Publications

activation of the human t-cell leukemia virus type i enhancer is mediated by binding sites for elf-1 and the pets factor.	infection with human t-cell leukemia virus type i (htlv-i) is associated with adult t-cell lymphoma/leukemia. this disease occurs in only a small minority of people infected with htlv-i and manifests itself many years after infection. therefore, it appears that a fine balance exists between htlv-i and the host t-cell factors with which it interacts. htlv-i encodes a transactivating protein, tax, which activates viral transcription via cellular mechanisms which are incompletely understood. as vir ...	1993	8350410
coexistence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv2) and rheumatoid arthritis.		1993	8353992
studies of hiv-2 promoter activity and cell specific ablation.	we have a developed a retroviral mediated molecular ablation method to specifically eliminate hiv tat-expressing cells. this approach utilizes the tat-inducible hiv-2 promoter and a conditional toxin gene. the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene product is toxic to mammalian cells only after treatment with ganciclovir (gcv) or other nucleoside analogues. we demonstrate here that certain promoter modifications can decrease basal expression while retaining the ability to be transactivated. ...	1993	8361235
aids and social work: the ethics and civil liberties agenda.	social workers are becoming increasingly involved in casework and social policy debate related to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) crisis. to enhance their delivery of services and contribution to policy formulation, social workers need to be familiar with a wide range of ethical and civil liberties issues that have been generated by the aids epidemic. this article provides an overview of six major ethical and civil liberties issues pertaining to social work practice related to aid ...	1993	8362277
amino acid changes in the fourth conserved region of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain hiv-2rod envelope glycoprotein modulate fusion.	the fourth conserved region (c4) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) surface glycoprotein has been shown to participate in cd4 binding and to influence viral tropism (a. cordonnier, l. montagnier, and m. emerman, nature [london] 340:571-574, 1989). to define the role of the corresponding region of hiv-2, we introduce single amino acid changes into the c4 sequence of hiv-2rod. the effects of these mutations on glycoprotein function and on virus infectivity have been examined. we have s ...	1993	8371358
crystal structure of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 protease in complex with a reduced amide inhibitor and comparison with hiv-1 protease structures.	the crystal structure of hiv-2 protease in complex with a reduced amide inhibitor [bi-la-398; phe-val-phe-psi (ch2nh)-leu-glu-ile-amide] has been determined at 2.2-a resolution and refined to a crystallographic r factor of 17.6%. the rms deviation from ideality in bond lengths is 0.018 a and in bond angles is 2.8 degrees. the largest structural differences between hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteases are located at residues 15-20, 34-40, and 65-73, away from the flap region and the substrate binding sites. ...	1993	8378311
infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2.	to review the clinical, epidemiologic, and biological features of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2).	1993	8380244
a distinct african lentivirus from sykes' monkeys.	asymptomatic infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) has been demonstrated in african sykes' monkeys (cercopithecus mitis albogularis), and virus isolation confirmed infection with a novel siv from sykes' monkeys (sivsyk). macaques inoculated with sivsyk became persistently infected but remained clinically healthy. we utilized polymerase chain reaction amplification to generate a full-length, infectious molecular clone of sivsyk. the genome organization of sivsyk is similar to that of ...	1993	8382307
inhibition of cellular activation of retroviral replication by cd8+ t cells derived from non-human primates.	to test the hypothesis that cd8+ t cells inhibit viral replication at the level of cellular activation, an epstein-barr virus (ebv)-transformed cell line (fec1) from a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-seropositive sooty mangabey monkey was transfected with a human cd4 gene and shown to be replication-competent for hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv. utilizing a dual-chamber culture system, it was found that inhibition of viral replication can be mediated by a soluble factor. the fec1 cell line was transien ...	1993	8383022
polymerase chain reaction and transfusion microbiology.	polymerase chain reaction (pcr) involves alternate denaturing and re-annealing of dna in test samples in the presence of appropriate oligonucleotide primers complementary to opposite strands of the target dna together with a heat-stable dna polymerase, mg2+ and the four nucleotide triphosphates. dna target segments can be 'amplified' ten-millionfold by 25-35 such cycles. even greater amplification (approximately 10(12)-fold) with enhanced specificity can be obtained by a second set of amplificat ...	1993	8384393
studies on the substrate specificity of the proteinase of equine infectious anemia virus using oligopeptide substrates.	the proteinase of the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), a lentivirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), was purified from concentrated virus. the specificity of the enzyme was characterized using oligopeptides representing naturally occurring cleavage sites in the gag and gag-pol polyproteins. the length of the substrate binding pocket was found to be 1-2 residues longer than that of hiv proteinases. although the eiav and hiv proteinases cleaved most of the peptides at t ...	1993	8384879
compatibility of tat and rev transactivators in the primate lentiviruses.	primate immunodeficiency viruses carry a unique set of transacting regulator genes, which are essential for viral replication. the exchangeability of these tat and rev transactivators derived from viruses of the four major subgroups identified to date was assessed in transient transfection and infection assay systems. the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), a major causative virus of human aids, efficiently activated the other viruses. in contrast, the tat and rev gene products of hiv-2 ...	1993	8385908
in vitro antiviral activity of polyoxomolybdates. mechanism of inhibitory effect of pm-104 (nh4)12h2(eu4(moo4)(h2o)16(mo7o24)4).13h2o on human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	a screening for inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) among various types of isopolyoxomolybdates and heteropolyoxomolybdates was carried out by using an in vitro assay system measuring the cytopathogenicity of hiv-1 in cd4+ human mt-4 cells. a novel heteropolyoxomolybdate named pm-104 with the chemical formula (nh4)12h2(eu4(moo4)(h2o)16(mo7o24)4).13h2o was found to be associated with potent anti-hiv-1 activity. pm-104 interferes with virus infection at a very early step such ...	1993	8387260
lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope and host cell plasma membranes.	previous studies have indicated that human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is enclosed with a lipid envelope similar in composition to cell plasma membranes and to other viruses. further, the fluidity, as measured by spin resonance spectroscopy, is low and the viral envelope is among the most highly ordered membranes analyzed. however, the relationship between viral envelope lipids and those of the host cell is not known. here we demonstrate that the phospholipids within the envelopes of hiv-1rf an ...	1993	8389472
a poliovirus minireplicon containing an inactive 2a proteinase is expressed in vaccinia virus-infected cells.	it has been difficult to evaluate the role of individual viral proteins in poliovirus replication because a suitable complementation system has not yet been developed. to approach this problem, we constructed a chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-gag-poliovirus minireplicon in which regions of the gag gene of hiv-2 were inserted in the poliovirus genome between nucleotides 1174 and 2470. transfection of this chimeric rna into hela cells results in the replication of the minirepl ...	1993	8392603
rates of amino acid change in the envelope protein correlate with pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses.	a spectrum of pathogenicity has been observed for primate lentiviruses in their natural hosts. for example, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is a potent etiologic agent for aids in man, whereas there is no evidence to date which indicates that simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys (sivagm) causes immunodeficiency in agm. we measured the relative rates of amino acid change, as the ratio of the number of nonsynonymous to synonymous (silent) nucleotide substitutions, f ...	1993	8395604
rapid and simple screening and supplemental testing for hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections in west africa.	to evaluate a combination of rapid tests as a strategy for screening and supplemental testing of serum for hiv-1 and/or hiv-2 antibodies.	1993	8395857
large scale purification and refolding of hiv-1 protease from escherichia coli inclusion bodies.	the protease encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was engineered in escherichia coli as a construct in which the natural 99-residue polypeptide was preceded by an nh2-terminal methionine initiator. inclusion bodies harboring the recombinant hiv-1 protease were dissolved in 50% acetic acid and the solution was subjected to gel filtration on a column of sephadex g-75. the protein, eluted in the second of two peaks, migrated in sds-page as a single sharp band of m(r) approxima ...	1993	8397790
nonhuman primate models for aids.	historically, animal model systems have been important components of biomedical research, and the same is proving true for research directed at the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) pandemic. the most relevant and valuable models for studying infection by hiv-1 and hiv-2 and progression to aids involve infection of nonhuman primates with hiv-1, hiv-2, or some of the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). the siv macaque model has proven valuable in all aspects of aids-related r ...	1993	8399921
effect of dosing frequency on zdv prophylaxis in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.	the effect of dosing frequency on zidovudine (zdv) prophylaxis against simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection was examined in long-tailed macaque monkeys (macaca fascicularis). the results indicate that dosing frequency is extremely important for drug efficacy. the monkeys were divided into three groups based on dosing frequencies of 6-, 8-, or 12-h intervals. all were given a total daily dose of 100 mg/kg of zdv. the drug was administered subcutaneously starting 24 h before siv inoculati ...	1993	8410666
glycosylation is necessary for the correct folding of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 in cd4 binding.	conflicting results have been reported regarding the role of carbohydrate on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) envelope glycoprotein gp120 in cd4 receptor binding. glycosylated, deglycosylated, and nonglycosylated forms of hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 gp120s were used to examine cd4 receptor-binding activity. nonglycosylated forms of gp120 generated either by deletion of the signal sequence of hiv-1 gp120 or by synthesis in the presence of tunicamycin failed to bind to cd4. in contrast, highly ...	1993	8416385
seroepidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection in borno state of nigeria by sentinel surveillance.	a serosurvey for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was carried out in three well-separated population centers in borno state of nigeria in 1989-1990. the study subjects were 1,259 made up of sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic attenders, pregnant women, female prostitutes, and blood donors. sera were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmation was done by western blotting. the overall seroprevalence was 1.67% (21/1,259), with no significant differences from on ...	1993	8417183
distinguishing features of an infectious molecular clone of the highly divergent and noncytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 uc1 strain.	a full-length infectious molecular clone was derived from the noncytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 uc1 strain (hiv-2uc1) that was originally recoverd from an individual from the ivory coast. like the parental isolate, the molecularly cloned virus (hiv-2uc1mc or uc1 mc) demonstrates a reduced ability to induce syncytium formation, to kill cells, and to down-modulate the cell surface cd4 receptor in infected cells. phylogenetic analysis of the dna sequence of uc1mc revealed that it is ...	1993	8419635
tar rna binding properties and relative transactivation activities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 tat proteins.	using gel shift assays, we found that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat protein (tat-1) bound both hiv-1 and hiv-2 tar rnas with similar high affinities. in contrast, the hiv-2 tat protein (tat-2) bound only tar-2 rna with high affinity. we conclude that the weak in vivo activity of tat-2 on the hiv-1 long terminal repeat that has been observed previously is likely the result of low affinity for tar-1 rna. additionally, tar-2 rna was found to contain multiple specific binding s ...	1993	8419640
in vitro dimerization of hiv-2 leader rna in the absence of puggapua motifs.	retroviral particles contain a dimeric genome consisting of two full-length, noncovalently linked rna molecules. linkage of the two genomes is thought to be critical for a productive reverse transcription reaction and may increase genetic recombination rates. the molecular nature of the dimer linkage structure (dls) is poorly understood. it was recently shown that in vitro synthesized retroviral transcripts can dimerize in the absence of protein factors. we studied in vitro dimerization of human ...	1993	8422965
n-linked oligosaccharides of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins are dispensable for the interaction with the cd4 receptor.	in contrast to others groups, we have previously shown that n-linked glycans of hiv-1 and hiv-2 envelope glycoproteins do not play a major role in the gp-cd4 interaction. in order to clarify these inconsistencies, we investigated the role of n-glycans in the interaction of siv with the cd4 receptor. the inhibition of binding of radiolabeled siv envelope glycoprotein (gp140) to cd4+ cells by increasing concentrations of soluble cd4 shows that the interaction occurred with high affinity (k0.5 = 1. ...	1993	8427576
detection of hepatitis b virus in plasma using flow cytometric analyses of polymerase chain reaction-amplified dna incorporating digoxigenin-11-dutp.	blood donations are routinely screened by multiple serologic assays for antigens/antibodies associated with infection by blood-borne viruses, including hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2), and human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv-i and htlv-ii). a direct detection of these viruses would be more effective for the prevention of transfusion-transmitted infections than the indirect measurement of the variable host immune response to the ...	1993	8427989
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleic acids detected before p24 antigenemia in a blood donor.	a blood donation from a 46-year-old homosexual man was discarded because of elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. thirteen days later, the patient presented with symptomatic primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. virologic investigations were performed retrospectively on blood samples (including the donated blood) obtained before the symptoms. the hiv-1 genome was present, either integrated in mononuclear cell dna or circulating in plasma, 39 days before the appearanc ...	1993	8430457
antiviral agents: characteristic activity spectrum depending on the molecular target with which they interact.	the target protein (enzyme) with which antiviral agents interact determines their antiviral activity spectrum. based on their activity spectrum, antiviral compounds could be divided into the following classes: (1) sulfated polysaccharides (i.e., dextran sulfate), which interact with the viral envelope glycoproteins and are inhibitory to a broad variety of enveloped viruses (i.e., retro-, herpes-, rhabdo-, and arenaviruses): (2) sah hydrolase inhibitors (i.e., neplanocin a derivatives), which are ...	1993	8430518
epidemiology of hiv infection in st. petersburg, russia.	overall hiv-1 prevalence in st. petersburg (leningrad) is extremely low (0.002%). hiv-2 infection has not been detected. the possible mode of virus entry was through sexual contacts with infected foreigners, the earliest documented date being prior to 1982. among 25 seropositive males, 18 are homosexual and five are bisexual, suggesting that the virus is circulating within resident population of homo/bisexual males. the total incidence of new infections has not shown the type of dramatic increas ...	1993	8433286
intracellular transport and virion incorporation of vpx requires interaction with other virus type-specific components.	viral protein x (vpx) is a virion-associated hiv-2/siv accessory protein that enhances viral infectivity and replication in natural target cells. to investigate whether other viral components affect its biosynthesis, subcellular localization, and virion incorporation, we expressed hiv-2 vpx in a mammalian cell system and examined its transport and packaging requirements using an in trans complementation assay. the complete vpx coding region of hiv-2st was placed under the control of a high-effic ...	1993	8438567
autologous neutralizing antibodies prevail in hiv-2 but not in hiv-1 infection.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) has been reported to be less pathogenic than hiv-1. we have investigated the capacity of sera from nine hiv-2-infected individuals to neutralize their own autologous virus. all nine hiv-2-infected individuals neutralized autologous virus with titers ranging between 20 and 320. in contrast, we have previously reported that most hiv-1-infected individuals lack such antibodies. the difference between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection was statistically significant ...	1993	8438591
prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infections in nigeria.	the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 infections in nigeria was estimated from 3854 serum samples collected at 21 locations from 1985 to 1990. seventy-eight samples (2.0%) were reactive for hiv-1 and 49 (1.3%) for hiv-2 antibodies; 5 samples were reactive for both viruses. the prevalence of hiv-1 and -2 infections, respectively, was highest among 60 female prostitutes, with 10% and 6.7% positive. for other groups the respective rates of positivity were 4.1% and 3.4% ...	1993	8440941
transdominant inhibition of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type 2 replication by an envelope deletion mutant.	the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is primarily responsible for virus attachment and entry into the target cell population. we constructed an hiv-2 mutant virus containing an in-frame deletion within the putative cd4-binding sequences of the envelope glycoprotein and confirmed that the mutant envelope is unable to bind cd4 and that the mutant virus is noninfectious. to investigate whether this mutant could dominantly interfere with wild-type replication, we ...	1993	8445714
false-positive serologic tests for human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i among blood donors following influenza vaccination, 1992.	from october 31 through december 15, 1991, 10 blood donors to the american red cross blood services, badger region (arcbs), were found to have false-positive screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for antibodies to two or more of the following viruses: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), human t-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (htlv-i), and hepatitis c virus (hcv). an investigation by the division of health, wisconsin department of health and social services (wdoh), and t ...	1993	8446101
human endothelial cells isolated from the hepatic sinusoids and the umbilical vein display a different permissiveness for hiv1.	endothelial cells are now considered as potential targets for hiv infection, together with other non-lymphoid cells. we previously demonstrated that endothelial cells isolated from the human liver sinusoids (sec) are permissive for hiv1 in vitro (steffan et al., 1992), whereas human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec) do not allow replication of seven hiv1 and hiv2 strains under the same infection conditions (lafon et al., 1992). the aim of our work was to compare the permissiveness of sec ...	1993	8446785
antigenic and immunogenic sites of hiv-2 glycoproteins.	a new human retrovirus, hiv-2, serologically distinct from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), was first reported in 1985 and isolated in 1986 from 2 aids patients from guinea-bissau and cape verde islands. findings related to the characterization of hiv-2 antigenic and immunogenic sites that stimulate strain and type-cross-reactive immunity are illustrated; data from preliminary studies of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) are presented; and epidemiological and biological characteri ...	1993	8452654
evaluation of testing algorithms following the use of combination hiv-1/hiv-2 eia for screening purposes.	the licensure of combination human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1/hiv-2) enzyme immunoassays (eias) by the food and drug administration has been accompanied by a recommendation that u.s. blood banks begin testing the nation's blood supply for hiv-2 by june 1, 1992. the performance of a recently licensed combination hiv-1/hiv-2 eia (genetic systems) was evaluated using 3100 sera collected in the united states. a total of 2,049 sera were obtained from populations with low risk for ...	1993	8457381
effect of mutations in the v3 loop of hiv-1 gp120 on infectivity and susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage.	it has been suggested that the v3 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates has to interact with a cell-surface-associated or endosomal proteinase during virus entry into susceptible cells. to investigate this hypothesis, we examined the effect of several mutations in the v3 loop on its susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage by thrombin and cathepsin e and compared it with the effect of these mutations on viral infectivity. the data obtained indicate that, if an interaction ...	1993	8457383
identification of a region in the pr55gag-polyprotein essential for hiv-1 particle formation.	the pr55gag polyprotein of hiv-1 plays a critical role in the formation of immature virus particles in the cell and during the budding process. we investigated the influence of amino acid substitutions in the p24ca- region of the gag polyprotein on the viral assembly process. deletion of the amino acids 341-352 in the carboxy terminal part of the p24ca resulted in a loss of the capacity of the gag polyprotein to form virus-like particles when expressed in eucaryotic cells by recombinant vaccinia ...	1993	8460500
sentinel surveillance for hiv-2 infection in high-risk us populations.	we conducted sentinel surveillance in persons practicing behaviors known to transmit retroviruses to determine the us presence and extent of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2).	1993	8460726
secondary structure of the hiv-2 leader rna comprising the trna-primer binding site.	the initiation of reverse transcription of a retroviral rna genome occurs by a trna primer bound near the 5' end of the genomic rna at a position called the primer-binding site (pbs). to understand the molecular basis for this rna-rna interaction, the secondary structure of the leader rna of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rna was analyzed. in vitro synthesized hiv-2 rna was probed with various structure-specific enzymes and chemicals. a computer program was then used to predict ...	1993	8464701
[a multicenter study of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) in spain (1991). the spanish group for the study of hiv-2].	to january 1991 thirteen cases of hiv-2 infection had been reported in spain. paradoxically, neighboring countries, i.e. france and portugal, have reported more than one thousand cases, and are the most hiv-2 prevalent areas outside west africa. we report the results of a prospective, nationwide study on the prevalence of hiv-2 infection conducted in spain in 1991. in addition, an evaluation of testing methodologies is made.	1993	8469039
seroprevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection among children diagnosed with protein-calorie malnutrition in nigeria.	excessive weight loss due to protein calorie malnutrition (pcm) is a significant problem in nigerian children. this syndrome may be difficult to differentiate from the wasting disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. we studied 70 children admitted to the baptist medical center in ogbomosho, nigeria in 1990 with pcm for prevalence of antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2. the cohort was from low-risk mothers and had a median age of 25 months (range, 4 months-9 years) with ...	1993	8472780
a comparison of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seropositivity and hepatitis b surface antigenemia (hbs ag) among the same group of apparently healthy pregnant women in lagos, nigeria: a preliminary report.	two hundred and fifty apparently healthy pregnant women attending the obstetrics and gynecology clinic of the lagos university teaching hospital (luth), lagos, nigeria were screened for a comparison of the prevalence of hiv seropositivity and hepatitis b surface antigenemia (hbs ag) amongst them. the karpas aids cell test for hiv seropositivity and bioman hepatitis test kits were used as described by the manufacturers. hiv seropositive cases were confirmed using the western blot test. results re ...	1993	8476507
mapping of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoprotein cd4 binding region and fusion domain with truncated proteins expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is more closely related to certain simian immunodeficiency viruses than to hiv-1. the hiv-1 and hiv-2 envelope (env) glycoproteins share only approximately 40% amino acid (aa) sequence homology. additionally, hiv-1 and hiv-2 seem to differ in pathogenicity and in host range. in order to identify the functional domains of the hiv-2 env glycoprotein, e.g., the cd4 binding region, the membrane anchor, and the fusion site, and to compare them to equivalent ...	1993	8480426
mapping the determinants of human immunodeficiency virus 2 for infectivity, replication efficiency, and cytopathicity.	human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv-2) isy and the newly derived hiv-2kr are infectious molecular clones that yield viruses differing markedly in their abilities to infect and/or induce syncytia in various t- and monocytoid-cell lines. chimeric viruses were constructed from these two viral genomes to localize the genetic determinants of some of these properties. envelope sequences, particularly those spanning the cd4 binding site, appear to be critical for the ability of hiv-2kr to infect molt-4 ...	1993	8483938
clinical correlations in hiv-1 and hiv-2 infected patients.	in portugal, the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) seropositivity is higher than in other european countries or north america. recent literature data points out a possible difference on the pathogenic potential and on the natural history of hiv-1 and hiv-2, suggesting a lower virulence of hiv-2. facing these hypothesis and the increasing number of hiv-2 cases, we analysed two infected groups hiv-1 and hiv-2, trying to correlate the ophthalmologic lesions present in both p ...	1993	8485393
competitive eia for anti-hiv-2 detection in the gambia: use as a screening assay and to identify possible dual infections.	the performance of a competitive eia for the detection of hiv-2-specific antibody utilising a viral lysate antigen was assessed over a 3 year period in the gambia, west africa, and compared with a commercially available assay, elavia-2, using three panels of sera. an immunodominant region of the transmembrane glycoprotein of an hiv-2 isolate (ant 53) was also cloned and expressed in e. coli as a beta-galactosidase fusion protein and the resulting recombinant protein substituted in place of the e ...	1993	8487035
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-like illness associated with systemic mycoplasma fermentans infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative homosexual man.	a 35-year-old homosexual man developed a composite nodal kaposi's sarcoma and peripheral t-cell lymphoma that were associated with a peripheral blood cd4-positive lymphocyte count of only 43/mm3. the patient subsequently developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis and eventually died due to disseminated cryptococcus neoformans. numerous premortem tests for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 were negative by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, viral i ...	1993	8491493
[evaluation of various criteria for the interpretation of western blot for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. spanish group for the study of hiv-2].	the western blot (wb) is the most commonly used test to confirm the presence of antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). different criteria of interpretation of the band profile have been proposed with there being no unanimity as to its reliability. the sensitivity and specificity of several criteria proposed for the interpretation of wb were evaluated and the individual significance of the reactivity of each band of the wb was analyzed.	1993	8497143
homologous superinfection of both producer and nonproducer hiv-infected cells is blocked at a late retrotranscription step.	an hut-78 cell clone (f12) chronically infected by a nonproducer hiv-1 variant (federico et al., (1989) aids res. hum. retroviruses 5, 385-396) is fully resistant to superinfection with hiv-1 or hiv-2. we demonstrate that, in spite of the down-regulation of cd4 receptors, superinfecting-hiv-1 and -hiv-2 cross the f12 plasma membrane (even in the presence of okt4a monoclonal antibodies) but fail to complete retrotranscription. we utilized a series of polymerase chain reaction primers designed to ...	1993	8503167
antiviral effects of different cd4-immunoglobulin constructs against hiv-1 and siv: immunological characterization, pharmacokinetic data and in vivo experiments.	the cd4 cell surface antigen belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is the primary receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1). the high affinity interaction between hiv-1 and cd4 is mediated by the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. recombinant soluble cd4 (rscd4) has been shown in vitro to be an effective inhibitor of hiv-1 and hiv-2 propagation in lymphoid cells. a variety of antibody-like molecules were constructed, consisting of different parts of the extracellular domain ...	1993	8503781
recombination between human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv) type 1 and 2 results in generation of defective hybrid viruses.	dual infection by hiv-1 and hiv-2 is already documented. to test if this could lead to recombination and generation of altered viruses, recombination between hiv-1 and hiv-2 dnas was studied. release of recombinant viruses was detected following cotransfection of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells with truncated versions of these proviral dnas. linearization of plasmid dnas was required for virus production. analysis of viral particles by hybridization revealed the presence of viral rna. however viral ...	1993	8503921
[seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection (hiv) in mali on 3,496 sera].	our main objective has been geared toward the appreciation of the importance of the infection by human immunodeficiency virus in mali. our study was based on 3,496 sera deducted from march 1987 to january 1989. all positive sera at elisa have been confirmed by western blot. the total seroprevalence of the study is 8.41%. this fact has been noticed higher in prostitutes, young men, more in women than in men in widows and divorced couples, in traders, in travellers of high endemic countries. the s ...	1993	8504258
regulation of autoproteolysis of the hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteases with engineered amino acid substitutions.	autoproteolysis of the retroviral aspartyl proteases is a major obstacle to purification and analysis of these enzymes. a mutagenic approach to rendering autolytic cleavage sites less labile was applied to the primary cleavage site between leu5 and trp6 in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) protease. from predictions based on known substrates it was concluded that amino acids lys or ser in place of gln at position 7 would prevent cleavage at the leu5-trp6 peptide bond, therefore stabilizing ...	1993	8505318
[ancient serological traces of infections by the human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1 and hiv-2 in sub-saharan africa. a different geography].	despite of some heavy methodological limitations, the analysis of some serological data collected before 1985 allows to establish the selective regional distribution of the two infections. hiv-2 is prevalent in the west african sites which are studied and he has been observed since the sixties. the foci and the sporadic cases of the hiv-1 which are known are localized principally in the east-central africa. (research done under the sponsorship of the a.n.r.s. (paris)).	1993	8505886
[the pathogenicity of the human immunodeficiency virus hiv-2 as seen by epidemiologists].	the purpose of this study is an evaluation of hiv-2 pathogenicity through an epidemiological analysis, specially in africa. it is acknowledged that the incubation, or more specially the lapse of time between the infection and the aids disease, is longer with hiv-2 than with hiv-1. more over, a certain number of surveys done in africa show that the average age is higher with hiv-2 than with hiv-1; this is a regular sign of lower pathogenicity. it appears that the sexual transmission of the virus ...	1993	8505887
[infection by the human immunodeficiency virus in the republic of djibouti: literature review and regional data].	the first evidence of hiv infection in djibouti, east africa, was found in the spring of 1986; the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) was diagnosed in march 1988; and, as of the end of 1991, 104 cases of aids had been reported. hiv-1 infection was predominant. previously published results of four serosurveys carried out in october 87, june 1998, february 1990, and from january 1991 to april 1991 among high risk groups are presented and compared. the subjects included street ...	1993	8505889
cell surface proteins binding to recombinant soluble hiv-1 and hiv-2 transmembrane proteins.	to further characterize cell surface proteins binding to recombinant soluble (rs) forms of the transmembrane glycoproteins gp41 of hiv-1 (rsgp41) and gp36 of hiv-2 (rsgp36).	1993	8507415
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpu has a cd4- and an envelope glycoprotein-independent function.	vpu is a 16-kda membrane-associated phosphoprotein that is expressed from the same, singly spliced message as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein precursor, gp160. previous studies suggest that vpu functions in the late stages of viral replication, possibly in virus egression from the cell. recently, it has been demonstrated that vpu functions to allow gp160 to be more efficiently processed by disrupting cd4-gp160 complexes generated by transfection of hela cell ...	1993	8510220
vpx of simian immunodeficiency virus is localized primarily outside the virus core in mature virions.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and the related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) contain a unique regulatory gene, vpx. the vpx protein is packaged in mature virions and is required for efficient viral replication in peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. to study the localization of vpx in mature virions, conical and bar-shaped core structures of siv from macaques (sivmac) were purified. the sivmac core has a density of approximately 1.25 g/cm3, compared with 1.16 g/cm3 for an int ...	1993	8510227
antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides targeted to the vpr gene inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in primary human macrophages.	the replication of human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv) in human macrophages is influenced by genetic determinants which have been mapped predominantly to the viral envelope. however, in hiv-2, the vpr gene has also been suggested as an important modulator of viral expression in human macrophages. we synthesized five antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the vpr mrna of hiv-1ba-l, a highly macrophage-tropic viral strain, and measured their effect on hiv-1ba-l replicat ...	1993	8510229
differential regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer in monocytes at various stages of differentiation.	we have demonstrated that stimulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) enhancer in t cells is dependent upon at least four cis-acting elements, including two purine-rich binding sites, pub1 and pub2, which are capable of binding members of the ets family of proto-oncogenes, the pets (peri-ets) site, which lies just upstream of the pub2 site, and a single kappa b site (d. m. markovitz, m. smith, j. m. hilfinger, m. c. hannibal, b. petryniak, and g. j. nabel, j. virol. 66:5479-54 ...	1993	8510231
human immunodeficiency virus type 2 multiply spliced transcripts.	viral transcripts, particularly those of the regulatory genes (e.g., rev) in lymphocytic cells chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2, consist of two types, differing in the structure of the leader sequence derived from the 5' long terminal repeat (ltr). some transcripts undergo a specific splicing event within the 5' ltr, removing an intron consisting of a part of the r region whereas others do not. because this spliced-out r region is a part of the trans-activation respo ...	1993	8512748
the crystallographic structure of the protease from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 with two synthetic peptidic transition state analog inhibitors.	the crystal structure of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 protease has been determined in complexes with peptidic inhibitors noa-his-cha psi [ch(oh)ch(oh)]val-ile-amp (u75875) and qnc-asn-cha psi [ch(oh)ch2]val-npt(u92163) (where noa is naphthyloxyacetyl, cha is cyclohexylalanine, amp is 2-aminomethylpyridine, qnc is quinoline-2-carbonyl, and npt is neopentylamine), which have dihydroxyethylene and hydroxyethylene moieties, respectively, in place of the normal scissile bond of the natur ...	1993	8514751
interaction of c1 with hiv-1.	in contrast to animal retroviruses such as murine leukemia virus, hiv-1 is not lysed by human complement. nevertheless, hiv-1 activates complement via the classical pathway independently of antibody. evidence is provided for activation of the reconstituted c1 complex by the virus, resulting from direct interaction between c1q and the external part of the viral transmembrane envelope protein (sgp41). using c1q fragments and synthetic peptides covering the putative interaction regions in c1q and s ...	1993	8172563
viral safety of solvent-detergent treated blood products.	laboratory research commencing in 1982 led to licensing in the united states in 1985 of a solvent/detergent (sd)-treated anti-haemophilic factor (ahf) concentrate. licensing was based on (a) studies demonstrating the inactivation of several marker viruses [vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), sindbis virus, sendai virus], human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and non-a, non-b hepatitis virus [nanbhv; now known to be principally hepatitis c virus (hcv)] added to ahf just befor ...	1993	8174797
viral validation of the manufacturing process of high purity albumin from placentas.	we report on the viral validation of an industrial purification process which is used to manufacture high purity human albumin from frozen placentas. this process has been used without any modification since 1980 except for a progressive increase in production scale to reach a capacity of 19 tons of placentas per day. the extraction purification process includes five alcohol manufacturing steps, some with strict conditions of alcohol concentration, acid ph, temperature and one including chlorofo ...	1993	8174808
epidemiology and transmission of hiv-2. why there is no hiv-2 pandemic.	although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 share modes of transmission, their epidemiologic characteristics differ and international spread of hiv-2 has been very limited. recently, the prevalence of infection with hiv-1 but not hiv-2 has increased rapidly in different west african countries, where hiv-2 was probably present earlier. among 19,701 women of reproductive age tested in abidjan, ivory coast, between 1988 and 1992, the prevalence of hiv-1 infection increased from 5 ...	1993	8147962
in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) activity of xm323, a novel hiv protease inhibitor.	xm323 represents a novel class of potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease. in vitro studies have shown that inhibition of this enzyme translates into potent inhibition of replication of hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2. the inhibition of virus replication was assessed with three assays designed to measure the production of infectious virus, viral rna, or p24 antigen. the production of mature infectious virions was measured with a yield reduction assay. by this assay, several ...	1993	8109924
[epidemiologic distribution of hiv2 human immunodeficiency virus infection in sub-saharan africa].	this text presents the results of an analysis of the distribution and evolution of the hiv2 infection in africa south of sahara. the serological data collected in selected groups of the population suggest that the virus is very rare in the east and the south of the continent, except in mozambic where it is found everywhere, but on a low level. the infection is also rarely depisted in west-central africa; however an epidemic could affect the north of angola. hiv2 is probably an old host of some w ...	1993	8139440
purification of an escherichia coli-expressed nef protein from the human immunodeficiency virus-type 2.	the entire nef gene sequence of hiv-2, nih-z strain, has been cloned into the pjl6 expression vector and used for the synthesis of a 23-kda protein in e. coli. the expressed protein is a fusion between the n-terminal 13 amino acids of the cii gene, 8 amino acids resulting from the ligation procedure, and the 180 amino acids that comprise the hiv-2 nef sequence from the nih-z strain. the bacterially expressed nef protein has been purified to apparent homogeneity on analytical scale (10-20 microgr ...	1993	8142139
the absence of antibodies to malaria and human immunodeficiency virus, and the presence of hepatitis b surface antigen as diagnostic markers of rheumatoid arthritis.	rheumatoid factor is of limited value in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (ra) in west africa. consequent upon previous findings, we have studied the role of the absence of antibodies to malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as well as the presence of the hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) as diagnostic markers of rheumatoid arthritis in west africa. we have found a significant association (p < 0.001) between ra and titre of hbsag, but only between ra and malaria (p < 0.05) when s ...	1993	8124906
[the isolation and characteristics of the green monkey lentivirus].	we characterized the simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from cercopithecus aethiops (subspecies c. a. pygerythrus) originating from kenya. siv was isolated and continuously produced with the molt4 clone 8 cell line and was designated as siv-su1. siv-su1 isolate replicated with high efficiency in molt4 clone 8, mt-2 with moderate efficiency in cem x 174 and with poor efficiency in hut-78, u937, c8166. the infection of mt-2, c8166 and hut-78 resulted in extensive cell killing. western blotting ...	1993	8059527
[serologic activity against retrovirus in patients with sjögren syndrome].	the primary sjögren's syndrome (ss) is a systemic disease which destroys the exocrine glands by autoimmune mechanisms. the etiology of this syndrome is unknown although different virus are involved in its genesis.	1993	8095086
different requirements for membrane fusion mediated by the envelopes of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2.	cd4+ cells derived from the human cell lines u87mg and scl1 cannot be infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) or fuse with cells expressing the hiv-1 envelope. this block was complemented in heterokaryons with hela cells and probably reflects the absence of cellular factors necessary for membrane fusion. since u87mg cells expressing cd4 are permissive to hiv-2, distinct cellular factors could be required for fusion mediated by two related human retroviruses.	1993	8095307
immunological responses of gambians in relation to clinical stage of hiv-2 disease.	this study describes a broad spectrum of cellular and antibody-mediated immune responses found in 28 asymptomatic and 37 symptomatic gambian patients with hiv-2 infection. it shows that these responses vary according to the stage of infection as described by three clinical staging systems. the first system was a local one based on the signs used for the who bangui clinical definition of aids, the second, suggested by who, was based on a performance scale, and the third was that used by the centr ...	1993	8100747
acute infection of macaca nemestrina by human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	the pigtail macaque (macaca nemestrina) has a marked sensitivity to infection by simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). on this basis, we previously studied this species' susceptibility to hiv-1 and demonstrated infection in six macaques inoculated with either cell-associated hiv-1 or cell-free virus alone. this report expands upon our initial in vitro and in vivo findings. five laboratory-adapted and one primary clinical strain of hiv-1 replicated in vitr ...	1993	8101673
membrane expression of hiv envelope glycoproteins triggers apoptosis in cd4 cells.	the cytopathic effect of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in cd4+ lymphocytes has been shown to be associated with apoptosis or programmed cell death. using different experimental conditions, we demonstrate here that apoptosis is triggered by cell membrane expression of the mature hiv envelope glycoproteins, gp120-gp41 complex, and their interaction with cd4 receptor molecules. viral entry alone did not induce apoptosis but virus replication was required in order to produce the gp120-gp41 complex. indeed, expres ...	1993	8105835
synthesis and virucidal activity of a water-soluble, configurationally stable, derivatized c60 fullerene.	the bis(monosuccinimide) derivative of p,p'-bis(2-aminoethyl)diphenyl-c60 (compound 1), prepared by the fulleroid route, is active against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 (50% effective concentration [ec50] averaging approximately 6 microm) in acutely or chronically infected human lymphocytes and is active in vitro against 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine-resistant hiv-1 (ec50, approximately 3 microm). the virucidal properties of compound 1 were confirmed by virus inactivation as ...	1993	8215289
characterization of dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 serological profiles by polymerase chain reaction.	to evaluate the frequency of dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 dna sequences in patients with dual serological profiles.	1993	8216974
staff distress among haemophilia nurses.	to investigate the severity, sources, and means used to cope with the distress experienced by haemophilia nurses as a result of the widespread infection with human immunodeficiency virus among haemophiliacs, we collected anonymous questionnaire data from all nurses in the haemophilia nursing network directory, compiled by the national haemophilia foundation in june, 1990. questionnaires were returned by 136 of the 181 (75%) nurses in the sample. over 50% of the sample gave distress responses to ...	1993	8218470
cytosolic domain of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins binds to calmodulin and inhibits calmodulin-regulated proteins.	calmodulin (cam), the major intracellular receptor for calcium, is involved in regulation of diverse cellular functions. positively charged amphipathic helical segments have been identified as an important structural motif in the recognition of cam by different cam-activated enzymes and peptides. the carboxyl-terminal domain of the envelope glycoproteins of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv) contain regions that can fold into amphipathic helical segments, which clo ...	1993	8226798
a novel, sensitive radioimmunoprecipitation assay for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus-type 2.	a radioimmunoprecipitation assay that provides an alternative to the western blot assay was developed for characterizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2). the assay is based on radioiodination of antigen using bolton-hunter reagent. the antigen consists of a soluble preparation of the nih-z (hiv-2) strain of 1000x purified virus spiked with purified recombinant hiv-2 gp105. radiolabeled proteins were immunoprecipitated by immune human sera, even at the early stages ...	1993	8227273
fusogenicity of mutant and chimeric proviruses derived from molecular clones of cytopathic and noncytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 2.	analysis of the phenotype of the molecular clones of cytopathic and fusogenic, noncytopathic and nonfusogenic, and chimeric proviruses of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) suggests that the major determinant of the attenuated fusogenicity and cytopathicity of hiv-2 was located in the 3'-half of the genome, with envelope playing the more dominant role. however, no single linear domain within the envelope, including the major cd4 binding domain and fusogenic domain, was sufficient by its ...	1993	8229655
molecular and biological characteristics of a novel hiv-2 isolate, hiv-2hom.	in 1991 a new hiv-2 isolate (hiv-2hom) was isolated first from a german individual most likely infected in west africa in the beginning of the 1970s. the virus was isolated from both, the plasma and the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the patient by using okt-3-stimulated cord blood lymphocytes. the recovered viruses could be further propagated on jurkat cells and exhibited a broad cell tropism. biochemical and antigenic properties of hiv-2hom were examined by radioimmunoprecipitations. for a mo ...	1993	8237111
structure of the protease from simian immunodeficiency virus: complex with an irreversible nonpeptide inhibitor.	a variant of the simian immunodeficiency virus protease (siv pr), covalently bound to the inhibitor 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (epnp), was crystallized. the structure of the inhibited complex was determined by x-ray crystallography to a resolution of 2.4 a and refined to an r factor of 19%. the variant, siv pr s4h, was shown to diminish the rate of autolysis by at least 4-fold without affecting enzymatic parameters. the overall root mean square (rms) deviation of the alpha-carbons from ...	1993	8241141
preparation and anti-hiv activity of o-acylated heparin and dermatan sulfate derivatives with low anticoagulant effect.	in order to increase the ratio of anti-hiv activity to anticoagulant activity, glycosaminoglycan derivatives selectively substituted at oh and/or cooh groups were prepared. standard heparin, heparin fragments, or dermatan sulfate were converted to their tributylammonium or tetrabutylammonium salts. their selective o-acylation to various (controlled) degrees was carried out in a homogeneous way in n,n-dimethylformamide using carboxylic acid anhydrides and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine as catalyst. es ...	1993	8246223
specific interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus tat proteins with a cellular protein kinase.	the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) tat proteins are related transcriptional activators whose effects are likely to be mediated by a cellular factor. using an in vitro kinase assay, we have shown that the tat protein of hiv-2 and the activation domain of the tat protein of hiv-1 specifically bind to a cellular protein kinase. mutations in tat that abolish transactivation activity in vivo abrogate the ability of the mutants to bind to the kinase in vitro. this is the ...	1993	8249283
demographic characteristics of retroviral infections (hiv-1, hiv-2, and htlv-i) among female professional sex workers in lagos, nigeria.	in 1990/1991, 885 prostitutes residing in 11 of the 12 local government areas (lgas) of lagos state, nigeria, participated in a cross-sectional study to determine current seroprevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), and human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i). the overall prevalence of hiv-1 was 12.3%, of hiv-2, 2.1%, and of htlv-i, 2.8%. hiv-1 seropositivity did not vary significantly by age, socioeconomic class, or nationality, but hiv ...	1993	8254475
cgp 53437, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease with potent antiviral activity.	cgp 53437 is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease containing a hydroxyethylene isostere. the compound inhibited recombinant hiv-1 protease with a ki of 0.2 nm. the inhibition constant versus human cathepsin d and human cathepsin e was 4 nm. human pepsin and gastricsin were inhibited with kis of 8 and 500 nm, respectively, and human renin was inhibited with a ki of 190 microm. the replication of hiv-1/lav, hiv-1/z-84, and hiv-1/plai was inhibited with ...	1993	8257128
human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) trans-activator (tat): functional domains and the search for trans-dominant negative mutants.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) trans-activator (tat) is an important trans-regulator of viral gene expression. it differs from the related hiv-1 tat in certain aspects of its structure and function. hiv-2 tat is composed of 130 amino acids versus 86 amino acids for hiv-1 tat. apart from certain conserved regions, there is little homology between the two tats. they also differ in their ability to trans-activate hiv-2 and hiv-1 long terminal repeat (ltr)-directed gene expression. as a ...	1993	8257633
molecular cloning, expression, and biological characterization of an htlv-ii envelope glycoprotein: hiv-1 expression is permissive for htlv-ii-induced cell fusion.	the human t cell leukemia virus ii (htlv-ii) is a type c retrovirus closely related to the human transforming retrovirus htlv-i. in contrast to htlv-i, the role of htlv-ii in human disease is controversial. however, htlv-ii infection has been documented in several cases of a clinically benign hairy cell leukemia and has also been suggested as a cofactor for hiv-1 disease progression. we report that an htlv-ii isolate (designated flw) derived from a serum-positive white male can induce cell fusio ...	1993	8257634
[phylogenetically old hiv-1 from cameroon discovered. hiv-2 related virus isolate].		1993	8258419
complement activation upon binding of mannan-binding protein to hiv envelope glycoproteins.	retroviruses can activate the complement system in the absence of antibodies, and the purpose of this study was to examine whether the serum collection, mannan-binding protein (mbp), could mediate such complement activation.	1993	8267903
aids-associated kaposi's sarcoma in an indian female.	we report the first case of aids-associated kaposi's sarcoma in a 35 year old indian female, a commercial sex worker, with lesions involving skin and mucous membranes. diagnosis was confirmed on histopathology, electron microscopy, seropositivity, (elisa and western blot) as well as pepti-lav test and viral culture. antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, both hiv-1 & 2, were present. hla dr5,7 was positive on oligotyping. genetic predisposition, therefore, may be suspected.	1993	8270582
science challenging hiv infection.	the first accepted report of a novel human, slow virus disease belonging to "lentivirus" known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome can be traced to reports of june 1981. hiv-1 and hiv-2 were later found over the period 1984-86 to be unequivocally associated with aids. they are two serologically distinct viruses belonging to the same family with the unique properties of integration and latency in the host cell genome and the presence of reverse transcriptase. typical of all retroviruses, the ...	1993	8276485
human retroviruses in amerindians of colombia: high prevalence of human t cell lymphotropic virus type ii infection among the tunebo indians.	the coexistence of infection with human t lymphotropic virus types i and ii (htlv-i and htlv-ii) has been demonstrated recently among the wayuu indians from the guajira region of colombia. to ascertain if other indian groups in colombia are similarly infected, we tested 1,250 sera, collected between 1990 and 1992 from 18 culturally distinct amerindian tribes living in widely separated regions, for igg antibodies against htlv-i/ii using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot. ...	1993	8279632
inhibition of hiv infection by flavanoids.	of a variety of flavanoids, the flavans were generally more effective than flavones and flavanones in selective inhibition of hiv-1, hiv-2 or siv infection. studies of their effects on the binding of scd4 and antibody to gp120 indicated that the effective compounds interact irreversibly with gp120 to inactive virus infectivity and block infection.	1993	8279812