Publications

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inhibition of cellular protein secretion by picornaviral 3a proteins.during poliovirus infection, anterograde traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi is inhibited due to the action of 3a, an 87 amino acid viral protein. the ability of poliovirus protein 3a to inhibit er-to-golgi traffic is not required for virus growth. instead, we have suggested that the inhibition of host protein secretion, shown to reduce the secretion of interferon-beta, il-6, and il-8 and the expression of both newly synthesized mhc class i and tnf receptor in the plasma memb ...200515914217
induction of active immune suppression by co-immunization with dna- and protein-based vaccines.although immunization has been used for eliciting immune response, here we show that it can also induce immune suppression. when a dna vaccine encoding a viral antigen such as the vp1 protein from the foot and mouth disease virus is administered together with its recombinant protein antigen or a viral preparation containing the same antigen, the immunized animals developed significantly reduced antigen-specific t cell-mediated responses and became impaired to subsequent rechallenge with the same ...200515914231
factors required for the uridylylation of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 3b1, 3b2, and 3b3 peptides by the rna-dependent rna polymerase (3dpol) in vitro.the 5' terminus of picornavirus genomic rna is covalently linked to the virus-encoded peptide 3b (vpg). foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is unique in encoding and using 3 distinct forms of this peptide. these peptides each act as primers for rna synthesis by the virus-encoded rna polymerase 3d(pol). to act as the primer for positive-strand rna synthesis, the 3b peptides have to be uridylylated to form vpgpu(pu). for certain picornaviruses, it has been shown that this reaction is achieved by t ...200515919922
immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease dna vaccines can be enhanced by coinjection with the isatis indigotica extract.the isatis indigotica extract is widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of influenza, epidemic hepatitis, epidemic encephalitis b etc. the goal of this study was to investigate whether coinjection of the isatis indigotica extract with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) dna vaccine could increase the protective immune response. mice were vaccinated twice with either fmdv dna vaccine plus the isatis indigotica extract or dna vaccine alone. compared with the group of dna vaccine alone, ...200515920343
identification and antigenic site analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus from pigs and cattle in korea.from may to june 2002, a total of 16 foot-and mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks due to the serotype o virus, pan asia strain, were recorded in korea. the viruses were identified by antigen elisa, rt-pcr and sequence analysis. the overall nucleotide sequence divergence of the vp1 region among the 4 isolates in 2002 was 0 to 1.4%, but between o/skr/2002 and o/skr/2000 isolates was 1.9-4.9%. phylogenetic analysis with the some known strains from east asian countries showed that the 4 korean isolates in ...200515933431
several recombinant capsid proteins of equine rhinitis a virus show potential as diagnostic antigens.equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a significant pathogen of horses and is also closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). despite these facts, knowledge of the prevalence and importance of erav infections remains limited, largely due to the absence of a simple, robust diagnostic assay. in this study, we compared the antigenicities of recombinant full-length and fragmented erav capsid proteins expressed in escherichia coli by using sera from experimentally infected and naturally expo ...200515939754
novel purification method for recombinant 3ab1 nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus for use in differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals.an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from vaccinated animals. the test was based on a highly pure and concentrated preparation of recombinant 3ab1 protein obtained by expression in a prokaryotic system, protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electro elution. experimental- and field-serum samples from naive, vaccinated, and infected cattle w ...200515945381
fmdv-2a sequence and protein arrangement contribute to functionality of cyp2b1-reporter fusion protein.two optimized forms of green fluorescence proteins (gfp), enhanced gfp (egfp) and humanized renilla gfp (hrgfp), were used to track expression of cytochrome p450 2b1 (cyp2b1), an endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound protein. in transiently expressing hek293 cells we show that cyp2b1-gfp fusion proteins are stable and functional, whereas the vice-versa-arranged gfp-cyp2b1 fusions are not. the cyp2b1-hrgfp fusion protein is characterized by reduction in mean fluorescence intensity (mfi) to less th ...200515955524
analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus internalization events in cultured cells.it has been demonstrated that foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can utilize at least four members of the alpha(v) subgroup of the integrin family of receptors in vitro. the virus interacts with these receptors via a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid amino acid sequence motif located within the betag-betah loop of vp1. while there have been extensive studies of virus-receptor interactions at the cell surface, our understanding of the events during viral entry into the infected cel ...200515956593
early events in integrin alphavbeta6-mediated cell entry of foot-and-mouth disease virus.we have shown that foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection mediated by the integrin alphavbeta6 takes place through clathrin-dependent endocytosis but not caveolae or other endocytic pathways that depend on lipid rafts. inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis by sucrose treatment or expression of a dominant-negative version of ap180 inhibited virus entry and infection. similarly, inhibition of endosomal acidification inhibited an early step in infection. blocking endosomal acidificati ...200515956594
structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a10 61 alone and complexed with oligosaccharide receptor: receptor conservation in the face of antigenic variation.foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdvs) target epithelial cells via integrin receptors, but can acquire the capacity to bind cell-surface heparan sulphate (or alternative receptors) on passage in cell culture. vaccine viruses must be propagated in cell culture and, hence, some rationale for the selection of variants in this process is important. crystal structures are available for type o, a and c viruses and also for a complex of type o strain o(1)bfs with heparin. the structure of fmdv a10(61) ...200515958669
infectious diseases. turf war halts spain's foot-and-mouth disease studies. 200515961639
patterns of spread and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease types a, o and asia-1 in turkey: a meta-population approach.despite significant control efforts, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) persists in turkey, and new strains of serotypes a, o and asia-1 are periodically reported to enter the country from the east. the status of fmd in turkey is important regionally because the country forms a natural bridge between asia where the disease is endemic, and europe which has disease-free status. this study analysed spatial and temporal patterns of fmd occurrence in turkey to explore factors associated with the disease's ...200515962561
genetic comparison of large fragment of the 5'untranslated region among foot-and-mouth disease viruses with special reference to serotype asia1.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), the most economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is endemic in india. sequence analysis revealed that phylogenetic grouping of type asia1 field isolates on the basis of the large fragment of the 5'untranslated region (5'lf-utr) was quite similar to that based on the sequences of the capsid-coding (vp1) region of the same viruses. the existence of two distinct lineages of type asia1 suggested by the study on the vp1 region was further supported by th ...200515968474
dna fragment encoding human il-1beta 163-171 peptide enhances the immune responses elicited in mice by dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease.dna vaccine has been tested for protection against foot-and-mouth disease. however, the relatively low efficacy of dna vaccine in inducing immune responses in large animals has restricted its practical use. interleukin-1 plays an essential role in amplifying both the cellular and humoral immune responses to foreign antigens, and may therefore represent a good candidate as an adjuvant of dna vaccines. since the inflammatory activity of il-i may restrict its application in dna vaccine treatment, w ...200515727290
development of transgenic alfalfa plants containing the foot and mouth disease virus structural polyprotein gene p1 and its utilization as an experimental immunogen.the use of transgenic plants as vectors for the expression of viral and bacterial antigens has been increasingly tested as an alternative methodology for the production of experimental vaccines. here, we report the production of transgenic alfalfa plants containing the genes encoding the polyprotein p1 and the protease 3c of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). the immunogenicity of the expressed products was tested using a mouse experimental model. parenterally immunized mice developed a strong ...200515734052
a peptide vaccine administered transcutaneously together with cholera toxin elicits potent neutralising anti-fmdv antibody responses.in this study a synthetic peptide representing residues 141-159 from the gh loop of vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus was tested for its capacity to elicit virus neutralising antibodies in mice after transcutaneous immunisation. topical application of the peptide conjugated to bovine serum albumin together with cholera toxin as an adjuvant elicited anti-peptide antibody responses with strong virus neutralising activity. the combination of cholera toxin with an immunostimulatory cpg mot ...200515734548
recent spread of fmd virus serotype asia 1. 200515995241
vaccination against foot and mouth disease reduces virus transmission in groups of calves.the aim of vaccination during an epidemic of foot and mouth disease (fmd) is not to induce clinical protection, but to reduce virus transmission. since no quantitative data were available on the effectiveness of vaccination in cattle, we investigated whether a single vaccination against fmd could reduce virus transmission in groups of calves by estimating the reproduction ratio r, i.e. the average number of secondary cases caused by one infectious animal in a susceptible population. we performed ...200516002192
invariant aphthovirus consensus nucleotide sequence in the transition to error catastrophe.rna viruses replicate as complex distributions of non-identical but closely related variant genomes termed viral quasispecies. when the error rate during genome replication exceeds a threshold value, the genetic information cannot be maintained and the system enters error catastrophe. this violation of the error threshold results in virus extinction and it is currently being investigated as a new antiviral strategy, based on antiviral activity of some mutagenic agents. previous studies with the ...200516002345
antigenic and genetic analyses of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a isolates for selection of candidate vaccine strain reveals emergence of a variant virus that is responsible for most recent outbreaks in india.recent reports indicated presence of two antigenic and genetic groups (genotypes vi and vii) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a in india and are divergent from the vaccine strains. in order to choose suitable field isolate as candidate vaccine strain, anti-sera against representative isolates from both the genotypes and two in-use vaccine strains are tested in neutralization assay. two candidate vaccine strains from both the genotypes are selected with close antigenic match to the fie ...200516022900
the application of new techniques to the improved detection of persistently infected cattle after vaccination and contact exposure to foot-and-mouth disease.detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins (nsp) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was compared with conventional serological and virological methods and with rt-pcr for the identification of fmdv carrier animals obtained after experimental contact challenge of vaccinated cattle. transmission from carriers to sentinels was also monitored. twenty fmdv vaccinated and five unvaccinated cattle were challenged by direct contact with five donor cattle excreting fmdv and monitored unti ...200516039761
a survey to investigate movements off sheep and cattle farms in new zealand, with reference to the potential transmission of foot-and-mouth disease.to quantify the numbers and extent of movements off sheep and cattle farms in new zealand, in order to construct more realistic simulation models to investigate how infectious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) might spread.200516044181
development of monoclonal antibody-linked elisa for sero-diagnosis of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv-in) using baculovirus expressed glycoprotein.the gene encoding the envelope glycoprotein (gp) of vesicular stomatitis virus serotype, indiana (vsv-in), was expressed under the polyhedron promoter of baculovirus. the recombinant gp was applied as a diagnostic antigen for the detection of cattle and horse antibodies to vsv. in addition, the neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) to gp of vsv-in was used as trapping antibody in a mab-linked indirect elisa (mli-elisa) or detecting antibody in a mab-linked competitive elisa (mlc-elisa). the dia ...200516076499
the adjuvant effect of levamisole on killed viral vaccines.to explore adjuvants that are capable of promoting th1-biased immune response, we investigated the usefulness of levamisole (lms) as one such adjuvant for two different preparations of killed viral vaccines, derived from the foot mouth disease virus (fmdv) or the porcine respiratory reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) and tested respectively in balb/c or c57 bl/6 mice. the results showed that lms induced different types of immune responses in the host, depending on its dosage. while a high level ...200516095767
immune response characteristics following emergency vaccination of pigs against foot-and-mouth disease.pigs were vaccinated with the emergency inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccine--water-in-oil-in-water emulsion with montanide isa206--known to protect after 3-5 days. peripheral blood leukocyte (pbl) sub-populations did not differ between vaccinates and controls post-vaccination. there was neither lymphopenia nor inflammatory reaction. fmdv-specific antibody and t lymphocyte activity developed in the vaccinates. virus-induced th1-like cytokine protein and mrna (ifngamma and il-2 ...200515620477
viruses in boar semen: detection and clinical as well as epidemiological consequences regarding disease transmission by artificial insemination.many viruses have been reported to be present in boar semen, particularly during the viremic phase of the diseases. some of them, such foot-and-mouth disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine parvovirus, picornaviruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, japanese encephalitis virus, pseudorabies virus, african swine fever virus and reoviruses are of particular importance and accurate monitoring prior to and during the presence of boars i ...200515626416
differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected animals from vaccinated animals using a blocking elisa based on baculovirus expressed fmdv 3abc antigen and a 3abc monoclonal antibody.a blocking elisa that differentiated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infected animals from vaccinated animals was developed which uses baculovirus expressed fmdv 3abc non-structural protein as antigen and monoclonal antibody against fmdv 3abc non-structural protein as capture and detector antibody. sera from naive, vaccinated and infected cattle, sheep and pigs were examined. the specificity of the test was high. non-specific reactions observed in particular in sera of cattle and sheep could ...200515645377
introduction and history of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has been recognized as a significant epidemic disease threatening the cattle industry since the sixteenth century, and in the late nineteenth century it was shown by loeffler and frosch to be caused by a submicroscopic, filterable transmissible agent, smaller than any known bacteria. the agent causing fmd was thus the first virus of vertebrates to be discovered, soon after the discovery of tobacco mosaic virus of plants. it was not until 1920 that a convenient animal ...200515648172
translation and replication of fmdv rna.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna is infectious. after delivery of the rna (about 8.3 kb) into the cytoplasm of a cell, the rna must initially be translated to produce the viral proteins required for rna replication and for the packaging of the rna into new virions. subsequently there has to be a switch in the function of the rna; translation has to be stopped to permit rna replication. the signals required for the control of the different roles of viral rna must be included within the vir ...200515648174
the structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus.structural studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have largely focused on the mature viral particle, providing atomic resolution images of the spherical protein capsid for a number of sero- and sub-types, structures of the highly immunogenic surface loop, fab and gag receptor complexes. additionally, structures are available for a few non-structural proteins. the chapter reviews our current structural knowledge and its impact on our understanding of the virus life cycle proceeding from t ...200515648175
natural and vaccine induced immunity to fmd.a brief overview of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) literature over the last 100 years will give the impression that a great deal is known about the immune response of livestock to infection and vaccination. at the practical level, this is indeed the case and our knowledge is more than adequate in relation to the production and supply of potent vaccines for the control of the disease. the deficiencies in our understanding of the immune response are at the fundamental level and, arguably, stand ...200515648176
global epidemiology and prospects for control of foot-and-mouth disease. 200515648177
foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution: exploring pathways towards virus extinction.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is genetically and phenotypically variable. as a typical rna virus, fmdv follows a quasispecies dynamics, with the many biological implications of such a dynamics. mutant spectra provide a reservoir of fmdv variants, and minority subpopulations may become dominant in response to environmental demands or as a result of statistical fluctuations in population size. accumulation of mutations in the fmdv genome occurs upon subjecting viral populations to repeated b ...200515648178
quasispecies dynamics and rna virus extinction.the extinction of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is strongly influenced by mutation rates, types of mutations, relative viral fitness and virus population regimens during infection. here we review experimental results and theoretical models that describe a contrast between the effective extinction of fmdv subjected to increased mutagenesis, and the remarkable resistance to extinction of the same and related fmdv clones subjected to serial bottleneck events. the results suggest procedures to ...200515649559
action of mutagenic agents and antiviral inhibitors on foot-and-mouth disease virus.our current knowledge on foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) entry into error catastrophe is reviewed. fmdv can establish cytolytic and persistent infections in the field and in cell culture. both types of fmdv infection in cell culture can be treated with mutagens, with or without classical (non-mutagenic) antiviral inhibitors, to drive the virus to extinction. 5-fluorouracil (fu) and 5-azacytidine (azc) have been employed as mutagenic agents to treat cytolytic fmdv infections, and ribavirin (r ...200515649564
crystal structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease. new insights into catalytic mechanism and cleavage specificity.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a widespread and economically devastating disease of domestic livestock. although fmdv vaccines are available, political and technical problems associated with their use are driving a renewed search for alternative methods of disease control. the viral rna genome is translated as a single polypeptide precursor that must be cleaved into functional proteins by virally encoded proteases. 10 of the 13 cleavages are performed by the highly conserved 3c prote ...200515654079
foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an acute disease that can be lethal for adult laboratory mice.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a picornavirus that causes an acute vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. this virus continues to be threat to livestock worldwide with outbreaks causing severe economic losses. however, very little is known about fmdv pathogenesis, partially due to the inconveniences of working with cattle and swine, the main natural hosts of the virus. here we demonstrate that c57bl/6 and balb/c adult mice are highly susceptible to fmdv infection when the virus is a ...200515661169
phylogeny, genome evolution, and antigenic variability among endemic foot-and-mouth disease virus type a isolates from india.the capsid-coding (p1) and 3a regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a field isolates including two vaccine strains collected during 1977-2000 were analyzed. in the phylogenies, the isolates were distributed into two previously identified genotypes vi and vii, with multiple sub-genotypes that are temporally clustered. comparison of the antigenic relationships of field isolates with the two vaccine strains (ind 17/77 and ind 490/97) and the reference strains of the genotypes vi (ind ...200515662482
protective immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus challenge in guinea pigs vaccinated with recombinant p1 polyprotein expressed in pichia pastoris.vaccination of the susceptible livestock with potent, safe and cost effective vaccine is the primary requirement to control foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in an endemic country. in this study, an alternative approach was used in which structural protein genes of all the four serotypes of fmdv (o, asia 1, a22 and c) were expressed separately in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. the recombinant polyproteins (p1) were characterized by sds-page and in western blot analysis. partially purified prot ...200515662485
studies of the outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in west bengal, india, between 1985 and 2002.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is the major disease constraint on international trade in livestock and their products. in the state of west bengal, india, 1,082 fmd outbreaks were reported in the 18 years from 1985 to 2002. of the prevalent four serotypes, o type fmd virus accounted for the most outbreaks (67%), followed by asia-1 virus type (15%) and a virus type (14%). outbreaks of the type c fmd virus were least prevalent (4%), and no cases have been recorded since 1996. the study shows clearly ...200516642764
selection of foot and mouth disease vaccine strains--a review.the choice of the most appropriate strains of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus vaccines to use in fmd control programmes and to store in vaccine antigen reserves is based on the matching of representative field isolates from outbreaks around the world to available vaccine strains. however, those involved in fmd control at a national level do not always give this work a high priority, while in countries without effective control of fmd there is little incentive to collect samples or to overcome ...200516642769
quality assurance/quality control of foot and mouth disease solid phase competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay--part i. quality assurance: development of secondary and working standards.international movement in animals and animal products has urged organisations like the world organisation for animal health (oie) to draw up guidelines to regulate and facilitate trade between member countries. however, as the global market continues to grow, further standardisation and harmonisation of antibody detection assays for infectious diseases are needed, especially regarding the development and use of reference materials. for oie notifiable diseases for which primary or international r ...200516642770
quality assurance/quality control of foot and mouth disease solid phase competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay--part ii. quality control: comparison of two charting methods to monitor assay performance.diagnostic laboratories are increasingly required to meet stringent quality standards, and validated assays are needed to achieve formal accreditation. validation of test methods is often considered to be finalised when the assay parameters and characteristics have been established. however, like any process, diagnostic assays are subject to random variation resulting in shifts in the mean test values. continuous monitoring of assays using control charts will alert the interpreter of changes in ...200516642771
pandemic strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o.a particular genetic lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o, which we have named the panasia strain, was responsible for an explosive pandemic in asia and extended to parts of africa and europe from 1998 to 2001. in 2000 and 2001, this virus strain caused outbreaks in the republic of korea, japan, russia, mongolia, south africa, the united kingdom, republic of ireland, france, and the netherlands, countries which last experienced fmd outbreaks decades before (ranging from 1934 ...200516485475
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vaccinated cattle.the aim of this study was to evaluate the value of commercially available kits for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus infection in vaccinated cattle. the cattle were vaccinated with a commercial aqueous fmd vaccine type a24 and subsequently challenged 28 days post vaccination with homologous fmd virus. seven of eight animals were protected from clinical disease and all became carriers. they were bled sequentially for up to 130 days post infection and samples of sera were tested ...200516385852
a decision-support system for real-time risk assessment of airborne spread of the foot-and-mouth disease virus.[corrected] the application of epidemic models during the first days following the confirmation of a virus outbreak should significantly contribute to minimize its costs. here we describe the first version of a decision-support system for the calculation of the airborne spread of a virus and its application to foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). the goal is to provide geographical maps depicting infection risk for various animal species to support the national health authorities.200516342927
population dynamics of rna viruses: the essential contribution of mutant spectra.cells and their viral and cellular parasites are genetically highly diverse, and their genomes contain signs of past and present variation and mobility. the great adaptive potential of viruses, conferred on them by high mutation rates and quasispecies dynamics, demands new strategies for viral disease prevention and control. this necessitates a more detailed knowledge of viral population structure and dynamics. here we review studies with the important animal pathogen foot-and-mouth disease viru ...200516355868
kinetics of humoral immune response in pigs vaccinated against foot and mouth disease.the present investigation was conducted to study the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv)-specific humoral immune response (hir) in pigs, following vaccination with oil adjuvanted foot and mouth disease (fmd) vaccine, upto 90 days post vaccination (dpv). for this, 40 large white yorkshire (lwy) pigs (20; one-year old female (gilts) and 20; three-month old piglets) were vaccinated @ 2 ml/animal, subcutaneously. sera samples were collected at fortnight interval from all the animals. the log10 sn50 ...200516359125
immunogenicity of the epitope of the foot-and-mouth disease virus fused with a hepatitis b core protein as expressed in transgenic tobacco.a novel plant-based vaccine protecting against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was developed by inserting the vp21 epitope into the internal region of the hepatitis b virus core antigen gene (hbcag). the specific sequence of the vp21 epitope is located within the vp1 capsid protein of the fmd virus (fmdv). it spans 21 amino acids located between positions 140 and 160 of the g-h loop. the fusion gene, hbcvp, was inserted into the plant binary vector pbi121 and then transformed into tobacco (nicotian ...200516359233
evolving perception on the benefits of vaccination as a foot and mouth disease control policy: contributions of south america.within the past decade, changes in perceptions on the benefits of vaccination as an appropriate tool to achieve complete foot and mouth disease eradication have become evident. the former negative view was derived from misconceptions, resulting mainly from the belief that vaccines are not entirely effective and that vaccination masks asymptomatic viral circulation. the advent in the 1990s of vaccination policies implemented within a strategic eradication plan in south america, and during recurre ...200516372885
molecular imaging and contrast agent database (micad)integrins belong to the seven transmembrane protein receptor families, and the receptor is composed of an α (24 forms) and a β (8 forms) subunit that can associate in different combinations to produce at least 24 types of heterodimeric molecules as described by bandyopadhyay and raghvan (1). the integrin receptor activity is influenced by the type of constitutive α and β subunit combination, and, depending on the combination, the receptor can promote cell adhesion to fibronectin, laminins, or co ...200420641219
molecular imaging and contrast agent database (micad)integrins are a family of heterodimeric glycoproteins on cell surfaces that mediate diverse biological events involving cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions (1). integrins consist of an α and a β subunit and are important for cell adhesion and signal transduction. the αvβ3 integrin is the most prominent receptor affecting tumor growth, tumor invasiveness, metastasis, tumor-induced angiogenesis, inflammation, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (2-7). expression of the αvβ3 integrin is stron ...200420641575
high-level expression of recombinant 3ab1 non-structural protein from fmdv in insect larvae.for its potential usefulness in diagnosis, the non-structural protein 3ab1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus was expressed as a soluble protein by using autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus as a vector. the 3ab1 coding sequence was introduced into acnpv genome via pbacpak3ab1 transfer vector to originate ac3ab1 recombinant baculovirus of phenotype occ-. rachiplusia nu larvae were injected with supernatants of sf9 cells infected with ac3ab1 and 5 days post-infection total protein ext ...200415664073
foot-and-mouth disease in camelids: a review.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in south american camelids, in dromedaries and bactrians is reviewed. recent well-executed experimental studies in new world camels indicate that, although the llama and alpaca can be infected with fmd virus (fmdv) by direct contact, they are not very susceptible and do not pose a risk in transmitting fmd to susceptible animal species. they do not become fmdv carriers. reports on fmd in dromedaries are, however, conflicting. serological investigations in africa and t ...200415301761
sequence and secondary structure requirements in a highly conserved element for foot-and-mouth disease virus internal ribosome entry site activity and eif4g binding.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and other picornaviruses initiate translation of their positive-strand rna genomes at the highly structured internal ribosome entry site (ires), which mediates ribosome recruitment to an internal site of the virus rna. this process is facilitated by eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eifs), such as eif4g and eif4b. in the eif4g-binding site, a characteristic, discontinuous sequence element is highly conserved within the cardio- and aphthovirus subgroup ...200415302949
quantitative analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna loads in bovine tissues: implications for the site of viral persistence.to understand better the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), the levels of viral rna in various bovine tissues during the acute and persistent stages of fmd virus (fmdv) infection were investigated by using quantitative rt-pcr. the viral rna levels in the tissues examined had peaked by day 1 post-infection (p.i.) and were markedly different among the tissues examined. the epithelium collected from sites of lesion development, i.e. the interdigital area and coronary band on the feet, an ...200415302950
risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat.uncooked meat may contain animal pathogens, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease virus, african swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus, and to prevent outbreaks of these diseases in farm animals, the disposal of meat from catering waste is controlled under the animal by-products regulations. this paper estimates the risks to farm animals of grazing land on to which compost, produced by the composting of catering waste containing meat, has been applied. th ...200415311800
towards a multi-site synthetic vaccine to foot-and-mouth disease: addition of discontinuous site peptide mimic increases the neutralization response in immunized animals.synthetic replicas of both antigenic sites a and d of foot-and-mouth disease virus have been tested as a first step towards a multicomponent peptide vaccine candidate. a first evaluation has been performed by neutralization assays on cells with serum mixtures from guinea pigs immunized independently with site a (a24) and site d (d8) peptides. the addition of site d antibodies to site a antibodies has a synergistic effect on neutralization. in a second group of experiments, guinea pigs have been ...200415315831
interactions of foot-and-mouth disease virus with soluble bovine alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta6 integrins.at least four members of the integrin family of receptors, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, and alphavbeta8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro. our investigators have recently shown that the efficiency of receptor usage appears to be related to the viral serotype and may be influenced by structural differences on the viral surface (h. duque and b. baxt, j. virol. 77:2500-2511, 2003). to further examine these differences, we generated soluble ...200415331710
recombinant bivalent vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o/a infection in guinea pig.in this study, two dna fragments encoding amino acid (141-160)-(21-140)-(141-160) of the vp1 of fmdv (foot-and-mouth disease virus) serotype o and (138-160)-(21-40)-(138-160) of the serotype a fmdv were chemically synthesized. these two tandem-repeat fragments were ligated and transfected into prokaryotic expression vector ptrchis a to construct pth-o-a. the other vector called pth-o-scigg-a was constructed similarly only that the two tandem-repeat dna fragments were linked by the bovine-igg hea ...200415346195
foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase: specificity at the p2 and p3 positions and comparison with other papain-like enzymes.the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase (l(pro)) frees itself from the growing viral polyprotein by self-processing between its own c-terminus and the n-terminus of the subsequent protein vp4. the arglysleulys*glyalaglygln sequence is recognized. the proteinase subsequently cleaves the two isoforms of host cell protein eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4g at the alaasnleugly*argthrthrleu (eif4gi) and leuasnvalgly*serargargser (eif4gii) sequences. the enzyme does not, however, recogni ...200415350134
genome comparison of a novel foot-and-mouth disease virus with other fmdv strains.the genome of a novel foot-and-mouth disease virus, hkn/2002, was 8104 nucleotides (nt) in length (excluding the poly(c) tract and poly(a) tail) and was composed of a 1042-nt 5'-untranslated region (utr), a 6966-nt open reading frame, and a 93-nt 3'-utr. genome sequences of hkn/2002 and other known fmdv strains were compared. the vp1, vp2, and vp3-based neighbor-joining (nj) trees were divided into distinct clusters according to different serotypes, while other region-based nj trees exhibited so ...200415351730
implementation in australia of molecular diagnostic techniques for the rapid detection of foot and mouth disease virus.to evaluate and implement rapid molecular diagnostic techniques for the detection of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) suitable for use in australia.200415354851
skipping the co-expression problem: the new 2a "chysel" technology.the rapid progress in the field of genomics is increasing our knowledge of multi-gene diseases. however, any realistic hope of gene therapy treatment for those diseases needs first to address the problem of co-ordinately co-expressing several transgenes. currently, the use of internal ribosomal entry sites (iress) is the strategy chosen by many researchers to ensure co-expression. the large sizes of the iress (~0.5 kb), and the difficulties of ensuring a well-balanced co-expression, have prompte ...200415363111
[expression of fmdv vp1 protein in pichia pastoris and its immunological activity in mice].to express and identify bovine o type foot and mouth disease virus protein 1 (fmdv vp1) in yeast pichia pastoris.200415367336
molecular epidemiology of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated from cattle in ethiopia between 1979-2001.partial 1d gene characterization was used to study phylogenetic relationships between 17 serotype o foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses in ethiopia as well as with other o-type isolates from eritrea, kenya, south and west africa, the middle east, asia and south america. a homologous region of 495 bp corresponding to the c-terminus end of the 1d gene was used for phylogenetic analysis. this study described three lineages, viz. african/middle east-asia, cathay and south american. within lineage i ...200415373335
preserved antigenicity of hiv-1 p24 produced and purified in high yields from plants inoculated with a tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-derived vector.production of structural proteins from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and bovine herpes virus (bhv-1) in nicotiana benthamiana through the use of a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector (tmv-30b) has been reported previously. the development of the tmv-30b-hisc vector, a new version that adds a c-terminal histidine (his) sequence to the foreign protein expressed is described. coding sequences from the fmdv vpl protein and the core protein, p24, from a clade c hiv-1 isolate from zambia were clon ...200415381357
sequencing and analysis for the full-length genome rna of foot-and-mouth disease virus china/99.the complete nucleotide sequence of genomic rna of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain china/99 from infected bovine tongue epithelium is presented. the nucleotide sequence extending from the 5' end of the genomic rna to the 5' end of poly (a) tail contains 8173 nucleotides (nt). its open reading frame, which encodes a single polypeptide of 2332 amino acids, encompasses 6999 nt starting from the initiation codon aug and terminating at the uaa codon 93 bases upstream from the 5' end of pol ...200415382679
a simulation model of intraherd transmission of foot and mouth disease with reference to disease spread before and after clinical diagnosis.intraherd transmission of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) was examined using a simulation model for a hypothetical 1,000-cow dairy, assuming clinical diagnosis was made when at least 1% (10 cows) or 5% (50 cows) had clinical signs of fmd, i index case cow, and transition state distributions for the latent, subclinically infectious, and clinically infectious periods of fmd calculated from published data. estimates assumed for the number of animal-to-animal contacts (k) adequate for transmissi ...200414974841
quantitative estimates of the risk of new outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease as a result of burning pyres.the risk of dispersing foot-and-mouth disease virus into the atmosphere, and spreading it to susceptible holdings as a result of burning large numbers of carcases together on open pyres, has been estimated for six selected pyres burned during the 2001 outbreak in the uk. the probability of an animal or holding becoming infected was dependent on the estimated level of exposure to the virus predicted from the concentrations of virus calculated by the met office, bracknell. in general, the probabil ...200414979669
stable, stoichiometric delivery of diverse protein functions.as contemporary "genomics" steadily reveals an increasing number of novel gene sequences, the need for efficient methodologies to functionally characterize these genes in vivo increases significantly. reliable coupling of target gene expression to a variety of surrogate reporter functions is critical to properly assay novel gene function in complex cell populations. ideally, independent target and reporter proteins would be derived from a single open reading frame creating a stoichiometric relat ...200414980783
molecular phylogeny of leader proteinase gene of type a of foot-and-mouth disease virus from india.we previously demonstrated the presence of three genotypes (iv, vi and vii) of type a (subtype a22) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in india based on 1d gene sequence analysis. in the present study, the leader proteinase (l(pro)) gene sequences of 35 type a fmdv field isolates sampled over a period of 24 years (1977-2000) have been analyzed. maximum-likelihood (ml) phylogenetic analysis revealed four distinct genetic lineages (a-d), indicating high divergence in l gene of type a fmdv. lin ...200414991441
detection of foot and mouth disease virus by rt-pcr and microplate hydridization assay using inactivated viral antigens.a single step rt-pcr was tested for detection of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) and immunoenzymatic determination of amplified products in a microplate hybridization assay. inactivated reference strains (elisa antigen) of all seven serotypes were used to optimize the test. oligonucleotide primers were selected from two different genomic regions coding for rna polymerase and vp1 protein, respectively. the rt-pcr used to amplify the polymerase gene specific rna detected fmdv strains a, c, o, ...200414992244
evidence that high potency foot-and-mouth disease vaccine inhibits local virus replication and prevents the "carrier" state in sheep.the ability of a single administration of a high, medium and low potency foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine to decrease or inhibit local virus replication and excretion in the oropharynx of sheep following aerosol challenge with homologous live virus 14 days later was examined. unvaccinated sheep showed signs of clinical fmd, whereas all of the vaccinated sheep, regardless of antigen payload, were protected against clinical disease and development of viraemia. virological and serological resul ...200415003651
high-level expression of codon optimized foot-and-mouth disease virus complex epitopes and cholera toxin b subunit chimera in hansenula polymorpha.a codon optimized dna sequence coding for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein complex epitopes of vp1 amino acid residues 21-40, 135-160, and 200-213 was genetically fused to the n-terminal end of a 6x his-tagged cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) gene with the similar synonymous codons preferred by the methylotropic yeast hansenula polymorpha. the fusion gene was synthesized based on a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and subsequently overexpressed in h. polymorpha. the chimeric protei ...200415013451
cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4gii within foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cells: identification of the l-protease cleavage site in vitro.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) induces a very rapid inhibition of host cell protein synthesis within infected cells. this is accompanied by the cleavage of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4gi (eif4gi). the cleavage of the related protein eif4gii has now been analyzed. within fmdv-infected cells, cleavage of eif4gi and eif4gii occurs with similar kinetics. cleavage of eif4gii is induced in cells and in cell extracts by the fmdv leader protease (l(pro)) alone, generating cleavage ...200415016848
preextinction viral rna can interfere with infectivity.when the error rate during the copying of genetic material exceeds a threshold value, the genetic information cannot be maintained. this concept is the basis of a new antiviral strategy termed lethal mutagenesis or virus entry into error catastrophe. critical for its success is preventing survival of residual infectious virus or virus mutants that escape the transition into error catastrophe. here we document that mutated, preextinction foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna can interfere with ...200415016853
comparable sensitivity and specificity in three commercially available elisas to differentiate between cattle infected with or vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease virus.three commercially available elisas for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were evaluated, using sera from uninfected, vaccinated, infected, inoculated, first vaccinated and subsequently infected, and first vaccinated and subsequently inoculated cattle. we compared antibody kinetics to non-structural proteins, sensitivity, and specificity. one of the elisas had a higher sensitivity and much lower specificity than the other two, there ...200415019100
the ultrastructure of the developing replication site in foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected bhk-38 cells.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the type species of the aphthovirus genus of the picornaviridae: infection by picornaviruses results in a major rearrangement of the host cell membranes to create vesicular structures where virus genome replication takes place. in this report, using fluorescence and electron microscopy, membrane rearrangements in the cytoplasm of fmdv-infected bhk-38 cells are documented. at 1.5-2.0 h post-infection, free ribosomes, fragmented rough endoplasmic reticulum, g ...200415039536
vaccination of pigs two weeks before infection significantly reduces transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus.the objective of this study was to investigate whether and at what time interval could vaccination reduce transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) among pigs. reduction of virus transmission by vaccination was determined experimentally. transmission of fmdv was studied in three groups of ten pigs: one non-vaccinated group and two groups that were vaccinated 7 days (-7 dpi) and 14 days before inoculation (-14 dpi), respectively. five randomly selected pigs from each group were inoculat ...200415063559
integrin alphavbeta8 functions as a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus: role of the beta-chain cytodomain in integrin-mediated infection.field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been shown to use three alphav integrins, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, and alphavbeta6, as cellular receptors. binding to the integrin is mediated by a highly conserved rgd motif located on a surface-exposed loop of vp1. the rgd tripeptide is recognized by several other members of the integrin family, which therefore have the potential to act as receptors for fmdv. here we show that sw480 cells are made susceptible to fmdv following transfe ...200415078934
foot-and-mouth disease.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. the disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen identified as a virus. recent fmd outbreaks in developed countries and their significant economic impact have increased the concern of governments worldwide. this review describes the reemergence of fmd in developed countries that had been disease free for many years and the effect that this has had on disease control stra ...200415084510
isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus specific bovine antibody fragments from phage display libraries.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an important veterinary pathogen which can cause widespread epidemics. due to the high antigenic variability of fmdv, it is important to undertake mutation analysis under immunological pressure. to study the bovine antibody response at a molecular level, phage display technology was used to produce bovine anti-fmdv fabs. ch1-vh chains with fmdv specific binding could be isolated after selection from a library made from vaccinated cattle. though their involv ...200415087230
low linkage disequilibrium indicative of recombination in foot-and-mouth disease virus gene sequence alignments.we have applied tests for detecting recombination to genes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). our approach estimated summary statistics of linkage disequilibrium (ld), which are sensitive to recombination. using the genealogical relationships, rate heterogeneity and mutation parameters estimated from individual sets of aligned gene sequences, we simulated matching rna sequence datasets without recombination. these simulated datasets allowed for recurrent mutations at any site to mimic homop ...200415105526
immunogenicity and t cell recognition in swine of foot-and-mouth disease virus polymerase 3d.immunization of domestic pigs with a vaccinia virus (vv) recombinant expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 3d protein conferred partial protection against challenge with infectious virus. the severity reduction of the clinical symptoms developed by the challenged animals occurred in the absence of significant levels of anti-3d circulating antibodies. this observation suggested that the partial protection observed was mediated by the induction of a 3d-specific cellular immune response. t ...200415110524
a practitioner's primer on foot-and-mouth disease.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is caused by an rna virus of the genus aphthovirus; 7 immunologically distinct serotypes of the virus have been identified. susceptible species are mainly domestic and wild even-toed ungulates, such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, and deer. all body fluids of infected animals can contain the virus and are considered infective. the primary mode of transmission is animal-to-animal transmission through inhalation or ingestion of aerosols containing the virus. the ...200415112774
comparison of two 3abc enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of multiple-serotype foot-and-mouth disease in a cattle population in an area of endemicity.the development of a serological test for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) which is quick and easy to use, which can identify all seven serotypes, and which can differentiate vaccinated from convalescing or potential virus carriers would be a major advance in the epidemiological toolkit for fmdv. the nonstructural polyprotein 3abc has recently been proposed as such an antigen, and a number of diagnostic tests are being developed. this paper evaluates the performance of two fmdv tests for anti ...200415131177
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in the adamawa province of cameroon.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious viral disease of even-toed ungulates and is one of the most important economic diseases of livestock. most studies of fmdv are done in countries where control measures are being implemented. in contrast, in areas such as sub-saharan africa, where fmdv is endemic and new strains are likely to emerge, there are only sporadic submissions to the world reference laboratory, pirbright, united kingdom. this paper describes the molecular epi ...200415131187
fitness increase of memory genomes in a viral quasispecies.viral quasispecies may contain a subset of minority genomes that reflect those genomic sequences that were dominant at an early phase of quasispecies evolution. such minority genomes are referred to as memory in viral quasispecies. a memory marker previously characterized in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an internal oligoadenylate tract of variable length that became dominant upon serial plaque-to-plaque transfers of fmdv clones. during large population passages, genomes with internal o ...200415136042
disease survey of free-ranging grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia.samples from 17 free-ranging hunter-killed grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia, were collected during june-august 1999. all 17 deer appeared to be in good condition at the time of death. gross necropsies were performed, serum was collected for serologic evaluation of selected infectious disease agents, and feces and ectoparasites were collected for evaluation of internal and external parasites. serologic tests were positive for antibodies against bovine respiratory ...200415137493
coordinate expression and independent subcellular targeting of multiple proteins from a single transgene.a variety of conventional methods allow the expression of multiple foreign proteins in plants by transgene stacking or pyramiding. however, most of these approaches have significant drawbacks. we describe a novel alternative, using a single transgene to coordinate expression of multiple proteins that are encoded as a polyprotein capable of dissociating into component proteins on translation. we demonstrate that this polyprotein system is compatible with the need to target proteins to a variety o ...200415141063
an approach to a fmd vaccine based on genetic engineered attenuated pseudorabies virus: one experiment using vp1 gene alone generates an antibody responds on fmd and pseudorabies in swine.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and pseudorabies (pr) are two important infectious diseases in swine. an attenuated pseudorabies virus (prv) has been successfully used as a gene delivery vector for the development of live-viral vaccines. in this study, a recombinant prv-vp1 virus was constructed by fusioning the vp1 gene of fmd virus in frame to the n-terminal sequence of the gg gene of prv. to test the protective immunity, 15 fmdv sero-negative white swine were divided into three groups and immuni ...200415149769
pressure-inactivated fmdv: a potential vaccine.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). alternative fmd vaccines have been pursued due to important disadvantages of the one currently in use. high hydrostatic pressure (hp) has been observed to inactivate some viruses. here, we investigated the effects of hp on fmdv o1 campos-vallée (cva) infectivity. a treatment consisting of 2.5 kbar at -15 degrees c and 1m urea, completely abolished fmdv infectivity, maintaining the integrity of its cap ...200415149793
re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease in botswana.the re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in botswana is reported. the disease outbreak occurred in the matsiloje extension area of francistown veterinary district situated in the northeastern part of the country in an office international des épízooties (oie) recognized fmd free zone without vaccination. the disease affected cattle only and did not spillover into sheep and goats resident in the same extension area, as demonstrated by lack of seroconversion to fmd when tested. the virus i ...200415158214
localization of infection-related epitopes on the non-structural protein 3abc of foot-and-mouth disease virus and the application of tandem epitopes.by means of overlapping peptides expressed in escherichia coli in combination with western-blotting, infection specific linear epitopes were identified on the non-structural protein 3abc of fmdv. the epitopes reacted with sera from pigs or guinea pigs infected with different serotypes of fmdv, but not with sera from normal or vaccinated animals. a protein was constructed by tandem repeat of the epitope covering amino acid residues 141-190 on 3abc. an elisa based on the protein with tandem epitop ...200415158588
control measures implemented during the 2002 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in the republic of korea. 200415162790
the c terminus of the movement protein of brome mosaic virus controls the requirement for coat protein in cell-to-cell movement and plays a role in long-distance movement.the 3a movement protein (mp) plays a central role in the movement of brome mosaic virus (bmv). to identify the functional regions in bmv mp, 24 alanine-scanning (as) mp mutants of bmv were constructed. infectivity of the as mutants in the host plant chenopodium quinoa showed that the central region of bmv mp is important for viral movement and both termini of bmv mp have effects on the development of systemic symptoms. a green-fluorescent-protein-expressing rna3-based bmv vector containing a 2a ...200415166461
application of universal primers for identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus and swine vesicular disease virus by pcr and pcr-elisa.two approaches for simultaneous identification of both foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) are described: (1) a single-step reverse transcription-pcr with three primers and (2) a pcr-elisa assay with two universal primers for genome amplification and two virus-specific probes for identification. these methods are based on the use of 3d gene universal pcr primers, the structure of which was optimized and refined due to the close relationship between the tw ...200415168202
a first molecular epidemiological study of sat-2 type foot-and-mouth disease viruses in west africa.thirty-one viruses causing sat-2 outbreaks in seven west african countries between 1974 and 1991, and four viruses representative of east and central africa were genetically characterized in this study. four major viral lineages (i-iv) were identified by phylogenetic analysis of an homologous 480 nucleotide region corresponding to the c-terminus end of vp1. lineage i comprised two west african genotypes with viruses clustering according to year of isolation rather than geographical origin. linea ...200415188721
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