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susceptibility of domestic dogs and cats to australian bat lyssavirus (ablv).the susceptibility of cats and dogs to australian bat lyssavirus (ablv; genotype vii) was investigated by intramuscular (im) inoculation of 10(3.7)-10(5) 50% tissue culture infective doses (tcid(50)) of virus followed by observation of experimental animals for up to 3 months post-inoculation (pi). each experiment also included positive and negative controls, animals inoculated with a bat variant of rabies virus (eptesicus i, genotype i), or a 10% suspension of uninfected mouse brain, respectivel ...200717449202
emerging epidemic dog rabies in coastal south africa: a molecular epidemiological analysis.towards understanding the molecular epidemiology of a severe dog rabies epidemic in the kwazulu natal province of south africa, we analyzed a variable 592 nucleotide genome sequence domain of 170 rabies viruses from kwazulu natal and surrounding regions. viruses from the kwazulu natal and eastern cape provinces belonged to a unique lineage, circulating as two independent and expanding epidemiological cycles. the first presented as closely related dog cycles along the eastern coastal regions of t ...200717451828
dominance of a nonpathogenic glycoprotein gene over a pathogenic glycoprotein gene in rabies virus.the nonpathogenic phenotype of the live rabies virus (rv) vaccine spbngan is determined by an arg-->glu exchange at position 333 in the glycoprotein, designated gan. we recently showed that after several passages of spbngan in mice, an asn-->lys mutation arose at position 194 of gan, resulting in gak, which was associated with a reversion to the pathogenic phenotype. because an rv vaccine candidate containing two gan genes (spbngan-gan) exhibits increased immunogenicity in vivo compared to the s ...200717459937
risk of rabies infection and adverse effects of postexposure prophylaxis in healthcare workers and other patient contacts exposed to a rabies virus-infected lung transplant recipient.rabies virus was inadvertently transmitted to a lung transplant recipient through donor lungs. the patient was given ventilatory assistance and cared for postoperatively for 6 weeks before a diagnosis of rabies virus infection was made. postexposure prophylaxis (pep) was offered to potentially exposed healthcare workers (hcws).200717464908
a high-resolution genetic signature of demographic and spatial expansion in epizootic rabies virus.emerging pathogens potentially undergo rapid evolution while expanding in population size and geographic range during the course of invasion, yet it is generally difficult to demonstrate how these processes interact. our analysis of a 30-yr data set covering a large-scale rabies virus outbreak among north american raccoons reveals the long lasting effect of the initial infection wave in determining how viral populations are genetically structured in space. we further find that coalescent-based e ...200717470818
a cure for a rabies? 200717479635
[expression of human anti-rabies scds-fv fusion protein in e.coli].to express the anti-rabies mbp-scdsfv fusion protein in e.coli and identify it's activity assay.200717488607
[lyssaviruses related to rabies virus]. 200717491383
rabies in bats from alabama.data on rabies virus infection in bats that were submitted to the alabama department of public health from 1995-2005 were analyzed. demographic factors, such as species and sex, and temporal aspects, such as yearly and monthly trends, were investigated. thirteen species of bats were submitted, and of those, individuals from seven species were rabid; prevalence was highest in lasiurus borealis and pipistrellus subflavus and lowest in eptesicus fuscus and nycticeius humeralis. there was no differe ...200717495316
rabies in vaccinated raccoons from ontario, canada.from 1999 to 2006, 132 cases of raccoon rabies, caused by the raccoon variant of rabies virus, were confirmed in eastern ontario, canada. trap-vaccinate-release (tvr) and point infection control (pic) programs were implemented to control the disease; 43,014 raccoons (procyon lotor) were vaccinated against rabies by injection (imrab3) during that period. two vaccinated raccoons were diagnosed with rabies at 6 mo and at 2 wk postvaccination. one may have been due to a vaccination failure. the othe ...200717495317
proteomic profiling reveals that rabies virus infection results in differential expression of host proteins involved in ion homeostasis and synaptic physiology in the central nervous system.to understand how rabies virus (rv) infection results in neuronal dysfunction, the authors employed proteomics technology to profile host responses to rv infection. in mice infected with wild-type (wt) rv, the expression of proteins involved in ion homeostasis was altered. h(+) atpase and na(+)/k(+) atpase were up-regulated whereas ca(2+) atpase was down-regulated, which resulted in reduction of the intracellular na(+) and ca(2+) concentrations. furthermore, infection with wt rv resulted in down ...200717505979
lethal silver-haired bat rabies virus infection can be prevented by opening the blood-brain barrier.silver-haired bat rabies virus (shbrv) infection induces a strong virus-specific immune response in the periphery of the host, but death is common due to the failure to open the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system (cns) tissues. mice with an sjl background are less susceptible to lethal infection with rabies viruses. in addition, these animals are known to have reduced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis activity and an elevated capacity to medi ...200717507463
a peroxynitrite-dependent pathway is responsible for blood-brain barrier permeability changes during a central nervous system inflammatory response: tnf-alpha is neither necessary nor sufficient.elevated blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability is associated with both the protective and pathological invasion of immune and inflammatory cells into cns tissues. although a variety of processes have been implicated in the changes at the bbb that result in the loss of integrity, there has been no consensus as to their induction. tnf-alpha has often been proposed to be responsible for increased bbb permeability but there is accumulating evidence that peroxynitrite (onoo(-))-dependent radicals ma ...200717513784
[rabies virus in naturally infected bats in the state of são paulo, southeastern brazil].to identify the species of bats involved in maintaining the rabies cycle; to investigate the distribution of the rabies virus in the tissues and organs of bats and the time taken for mortality among inoculated mice.200717515992
[anti-rabies immunoglobulin preparation based on f(ab')2 fragments].technology of manufacturing of new anti-rabies immunoglobulin preparation based on f(ab')2 fragments has been developed. this preparation is characterized by low reactogenicity, increased virus-neutralizing activity and stability.200717523436
molecular epidemiology of rabies in bat-eared foxes (otocyon megalotis) in south africa.a panel of 124 rabies viruses from wildlife host species (principally the bat-eared fox, otocyon megalotis) and domestic carnivore species were collected between 1980 and 2005 from a region of south africa associated with endemic bat-eared fox rabies. we have studied the molecular epidemiology of bat-eared fox rabies by virtue of nucleotide sequence analyses of pcr amplicons specific to the variable g-l intergenic region as well as the conserved nucleoprotein gene of each of the rabies viruses i ...200717537536
real-time pcr analysis of dog cerebrospinal fluid and saliva samples for ante-mortem diagnosis of rabies.the use of a 10-day observation to determine whether a dog is rabid is standard practice. this study was conducted in order to look for evidence of rabies vius in saliva and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of suspected live rabid dogs at the time of quarantine by using a sybr green real-time rt-pcr based assay for the detection of rabies virus rna. saliva and csf of dogs were collected once on the day of admission for the 10-day quarantine. all test dogs were or became ill and died of rabies within th ...200717539246
genetic heterogeneity of russian, estonian and finnish field rabies viruses.thirty-five field rabies virus strains were collected in recent years in different regions of the russian federation in order to characterize their genetic heterogeneity and to study their molecular epidemiology. in addition to the russian viruses, seven archive samples from estonia and finland and two russian vaccine strains were also included in the study. the viruses collected were subjected to two different reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction tests, the amplicons were sequenced a ...200717558542
a human monoclonal antibody cocktail as a novel component of rabies postexposure prophylaxis.the currently recommended treatment for individuals exposed to rabies virus is the combined administration of rabies vaccine and rabies immune globulin (rig). this review sets out the criteria used to guide development of a cocktail of human monoclonal antibodies as a replacement for rig. using this process as a model, the general requirements for development of safe and efficacious monoclonal antibody alternatives to currently used polyclonal serum products are discussed.200716886905
involvement of nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and matrix protein genes of rabies virus in virulence for adult mice.rabies virus ni-ce strain causes nonlethal infection in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation, whereas the parental nishigahara strain kills mice. in this study, to identify viral gene(s) related to the difference in pathogenicity between ni-ce and nishigahara strains, we generated chimeric viruses with respective genes of the virulent nishigahara strain in the background of the avirulent ni-ce genome. since chimeric viruses, which had the n, p, or m genes of the nishigahara strain, respect ...200717010466
failure to open the blood-brain barrier and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system tissues leads to the lethal outcome of silver-haired bat rabies virus infection.rabies is a lethal disease caused by neurotropic viruses that are endemic in nature. when exposure to a potentially rabid animal is recognized, prompt administration of virus-neutralizing antibodies, together with active immunization, can prevent development of the disease. however, once the nonspecific clinical symptoms of rabies appear conventional postexposure treatment is unsuccessful. over the last decade, rabies viruses associated with the silver-haired bat (shbrv) have emerged as the lead ...200717108029
isolation and crystallization of a unique size category of recombinant rabies virus nucleoprotein-rna rings.in order to study the packaging of rabies virus rna inside the viral nucleocapsid, rabies nucleoprotein was expressed in insect cells. in the cells, it binds to cellular rna to form long, helical or short circular complexes, depending on the length of the bound rna. the circular complexes contained from 9 up to 13 n-protomers per ring. separation of the rings into defined size classes was impossible through regular column chromatographies or gradient centrifugation. the size classes could be sep ...200717126031
a molecular epidemiological study targeting the glycoprotein gene of rabies virus isolates from china.a group of 31 rabies viruses (rabvs), recovered primarily from dogs, one deer and one human case, were collected from various areas in china between 1989 and 2006. complete g gene sequences determined for these isolates indicated identities of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of >or=87% and 93.8%, respectively. phylogenetic analysis of these and some additional chinese isolates clearly supported the placement of all chinese viruses in lyssavirus genotype 1 and divided all chinese isolates bet ...200717129631
evidence for trans-border movement of rabies by wildlife reservoirs between countries in the balkan peninsular.rabies remains endemic in a number of reservoir species throughout southeast europe. to investigate the relationship between rabies viruses within this region we have compared rabies virus nucleoprotein sequence data from a diverse panel of rabies samples from bulgaria with available data from countries in the balkan peninsula. this analysis provides a first description of rabies isolates in bulgaria and suggests that there is evidence for wildlife-mediated movement of rabies with countries to t ...200717129686
use of filter paper (fta) technology for sampling, recovery and molecular characterisation of rabies viruses.this study evaluates the feasibility of the use of the fta gene guard system (a commercial product consisting of filter paper impregnated with patented chemicals supplied by the whatman company) for the shipment, storage and detection of rna rabies viruses by a simplified hemi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. hnrt-pcr of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene with specific primers showed that viral rna extracted from crude infected tissues remained stable after fixation on th ...200717157394
a quantitative indirect elisa to monitor the effectiveness of rabies vaccination in domestic and wild carnivores.this paper reports a new elisa to measure the level of rabies anti-glycoprotein g antibodies after vaccination. the platelia rabies ii kit was evaluated on different populations of dogs, cats and foxes. for each target species, sera from naive, unvaccinated and vaccinated animals were tested. platelia rabies ii results were compared to the reference fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation test (for dogs and cats) and to a published in house elisa test (for foxes). the platelia rabies ii test w ...200717166510
retrograde neuronal tracing with a deletion-mutant rabies virus.we have constructed a deletion-mutant rabies virus encoding egfp and find it to be an excellent tool for studying detailed morphology and physiology of neurons projecting to injection sites within the mammalian brain. the virus cannot spread beyond initially infected cells yet, unlike other viral vectors, replicates its core within them. the cells therefore fluoresce intensely, revealing fine dendritic and axonal structure with no background from partially or faintly labeled cells.200717179932
integrative models of bat rabies immunology, epizootiology and disease demography.bats are natural reservoirs of rabies. we address the maintenance of the disease in bat colonies by developing individual and population models that generate indicators of risk of rabies to bats, that provide dynamic estimates of effects of rabies on population densities, and that suggest consequences of viral exposures and infections in bats relative to physiological and ecological characteristics of bats in different habitats. we present individual models (within host) for the immune responses ...200717184793
prevalence of rabies virus infection and rabies antibody in stray dogs: a survey in bangkok, thailand.to investigate the rabies antigen and antibody prevalences among stray dogs in bangkok, thailand, we took both a saliva and serum sample from each of 3314 stray dogs captured once each between december 2003 and june 2004. one 2-year-old female was antigen positive in the latex-agglutination test and confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the overall antibody seroprevalence from the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that we used was 62% (95% ci: 54, 70%). antibody seropreva ...200717141896
response of feral cats to vaccination at the time of neutering.to determine whether administration of inactivated virus or modified-live virus (mlv) vaccines to feral cats at the time of neutering induces protective serum antiviral antibody titers.200717199493
role of gpi-anchored ncam-120 in rabies virus infection.although the neural cell adhesion molecule (ncam) -140 and -180 have been shown to serve as a receptor for rabies virus (rv), it was not known whether the other major isoform of ncam, gpi-anchored ncam-120 functions as rv receptor. in this study, we have established hep-2 cells stably expressing ncam-120 or ncam-140, and their susceptibilities to rv infection were compared. the results demonstrated that ncam-120 served as virus attachment protein; however, the cells expressing ncam-120 did not s ...200717208489
multicenter comparative study of a new elisa, platelia rabies ii, for the detection and titration of anti-rabies glycoprotein antibodies and comparison with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) on human samples from vaccinated and non-vaccinated people.the envelope glycoprotein g of rabies virus induces the production of neutralising antibodies, which are important in protection against rabies. therefore, titration of anti-envelope glycoprotein antibodies is a good indicator of the degree of immunity in people during anti-rabies treatment or after vaccination. according to the world health organization (who) guidelines, a booster vaccine dose should be given if the rabies antibody titre falls below 0.5 iu/ml. titration of anti-rabies antibodie ...200717224214
the safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine sag2 in indian stray dogs.india is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of human rabies throughout the world. dogs are primarily responsible for rabies transmission. among them, stray dogs play a major role in that country. parenteral vaccination programmes are insufficient to eliminate rabies partly due to difficulties in establishing satisfactory immunisation coverage in the dog population in view of the high proportion of stray dogs. oral vaccination may be a useful adjunct to parenteral vaccination by inc ...200717224221
rabies virus glycoprotein expression in drosophila s2 cells. i. functional recombinant protein in stable co-transfected cell line.recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rrvgp) was expressed in drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells. the cdna encoding the entire rvgp gene was cloned in an expression plasmid under the control of the constitutive actin promoter (ac), which was co-transfected into s2 cells together with a hygromycin selection plasmid. selected s2 cell populations (s2acrvgp) had a decreased ability to grow and consume substrates, when compared to the non-transfected cells (s2). they were shown, by pcr, ...200717225257
identification and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody that potently neutralizes a broad panel of rabies virus isolates.rabies is a zoonosis that results in millions of human exposures worldwide each year. human monoclonal antibodies (humabs) that neutralize rabies virus may represent one viable strategy for post-exposure prophylaxis in humans, and have many advantages over current human or equine rabies immune globulin. transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin genes were used to isolate human monoclonal antibodies that neutralized rabies virus. several humabs were identified that neutralized rabies virus va ...200717240489
duration of immunity: an anamnestic response 14 years after rabies vaccination with purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine. 200717241256
detection of rabies virus genes by in-situ polymerase chain reaction.rabies is diagnosed by fat in the impression smears of brain tissues. in this study, an attempt was made to diagnose rabies using in situ polymerase chain reaction (ispcr). a digoxigenin-labelled double-stranded probe specific for a portion of the 'n' gene of rabies virus was used. positive signals were identified as blue dots in the intraneuronal and neuropil areas.200717260182
gene transfer in human skin with different pseudotyped hiv-based vectors.pseudotyping lentiviral vector with other viral surface proteins could be applied for treating genetic anomalies in human skin. in this study, the modification of hiv vector tropism by pseudotyping with the envelope glycoprotein from vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), the zaire ebola (eboz) virus, murine leukemia virus (mulv), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv), rabies or the rabies-related mokola virus encoding lacz as a reporter gene was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in huma ...200717268532
a simple sandwich elisa (welyssa) for the detection of lyssavirus nucleocapsid in rabies suspected specimens using mouse monoclonal antibodies.monoclonal antibody (mab)-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were developed for the diagnosis of rabies-suspect specimens. a combination of four mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against the rabies virus nucleocapsid was selected and used for the detection. the test was optimized and standardized so that maximum concordance could be maintained with the standard procedures of rabies diagnosis recommended by the who expert committee. using prototype viruses from the differ ...200717276082
the nucleocytoplasmic rabies virus p protein counteracts interferon signaling by inhibiting both nuclear accumulation and dna binding of stat1.rabies virus p protein inhibits alpha interferon (ifn-alpha)- and ifn-gamma-stimulated jak-stat signaling by retaining phosphorylated stat1 in the cytoplasm. here, we show that p also blocks an intranuclear step that is the stat1 binding to the dna promoter of ifn-responsive genes. as p is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, we first investigated the effect of the cellular distribution of p on the localization of stat1 and consequently on ifn signaling. we show that the localization of stat1 ...200717287281
rabies virus matrix protein interplay with eif3, new insights into rabies virus pathogenesis.viral proteins are frequently multifunctional to accommodate the high density of information encoded in viral genomes. matrix (m) protein of negative-stranded rna viruses such as rhabdoviridae is one such example. its primary function is virus assembly/budding but it is also involved in the switch from viral transcription to replication and the concomitant down regulation of host gene expression. in this study we undertook a search for potential rabies virus (rv) m protein's cellular partners. i ...200717287294
a microcarrier cell culture process for propagating rabies virus in vero cells grown in a stirred bioreactor under fully animal component free conditions.rabies virus strain production in vero cells grown on cytodex 1 in a 2 l stirred tank bioreactor and in a medium free of components of human or animal origin (vp-sfm) is described. cell banking procedure in vp-sfm supplemented with an animal components free mixture (10%dmso+0.1%methylcellulose) was reported and cell growth after revitalization was assessed. vero cells exhibited growth performances (specific growth rate and cell division number) similar to that obtained in serum containing medium ...200717307281
monosynaptic restriction of transsynaptic tracing from single, genetically targeted neurons.there has never been a wholesale way of identifying neurons that are monosynaptically connected either to some other cell group or, especially, to a single cell. the best available tools, transsynaptic tracers, are unable to distinguish weak direct connections from strong indirect ones. furthermore, no tracer has proven potent enough to label any connected neurons whatsoever when starting from a single cell. here we present a transsynaptic tracer that crosses only one synaptic step, unambiguousl ...200717329205
highly attenuated rabies virus-based vaccine vectors expressing simian-human immunodeficiency virus89.6p env and simian immunodeficiency virusmac239 gag are safe in rhesus macaques and protect from an aids-like disease.we analyzed the safety and immunogenicity of attenuated rabies virus vectors expressing simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shiv)-1(89.6p) env or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)(mac239) gag in rhesus macaques. four test macaques were immunized with both vaccine constructs, and 2 control macaques received an empty rabies vector. seroconversion against rabies virus glycoprotein (g) and shiv(89.6p) env was detected after the initial immunization, but no cellular responses against shiv antigens ...200717330788
rabies in an israeli zoological garden. 200717337608
epidemiology and molecular virus characterization of reemerging rabies, south africa.the incidence of dog rabies in limpopo province, south africa, increased from 5 cases in 2004 to 100 in 2006. human rabies had last been confirmed in 1981, but investigations instituted after an index case was recognized in february 2006 identified 21 confirmed, 4 probable, and 5 possible human cases between august 5, 2005, and december 31, 2006. twelve of these case-patients were identified retrospectively because the diagnosis of rabies was not considered: 6 of these patients consulted a tradi ...200718258039
[application of immunofluorescence and sandwich elisa with double-antibodies in detection of human rabies].to explore the application of immunofluorescence and sandwich elisa with double-antibodies in detection of human rabies.200718402108
[decreased number neurons expressing gaba in the cerebral cortex of rabies-infected mice].gabaergic neurons synthesize and release gamma-aminobutyric acid, the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. certain clinical signs of rabies and previous experimental studies have suggested that rabies viral infections affect the host gabaergic system.200718320122
[neuronal dentritic morphology alterations in the cerebral cortex of rabies-infected mice: a golgi study].the neurological signs of rabies are very dramatic. nevertheless, the infected brain manifests only very subtle histological changes.200718320127
the changing scenario of rabies in india: are we moving towards its prevention and control? 200718229438
human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in olinda, state of pernambuco, between 2002 and 2006.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the data on human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in olinda, state of pernambuco, brazil. data from 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies prophylactic treatment in olinda between 2002 and 2006 were analyzed. as expected, dogs and cats were involved in most of the cases; i.e. 82.3 and 16.3%, respectively. attacks by nonhuman primates, bats and other species (unspecified) were also reported. among the 7,062 patients who underwent antir ...200718200411
first report of rabies in vampire bats (desmodus rotundus) in an urban area, ubatuba, são paulo state, brazil.the purpose of this report is to record the first case of a hematophagous bat (desmodus rotundus) infected with rabies virus in an urban area in brazil. to the authors' knowledge, this is the first such case in latin america. after discovering a bat in his garden at 10 o'clock in the morning, a resident of ubatuba municipality asked the zoonosis control center team to visit his home. the animal was caught alive on the same day and sent to the pasteur institute laboratory, where it was identified ...200718157407
[an epidemiological study of rabies virus in domestic dogs, cats and wildlife and the immunogenicity study for rabies vaccines derived from different cell cultured virus strains].for epidemiological investigation of the rabies virus carrier rates of domestic dogs, cats and wild animals like rodent animals and bats,three kinds of regions where rabies had higher incidence (hunan and guizhou provinces), lower incidence (jiangsu province, wuhan city) and provisionally rabies-free (shenyang city) were selected. then the antigenic types, the genovariation of the isolaled viruses and the currently vaccine matching of the virus strains were analyzed. the results showed that in c ...200718092676
[attention-getting zoonoses: rabies]. 200718069289
elisa assays for rabies antibodies? 200717972383
lack of association between ectoparasite intensities and rabies virus neutralizing antibody seroprevalence in wild big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus), fort collins, colorado.recently, bat ectoparasites have been demonstrated to harbor pathogens of potential importance to humans. we evaluated antirabies antibody seroprevalence and the presence of ectoparasites in big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) sampled in 2002 and 2003 in colorado to investigate if an association existed between ectoparasite intensity and exposure to rabies virus (rv). we used logistic regression and akaike's information criteria adjusted for sample size (aicc) in a post-hoc analysis to investigate ...200717979542
a comparative study on the immunogenicity, safety and tolerance of purified duck embryo vaccine (pdev) manufactured in india (vaxirab) and switzerland (lyssavac-n): a randomized simulated post-exposure study in healthy volunteers.purified duck embryo vaccine (pdev, vaxirab) for rabies prophylaxis is now indigenously manufactured in india under technology transfer from berna biotech who made the original pdev (lyssavac). in the present study we have compared the two vaccines in terms of safety, immunogenicity and tolerance. the study was conducted in 220 adult healthy volunteers. it was observed that both vaccines produced neutralizing antibody titers (as determined by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, rffit) more ...200717981377
immunogenicity and safety of a new vero cell rabies vaccine produced using serum-free medium.the immunogenicity and safety of a new human rabies vaccine, produced in vero cells by a process that does not require supplementation with human or animal derived components in production, were assessed. thus, the objective is to produce a safer vaccine at a lower cost. a total of 296 volunteers was divided into two groups: group 1, which received the study vaccine, and group 2, which received the vero cells vaccine produced by sanofi pasteur. five doses were given on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. b ...200718029066
small red bean (azuki) sheds biologically active substances as a prerequisite step for germination, one of which displays the antiviral activity against the rabies virus infectivity and infections in culture.when small red beans (azuki bean; vigna angularis ohwi et ohashi) were soaked and warmed in water or saline, the beans began to absorb water to swell and exuded kinds of substances probably as a prerequisite step for seed germination. such exudate fluids displayed strong antiviral activity against the rabies virus infections in culture. on the other hand, little anti-rabies activity was detected in the aqueous extracts from the red beans when tested soon after the extraction from powdered beans, ...200718037784
motion processing: where the medium is the message.the primate retina serves up three channels for visual entertainment, of which just one is used for the primary analysis of motion. a prominent, unique class of neuron has a dominant role in transmission from cortical area v1.200718054761
genetic analysis of phosphoprotein and matrix protein of rabies viruses isolated in brazil.to investigate the genetic characteristics of phosphoprotein (p) and matrix protein (m) genes of variable rabies virus (rv) prevalent in brazil, the authors genetically characterized the p and m genes from 30 brazilian rv field isolates. phylogenetic analysis based on the p and m genes revealed the presence of six rv variants that consisted primarily of three insectivorous bats, the vampire bat, dog and fox in brazil. specific amino acid substitutions corresponding to these phylogenetic lineages ...200718057829
conserved characteristics of the rhabdovirus nucleoprotein.rhabdovirus is a negative strand rna virus that packages a ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex. the rnp is composed of a genome that is encapsidated completely by the nucleoprotein (n). structural comparisons of the rna-nucleoprotein complexes from two members, vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus (rabv), revealed highly conserved characteristics of folding, rna binding, and assembly despite their lack of significant homology in amino acid sequence. the rna binding cavity is located bet ...200717764775
phylogenetic comparison of rabies viruses from disease outbreaks on the svalbard islands.periodic wildlife rabies epizootics occur in arctic regions. the original sources of these outbreaks are rarely identified. in 1980, a wildlife epizootic of rabies occurred on the previously rabies-free svalbard islands, norway. after this outbreak of rabies in the arctic fox population (alopex lagopus), only single cases have been reported from the islands over the following two decades. phylogenetic characterization of four viruses isolated from infected arctic foxes from svalbard from three d ...200717767407
[recombinant design and expression of human anti-rabies virus scdsfv].to constructed the recombinant human anti-rabies virus scdsfv, cys sites were introduced into framework region (fr) of vh and vl genes which were amplified from human anti-rabies virus scfv respectively using genetic point mutation technology. cloned the scdsfv gene into expression vector pet22b (+) and transformed into e. coli bl21 (de3). the target protein was expressed by inducing with iptg. followed by renaturation in vitro and purified by ni-nta. the binding activity of scdsfv was identifie ...200717944370
efficient gene transfer via retrograde transport in rodent and primate brains using a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-based vector pseudotyped with rabies virus glycoprotein.the primate lentiviral vector system based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) has been used for a wide range of gene therapy trials in animal models. axonal transport in the retrograde direction, which is observed with some viral vectors, confers a considerable advantage to gene transfer into neuronal cell bodies that are localized in regions remote from the injection site of the vectors. however, retrograde axonal transport of the hiv-1-based lentiviral vector pseudotyped with vesic ...200717944573
molecular epidemiology of rabies in vietnam.the present study was done to determine the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus (rv) in vietnam. the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) genes of rvs were amplified from the brains of ten rabid dogs of ho chi minh city, vietnam. the nucleotide sequences of these genes were compared with those of other asian strains to find the possible relationship among them. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the asian n gene segregated into three main branches, namely south-east asia 1 (sea 1), south-e ...200717895600
development and evaluation of an in vitro isolation of street rabies virus in mouse neuroblastoma cells as compared to conventional tests used for diagnosis of rabies.in vitro isolation of rabies virus using mouse neuroblastoma cells (mna) was evaluated. the sensitivity and reliability of in vitro procedure was performed in comparison with mouse inoculation test (mit), the in vivo method of virus isolation, direct fluorescent antibody test (fat) and sellers staining. of the 33 animal brain samples tested, 24 (72.72%) were positive by mit. sensitivity of sellers stain, fat and rapid tissue culture infection test (rtcit) was found to be 54.16, 100 and 91.6% res ...200717901648
[bat research on rabies virus in the netherlands from 2002 to 2006]. 200717913050
rabies encephalitis.a 12-year-old boy presented with fever and sore throat of 6 days duration followed by vomiting and altered sensorium. he had received 4 doses of antirabies vaccine following a dog bite 4 weeks back. rabies immunoglobulin was not given. history of hydrophobia and aerophobia were strikingly absent. the possibilities of rabies encephalitis and vaccine induced acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem) were considered. mri brain showed exclusive grey matter changes characteristic of rabies. the dia ...200717921563
nucleocytoplasmic distribution of rabies virus p-protein is regulated by phosphorylation adjacent to c-terminal nuclear import and export signals.nucleocytoplasmic distribution of the rabies virus phosphoprotein is implicated in the evasion of cellular antiviral mechanisms by rabies virus and has been reported to depend on an n-terminal nuclear export sequence and a c-terminal nuclear localization sequence. this paper identifies a second nuclear export sequence that is located between key residues of the nuclear localization sequence in the phosphoprotein c-terminal domain. the c-terminal domain confers predominantly nuclear localization ...200717924652
the rabies virus glycoprotein receptor p75ntr is not essential for rabies virus infection.rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) is known to be the only factor that mediates rabies infection. the neurotrophin receptor (p75(ntr)), through its cysteine-rich domain 1, is a specific receptor for rvg and neutralizes virus infectivity, but its role in virus infection has remained obscure. we used adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurons as a model to study the role of p75(ntr) in rv infection of primary neurons. we show that rv infects around 20% of drg neurons, of which more than 80% are p ...200717928338
[rabies virus in nyctinomops laticaudatus bats in the city of rio de janeiro: isolation, titration and epidemiology].the first case report of rabies in bats of the species nyctinomops laticaudatus, in the city of rio de janeiro city, is presented. virus isolation and titration were performed in different tissues, and high titers were found in the brain and salivary glands. rabies occurrence in such an infrequent species in this state suggests that the disease may be more prevalent than it appears to be.200717876476
usefulness of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for detection of rabies rna in archival samples.the examination of archival samples by molecular techniques has been found to be a valuable tool in providing retrospective and epidemiological data. in contrast to dna, there are fewer comprehensive studies quantitatively addressing the feasibility of assessing rna from archival samples. in tropical countries like india, such studies are even more rare. one problem is that the warm climate and the fluctuations in the ambient temperature during transport and storage of tissues lead to early deco ...200717881871
specialized circuits from primary visual cortex to v2 and area mt.primary visual cortex recombines inputs from magnocellular (m) and parvocellular (p) streams to create functionally specialized outputs. understanding these input-output relationships is complicated by the fact that layer 4b, which provides outputs to dorsal visual areas, contains multiple cell types. using a modified rabies virus that expresses green fluorescent protein, we show that layer 4b neurons projecting to mt are a majority spiny stellate, whereas those projecting to v2 are overwhelming ...200717785186
oral vaccination of raccoons (procyon lotor) with genetically modified rabies virus vaccines.oral vaccination is an important tool currently in use to control the spread of rabies in wildlife populations in various programs around the world. oral rabies vaccination (orv) of raccoons represents the largest targeted program to control wildlife rabies in the united states. currently, the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (v-rg) is the only licensed oral rabies vaccine in the us. in the current study, captive raccoons were used to evaluate two previously described const ...200717826874
recombinant single-chain fv antibody fragment-alkaline phosphatase conjugate: a novel in vitro tool to estimate rabies viral glycoprotein antigen in vaccine manufacture.the purpose of this study was to design a novel in vitro tool by using recombinant protein technology to qualify the whole reagent preparation procedure, to be used to quantify rabies viral antigen preparation in a simple and rapid format for potency control of rabies vaccines. 50ad1 is a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against the rabies virus glycoprotein that binds to native conformational antigenic site iii. in the present study, the dna fragments encoding the variable domains of 5 ...200717845821
internal hydrocephalus and associated periventricular encephalitis in a young fox.marked lateral ventricular enlargement associated with atrophic cerebral cortex and periventricular encephalitis is described in a 2-month-old fox affected by disorientation, generalized ataxia, difficulty in walking, circling, and blindness. clinical conditions progressed to stupor and spontaneous death within a few days. at necropsy, severe inflammatory and necrotizing lesions were observed in periventricular sites associated with diverticula and cleft formation in perithalamic areas and rhine ...200717846249
emergence of lyssaviruses in the old world: the case of africa.rabies has a long history of occurrence throughout africa, spanning hundreds of years. at least four distinct lyssavirus species persist throughout the continent, among carnivores, bats and other mammals. rabies virus is the most cosmopolitan member, with primary reservoirs within dogs and mongoose, but other wildlife vectors are important in viral maintenance, such as jackals. besides a prominent toll on humans and domestic animals, the disease has an underappreciated role in conservation biolo ...200717848065
a study on the seroconversion in dogs vaccinated with cell culture rabies vaccine.seroconversion studies were conducted in dogs vaccinated with rabies vaccine, of different age group, sex and breed, with a single and booster doses of cell culture rabies vaccine. the results of the present study revealed that (i) maternal antibodies were detected in 40% to 80% of 60 selected pet dogs. however 20% to 60% of the pet dogs did not have protective levels of antibody (<0.5iu). (ii) a single dose of vaccine resulted in appreciable levels of protective antibody in 100% of pet dogs bot ...200718697580
[rabies in tunisia during the 19th century: case increase or disease emergence?].at the end of the 19th century, a canine rabies epidemics started in tunis and in several other cities of the beylik. archives' data trace the epidemics back to 1870 and at that time its rapid progression was ascribed to the increase of immigration from europe. whether the european "street rabies virus" was also imported with the settlers' pet dogs is controversial. the epidemics might rather be linked to other factors such as socio-cultural or ecological changes. the authors try to reconstruct ...200718447030
[molecule character of rabies virus in 3 counties in hunan china].to study the rabies molecular biology features in animals between high incidence area of rabies and no rabies cases area in hunan.200718322597
humoral response to rabies vaccines in pet dogs.humoral immune response was studied in dogs vaccinated with different tissue culture vaccines commonly used for immunization of dogs in india. the results revealed that after single dose of vaccination only 56% dogs developed protective titer (> or = 1:8). the response of the three vaccines used in the study was not similar, highlighting the need to maintain post marketing surveillance.200718338690
[progression in studies on pathogenesis of rabies virus].rabies virus causes lethal neurological symptoms in humans and animals. rabies epidemics have continued to occur throughout the world, despite the fact that rabies can be effectively prevented by vaccination. the development of inexpensive and safe attenuated live vaccines and the establishment of cures are the keys to control rabies. to achieve these objectives, it is important to elucidate mechanism by which rabies virus causes disease. here, previous studies on the pathogenesis of rabies viru ...200718357757
transmission of viral disease to the recipient through the donor liver.morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation continue to be significantly influenced by infectious complications. a particular concern is transmission of pathogens through the graft, which may cause significant disease in the recipient.200727711010
[establishment of taqman pcr detection method for rabies virus].to establish a molecular diagnostic method for rabies virus(rv) based on taqman pcr.200617343185
[progress on the study of biological characteristic of rabies virus]. 200617343189
[rabies virus antibody titers in dogs in campo grande, mato grosso do sul state, during the anti-rabies campaign, 2003].to assess the immune response in dogs attended during the 2003 anti-rabies animal vaccination campaign, 333 serum samples collected at different vaccination posts were analyzed. it was found that 51.1% of the animals did not have protective titers. no correlation was found between vaccine application or multiple vaccinations and higher immune titers.200617308701
use of infrared thermography to detect signs of rabies infection in raccoons (procyon lotor).infrared thermography was evaluated as a technique to determine if raccoons (procyon lotor) experimentally infected with rabies virus could be differentiated from noninfected raccoons. following a 10-day adjustment period, raccoons (n = 6) were infected with a virulent rabies street strain raccoon variant by injection into the masseter muscle at a dose of 2 x 10(4) tissue-culture infectious dose (tcid50) in 0.2 ml (n = 4) or 10(5) tcid50 in 1 ml (n = 2). five of the six raccoons developed prodro ...200617315437
diagnosis of human rabies cases by polymerase chain reaction of neck-skin samples.rapid diagnosis of rabies in suspected human cases influences post-exposure prophylaxis for potential contacts of the patient and ensures appropriate patient management. apart from the central nervous system (cns), rabies virus (rabv) is usually present in small sensory nerves adjacent to hair follicles of infected humans. we used an rt-pcr, with primers targeted to the 3' terminal portion of the nucleoprotein gene (n), to test neck-skin samples of nine patients who had rabies in order to valida ...200617293923
rabies in hooded and striped skunks in arizona.arizona is home to four species of skunks, and rabies is enzootic in the region in which their ranges overlap. examination of state health data from 1985 to 2004 revealed an irregular 4-10 yr periodicity in the number of cases annually, which may be related to past precipitation patterns. the number of rabid skunks peaked during springtime. locations of rabies epizootics changed over time, but there was no evidence of a large-scale geographic spread. skunks live-trapped during 1996-2002 had a lo ...200617255450
potential rabies exposure after a bat bite, denmark, june 2006. 200617213543
multiple circuits relaying primate parallel visual pathways to the middle temporal area.parallel pathways in the primate visual system parse the sensory signal into magnocellular (m), parvocellular (p), and koniocellular (k) streams. these pathways remain anatomically separate and distinct from their origination in different retinal ganglion cell types, through distinct layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, and into primary visual cortex (v1), with the m pathway terminating primarily in layer 4calpha, the p pathway in layer 4cbeta, and the k pathway in the cytochrome oxidase bl ...200617151282
public health awareness of emerging zoonotic viruses of bats: a european perspective.bats classified in the order chiroptera are the most abundant and widely distributed non-human mammalian species in the world. several bat species are reservoir hosts of zoonotic viruses and therefore can be a public health hazard. lyssaviruses of different genotypes have emerged from bats in america (genotype 1 rabies virus; rabv), europe (european bat lyssavirus; eblv), and australia (australian bat lyssavirus; ablv), whereas nipah virus is the most important recent zoonosis of bat origin in a ...200617187565
indirect flight of an african bat to israel: an example of the potential for zoonotic pathogens to move between continents.the transmission of harmful pathogens during commercial air flights is an increasing health concern. a potential, yet relatively overlooked source of zoonotic infectious diseases involves collisions of birds and bats with aircraft and long distance transport of their carcasses. we report a case of aerial transportation of the remains of an african fruit bat over three continents, following a collision with an aircraft, and demonstrate the relative ease with which zoonotic pathogens, such as rabi ...200617187568
post-exposure anti-rabies prophylaxis in lublin province (eastern poland) in 2004-2005.rabies is considered a disease of the highest mortality rate and all humans are vulnerable to infection. specific anti-rabies immunoprophylaxis is the only efficient method of protection. the analysis of indications for active alone and active and passive immunization among patients reported to the dispensary of rabies prophylaxis in the department of infectious diseases of medical university of lublin (eastern poland) in 2004-2005 is presented. prophylactic procedures were applied in 120 person ...200617196010
bat rabies in the north-northwestern regions of the state of são paulo, brazil: 1997-2002.reports on bat rabies in brazil are sporadic and isolated. this study aimed at describing the detection of rabies virus in bats in the state of são paulo.200617173166
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2005.during 2005, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,417 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the cdc, representing a 6.2% decrease from the 6,836 cases in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings reported in 2004. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,534 raccoons (39.5%), 1,478 skunks (23%), 1,408 bats (21.9%), 376 foxes (5.9%), 269 cats (4.2%), 93 cat ...200617173527
phylogenetic characterization of rabies virus isolates from chennai, india. 200617177615
screening of upregulated genes in suckling mouse central nervous system during the disease stage of rabies virus infection.the pathogenesis of hydrophobia remains unclear. the aim of this study was to identify the differentially upregulated genes that correlated with disease development in an experimental mouse model to provide better understanding of pathological mechanisms in rabies. the present work employed clontech mouse array 1.2 ii containing 1,176 gene transcripts. suckling mice were intracerebrally infected with canine rabies virus. the gene expression profiles on day 2, 4 and 6 post inoculation were follow ...200617179662
sensitivity of rabies virus to type i interferon is determined by the phosphoprotein gene.the growth of a virulent strain of fixed rabies virus, nishigahara, in mouse neuroblastoma na cells treated with type i interferon (ifn) was compared with that of a derivative avirulent strain, ni-ce. nishigahara strain was slightly sensitive to ifn treatment but still grew more efficiently than did ni-ce strain in ifn-treated na cells. furthermore, a virulent chimeric virus with the phosphoprotein gene from nishigahara strain in the ni-ce genome was less sensitive to ifn treatment than was ni-c ...200617179666
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