli colonization of pre-established pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, co-inoculation of e. coli and p. aeruginosa biofilms, and p. aerugin ...	2014	25198725
biomedical imaging and sensing using flatbed scanners.	in this review, we provide an overview of flatbed scanner based biomedical imaging and sensing techniques. the extremely large imaging field-of-view (e.g., ~600-700 cm(2)) of these devices coupled with their cost-effectiveness provide unique opportunities for digital imaging of samples that are too large for regular optical microscopes, and for collection of large amounts of statistical data in various automated imaging or sensing tasks. here we give a short introduction to the basic features of ...	2014	24965011
reiter's syndrome and hearing loss: a possible association?	patient complained of hearing loss and tinnitus after the onset of reiter's syndrome. audiometry confirmed the hearing loss on the left ear; blood work showed increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and c3 fraction of the complement. genotyping for hla-b27 was positive. treatment with prednisolone did not improve the hearing levels.	2014	25548635
experimental infection of healthy volunteers with enterotoxigenic escherichia coli wild-type strain tw10598 in a hospital ward.	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is an important cause of childhood diarrhea in resource-limited regions. it is also an important cause of diarrhea in travellers to these areas.to evaluate the protective efficacy of new etec vaccines that are under development, there is a need to increase the capacity to undertake phase iib (human challenge) clinical trials and to develop suitable challenge models.	2014	25190096
outer membrane vesicles mediate transport of biologically active vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) from v. cholerae strains.	outer membrane vesicles (omvs) released from gram-negative bacteria can serve as vehicles for the translocation of virulence factors. vibrio cholerae produce omvs but their putative role in translocation of effectors involved in pathogenesis has not been well elucidated. the v. cholerae cytolysin (vcc), is a pore-forming toxin that lyses target eukaryotic cells by forming transmembrane oligomeric β-barrel channels. it is considered a potent toxin that contributes to v. cholerae pathogenesis. the ...	2014	25187967
bacteria repelling poly(methylmethacrylate-co-dimethylacrylamide) coatings for biomedical devices†electronic supplementary information (esi) available: polymer microarray screening, including analysis of bacterial adhesion by fluorescence microscopy and sem, and chemical composition of bacteria repelling polymers identified in the screen; polymer synthesis and characterisation; preparation of catheter pieces and solvent studies, and details for confocal imaging/analysis. see doi: 10.1039/c4tb01129eclick here for additional data file.	nosocomial infections due to bacteria have serious implications on the health and recovery of patients in a variety of medical scenarios. since bacterial contamination on medical devices contributes to the majority of nosocomical infections, there is a need for redesigning the surfaces of medical devices, such as catheters and tracheal tubes, to resist the binding of bacteria. in this work, polyurethanes and polyacrylates/acrylamides, which resist binding by the major bacterial pathogens underpi ...	2014	25580245
functional and bioinformatics analysis of two campylobacter jejuni homologs of the thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase, dsba.	bacterial dsb enzymes are involved in the oxidative folding of many proteins, through the formation of disulfide bonds between their cysteine residues. the dsb protein network has been well characterized in cells of the model microorganism escherichia coli. to gain insight into the functioning of the dsb system in epsilon-proteobacteria, where it plays an important role in the colonization process, we studied two homologs of the main escherichia coli dsb oxidase (ecdsba) that are present in the ...	2014	25181355
pentaplex pcr assay for detection of hemorrhagic bacteria from stool samples.	diarrheal diseases cause illness and death among children younger than 10 years in developing countries. conventional testing for the detection of hemorrhagic bacteria takes 2 to 5 days to yield complete information on the organism and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern. hence, in the present study, we developed a molecular-based diagnostic assay that identifies common hemorrhagic bacteria in stool samples. a set of specific primers were designed for the detection of salmonella spp., shigella sp ...	2014	24958797
detection of tetracycline resistance genes in bacteria isolated from fish farms using polymerase chain reaction.	five common tetracycline resistance genes tet(a), tet(b), tet(m), tet(o) and tet(s) were studied by polymerase chain reaction in 100 bacteria isolated from iranian fish farms. in the antibiogram test most of the bacteria were either intermediately or completely resistant to tetracycline. nine isolates out of 46 aeromonas spp. contained either tet(a/m/s) resistant genes as follows: tet(a) in a. veronii/sobria (n = 1), a. media (n = 2), a. aquariorum (n = 1), and a. veronii (n = 3); tet(m) in one ...	2014	25610578
tetracycline resistance genes in campylobacter jejuni and c. coli isolated from poultry carcasses.	campylobacter is one of the leading bacterial species causing foodborne illnesses in humans. antimicrobial agents have been extensively used for treatment of campylobacter infections; but in the recent years, both animal and human isolates of this bacterium have shown resistance to several antibiotics such as tetracycline.	2014	25485062
lymphoma caused by intestinal microbiota.	the intestinal microbiota and gut immune system must constantly communicate to maintain a balance between tolerance and activation: on the one hand, our immune system should protect us from pathogenic microbes and on the other hand, most of the millions of microbes in and on our body are innocuous symbionts and some can even be beneficial. since there is such a close interaction between the immune system and the intestinal microbiota, it is not surprising that some lymphomas such as mucosal-asso ...	2014	25257357
systems biology perspectives on minimal and simpler cells.	the concept of the minimal cell has fascinated scientists for a long time, from both fundamental and applied points of view. this broad concept encompasses extreme reductions of genomes, the last universal common ancestor (luca), the creation of semiartificial cells, and the design of protocells and chassis cells. here we review these different areas of research and identify common and complementary aspects of each one. we focus on systems biology, a discipline that is greatly facilitating the c ...	2014	25184563
it takes two to tango: two tata paralogues and two redox enzyme-specific chaperones are involved in the localization of twin-arginine translocase substrates in campylobacter jejuni.	the food-borne zoonotic pathogen campylobacter jejuni has complex electron transport chains required for growth in the host, many of which contain cofactored periplasmic enzymes localized by the twin-arginine translocase (tat). we report here the identification of two paralogues of the tata translocase component in c. jejuni strain nctc 11168, encoded by cj1176c (tata1) and cj0786 (tata2). deletion mutants constructed in either or both of the tata1 and tata2 genes displayed distinct growth and e ...	2014	24961951
spread and transmission of bacterial pathogens in experimental populations of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans.	caenorhabditis elegans is frequently used as a model species for the study of bacterial virulence and innate immunity. in recent years, diverse mechanisms contributing to the nematode's immune response to bacterial infection have been discovered. yet despite growing interest in the biochemical and molecular basis of nematode-bacterium associations, many questions remain about their ecology. although recent studies have demonstrated that free-living nematodes could act as vectors of opportunistic ...	2014	24973073
suicin 90-1330 from a nonvirulent strain of streptococcus suis: a nisin-related lantibiotic active on gram-positive swine pathogens.	streptococcus suis serotype 2 is known to cause severe infections (meningitis, endocarditis, and septicemia) in pigs and is considered an emerging zoonotic agent. antibiotics have long been used in the swine industry for disease treatment/prevention and growth promoters. this pattern of utilization resulted in the spread of antibiotic resistance in s. suis worldwide. interestingly, pigs may harbor s. suis in their tonsils without developing diseases, while north american strains belonging to the ...	2014	24973067
does campylobacter jejuni form biofilms in food-related environments?	campylobacter jejuni is one of the most frequent causes of bacterial gastrointestinal food-borne infection worldwide. this species is part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tracts of animals used for food production, including poultry, which is regarded as the primary source of human campylobacter infections. the survival and persistence of c. jejuni in food processing environments, especially in poultry processing plants, represent significant risk factors that contribute to the sprea ...	2014	24928882
characterization of two udp-gal:galnac-diphosphate-lipid β1,3-galactosyltransferases wbwc from escherichia coli serotypes o104 and o5.	escherichia coli displays o antigens on the outer membrane that play an important role in bacterial interactions with the environment. the o antigens of enterohemorrhagic e. coli o104 and o5 contain a galβ1-3galnac disaccharide at the reducing end of the repeating unit. several other o antigens contain this disaccharide, which is identical to the mammalian o-glycan core 1 or the cancer-associated thomsen-friedenreich (tf) antigen. we identified the wbwc genes responsible for the synthesis of the ...	2014	24957618
flagella-mediated adhesion and extracellular dna release contribute to biofilm formation and stress tolerance of campylobacter jejuni.	campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodbourne gastroenteritis, despite fragile behaviour under standard laboratory conditions. in the environment, c. jejuni may survive within biofilms, which can impart resident bacteria with enhanced stress tolerance compared to their planktonic counterparts. while c. jejuni forms biofilms in vitro and in the wild, it had not been confirmed that this lifestyle confers stress tolerance. moreover, little is understood about molecular mechanisms of biofilm ...	2014	25166748
gastrointestinal imaging-practical magnetic resonance imaging approach.	over the past two decades, advances in cross-sectional imaging such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) have dramatically changed the concept of gastrointestinal imaging. mr is playing an increasing role in the evaluation of gastrointestinal disorders. mri combines the advantages of excellent soft-tissue contrast, noninvasiveness, functional information and lack of ionizing radiation. furthermore, recent developments of mri have led to improved spatial and temporal resolu ...	2014	25170393
new closed tube loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for prevention of product cross-contamination.	loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay, a promising diagnostic test, has been developed for detection of different pathogens of human as well as animals. various positive points support its use as a field level test but the major problem is product cross contamination leading to false positive results. different methods were adopted by various researchers to control this false positive amplification due to cross contamination but all have their own advantages and disadvantages. a ne ...	2014	26150945
the fitness costs of antibiotic resistance mutations.	antibiotic resistance is increasing in pathogenic microbial populations and is thus a major threat to public health. the fate of a resistance mutation in pathogen populations is determined in part by its fitness. mutations that suffer little or no fitness cost are more likely to persist in the absence of antibiotic treatment. in this review, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the fitness costs associated with single mutational events that confer resistance. generally, these mutations we ...	2014	25861385
the fitness costs of antibiotic resistance mutations.	antibiotic resistance is increasing in pathogenic microbial populations and is thus a major threat to public health. the fate of a resistance mutation in pathogen populations is determined in part by its fitness. mutations that suffer little or no fitness cost are more likely to persist in the absence of antibiotic treatment. in this review, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the fitness costs associated with single mutational events that confer resistance. generally, these mutations we ...	2014	25861385
cloning, purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the helicobacter pylori pseudaminic acid biosynthesis n-acetyltransferase pseh.	helicobacter pylori infection is the common cause of gastritis and duodenal and stomach ulcers, which have been linked to a higher risk of the development of gastric cancer. the motility that facilitates persistent infection requires functional flagella that are heavily glycosylated with 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno-nonulosonic acid (pseudaminic acid). pseudaminic acid biosynthesis protein h (pseh) catalyzes the third step in its biosynthetic pathway, producing udp-2,4-di ...	2014	25195909
use of larvae of the wax moth galleria mellonella as an in vivo model to study the virulence of helicobacter pylori.	helicobacter pylori is the first bacterium formally recognized as a carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world's population is colonized by the bacterium. h. pylori-induced gastroduodenal disease depends on the inflammatory response of the host and on the production of specific bacterial virulence factors. the study of helicobacter pylori pathogenic action would greatly benefit by easy-to-use models of infection.	2014	25170542
prevention of bacterial foodborne disease using nanobiotechnology.	foodborne disease is an important source of expense, morbidity, and mortality for society. detection and control constitute significant components of the overall management of foodborne bacterial pathogens, and this review focuses on the use of nanosized biological entities and molecules to achieve these goals. there is an emphasis on the use of organisms called bacteriophages (phages: viruses that infect bacteria), which are increasingly being used in pathogen detection and biocontrol applicati ...	2014	25249756
hubalign: an accurate and efficient method for global alignment of protein-protein interaction networks.	high-throughput experimental techniques have produced a large amount of protein-protein interaction (ppi) data. the study of ppi networks, such as comparative analysis, shall benefit the understanding of life process and diseases at the molecular level. one way of comparative analysis is to align ppi networks to identify conserved or species-specific subnetwork motifs. a few methods have been developed for global ppi network alignment, but it still remains challenging in terms of both accuracy a ...	2014	25161231
complete genome sequence and annotation of a campylobacter jejuni strain, mtvdscj20, isolated from a naturally colonized farm-raised chicken.	campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human food-borne illness, with contaminated poultry products serving as a main source of human infection. c. jejuni strain mtvdscj20 was isolated from the cecal contents of a farm-raised chicken that was naturally colonized with campylobacter. we present here the complete annotated genome sequence of mtvdscj20.	2014	25146148
diagnosis and management of microscopic colitis: current perspectives.	collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis, together constituting microscopic colitis, are common causes of chronic diarrhea. they are characterized clinically by chronic nonbloody diarrhea and a macroscopically normal colonic mucosa where characteristic histopathological findings are seen. previously considered rare, they now have emerged as common disorders that need to be considered in the investigation of the patient with chronic diarrhea. the annual incidence of each disorder is five to te ...	2014	25170275
defining the estimated core genome of bacterial populations using a bayesian decision model.	the bacterial core genome is of intense interest and the volume of whole genome sequence data in the public domain available to investigate it has increased dramatically. the aim of our study was to develop a model to estimate the bacterial core genome from next-generation whole genome sequencing data and use this model to identify novel genes associated with important biological functions. five bacterial datasets were analysed, comprising 2096 genomes in total. we developed a bayesian decision ...	2014	25144616
psychosis in patients with narcolepsy as an adverse effect of sodium oxybate.	hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations are characteristic symptoms of narcolepsy, as are excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, and sleep paralysis. narcolepsy patients may also experience daytime hallucinations unrelated to sleep-wake transitions. the effect of medication on hallucinations is of interest since treatment of narcolepsy may provoke psychotic symptoms. we aim to analyze the relation between sodium oxybate (sxb) treatment and psychotic symptoms in narcolepsy patients. furthermo ...	2014	25191304
dna transport across the outer and inner membranes of naturally transformable vibrio cholerae is spatially but not temporally coupled.	the physiological state of natural competence for transformation allows certain bacteria to take up free dna from the environment and to recombine such newly acquired dna into their chromosomes. however, even though conserved components that are required to undergo natural transformation have been identified in several naturally competent bacteria, our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of the dna uptake process remains very limited. to better understand these mechanisms, we investigated the ...	2014	25139903
glycoconjugate vaccine containing escherichia coli o157:h7 o-antigen linked with maltose-binding protein elicits humoral and cellular responses.	glycoconjugate is one of the most efficacious and safest vaccines against bacterial pathogens. previous studies of glycoconjugates against pathogen e. coli o157:h7 focused more on the humoral responses they elicited. however, little was known about their cellular responses. in this study, we exploited a novel approach based on bacterial protein n-linked glycosylation system to produce glycoconjugate containing escherichia coli o157:h7 o-antigen linked with maltose-binding protein and examined it ...	2014	25137044
engineered oligosaccharyltransferases with greatly relaxed acceptor-site specificity.	the campylobacter jejuni protein glycosylation locus (pgl) encodes machinery for asparagine-linked (n-linked) glycosylation and serves as the archetype for bacterial n-linked glycosylation. this machinery has been functionally transferred into escherichia coli, enabling convenient mechanistic dissection of the n-linked glycosylation process in this genetically tractable host. here we sought to identify sequence determinants in the oligosaccharyltransferase pglb that restrict its specificity to o ...	2014	25129029
iglc and pdpa are important for promoting francisella invasion and intracellular growth in epithelial cells.	the highly infectious bacteria, francisella tularensis, colonize a variety of organs and replicate within both phagocytic as well as non-phagocytic cells, to cause the disease tularemia. these microbes contain a conserved cluster of important virulence genes referred to as the francisella pathogenicity island (fpi). two of the most characterized fpi genes, iglc and pdpa, play a central role in bacterial survival and proliferation within phagocytes, but do not influence bacterial internalization. ...	2014	25115488
an assessment of risk posed by a campylobacter-positive puppy living in an australian residential aged-care facility.	in april and june 2012, two outbreaks of campylobacter gastroenteritis were investigated in an australian aged-care facility (acf); a campylobacter-positive puppy was identified as a potential source of infection.	2014	25320673
a clinical perspective on the role of chronic inflammation in gastrointestinal cancer.	chronic inflammation has been identified as an important risk factor for the development of malignancy, and knowledge about its molecular and cellular mechanisms is increasing. several chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are important as risk factors for malignancy and have been studied in detail. in this review, we summarize important molecular mechanisms in chronic inflammation and highlight established and potential links between chronic inflammation and gastrointestin ...	2014	25143751
is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms.	microbes in the gastrointestinal tract are under selective pressure to manipulate host eating behavior to increase their fitness, sometimes at the expense of host fitness. microbes may do this through two potential strategies: (i) generating cravings for foods that they specialize on or foods that suppress their competitors, or (ii) inducing dysphoria until we eat foods that enhance their fitness. we review several potential mechanisms for microbial control over eating behavior including microbi ...	2014	25103109
motif depletion in bacteriophages infecting hosts with crispr systems.	crispr is a microbial immune system likely to be involved in host-parasite coevolution. it functions using target sequences encoded by the bacterial genome, which interfere with invading nucleic acids using a homology-dependent system. the system also requires protospacer associated motifs (pams), short motifs close to the target sequence that are required for interference in crispr types i and ii. here, we investigate whether pams are depleted in phage genomes due to selection pressure to escap ...	2014	25103210
polyphosphate-mediated modulation of campylobacter jejuni biofilm growth and stability.	biofilms increase c. jejuni's resilience to detergents, antibiotics, and environmental stressors. in these investigations, we studied the modulation of biofilm in response to phosphate related stressors. we found that the deletion of ppk1, phox, and ppk2 (polyphosphate associated [poly p] genes) in c. jejuni modulated different stages of biofilm formation such as attached microcolonies, air-liquid biofilms, and biofilm shedding. additionally, inorganic phosphate also modulated attached microcolo ...	2014	25127528
protein localization analysis of essential genes in prokaryotes.	essential genes, those critical for the survival of an organism under certain conditions, play a significant role in pharmaceutics and synthetic biology. knowledge of protein localization is invaluable for understanding their function as well as the interaction of different proteins. however, systematical examination of essential genes from the aspect of the localizations of proteins they encode has not been explored before. here, a comprehensive protein localization analysis of essential genes ...	2014	25105358
gastroenteritis due to typhoidal salmonella: a decade of observation at an urban and a rural diarrheal disease hospital in bangladesh.	the study aimed to compare the socio-demographic, host and clinical characteristics, seasonality and antimicrobial susceptibility of typhoidal salmonella (salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi) (ts) with diarrhea between urban and rural bangladesh.	2014	25098316
the rnase r from campylobacter jejuni has unique features and is involved in the first steps of infection.	bacterial pathogens must adapt/respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions. ribonucleases (rnases) can be crucial factors contributing to the fast adaptation of rna levels to different environmental demands. it has been demonstrated that the exoribonuclease polynucleotide phosphorylase (pnpase) facilitates survival of campylobacter jejuni in low temperatures and favors swimming, chick colonization, and cell adhesion/invasion. however, little is known about the mechanism of action of oth ...	2014	25100732
nild crispr rna contributes to xenorhabdus nematophila colonization of symbiotic host nematodes.	the bacterium xenorhabdus nematophila is a mutualist of entomopathogenic steinernema carpocapsae nematodes and facilitates infection of insect hosts. x. nematophila colonizes the intestine of s. carpocapsae which carries it between insects. in the x. nematophila colonization-defective mutant nild6::tn5, the transposon is inserted in a region lacking obvious coding potential. we demonstrate that the transposon disrupts expression of a single crispr rna, nild rna. a variant nild rna also is expres ...	2014	25041533
fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and flow cytometric assessment of the antibacterial mechanism of action of aqueous extract of garlic (allium sativum) against selected probiotic bifidobacterium strains.	it is generally reported that garlic (allium sativum) harms pathogenic but not beneficial bacteria. although numerous studies supporting the alleged garlic effects on pathogens are available, there are limited studies to prove this claim for beneficial bacteria. we have recently shown that garlic exhibits antibacterial activity against probiotic bifidobacteria. the aim of the current study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of garlic clove extract (gce) on bifidobacterium bifidum lmg 11041 ...	2014	25099661
phenotypes of campylobacter jejuni luxs mutants are depending on strain background, kind of mutation and experimental conditions.	since the discovery that campylobacter (c.) jejuni produces autoinducer 2 (ai-2), various studies have been conducted to explore the function and role of ai-2 in c. jejuni. however, the interpretation of these analyses has been complicated by differences in strain backgrounds, kind of mutation and culture conditions used. furthermore, all research on ai-2 dependent phenotypes has been conducted with ai-2 synthase (luxs) mutants. this mutation also leads to a disruption of the activated-methyl-cy ...	2014	25093839
nanotechnology in agriculture: prospects and constraints.	attempts to apply nanotechnology in agriculture began with the growing realization that conventional farming technologies would neither be able to increase productivity any further nor restore ecosystems damaged by existing technologies back to their pristine state; in particular because the long-term effects of farming with "miracle seeds", in conjunction with irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides, have been questioned both at the scientific and policy levels, and must be gradually phased out ...	2014	25187699
induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response constitutes a pathogenic strategy of group a streptococcus.	the connection between bacterial pathogens and unfolded protein response (upr) is poorly explored. in this review we highlight the evidence showing that group a streptococcus (gas) induces endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress and upr through which it captures the amino acid asparagine (asn) from the host. gas acts extracellularly and during adherence to host cells it delivers the hemolysin toxins; streptolysin o (slo) and streptolysin s (sls). by poorly understood pathways, these toxins trigger upr ...	2014	25136516
antibiotics in agriculture and the risk to human health: how worried should we be?	the use of antibiotics in agriculture is routinely described as a major contributor to the clinical problem of resistant disease in human medicine. while a link is plausible, there are no data conclusively showing the magnitude of the threat emerging from agriculture. here, we define the potential mechanisms by which agricultural antibiotic use could lead to human disease and use case studies to critically assess the potential risk from each. the three mechanisms considered are as follows 1: dir ...	2014	25861382
antibiotics in agriculture and the risk to human health: how worried should we be?	the use of antibiotics in agriculture is routinely described as a major contributor to the clinical problem of resistant disease in human medicine. while a link is plausible, there are no data conclusively showing the magnitude of the threat emerging from agriculture. here, we define the potential mechanisms by which agricultural antibiotic use could lead to human disease and use case studies to critically assess the potential risk from each. the three mechanisms considered are as follows 1: dir ...	2014	25861382
collapsing glomerulopathy after plasmodium falciparum infection.		2014	25878787
multilocus sequence typing confirms wild birds as the source of a campylobacter outbreak associated with the consumption of raw peas.	from august to september 2008, the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) assisted the alaska division of public health with an outbreak investigation of campylobacteriosis occurring among the residents of southcentral alaska. during the investigation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of campylobacter jejuni isolates from human, raw pea, and wild bird fecal samples confirmed the epidemiologic link between illness and the consumption of raw peas contaminated by sandhill cranes fo ...	2014	24837383
genomic variation between campylobacter jejuni isolates associated with milk-borne-disease outbreaks.	bacterial genome sequencing has led to the development of new approaches for the analysis of food-borne epidemics and the exploration of the relatedness of outbreak-associated isolates and their separation from nonassociated isolates. using illumina technology, we sequenced a total of six isolates (two from patients, two from raw bulk milk, and two from dairy cattle) associated with a milk-borne campylobacter jejuni outbreak in a farming family and compared their genomes. these isolates had iden ...	2014	24850348
preclinical studies of amixicile, a systemic therapeutic developed for treatment of clostridium difficile infections that also shows efficacy against helicobacter pylori.	amixicile shows efficacy in the treatment of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in a mouse model, with no recurrence of cdi. since amixicile selectively inhibits the action of a b vitamin (thiamine pyrophosphate) cofactor of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor), it may both escape mutation-based drug resistance and spare beneficial probiotic gut bacteria that do not express this enzyme. amixicile is a water-soluble derivative of nitazoxanide (ntz), an antiparasitic therapeutic that also ...	2014	24890599
requirement of the flagellar protein export apparatus component flio for optimal expression of flagellar genes in helicobacter pylori.	flagellar biogenesis in helicobacter pylori involves the coordinated expression of flagellar genes with assembly of the flagellum. the h. pylori flagellar genes are organized into three regulons based on the sigma factor needed for their transcription (rpod [σ(80)], rpon [σ(54)], or flia [σ(28)]). transcription of rpon-dependent genes is activated by a two-component system consisting of the sensor kinase flgs and the response regulator flgr. while the cellular cues sensed by the flgs/flgr two-co ...	2014	24837287
more severe manifestations and poorer short-term prognosis of ganglioside-associated guillain-barré syndrome in northeast china.	ganglioside as a neurotrophic drug has been hitherto widely used in china, although guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) following intravenous ganglioside treatment was reported in europe several decades ago. we identified 7 patients who developed gbs after intravenous use of gangliosides (ganglioside+ group) and compared their clinical data with those of 77 non-ganglioside-associated gbs patients (ganglioside- group) in 2013, aiming at gaining the distinct features of ganglioside-associated gbs. altho ...	2014	25084153
identification of a salmonella ancillary copper detoxification mechanism by a comparative analysis of the genome-wide transcriptional response to copper and zinc excess.	copper and zinc are essential metal ions, but toxic in excess. bacteria have evolved different strategies to control their intracellular concentrations, ensuring proper supply while avoiding toxicity, including the induction of metal-specific as well as non-specific mechanisms. we compared the transcriptional profiles of salmonella typhimurium after exposure to either copper or zinc ions in both rich and minimal media. besides metal-specific regulatory networks many global stress-response pathwa ...	2014	24858080
pharmacokinetics of oral chlortetracycline in nonpregnant adult ewes.	the objectives of this study were to determine plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of feed-grade chlortetracycline (ctc) in sheep after oral administration of 80 or 500 mg/head daily, divided into two equal doses given at 12-h intervals for 8 days. these are the approved, and commonly used but unapproved, feed additive doses, respectively, in the united states for the prevention of ovine infectious abortion. blood samples were collected just prior to dosing at 0, 12, 24, 72, 96, ...	2014	25131164
expansion of the apc superfamily of secondary carriers.	the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (apc) superfamily is the second largest superfamily of secondary carriers currently known. in this study, we establish homology between previously recognized apc superfamily members and proteins of seven new families. these families include the paap (putative amino acid permease), livcs (branched chain amino acid:cation symporter), nramp (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein), csta (carbon starvation a protein), kup (k⁺ uptake permease), bene (be ...	2014	25043943
cytolethal distending toxins require components of the er-associated degradation pathway for host cell entry.	intracellular acting protein exotoxins produced by bacteria and plants are important molecular determinants that drive numerous human diseases. a subset of these toxins, the cytolethal distending toxins (cdts), are encoded by several gram-negative pathogens and have been proposed to enhance virulence by allowing evasion of the immune system. cdts are trafficked in a retrograde manner from the cell surface through the golgi apparatus and into the endoplasmic reticulum (er) before ultimately reach ...	2014	25078082
identification of the genes that contribute to lactate utilization in helicobacter pylori.	helicobacter pylori are gram-negative, spiral-shaped microaerophilic bacteria etiologically related to gastric cancer. lactate utilization has been implicated although no corresponding genes have been identified in the h. pylori genome. here, we report that gene products of hp0137-0139 (lldefg), hp0140-0141 (lctp), and hp1222 (dld) contribute to d- and l-lactate utilization in h. pylori. the three-gene unit hp0137-0139 in h. pylori 26695 encodes l-lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) that catalyzes the c ...	2014	25078575
current perspectives on viable but non-culturable (vbnc) pathogenic bacteria.	under stress conditions, many species of bacteria enter into starvation mode of metabolism or a physiologically viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state. several human pathogenic bacteria have been reported to enter into the vbnc state under these conditions. the pathogenic vbnc bacteria cannot be grown using conventional culture media, although they continue to retain their viability and express their virulence. though there have been debates on the vbnc concept in the past, several molecular stu ...	2014	25133139
inflammation-related carcinogenesis: current findings in epidemiological trends, causes and mechanisms.	inflammation is a definite cancer-causing factor as revealed by cumulative basic, clinical and epidemiological studies. it is mostly induced by infectious agents. for instance, infection with papillomaviruses associates with anogenital cancers, especially cervical cancers; helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach tends to increase the risk of stomach cancer; chronic hepatitis b & c viruses and fluke infections of the liver increase liver cancers; autoimmune diseases, e.g., inflammatory bowel ...	2014	25324587
peripheral prion disease pathogenesis is unaltered in the absence of sialoadhesin (siglec-1/cd169).	prions are a unique group of pathogens, which are considered to comprise solely of an abnormally folded isoform of the cellular prion protein. the accumulation and replication of prions within secondary lymphoid organs is important for their efficient spread from the periphery to the brain where they ultimately cause neurodegeneration and death. mononuclear phagocytes (mnp) play key roles in prion disease pathogenesis. some mnp appear to facilitate the propagation of prions to and within lymphoi ...	2014	24684244
production of a recombinant vaccine candidate against burkholderia pseudomallei exploiting the bacterial n-glycosylation machinery.	vaccines developing immune responses toward surface carbohydrates conjugated to proteins are effective in preventing infection and death by bacterial pathogens. traditional production of these vaccines utilizes complex synthetic chemistry to acquire and conjugate the glycan to a protein. however, glycoproteins produced by bacterial protein glycosylation systems are significantly easier to produce, and could possible be used as vaccine candidates. in this work, we functionally expressed the burkh ...	2014	25120536
antimicrobial peptide resistance of vibrio cholerae results from an lps modification pathway related to nonribosomal peptide synthetases.	the current pandemic el tor biotype of o1 vibrio cholerae is resistant to polymyxins, whereas the previous pandemic strain of the classical biotype is polymyxin sensitive. the almefg operon found in el tor v. cholerae confers >100-fold resistance to polymyxins through the glycylation of lipopolysaccharide. here, we present the mechanistic determination of initial steps in the almefg pathway. we verify that almf is an aminoacyl carrier protein and identify alme as the enzyme required to activate ...	2014	25068415
detection of intermediates in the oxidative half-reaction of the fad-dependent thymidylate synthase from thermotoga maritima: carbon transfer without covalent pyrimidine activation.	thymidylate, a vital dna precursor, is synthesized by thymidylate synthases (tss). a second class of tss, encoded by the thyx gene, is found in bacteria and a few other microbes and is especially widespread in anaerobes. ts encoded by thyx requires a flavin adenine dinucleotide prosthetic group for activity. in the oxidative half-reaction, the reduced flavin is oxidized by 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (dump) and (6r)-n5,n10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (ch2thf), synthesizing 2'-deoxyth ...	2014	25068636
mycoplasma pneumoniae infection with neurologic complications.	extrapulmonary complications of mycoplasma pneumoniae (m. pneumoniae) infection include encephalitis, optic neuritis, acute psychosis, stroke, cranial nerve palsies, aseptic meningitis and also it may be implicated in immune mediated neurological diseases such as acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, guillain-barre syndrome and transverse myelitis.	2014	25793076
a large community outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of drinking water contaminated by river water, belgium, 2010.	summary on 6 december 2010 a fire in hemiksem, belgium, was extinguished by the fire brigade with both river water and tap water. local physicians were asked to report all cases of gastroenteritis. we conducted a retrospective cohort study among 1000 randomly selected households. we performed a statistical and geospatial analysis. human stool samples, tap water and river water were tested for pathogens. of the 1185 persons living in the 528 responding households, 222 (18·7%) reported symptoms of ...	2014	25062494
a large community outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of drinking water contaminated by river water, belgium, 2010.	summary on 6 december 2010 a fire in hemiksem, belgium, was extinguished by the fire brigade with both river water and tap water. local physicians were asked to report all cases of gastroenteritis. we conducted a retrospective cohort study among 1000 randomly selected households. we performed a statistical and geospatial analysis. human stool samples, tap water and river water were tested for pathogens. of the 1185 persons living in the 528 responding households, 222 (18·7%) reported symptoms of ...	2014	25062494
enteric dysbiosis promotes antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection: systemic dissemination of resistant and commensal bacteria through epithelial transcytosis.	antibiotic usage promotes intestinal colonization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. however, whether resistant bacteria gain dominance in enteric microflora or disseminate to extraintestinal viscera remains unclear. our aim was to investigate temporal diversity changes in microbiota and transepithelial routes of bacterial translocation after antibiotic-resistant enterobacterial colonization. mice drinking water with or without antibiotics were intragastrically gavaged with ampicillin-resistant ( ...	2014	25059827
metagenomic identification of a novel salt tolerance gene from the human gut microbiome which encodes a membrane protein with homology to a brp/blh-family β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase.	the human gut microbiome consists of at least 3 million non-redundant genes, 150 times that of the core human genome. herein, we report the identification and characterisation of a novel stress tolerance gene from the human gut metagenome. the locus, assigned brpa, encodes a membrane protein with homology to a brp/blh-family β-carotene monooxygenase. cloning and heterologous expression of brpa in escherichia coli confers a significant salt tolerance phenotype. furthermore, when cultured in the p ...	2014	25058308
cytotoxic and pathogenic properties of klebsiella oxytoca isolated from laboratory animals.	klebsiella oxytoca is an opportunistic pathogen implicated in various clinical diseases in animals and humans. studies suggest that in humans k. oxytoca exerts its pathogenicity in part through a cytotoxin. however, cytotoxin production in animal isolates of k. oxytoca and its pathogenic properties have not been characterized. furthermore, neither the identity of the toxin nor a complete repertoire of genes involved in k. oxytoca pathogenesis have been fully elucidated. here, we showed that seve ...	2014	25057966
burden of diarrhea, hospitalization and mortality due to cryptosporidial infections in indian children.	cryptosporidium spp. is a common, but under-reported cause of childhood diarrhea throughout the world, especially in developing countries. a comprehensive estimate of the burden of cryptosporidiosis in resource-poor settings is not available.	2014	25058664
a systematic proteomic analysis of listeria monocytogenes house-keeping protein secretion systems.	listeria monocytogenes is a firmicute bacterium causing serious infections in humans upon consumption of contaminated food. most of its virulence factors are secretory proteins either released to the medium or attached to the bacterial surface. l. monocytogenes encodes at least six different protein secretion pathways. although great efforts have been made in the past to predict secretory proteins and their secretion routes using bioinformatics, experimental evidence is lacking for most secretio ...	2014	25056936
uncomplicated urinary tract infections and antibiotic resistance-epidemiological and mechanistic aspects.	uncomplicated urinary tract infections are typically monobacterial and are predominantly caused by escherichia coli. although several effective treatment options are available, the rates of antibiotic resistance in urinary isolates of e. coli have increased during the last decade. knowledge of the actual local rates of antibiotic resistant pathogens as well as the underlying mechanisms are important factors in addition to the geographical location and the health state of the patient for choosing ...	2014	27025749
identification of glutamate abc-transporter component in clostridium perfringens as a putative drug target.	clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic pathogen known to cause vast number of diseases in mammals and birds. various toxins and hydrolysing enzymes released by the organism are responsible for the necrosis of soft tissues. due to serious safety issues associated with current vaccines against c. perfringens, there is a need for new drug or vaccine targets. c. perfringens is extremely dependent on its host for nutrition which can be targeted for vaccine development or drug design. therefore, it i ...	2014	25187678
nitrosylation mechanisms of mycobacterium tuberculosis and campylobacter jejuni truncated hemoglobins n, o, and p.	truncated hemoglobins (trhbs) are widely distributed in bacteria and plants and have been found in some unicellular eukaryotes. phylogenetic analysis based on protein sequences shows that trhbs branch into three groups, designated n (or i), o (or ii), and p (or iii). most trhbs are involved in the o2/no chemistry and/or oxidation/reduction function, permitting the survival of the microorganism in the host. here, a detailed comparative analysis of kinetics and/or thermodynamics of (i) ferrous myc ...	2014	25051055
structure of a membrane-embedded prenyltransferase homologous to ubiad1.	membrane-embedded prenyltransferases from the ubia family catalyze the mg2+-dependent transfer of a hydrophobic polyprenyl chain onto a variety of acceptor molecules and are involved in the synthesis of molecules that mediate electron transport, including vitamin k and coenzyme q. in humans, missense mutations to the protein ubia prenyltransferase domain-containing 1 (ubiad1) are responsible for schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy, which is a genetic disease that causes blindness. mechanistic ...	2014	25051182
human milk contains novel glycans that are potential decoy receptors for neonatal rotaviruses.	human milk contains a rich set of soluble, reducing glycans whose functions and bioactivities are not well understood. because human milk glycans (hmgs) have been implicated as receptors for various pathogens, we explored the functional glycome of human milk using shotgun glycomics. the free glycans from pooled milk samples of donors with mixed lewis and secretor phenotypes were labeled with a fluorescent tag and separated via multidimensional hplc to generate a tagged glycan library containing ...	2014	25048705
ai-2 of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans inhibits candida albicans biofilm formation.	aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a gram-negative bacterium, and candida albicans, a polymorphic fungus, are both commensals of the oral cavity but both are opportunistic pathogens that can cause oral diseases. a. actinomycetemcomitans produces a quorum-sensing molecule called autoinducer-2 (ai-2), synthesized by luxs, that plays an important role in expression of virulence factors, in intra- but also in interspecies communication. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of ai-2 b ...	2014	25101248
genome sequencing of multidrug resistant novel clostridium sp. bl8 reveals its potential for pathogenicity.	the human gut microbiome is important for maintaining the health status of the host. clostridia are key members of the human gut microbiome, carrying out several important functions in the gut environment. hence understanding the role of different clostridium species isolated from human gut is essential. the present study was aimed at investigating the role of novel clostridium sp. isolate bl8 in human gut using genome sequencing as a tool.	2014	25076986
regime shift in sandy beach microbial communities following deepwater horizon oil spill remediation efforts.	sandy beaches support a wide variety of underappreciated biodiversity that is critical to coastal ecosystems. prior to the 2010 deepwater horizon oil spill, the diversity and function of supratidal beach sediment microbial communities along gulf of mexico coastlines were not well understood. as such, it was unclear if microbial community compositional changes would occur following exposure to beached oil, if indigenous communities could biodegrade oil, or how cleanup efforts, such as sand washin ...	2014	25036744
hiv-1 capture and transmission by dendritic cells: the role of viral glycolipids and the cellular receptor siglec-1.	dendritic cells (dcs) are essential in order to combat invading viruses and trigger antiviral responses. paradoxically, in the case of hiv-1, dcs might contribute to viral pathogenesis through trans-infection, a mechanism that promotes viral capture and transmission to target cells, especially after dc maturation. in this review, we highlight recent evidence identifying sialyllactose-containing gangliosides in the viral membrane and the cellular lectin siglec-1 as critical determinants for hiv-1 ...	2014	25033082
a novel mouse model of campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis reveals key pro-inflammatory and tissue protective roles for toll-like receptor signaling during infection.	campylobacter jejuni is a major source of foodborne illness in the developed world, and a common cause of clinical gastroenteritis. exactly how c. jejuni colonizes its host's intestines and causes disease is poorly understood. although it causes severe diarrhea and gastroenteritis in humans, c. jejuni typically dwells as a commensal microbe within the intestines of most animals, including birds, where its colonization is asymptomatic. pretreatment of c57bl/6 mice with the antibiotic vancomycin f ...	2014	25033044
gpr107, a g-protein-coupled receptor essential for intoxication by pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a, localizes to the golgi and is cleaved by furin.	a number of toxins, including exotoxin a (pe) of pseudomonas aeruginosa, kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. pe kills by adp-ribosylation of the translation elongation factor 2, but many of the host factors required for entry, membrane translocation, and intracellular transport remain to be elucidated. a genome-wide genetic screen in human kbm7 cells was performed to uncover host factors used by pe, several of which were confirmed by crispr/cas9-gene editing in a different cell type. sev ...	2014	25031321
the yersinia pestis siderophore, yersiniabactin, and the znuabc system both contribute to zinc acquisition and the development of lethal septicaemic plague in mice.	bacterial pathogens must overcome host sequestration of zinc (zn(2+) ), an essential micronutrient, during the infectious disease process. while the mechanisms to acquire chelated zn(2+) by bacteria are largely undefined, many pathogens rely upon the znuabc family of abc transporters. here we show that in yersinia pestis, irp2, a gene encoding the synthetase (hmwp2) for the siderophore yersiniabactin (ybt) is required for growth under zn(2+) -deficient conditions in a strain lacking znuabc. more ...	2014	24979062
emerging and re-emerging zoonoses of dogs and cats.	since the middle of the 20th century, pets are more frequently considered as "family members" within households. however, cats and dogs still can be a source of human infection by various zoonotic pathogens. among emerging or re-emerging zoonoses, viral diseases, such as rabies (mainly from dog pet trade or travel abroad), but also feline cowpox and newly recognized noroviruses or rotaviruses or influenza viruses can sicken our pets and be transmitted to humans. bacterial zoonoses include bacter ...	2014	26480316
inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the bladder - an unexpected case coexisting with an ovarian teratoma.	inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (imts) mainly occur in children and young adults, usually in the first two decades of life. imt-type tumors belong to neoplasms of an intermediate biologic potential with considerable rate of local recurrence and in some cases that able to create metastases. presented case is the first imt coexisting with the other neoplasm. in our paper we are going to present a peculiar case of an imt of the bladder coexisting with an ovarian teratoma, and to discuss its pat ...	2014	25027562
a crispr-cas system enhances envelope integrity mediating antibiotic resistance and inflammasome evasion.	clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats-crispr associated (crispr-cas) systems defend bacteria against foreign nucleic acids, such as during bacteriophage infection and transformation, processes which cause envelope stress. it is unclear if these machineries enhance membrane integrity to combat this stress. here, we show that the cas9-dependent crispr-cas system of the intracellular bacterial pathogen francisella novicida is involved in enhancing envelope integrity through th ...	2014	25024199
genotypes and antibiotic resistances of campylobacter jejuni isolates from cattle and pigeons in dairy farms.	campylobacter jejuni is the most common food-borne zoonotic pathogen causing human gastroenteritis worldwide and has assumed more importance in italy following the increased consumption of raw milk. our objectives were to get an overview of genotypes and antibiotic resistances in c. jejuni isolated from milk, cattle feces, and pigeons in dairy herds of northern italy. flab-typing was applied to 78 c. jejuni isolates, previously characterized by multi-locus sequence typing, and genotypic resistan ...	2014	25026083
bacterial foodborne infections after hematopoietic cell transplantation.	diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever are common among patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct), but such symptoms are also typical with foodborne infections. the burden of disease caused by foodborne infections in patients undergoing hct is unknown. we sought to describe bacterial foodborne infection incidence after transplantation within a single-center population of hct recipients. all hct recipients who underwent transplantation from 2001 through 2011 at the fred hutchinson ...	2014	25020101
effect of commensals and probiotics on visceral sensitivity and pain in irritable bowel syndrome.	the last ten years' wide progress in the gut microbiota phylogenetic and functional characterization has been made evidencing dysbiosis in several gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). ibs is a functional gut disease with high prevalence and negative impact on patient's quality of life characterized mainly by visceral pain and/or discomfort, representing a good paradigm of chronic gut hypersensitivity. the ibs features are strongly re ...	2014	25184834
structure of the ldcb ld-carboxypeptidase reveals the molecular basis of peptidoglycan recognition.	peptidoglycan surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane to protect the cell against osmolysis. the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, made of glycan strands crosslinked by short peptides, is the target of antibiotics like β-lactams and glycopeptides. nascent peptidoglycan contains pentapeptides that are trimmed by carboxypeptidases to tetra- and tripeptides. the well-characterized dd-carboxypeptidases hydrolyze the terminal d-alanine from the stem pentapeptide to produce a tetrapeptide. however, ...	2014	24909784
impact of acinetobacter baumannii superoxide dismutase on motility, virulence, oxidative stress resistance and susceptibility to antibiotics.	acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative bacterium appearing as an opportunistic pathogen in hospital settings. superoxide dismutase (sod) contributes to virulence in several pathogenic bacteria by detoxifying reactive oxygen species released in the course of host defense reactions. however, the biological role of sods in a. baumannii has not yet been elucidated. here, we inactivated in a. baumannii atcc 17978 gene a1s_2343, encoding a putative sod of the fe-mn type by transposon insertion, re ...	2014	25000585
mathematical and live meningococcal models for simple sequence repeat dynamics - coherent predictions and observations.	evolvability by means of simple sequence repeat (ssr) instability is a feature under the constant influence of opposing selective pressures to expand and compress the repeat tract and is mechanistically influenced by factors that affect genetic instability. in addition to direct selection for protein expression and structural integrity, other factors that influence tract length evolution were studied. the genetic instability of ssrs that switch the expression of antibiotic resistance on and off ...	2014	24999629
top-down strategies for the structural elucidation of intact gram-negative bacterial endotoxins.	re-modelling of lipopolysaccharides, which are the primary constituent of the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria, modulates pathogenesis and resistance to microbials. reported herein is the characterization of intact gram-negative bacterial lipooligosaccharides (los) via a new strategy utilizing online liquid chromatography (lc) coupled with ultraviolet photodissociation (uvpd) mass spectrometry. compared to collision-based ms/ms methods, uvpd and uvpd/hcd promoted a greater array of ...	2014	25386333
the interplay between siglecs and sialylated pathogens.	siglecs are mammalian sialic acid (sia) recognizing immunoglobulin-like receptors expressed across the major leukocyte lineages, and function to recognize ubiquitous sia epitopes on cell surface glycoconjugates and regulate immunological and inflammatory activities of these cells. a large subset referred to as cd33-related siglecs are inhibitory receptors that limit leukocyte activation, and recent research has shown that the pathogen group b streptococcus (gbs) binds to these siglecs in sia- an ...	2014	24996821
host stress hormone norepinephrine stimulates pneumococcal growth, biofilm formation and virulence gene expression.	host signals are being shown to have a major impact on the bacterial phenotype. one of them is the endogenously produced catecholamine stress hormones, which are also used therapeutically as inotropes. recent work form our laboratories have found that stress hormones can markedly increase bacterial growth and virulence. this report reveals that streptococcus pneumoniae, a commensal that can also be a major cause of community acquired and nosocomial pneumonia, is highly inotrope responsive. thera ...	2014	24996423