Publications

high prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in the european red squirrel sciurus vulgaris in france.	the european red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) has long been suspected to be a reservoir host of the agents of lyme borreliosis, in particular b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.). however, very few data support this hypothesis. hereafter, we investigated the infections with b. burgdorferi genospecies in road-killed red squirrels collected across france. we also characterized the diversity of hard tick species collected from a subsample of hosts. dna of b. burgdorferi genospecies were detected and ...	2014	24446554
intraarticular corticosteroids in refractory childhood lyme arthritis.	lyme arthritis caused by infection with borrelia burgdorferi is a common late manifestation of lyme borreliosis. current treatment recommendations include at least one oral or intravenous antibiotic course, followed by antirheumatic therapy in case of refractory arthritis. we reviewed the course of 31 children with lyme arthritis who had received antibiotic treatment and assessed outcome and requirement of antirheumatic therapy. of a total of 31 patients, 23 (74%) showed complete resolution of a ...	2014	24390634
ménage à trois: borrelia, dendritic cells, and tick saliva interactions.	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agent of lyme borreliosis, is inoculated into the skin during an ixodes tick bite where it is recognised and captured by dendritic cells (dcs). however, considering the propensity of borrelia to disseminate, it would appear that dcs fall short in mounting a robust immune response against it. many aspects of the dc-driven immune response to borrelia have been examined. recently, components of tick saliva have been identified that sabotage dc response ...	2014	24388562
insights into the biology of borrelia burgdorferi gained through the application of molecular genetics.	borrelia burgdorferi, the vector-borne bacterium that causes lyme disease, was first identified in 1982. it is known that much of the pathology associated with lyme borreliosis is due to the spirochete's ability to infect, colonize, disseminate, and survive within the vertebrate host. early studies aimed at defining the biological contributions of individual genes during infection and transmission were hindered by the lack of adequate tools and techniques for molecular genetic analysis of the sp ...	2014	24377854
[significance of circulating immune complexes (cic) in the diagnosis of infections with borrelia burgdorferi].	the infection caused by borrelia burgdorferi initiates a number of reactions in the human immunological system and particular behaviors of the infectious factor. the aim of work was to analyze the level of circulating immune complexes (cic) due to infection with borrelia burgdorferi in persons professionally exposed to tick bites.	2014	26030949
nervous system lyme disease.	lyme disease, the multisystem infectious disease caused by the tick-borne spirochete borrelia burgdorferi involves the nervous system in 10-15% of affected individuals. manifestations include lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuritis, radiculoneuritis, and mononeuropathy multiplex. encephalopathy, identical to that seen in many systemic inflammatory diseases, can occur during active systemic infection. it is not specific to lyme disease and only rarely is evidence of nervous system infection. dia ...	2014	24365431
minimal role of eastern fence lizards in borrelia burgdorferi transmission in central new jersey oak/pine woodlands.	the eastern fence lizard, sceloporus undulatus , is widely distributed in eastern and central north america, ranging through areas with high levels of lyme disease, as well as areas where lyme disease is rare or absent. we studied the potential role of s. undulatus in transmission dynamics of lyme spirochetes by sampling ticks from a variety of natural hosts at field sites in central new jersey, and by testing the reservoir competence of s. undulatus for borrelia burgdorferi in the laboratory. t ...	2014	24871138
borrelia kurtenbachii sp. nov., a widely distributed member of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex in north america.	lyme borreliosis group spirochaetes are parasitic bacteria transmitted by vector ticks of the genus ixodes and distributed mainly between 40° and 60° northern latitudes. since borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (hereinafter, b. burgdorferi) was described in the north-eastern usa during the early 1980s, an increasing diversity has been noted within the species complex. here, we describe a novel genomic species, borrelia kurtenbachii sp. nov. (type strain 25015(t) = atcc baa-2495(t) = dsm 26572(t ...	2014	24048870
crystal structure of pfba, a surface adhesin of streptococcus pneumoniae, provides hints into its interaction with fibronectin.	pfba is a surface adhesin and invasin of streptococcus pneumoniae that binds to human fibronectin and plasminogen of the host extracellular matrix. it is a virulence factor for its pathogenesis. the crystal structure of recombinant pfba150-607 from s. pneumoniae strain r6, was determined using multiwavelength anomalous dispersion (mad) method and refined to 1.90å resolution. the structure of rpfba150-607 revealed that residues thr150 to lys570 form a rigid parallel beta helix, followed by a shor ...	2014	24321492
ixodes ricinus and borrelia prevalence at the arctic circle in norway.	the distribution limit of ixodes ricinus ticks in northwestern europe (brønnøy, norway, 1° south of the arctic circle), has been known since the 1930s. to reconfirm this finding and extend studies in the areas adjacent to the arctic circle (66°33' n), ticks were collected from dogs and cats in 8 districts in northern norway from 64°56' n to 68°48' n. we detected 549 i. ricinus, 244 (44%) of them in brønnøy district, and 305 (range 6-87 ticks) in 7 districts in the northern part of the study area ...	2014	24262272
crystal structure of the infectious phenotype-associated outer surface protein bba66 from the lyme disease agent borrelia burgdorferi.	borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease is transmitted to the mammalian host organisms by infected ixodes ticks. transfer of the spirochaetal bacteria from ixodes ticks to the warm-blooded mammalian organism provides a challenge for the bacteria to adapt and survive in the different environmental conditions. b. burgdorferi has managed to differentially express genes in response to the encountered changes such as temperature and ph variance or metabolic rate to survive in both e ...	2014	24246708
selected phenotypic features of br91, a unique spirochaetal strain isolated from the culex pipiens mosquito.	growth temperature range, resistance to selective antibiotics, activities of 23 enzymes, protein fingerprints and fatty acids composition of the spirochaetal strain br91, isolated from the culex pipiens mosquito, were tested. the spirochaetes were grown in bsk-h complete liquid medium. the optimal in vitro growth temperature of the strain was 33 °c. strain br91 was sensitive to trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, 5-fluorouracil, and tolerated phosphomycin. the strain produced acid and alkaline phospha ...	2014	24239193
are the specialized bird ticks, ixodes arboricola and i. frontalis, competent vectors for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato?	our study tested whether two european bird-specialized ticks, ixodes arboricola and i. frontalis, can act as vectors in the transmission cycles of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. the ticks have contrasting ecologies but share songbird hosts (such as the great tit, parus major) with the generalist i. ricinus which may therefore act as a bridging vector. in the first phase of the experiment, we obtained borrelia-infected ornithophilic nymphs by exposing larvae to great tits that had previously been expo ...	2014	24237635
functional outcomes in patients with borrelia burgdorferi reinfection.	when lyme disease is treated with appropriate antibiotic therapy in the early stages, long-term outcomes are good. however, a few patients have persistent symptoms despite appropriate therapy. whether these patients' symptoms are any different from those of patients with reinfection is unclear. our objective was to compare long-term symptoms and functional outcomes of patients with borrelia burgdorferi reinfection with those of patients with only 1 episode of infection and with no history of inf ...	2014	24215678
lyme disease in the united kingdom.	lyme disease, while still an uncommon disease in the uk, is on the increase. case numbers have increased by 3.6-fold since 2001, with over 950 cases reported by the health protection agency (hpa) in 2011, compared with less than 500 cases annually pre-2004. hpa indications of the true incidence are suggested to be closer to 3000 cases/year, of which around 82% of cases are indigenously acquired. three genospecies, borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelli and borrelia garinii, represe ...	2014	24198341
differential expression of ixodes ricinus salivary gland proteins in the presence of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex.	in europe, ixodes ricinus is the main vector of lyme borreliosis. their salivary glands play a critical role in the biological success of ticks. to better understand the cross-talk between borrelia burgdorferi and tick salivary glands, we analyzed protein expression in the salivary glands of i. ricinus adult ticks that were infected by various strains of the b. burgdorferi sl complex. itraq allowed the identification of more than 120 proteins, providing the first proteomic data pertaining to i. ...	2014	24189444
dna persistence after treatment of lyme borreliosis.	one hundred twenty-four patients-53 with neuroborreliosis, 48 with erythema migrans, and 23 with lyme arthritis-were tested in a prospective study for the presence of the dna of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (csf), urine, and synovial fluid by nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). specific dna was detected using five amplification systems simultaneously: three targeted chromosomal genes encoding 16s rdna, flagellin, and p66; and two plasmid sequences of ospa an ...	2014	23929025
a determination of the spatial concordance between lyme disease incidence and habitat probability of its primary vector ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick).	the spatial distribution of ixodes scapularis, the most common tick vector of the bacterium borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of lyme disease in humans, has not been studied previously in texas, united states of america. it has only rarely been reported in this state, so its local, spatial relationship to the distribution of this disease is unknown. from an epidemiological perspective, one would tend to hypothesise that there should be a high degree of spatial concordance between habitat suitabili ...	2014	25545937
[the importance of recombinant proteins of west siberian isolates of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. for serological diagnostic of ixodic tick borreliosis].	the structural proteins ospc, flab, flaa and dbpb of agent of ixodic tick borreliosis are one of main antigens inducing humoral immunity at initial stages of disease. owing to it, the task was stated to evaluate antigen activity of recombinant proteins ospc (oscp-bg), fragment of flab (f-flab) and dbpb of genospecies b. garinii and ospc (oscc-ba) of genospecies of b. afzelii of west siberian isolates of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. for their possible application as antigens for serological diagnost ...	2014	25335400
antinuclear antibody seropositivity in men with cutaneous b-cell lymphoma of the scalp.	patient 1: a 65-year-old caucasian man presented with a 2-month history of large erythematous patches of the right temporal scalp. the patient was otherwise in good health and taking no medications. he denied a family history oflymphomas or autoimmune diseases. no hepatosplenomegaly or lymphadenopathy was appreciated. a complete blood cell count, serum protein electrophoresis, peripheral blood flow cytometric analysis, bone marrow biopsy, helicobacter pylori titers, and borrelia burgdorferi tite ...	2014	25335355
is there a place for xenodiagnosis in the clinic?	whether borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, can persist after antibiotic therapy is an area of ongoing controversy. in animal models, b. burgdorferi dna can be detected in tissues after antibiotic therapy as well as by using the natural tick vector to acquire the organism through feeding (xenodiagnosis). vector arthropods have been successfully used in xenodiagnosis to describe the etiology of infections such as malaria, typhus and chagas disease. our recent safety trial o ...	2014	25301228
lyme borreliosis and deficient mannose-binding lectin pathway of complement.	risk factors for the widely endemic and much-debated tick-borne infection, lyme borreliosis (lb), are unknown. the mannose-binding lectin (mbl) pathway of the complement cascade has an essential role in the eradication of borrelia burgdorferi. a sufficient concentration of biologically active mbl in body fluids is an indicator of proper function of the mbl pathway. in this study, we investigated whether impaired mbl pathway function, represented by reduced serum mbl concentration, predisposes in ...	2014	25416809
bilateral vocal cord paralysis requiring tracheostomy due to neuroborreliosis.	neuroborreliosis can cause multiple cranial and peripheral neuropathies; however, involvement of both recurrent laryngeal nerves is rare. we report the case of a 90-year-old man who presented with dysphonia and right upper and lower extremity weakness. his course was complicated by bilateral vocal cord paralysis and respiratory failure requiring tracheostomy. the diagnosis of borreliosis was made by detection of igm and igg antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi on enzyme immunoassay and wester ...	2014	25367481
comparison of different diagnostic assays for the detection of borrelia burgdorferi-specific antibodies in dogs.	antibody tests are frequently used in the diagnosis of canine lyme borreliosis, including immunofluorescence assay (ifa) for immunoglobulin g (igg) and m (igm) antibodies, kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (kela), and western blotting (wb). recently, the snap4dx, an in-house test using c6 technology has become available.	2014	25366257
evidence for ixodes holocyclus (acarina: ixodidae) as a vector for human lyme borreliosis infection in australia.	ixodes holocyclus (acarina: ixodidae) and ixodes cornuatus (acarina: ixodidae) are two tick species found in the more densely populated areas of australia and are known to be the cause of the neurotoxic disease tick paralysis in humans and mammals. borreliosis otherwise known as lyme disease is an emerging infectious disease in humans in australia. borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) and sensu lato are closely related spirochetal species that are the causative ag ...	2014	25434042
partial pathogen protection by tick-bite sensitization and epitope recognition in peptide-immunized hla dr3 transgenic mice.	ticks are notorious vectors of disease for humans, and many species of ticks transmit multiple pathogens, sometimes in the same tick bite. accordingly, a broad-spectrum vaccine that targets vector ticks and pathogen transmission at the tick/host interface, rather than multiple vaccines against every possible tickborne pathogen, could become an important tool for resolving an emerging public health crisis. the concept for such a tick protective vaccine comes from observations of an acquired tick ...	2014	25517089
borrelia burgdorferi seeks vectors.		2014	25506806
antibodies reactive to ehrlichia spp. are common in oklahoma horses.	abstract tick infestations and infection with tick-borne agents are commonly recognized in horses in north america, but equine infection with true ehrlichia spp. has not been described. to determine the degree to which horses in the south-central united states are naturally exposed to and infected with tick-borne disease agents, serum samples were collected at random (n=240) or from horses with active tick infestations (n=73) and tested by immunofluorescence antibody assay (ifa) and/or enzyme-li ...	2014	25072984
evidence of borrelia in wild and domestic mammals from the state of minas gerais, brazil.	the main of the study was to evaluate the presence of borrelia burgdorferi infection in domestic and wild vertebrates and ectoparasites in endemic areas from the state of minas gerais, brazil. a total of 445 serum samples were examined by elisa, which used the borrelia burgdorferi strain g39/40 u.s. source and 3,821 tick samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). b. burgdorferi antibodies were found in 30 serum samples (6.74%); three in marsupials (7.69%), three in rodents (2.80%), ...	2014	25054516
computational antigenic epitope prediction by calculating electrostatic desolvation penalties of protein surfaces.	the prediction of antigenic epitopes on the surface of proteins is of great importance for vaccine development and to specifically design recombinant antibodies. computational methods based on the three-dimensional structure of the protein allow for the detection of noncontinuous epitopes in contrast to methods based on the primary amino-acid sequence only. a method recently developed to predict protein-protein binding sites is presented, and the application to predict putative antigenic epitope ...	2014	25048135
lyme disease in haryana, india.	lyme disease is a multiorgan animal-borne disease caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. this case series highlights its presence in haryana, a nonendemic zone. the first case was a 27-year-old housewife who presented with an annular erythematous patch with a central papule following an insect bite on the left upper arm. the second case was a 32-year-old farmer who gave a history of insect bite on the right arm followed by the development of an erythematous patch with a central blister. ...	2014	25035356
first detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in king penguins (aptenodytes patagonicus halli).	the hard tick ixodes uriae parasitises a wide range of seabird species in the circumpolar areas of both northern and southern hemispheres and has been shown to be infected with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the bacterial agents of lyme borreliosis. although it is assumed that seabirds represent viable reservoir hosts, direct demonstrations of infection are limited to a single study from the northern hemisphere. here, the blood of 50 tick-infested adult king penguins (aptenodytes patagonicus h ...	2014	25150726
differential diagnosis of three common ixodes spp. ticks infesting songbirds of western europe: ixodes arboricola, i. frontalis and i. ricinus.	the three most common ixodes spp. ticks found on songbirds in western europe are ixodes frontalis, i. arboricola and i. ricinus. as the latter species is a generalist, it shares several avian hosts with the two strictly ornithophilic species. infestations of the three species can overlap in time and space, implying that tick-borne pathogens maintained by the ornithophilic ticks and their hosts could be bridged by i. ricinus to non-avian hosts. whereas the endophilic ixodes arboricola only occurs ...	2014	25113983
seasonal activity patterns of the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus, in relation to onset of human lyme disease in northwestern california.	seasonal activity patterns of questing western black-legged ticks, ixodes pacificus were investigated in northwestern california. adult i. pacificus became active in the fall (late october/early november) and their appearance was associated with the first rain of the season. following a peak in january, the abundance of adult ticks declined such that they were rare or absent by june/july. the nymphal tick activity season occurred from january through october, and larval activity occurred from ap ...	2014	25113980
blood feeding on large grazers affects the transmission of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by ixodes ricinus.	the presence of ixodes ricinus and their associated borrelia infections on large grazers was investigated. carcases of freshly shot red deer, mouflon and wild boar were examined for the presence of any stage of i. ricinus. questing ticks were collected from locations where red deer and wild boar are known to occur. presence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. dna was examined in a fraction of the collected ticks. larvae, nymphs and adult ticks were found on the three large grazers. red deer had the hig ...	2014	25113977
borrelia spirochetes in russia: genospecies differentiation by real-time pcr.	spirochetes of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex are the causative agent of lyme borreliosis which is widespread in russia. nowadays, three clinically important b. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies, b. afzelii, b. garinii, b. bavariensis sp. nov., can be found in russia, as well as b. miyamotoi, which belongs to the tick-borne relapsing fever group of spirochetes. several techniques have been developed to differentiate borrelia genospecies. however, most of them do not allow detection of al ...	2014	25108777
evaluation of borrelia real time pcr dna targeting ospa, flab and 5s-23s igs and borrelia 16s rrna rt-qpcr.	borrelia burgdorferi non-sensu lato (s.l.) strains occurred in the netherlands. a multiplex ospa, flab, igs real time pcr was compared to 16s rrna/rdna rt-qpcr with lower average cycle threshold (ct) and lod on strain dilutions. multiplexing increased sensitivity on csf samples (n=74), distinguishing b. burgdorferi s.l. from non-s.l. strains.	2014	25218111
digital camera revealed infection with borrelia burgdorferi as a cause of reversible total av block in a 42 year old man.		2014	25205488
recognising and understanding lyme disease.	lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the northern hemisphere and its incidence is rising, leading to increased public health concerns. it is important to understand the nature of the disease because this defines the limitations of current understanding and knowledge. significant uncertainties in diagnostics and treatment remain. there is an important role for the nurse in raising awareness, giving advice on prevention and correct tick removal, and in recognising signs of lyme ...	2014	25182921
a comparison of lyme disease serologic test results from 4 laboratories in patients with persistent symptoms after antibiotic treatment.	as the incidence of lyme disease (ld) has increased, a number of "lyme specialty laboratories" have emerged, claiming singular expertise in ld testing. we investigated the degree of interlaboratory variability of several ld serologic tests-whole cell sonicate (wcs) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), immunoglobulin m (igm) and immunoglobulin g (igg) western blots (wbs), and an elisa based on the conserved sixth region of variable major protein-like sequence expressed (c6)-that were perfor ...	2014	25182244
comparison of lyme disease serologic assays and lyme specialty laboratories.		2014	25182243
exposure to ticks and seroprevalence of borrelia burgdorferi among a healthy young population living in the area of southern podlasie, poland.	the objective of the study was assessment of risk of infection with borrelia burgdorferi in the area of southern podlasie in poland, near the border with belarus, by analysis of post-exposure procedure, and evaluation of asymptomatic infection in adolescents bitten by a tick, confirmed by serologic tests.	2014	25292120
lyme arthritis of the pediatric ankle.	lyme arthritis results from acute inflammation caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. the number of cases per year has been rising since 2006, with a majority of patients being affected in the northeastern united states. development of lyme arthritis is of particular importance to the orthopedic surgeon because lyme arthritis often presents as an acute episode of joint swelling and tenderness and may be confused with bacterial septic arthritis. considering the vast difference in treatmen ...	2014	25275987
establishment of multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis assay for genotyping of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detected in china.	human lyme borreliosis (lb), which is caused by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b. burgdorferi), has been identified as a major arthropod-borne infectious disease in china. we aimed to develop a multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) assay for the genotyping of borrelia burgdorferi strains detected in china.	2014	25256856
lyme borreliosis: a neglected zoonosis in egypt.	borrelia burgdorferi, the causal organism of lyme borreliosis. in egypt, available data about the occurrence of lyme disease are scarce and no structured studies documented the presence of lyme borreliosis in egyptian animals and tick reservoirs verifying its zoonotic evidence. besides, no successful trials to isolate b. burgdorferi from clinical samples have occurred. this study was conducted to investigate b. burgdorferi infection as an emerging zoonosis neglected in egypt. a total number of 9 ...	2014	25239124
human pathogenic borreliae in ixodes ricinus ticks in natural and urban ecosystem (czech republic).	a total of 1279 field-collected ixodes ricinus ticks were screened for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in a natural and an urban ecosystem of ostrava city (czech republic) by using molecular methods. minimal prevalence rate for borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in ticks for the urban park bělský les was found to be 13.8% (17.6% in males, 17.8% in females and 11.7% in nymphs), similarly for the natural site proskovice was minimal prevalence 15% (12.5% in males, 20% in females and 14.9% in nymphs). ...	2014	25236285
acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans of the face: a case report and a brief review of the literature.	acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans is a rare late manifestation of tick-borne borrelia burgdorferi infection, manifesting as inflammatory and atrophic lesions on acral skin. we describe the case of a 73-year-old woman with skin changes progressed to marked atrophy on her left hand and an edematous inflammatory involvement of the face. the diagnosis of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans was made on the basis of clinical appearance, serological and histopathological findings, and the lesional de ...	2014	25230062
human tick infestation pattern, tick-bite rate, and associated borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection risk during occupational tick exposure at the seedorf military training area, northwestern germany.	the human tick infestation pattern, tick bite rate, and associated borrelia burgdorferi s.l.-infection risk were investigated during occupational tick exposure of military personnel at the seedorf military training area, northwestern germany, from january to december 2009. borrelia burgdorferi s.l. seroconversion rates were monitored from april to september 2009. continuous occupational health surveillance and education were established. feeding ticks were mostly removed by medical personnel, tr ...	2014	24993582
real-time pcr-based identification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in ticks collected from humans in romania.	the aims of our study were to determine (i) which tick species bite humans in romania and (ii) the prevalence of borrelia (b.) burgdorferi genospecies in these ticks. all ticks collected from patients who presented to the clinic of infectious diseases cluj napoca in spring/summer 2010 were morphologically identified by an entomologist and tested for b. burgdorferi genospecies prevalence by a real-time pcr assay targeting the hbb gene and melting curve analysis. out of 532 ticks, 518 were ixodes ...	2014	24986749
divergent opinions of proper lyme disease diagnosis and implications for children co-morbid with autism spectrum disorder.	this paper proposes that some children with an autism spectrum disorder (asd) in the united states have undiagnosed lyme disease and different testing criteria used by commercial laboratories may be producing false negative results. two testing protocols will be evaluated; first, the centers for disease control (cdc) and infectious disease society of america (idsa) approved two-tiered enzyme immunoassay (eia) or immunofluorescence assay (ifa) followed by an igm and/or igg western blot test. seco ...	2014	24986703
[lyme borreliosis].	lyme borreliosis is a multisystem infectious disease affecting mainly the skin, nervous system, joints and heart. it is caused by spirochetes of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex which are transmitted by ticks. the diagnosis of lyme borreliosis is based primarily on typical clinical symptoms and signs with serological confirmation. antibiotic therapy is beneficial for all manifestations and treatment refractory cases are rare. the diagnosis "chronic lyme borreliosis" is increasingly be ...	2014	24969608
[diagnosis and treatment of lyme arthritis. recommendations of the pharmacotherapy commission of the deutsche gesellschaft für rheumatologie (german society for rheumatology)].	these guidelines summarize the current evidence for diagnosis and treatment of lyme arthritis and the most frequent skin manifestations of borrelia burgdorferi infections. lyme arthritis is a monoarticular or oligoarticular form of arthritis that typically involves the knee. a positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for igg antibodies should be followed by an igg immunoblot. a positive pcr test from synovial fluid adds increased diagnostic certainty. serum positivity for antibodies to ...	2014	24924733
borrelia burgdorferi genospecies detection by rlb hybridization in ixodes ricinus ticks from different sites of north-eastern poland.	rlb (reverse line blot hybridization) is a molecular biology technique that might be used for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) dna detection with genospecies specification. among b. burgdorferi sl genospecies at least 7 are regarded as pathogenic in europe.	2014	24959768
a lack of correlation between the incidence of lyme disease and deaths due to alzheimer's disease.	reports that lyme disease (ld) causes alzheimer's disease (ad) have appeared in academic journals and online. if the biological agent borrelia burgdorferi that causes ld also causes ad, then areas with the highest levels of ld should have significantly higher numbers of deaths due to ad compared to low ld areas. here we show there is no statistically significant correlation between the incidence of ld and deaths due to ad in the us. furthermore, the 13 states with the highest deaths due to ad we ...	2014	24840565
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato serology in the netherlands: guidelines versus daily practice.	the purpose of this study was to compare guideline recommendations and day-to-day practice of serological testing for lyme borreliosis (lb) in a laboratory located in amsterdam, the netherlands, serving both regional hospitals and primary care physicians. by telephone interview, we obtained clinical information regarding 488 requests for lb serology. screening for lb was performed with a c6-peptide eia and confirmed by recombinant immunoblot. a total of 82 % of the requests were not supported by ...	2014	24838649
[risk of occupational infections caused by borrelia burgdorferi among forestry workers and farmers].	the aim of the work was to analyze the incidence of infection with borrelia burgdorferi in forestry workers and farmers, major groups occupationally exposed to tick bites.	2014	24834698
[isolation of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes from four counties, in north xinjiang].	to identify ticks and determine the borrelia (b.) burgdorferi genotype from four counties of northern xinjiang.	2014	24831623
[important vector-borne infectious diseases among humans in germany. epidemiological aspects].	vector-borne infections pathogenic to humans play an important role in germany. the relevant zoonotic pathogens are either endemic throughout germany (e.g. borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu) or only in specific regions, e.g. tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus and hantavirus. they cause a substantial burden of disease. prevention and control largely rely on public advice and the application of personal protective measures (e.g. tbe virus vaccination and protection against vectors). high quality su ...	2014	24781913
electrochemotherapy as a novel treatment for primary cutaneous marginal zone b-cell lymphomas.	in the present study, we describe the use of electrochemotherapy as alternative therapy for primary cutaneous marginal zone b-cell lymphomas in patients unsuitable for surgery or radiotherapy. our experience refers to three patients with primary cutaneous marginal zone b-cell lymphomas related to borrelia burgdorferi infection, treated with specific antimicrobial therapy and electrochemotherapy.	2014	24754311
a phylogenomic and molecular marker based proposal for the division of the genus borrelia into two genera: the emended genus borrelia containing only the members of the relapsing fever borrelia, and the genus borreliella gen. nov. containing the members of the lyme disease borrelia (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex).	the genus borrelia contains two groups of organisms: the causative agents of lyme disease and their relatives and the causative agents of relapsing fever and their relatives. these two groups are morphologically indistinguishable and are difficult to distinguish biochemically. in this work, we have carried out detailed comparative genomic analyses on protein sequences from 38 borrelia genomes to identify molecular markers in the forms of conserved signature inserts/deletions (csis) that are spec ...	2014	24744012
concerns regarding a new culture method for borrelia burgdorferi not approved for the diagnosis of lyme disease.	in 2005, cdc and the food and drug administration (fda) issued a warning regarding the use of lyme disease tests whose accuracy and clinical usefulness have not been adequately established. often these are laboratory-developed tests (also known as "home brew" tests) that are manufactured and used within a single laboratory and have not been cleared or approved by fda. recently, cdc has received inquiries regarding a laboratory-developed test that uses a novel culture method to identify borrelia ...	2014	24739342
seroprevalence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in healthy adults from western norway: risk factors and methodological aspects.	the aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in a healthy adult population from sogn and fjordane county in western norway by different assays. sera from 1213 blood donors at four different blood banks were analysed in enzygnost lyme link vlse/igg (igg), enzygnost borreliosis igm (igm), and immunetics c6 lyme elisa kit (c6). sera showing positive or grey-zone reactivities were further examined with borrelia-euroline-rn-at igg blot and bo ...	2014	24730472
structural characterization of cspz, a complement regulator factor h and fhl-1 binding protein from borrelia burgdorferi.	borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of lyme disease and is found in two different types of hosts in nature - ixodes ticks and various mammalian organisms. to initiate disease and survive in mammalian host organisms, b. burgdorferi must be able to transfer to a new host, proliferate, attach to different tissue and resist the immune response. to resist the host's immune response, b. burgdorferi produces at least five different outer surface proteins that can bind complement regulator facto ...	2014	24702793
primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma in children: a report of 3 cases and review of the literature.	: primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (pcmzl) is one of the most common cutaneous b-cell lymphomas. it affects mostly patients in their fourth decade and manifests with multifocal nodules mostly on the arms and upper trunk in more than half of the patients. pcmzl is, however, rare in children and adolescents, with only 20 cases reported in patients aged 20 and younger. the authors present 3 cases of pcmzl in teenagers. the patients were 2 girls aged 18 and 13 and a 17-year-old boy. two pati ...	2014	24698939
daam1 is a regulator of filopodia formation and phagocytic uptake of borrelia burgdorferi by primary human macrophages.	borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of lyme disease, an infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, nervous system, and joints. uptake of borreliae by immune cells is decisive for the course of the infection, and remodelling of the host actin cytoskeleton is crucial in this process. in this study, we showed that the actin-regulatory formin daam1 is important in borrelia phagocytosis by primary human macrophages. uptake of borreliae proceeds preferentially through capture by filop ...	2014	24696301
exposure to borrelia burgdorferi and other tick-borne pathogens in gettysburg national military park, south-central pennsylvania, 2009.	since 1998, lyme disease cases have increased in south-central pennsylvania, which includes gettysburg national military park (nmp). limited information is available about tick populations or pathogens in this area, and no data regarding frequency of tick bites or prevention measures among gettysburg nmp employees are available. to address these gaps, ticks were collected, classified, and replaced (to minimize disruptions to tick populations) at two sites within gettysburg nmp during april-septe ...	2014	24689815
scalp eschar and neck lymphadenopathy after tick bite: an emerging syndrome with multiple causes.	the clinical and epidemiological features of 56 patients with scalp eschar associated with neck lymphadenopathy after a tick bite (senlat) syndrome were evaluated at the national french rickettsial center. eschar swabs, crusts, and biopsies as well as ticks and blood samples were acquired for molecular and serological assays. senlat predominantly affects children (p < 0.05), followed by 40- to 70-year-olds, and it is found mostly in women (p < 0.05). the seasonal distribution has two peaks: one ...	2014	24682865
trends in surveillance data of human lyme borreliosis from six federal states in eastern germany, 2009-2012.	lyme borreliosis (lb) is the most frequent vector-borne disease in germany. for more than 10 years, data from mandatory notifications have been available from 6 federal states in the eastern part of germany. a common case definition was applied. clinical manifestations of erythema migrans, neuroborreliosis (radiculoneuritis, cranial neuritis, meningitis), and lyme arthritis were notifiable. from 2009 to 2012, altogether 18,894 cases were notified. the overall incidence varied between 34.9 cases/ ...	2014	24656810
detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in the blood of wild bison from białowieza primeval forest in eastern poland.	the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in a group of 120 wild bison (bison bonasus) from the bialowieza primeval forest in eastern poland. the pcr technique revealed the presence of 16s rna of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the blood of 16 out of 120 examined animals. dna amplification by means of primers sc1 and sc2 gave a product with a size of 300-bp. the sequences of the pcr products obtained showed 100% homology with each ot ...	2014	25638986
borrelia infection in ixodes pararicinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) from northwestern argentina.	the aim of this work was to describe for the first time the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infecting ticks in argentina. unfed specimens of ixodes pararicinus collected from vegetation in jujuy province were tested for borrelia infection by pcr targeting the gene flagellin (fla), the rrfa-rrlb intergenic spacer region (igs) and the 16s rdna (rrs) gene. one male and one female of i. pararicinus collected in jujuy were found to be positive to borrelia infection with the three molecula ...	2014	24979685
geographical and genospecies distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna detected in humans in the usa.	the present study investigated the cause of illness in human patients primarily in the southern usa with suspected lyme disease based on erythema migrans-like skin lesions and/or symptoms consistent with early localized or late disseminated lyme borreliosis. the study also included some patients from other states throughout the usa. several pcr assays specific for either members of the genus borrelia or only for lyme group borrelia spp. (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato), and dna sequence analysi ...	2014	24568883
defensin from the ornate sheep tick dermacentor marginatus and its effect on lyme borreliosis spirochetes.	expression of the previously reported defensin of the tick dermacentor marginatus (defdm) was analysed in different organs by rt-pcr. mrna of the defdm gene was detected in the hemolymph, midgut and salivary glands. moreover defdm was isolated from the tick hemolymph using rp-hplc and its sequence was determined by mass spectrometry and edman degradation. synthetic peptide was used for determining biological activities. the results showed an anti-gram-positive bacterial role for the defensin. as ...	2014	24747431
lyme borreliosis caused by diverse genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in northeastern china.	the variety of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b. burgdorferi) genospecies leads to distinction in clinical manifestations of lyme borreliosis (lb). there are reports of lb clinical characteristics in china, where the b. burgdorferi genospecies in ticks and animal hosts are different from those in europe and north america. during may to september in 2010 and 2011, all patients who had erythema migrans (em, more than 5 cm in diameter) after a recent tick-bite, and sought medical care at mudanjia ...	2014	24438159
comparison of isolation rate of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in two different culture media, mkp and bsk-h.	the aim of the study was to evaluate two culture media for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolation from a 5 × 2 × 2 mm skin biopsy that was dissected into two pieces and inoculated into modified kelly-pettenkofer (mkp) and barbour-stoenner-kelly-h (bsk-h) medium. samples were incubated at 33°c for up to 9 weeks. borrelia species was determined by mlui-restriction of whole genome or by msei-restriction of pcr product. we determined the proportion of isolation rate, 'slow-growers', contaminated ...	2014	24237688
songbirds as general transmitters but selective amplifiers of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genotypes in ixodes rinicus ticks.	we investigated to what extent a european songbird (parus major) selectively transmits and amplifies borrelia burgdorferi s.l. bacteria. borrelia-naïve birds were recurrently exposed to ixodes ricinus nymphs carrying a community of more than 34 5s-23s genotypes belonging to five genospecies (borrelia garinii, borrelia valaisiana, borrelia afzelii, b. burgdorferi s.s. and borrelia spielmanii). fed ticks were screened for borrelia after moulting. we found evidence for co-feeding transmission of av ...	2014	24118930
influence of mkp medium stored for prolonged periods on growth and morphology of borrelia afzelii, borrelia garinii, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto.	modified kelly-pettenkofer (mkp) medium is one of the several media used for isolation and cultivation of borrelia. the aim of the study was to assess whether particular borrelia species (b. afzelii, b. garinii, and b. burgdorferi sensu stricto) have the ability to grow in mkp medium stored at +4 °c for periods for 1 month up to 1 year, and how prolonged storage may influences borrelia growth and morphology. the growth of borrelia was evaluated after 5 days of incubation at 33 °c: cell count per ...	2014	23758221
antibodies to decorin-binding protein b (dbpb) in the diagnosis of lyme neuroborreliosis in children.	laboratory support is needed to confirm the clinical diagnosis of lyme neuroborreliosis (lnb). antibodies to borrelia-specific proteins have been used to improve serological diagnostics. the aims of this study were to assess the occurrence of antibodies to decorin-binding protein b (dbpb) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) in children with lnb and to evaluate the performance of dbpb variants in the diagnosis of lnb in children.	2014	25316329
rapid outer-surface protein c dna tattoo vaccination protects against borrelia afzelii infection.	borrelia afzelii is the predominant borrelia species causing lyme borreliosis in europe. currently there is no human vaccine against lyme borreliosis, and most research focuses on recombinant protein vaccines against borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. dna tattooing is a novel vaccination method that can be applied in a rapid vaccination schedule. we vaccinated c3h/hen mice with b. afzelii strain pko ospc (outer-surface protein c) using a codon-optimized dna vaccine tattoo and compared this with ...	2014	25273355
ixodes ricinus ticks (acari, ixodidae) as a vector of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and borrelia miyamotoi in lower silesia, poland--preliminary study.	ixodes ricinus is the primary vector of borrelia spirochetes in europe, including both the lyme borreliosis (lb) group and the relapsing fever (rf) group. the aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of different genospecies from the b. burgdorferi s.l. complex and b. miyamotoi in questing i. ricinus collected in chosen areas in lower silesia, sw poland. a total of 599 i. ricinus ticks were investigated using the pcr-rflp method. the calculated overall minimum infection rate of ticks with ...	2014	25150724
remarkable diversity of tick or mammalian-associated borreliae in the metropolitan san francisco bay area, california.	the diversity of lyme disease (ld) and relapsing fever (rf)-group spirochetes in the metropolitan san francisco bay area in northern california is poorly understood. we tested ixodes pacificus, i. spinipalpis, and small mammals for presence of borreliae in alameda county in the eastern portion of san francisco bay between 2009 and 2012. analyses of 218 borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (bb sl) culture or dna isolates recovered from host-seeking i. pacificus ticks revealed that the human pathogen b ...	2014	25129859
increased diversity of zoonotic pathogens and borrelia burgdorferi strains in established versus incipient ixodes scapularis populations across the midwestern united states.	the center of origin theory predicts that genetic diversity will be greatest near a specie's geographic origin because of the length of time for evolution. by corollary, diversity will decrease with distance from the origin; furthermore, invasion and colonization are frequently associated with founder effects that reduce genetic variation in incipient populations. the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis, harbors a suite of zoonotic pathogens, and the geographic range of the tick is expanding in ...	2014	24953506
performance of a commercially available in-clinic elisa for detection of antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma platys, borrelia burgdorferi, ehrlichia canis, and ehrlichia ewingii and dirofilaria immitis antigen in dogs.	to evaluate the performance of an in-clinic elisa designed for detection of heartworm antigen and antibodies against 5 tick-borne pathogens.	2014	24941391
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) nymphs collected in managed red pine forests in wisconsin.	changes in the structure of managed red pine forests in wisconsin caused by interacting root- and stem-colonizing insects are associated with increased abundance of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, in comparison with nonimpacted stands. however, the frequency and variability of the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in this coniferous forest type across wisconsin is unknown. red pine forests were surveyed from 2009 to 2013 to determine the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and anapl ...	2014	24897864
tick-borne infections of animals and humans: a common ground.	a wide variety of pathogens is transmitted from ticks to vertebrates including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths, of which most have a life cycle that requires passage through the vertebrate host. tick-borne infections of humans, farm and companion animals are essentially associated with wildlife animal reservoirs. while some flying insect-borne diseases of humans such as malaria, filariasis and kala azar caused by leishmania donovani target people as their main host, major tick-borne in ...	2014	24846527
[threat of transmission of infectious pathogens by ixodes ricinus ticks in germany].	tick-transmitted diseases are of great importance for the general health of the german population. several viruses, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), uukuniemi virus, tribec virus, eyach virus or bacteria, such as borrelia, rickettsiae, francisella tularensis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis (cnm) and coxiella burnetii were detected in the most prominent tick in germany, the hard tick ixodes ricinus. while infections, such as tbe and lyme disease are wel ...	2014	24781911
molecular detection of bacterial and parasitic pathogens in hard ticks from portugal.	ticks are important vector arthropods of human and animal pathogens. as information about agents of disease circulating in vectors in portugal is limited, the aim of the present study was to detect bacteria and parasites with veterinary and zoonotic importance in ticks collected from dogs, cats, and field vegetation. a total of 925 ticks, comprising 888 (96.0%) adults, 8 (0.9%) nymphs, and 29 (3.1%) larvae, were collected in 4 geographic areas (districts) of portugal. among those, 620 (67.0%) we ...	2014	24745731
surveillance for ixodes pacificus and the tick-borne pathogens anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi in birds from california's inner coast range.	we investigated the involvement of birds in the ecology of the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus, and its associated zoonotic bacteria, borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum, at two interior coast-range study sites in northern california. anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis (ga), and b. burgdorferi s.s., the agent of lyme disease (ld), are tick-borne pathogens that are well established in california. we screened blood and ticks from 349 indivi ...	2014	24690191
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae), anaplasma phagocytophilum (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), and babesia microti (piroplasmida: babesiidae) in ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) collected from recreational lands in the hudson valley region, new york state.	abstract blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, were collected from 27 sites in eight new york state counties from 2003 to 2006 to determine the prevalence and distribution of tick-borne pathogens in public-use areas over a 4-yr period. in total, 11,204 i. scapularis (3,300 nymphs and 7,904 adults) were individually analyzed using polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of borrelia burgdorferi (causative agent of lyme disease), anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytop ...	2014	24605473
surveillance for ehrlichia canis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, and dirofilaria immitis in dogs from three cities in colombia.	emerging infectious and zoonotic diseases are made up in large proportion by vector-borne diseases (vbd). dogs are parasitized by disease vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes, making dogs adequate reservoirs for zoonoses. risk of exposure to vbd exists for the u.s. military personnel and military working dogs (mwd) when deployed globally. the importance of canine vbd surveillance relates to veterinary and public health significance for the host nations as well as for the u.s. troops and mwds. th ...	2014	24604443
[asymptomatic human infection from contact with dogs: a case of human ehrlichiosis].	living with dogs leads one to consider the necessity of identifying canine infections found in the people with whom the dogs live.	2014	24603998
prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in an urban park in rome, italy.	limited information is available about the presence of tick-borne pathogens in urban parks in italy. to fill this gap, ticks were collected in a public park in rome over a 1-year period and screened by molecular methods for tick-borne pathogens.	2014	25528909
[dna detection of pathogens transmitted by ixodid ticks in blood of small mammals inhabiting the forest biotopes in middle irtysh area (omsk region, west siberia)].	microtine rodents were captured in two disconnected sampling sites in omsk region where ixodes pesulrcatus and ixodes trianguliceps are sympatric. in blood samples of rodents the dna was revealed belonging to several ixodid-transmitted pathogens: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (prevalence 20.0 and 6.0%, here and further values are given for the first and second site, respectively), borrelia miyamotoi (8.3 and 2.0%), anlaplasnma phagocytophilum (33.3 and 48.0%), ehrlichia muris (30.0 and 2.0%) a ...	2014	25507835
[dna detection of pathogens transmitted by ixodid ticks in blood of small mammals inhabiting the forest biotopes in middle irtysh area (omsk region, west siberia)].	microtine rodents were captured in two disconnected sampling sites in omsk region where ixodes pesulrcatus and ixodes trianguliceps are sympatric. in blood samples of rodents the dna was revealed belonging to several ixodid-transmitted pathogens: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (prevalence 20.0 and 6.0%, here and further values are given for the first and second site, respectively), borrelia miyamotoi (8.3 and 2.0%), anlaplasnma phagocytophilum (33.3 and 48.0%), ehrlichia muris (30.0 and 2.0%) a ...	2014	25434237
are apodemus spp. mice and myodes glareolus reservoirs for borrelia miyamotoi, candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, rickettsia helvetica, r. monacensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum?	in europe, in addition to borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus, other zoonotic pathogens, like b. miyamotoi, a species related to the relapsing fever spirochaetes, candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis (n. mikurensis), rickettsia helvetica, rickettsia monacensis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum have been reported in the ixodid tick ixodes ricinus. no study was conducted to identify reservoir hosts for these pathogens. here, we investigated the role played by wild ro ...	2014	24582511
detection of borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti, with two different multiplex pcr assays.	we have developed 2 real-time multiplex pcr assays for detection of borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and babesia microti. the efficiency and sensitivity of each multiplex pcr assay was evaluated using field-collected ixodes scapularis ticks that were positive for each of the pathogens, cloned plasmids harboring each of the pcr targets, and laboratory i. scapularis infected with b. burgdorferi b31. there was no difference in efficiency or sensitivity when comparing the multiplex p ...	2014	24507434
prevalence of vector-borne bacterial pathogens in riparian brush rabbits (sylvilagus bachmani riparius) and their ticks.	from june to october 2010, 48 endangered riparian brush rabbits (sylvilagus bachmani riparius) were trapped at a captive propagation site in central california with the intention of release into re-established habitats. during prerelease examinations, ticks and blood samples were collected for surveillance for rickettsia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, and bartonella spp. ticks were identified, and dna was extracted for pcr analysis. serology was performed to detect exposu ...	2014	24506421
pcr detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes persulcatus ticks in mongolia.	a molecular epidemiological survey was conducted to identify the tick-borne disease agents anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in selenge province, mongolia. the survey was in response to a suspected a. phagocytophilum infection in a patient. in 2012, a total of 129 questing ixodes persulcatus adult ticks were sampled by flagging vegetation. a. phagocytophilum and borrelia spp. were detected by pcr, targeting the 16s rdna (rrs) and 5s-23s intergenic spacer region, respe ...	2014	24451102
prevalence of tick-borne pathogens at various workplaces in forest exploitation environment.	the objective of the study was the evaluation of the infection of ticks with pathogenic microorganisms at various workplaces (timber acquisition, forest growing, forest cultivation, forest protection).	2014	25812385
detection of candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies and anaplasma phagocytophilum in a tick population from austria.	candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis dna was discovered in ixodes ricinus ticks in 1999 and is referred to as an emerging human pathogen since its first detection in patients with febrile illness reported in 2010. in recent years, ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis has been detected in ticks from several european, asian, and african countries. however, no epidemiological data exist for austria, which is a highly endemic region for tick-transmitted diseases. to assess the geographic spread and prevalence ...	2014	24345313
regional seroreactivity and vector-borne disease co-exposures in dogs in the united states from 2004-2010: utility of canine surveillance.	vector-borne disease (vbd) pathogens remain an emerging health concern for animals and humans throughout the world. surveillance studies of ticks and humans have made substantial contributions to our knowledge of vbd epidemiology trends, but long-term vbd surveillance data of dogs in the united states is limited. this seroreactivity study assessed us temporal and regional trends and co-exposures to anaplasma, babesia, bartonella, borrelia burgdorferi, dirofilaria immitis, ehrlichia spp., and spo ...	2014	25325316