Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| reovirus activates transforming growth factor beta and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways in the central nervous system that contribute to neuronal survival following infection. | viral infections of the central nervous system (cns) are important causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality, and understanding how viruses perturb host cell signaling pathways will facilitate identification of novel antiviral therapies. we now show that reovirus infection activates transforming growth factor beta (tgf-beta) and bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) signaling in a murine model of encephalitis in vivo. tgf-beta receptor i (tgf-beta ri) expression is increased and its downstream sign ... | 2009 | 19279118 |
| the crystal structures of chikungunya and venezuelan equine encephalitis virus nsp3 macro domains define a conserved adenosine binding pocket. | macro domains (also called "x domains") constitute a protein module family present in all kingdoms of life, including viruses of the coronaviridae and togaviridae families. crystal structures of the macro domain from the chikungunya virus (an "old world" alphavirus) and the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (a "new world" alphavirus) were determined at resolutions of 1.65 and 2.30 a, respectively. these domains are active as adenosine di-phosphoribose 1''-phosphate phosphatases. both the chik ... | 2009 | 19386706 |
| hepatitis c virus ns2 is a protease stimulated by cofactor domains in ns3. | chronic infection with hepatitis c virus (hcv) affects 130 million people worldwide and is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. after translation of the hcv rna genome into a polyprotein, 2 viral proteases process its non-structural protein (ns) region. while the essential chymotrypsin-like serine protease ns3-4a mediates all cleavages downstream of ns3, the ns2-3 cysteine protease catalyzes a vital cleavage at the ns2/3 site. protease activity of ns2-3 has been described to requir ... | 2009 | 19282477 |
| how b cells shape the immune response against mycobacterium tuberculosis. | extensive work illustrating the importance of cellular immune mechanisms for protection against mycobacterium tuberculosis has largely relegated b-cell biology to an afterthought within the tuberculosis (tb) field. however, recent studies have illustrated that b lymphocytes, through a variety of interactions with the cellular immune response, play previously underappreciated roles in shaping host defense against non-viral intracellular pathogens, including m. tuberculosis. work in our laboratory ... | 2009 | 19283721 |
| adenovirus vectors expressing hantavirus proteins protect hamsters against lethal challenge with andes virus. | hantaviruses infect humans following aerosolization from rodent feces and urine, producing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. due to the high rates of mortality and lack of therapies, vaccines are urgently needed. nonreplicating adenovirus (ad) vectors that express andes hantavirus (andv) nucleocapsid protein (adn) or glycoproteins (adg(n) and adg(c)) were constructed. ad vectors were tested for their ability to protect syrian hamsters from a lethal andv inf ... | 2009 | 19403663 |
| type i and type ii interferons inhibit the translation of murine norovirus proteins. | human noroviruses are responsible for more than 95% of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. both onset and resolution of disease symptoms are rapid, suggesting that components of the innate immune response are critical in norovirus control. while the study of the human noroviruses has been hampered by the lack of small animal and tissue culture systems, our recent discovery of a murine norovirus (mnv) and its in vitro propagation have allowed us to begin addressing norovirus replicat ... | 2009 | 19297466 |
| salmonella enterica serovar typhi live vector vaccines finally come of age. | attenuated salmonella typhi vaccine strains hold great promise as live vectors for presentation of foreign antigens from unrelated bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens to the immune system. although this approach has proved quite successful in experimental animal models for eliciting antigen-specific mucosal, humoral and cellular responses, results have been disappointing for clinical trials carried out thus far. we hypothesize that the paucity of human responses to foreign antigens delivere ... | 2009 | 19417771 |
| varicella-zoster virus infection induces autophagy in both cultured cells and human skin vesicles. | when grown in cultured cells, varicella-zoster virus (vzv) forms many aberrant light particles and produces low titers. various studies have explored the reasons for such a phenotype and have pointed to impaired expression of specific late genes and at lysosomal targeting of egressing virions as possible causes. in the studies presented here, we report that the autophagic degradation pathway was induced at late time points after vzv infection of cultured cells, as documented by immunoblot analys ... | 2009 | 19297471 |
| cell-to-cell spread of the rna interference response suppresses semliki forest virus (sfv) infection of mosquito cell cultures and cannot be antagonized by sfv. | in their vertebrate hosts, arboviruses such as semliki forest virus (sfv) (togaviridae) generally counteract innate defenses and trigger cell death. in contrast, in mosquito cells, following an early phase of efficient virus production, a persistent infection with low levels of virus production is established. whether arboviruses counteract rna interference (rnai), which provides an important antiviral defense system in mosquitoes, is an important question. here we show that in aedes albopictus- ... | 2009 | 19297476 |
| interferon-gamma coordinates ccl3-mediated neutrophil recruitment in vivo. | we have shown previously that acute infection with the respiratory pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), results in local production of the proinflammatory chemokine, ccl3, and that neutrophil recruitment in response to pvm infection is reduced dramatically in ccl3 -/- mice. | 2009 | 19298652 |
| 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin j2 inhibits hiv-1 transactivating protein, tat, through covalent modification. | controlling the hiv/aids epidemic remains a major challenge, with approximately 5 million new hiv infections annually. cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cypg), such as 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-pgj(2) (15d-pgj(2)), are arachidonic acid-derived endogenous electrophiles that possess anti-hiv activity by an unknown mechanism. given that the reactive alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone in the cyclopentenone ring of 15d-pgj(2) covalently modifies key cys thiols in select proteins, we hypothesized that 15d-pgj(2) ... | 2009 | 19299483 |
| filamin b: a scaffold for interferon signalling. | 2009 | 19305389 | |
| counteracting quasispecies adaptability: extinction of a ribavirin-resistant virus mutant by an alternative mutagenic treatment. | lethal mutagenesis, or virus extinction promoted by mutagen-induced elevation of mutation rates of viruses, may meet with the problem of selection of mutagen-resistant variants, as extensively documented for standard, non-mutagenic antiviral inhibitors. previously, we characterized a mutant of foot-and-mouth disease virus that included in its rna-dependent rna polymerase replacement m296i that decreased the sensitivity of the virus to the mutagenic nucleoside analogue ribavirin. | 2009 | 19436746 |
| corticosterone alters ampar mobility and facilitates bidirectional synaptic plasticity. | the stress hormone corticosterone has the ability both to enhance and suppress synaptic plasticity and learning and memory processes. however, until today there is very little known about the molecular mechanism that underlies the bidirectional effects of stress and corticosteroid hormones on synaptic efficacy and learning and memory processes. in this study we investigate the relationship between corticosterone and ampa receptors which play a critical role in activity-dependent plasticity and h ... | 2009 | 19305644 |
| properties and use of novel replication-competent vectors based on semliki forest virus. | semliki forest virus (sfv) has a positive strand rna genome and infects different cells of vertebrates and invertebrates. the 5' two-thirds of the genome encodes non-structural proteins that are required for virus replication and synthesis of subgenomic (sg) mrna for structural proteins. sg-mrna is generated by internal initiation at the sg-promoter that is located at the complementary minus-strand template. different types of expression systems including replication-competent vectors, which rep ... | 2009 | 19317912 |
| pick1-mediated glutamate receptor subunit 2 (glur2) trafficking contributes to cell death in oxygen/glucose-deprived hippocampal neurons. | oxygen and glucose deprivation (ogd) induces delayed cell death in hippocampal ca1 neurons via ca(2+)/zn(2+)-permeable, glur2-lacking ampa receptors (ampars). following ogd, synaptic ampar currents in hippocampal neurons show marked inward rectification and increased sensitivity to channel blockers selective for glur2-lacking ampars. this occurs via two mechanisms: a delayed down-regulation of glur2 mrna expression and a rapid internalization of glur2-containing ampars during the ogd insult, whi ... | 2009 | 19321442 |
| fas-mediated apoptotic signaling in the mouse brain following reovirus infection. | type 3 (t3) reovirus strains induce apoptotic neuronal cell death and lethal encephalitis in infected mice. t3 strain dearing (t3d)-induced apoptosis in primary neuronal cultures occurs by a fas-mediated mechanism and requires the activation of caspase 8. we now show that fas mrna is upregulated in the brains of mice infected with encephalitic reovirus t3d and t3 strain abney (t3a) but not following infection with nonencephalitic reovirus type 1 strain lang. fas is upregulated in regions of the ... | 2009 | 19321603 |
| major histocompatibility complex haplotype determines hsp70-dependent protection against measles virus neurovirulence. | in vitro studies show that hsp70 promotes gene expression for multiple viral families, although there are few reports on the in vivo significance of virus-hsp70 interaction. previously we showed that hsp70-dependent stimulation of edmonston measles virus (ed mev) transcription caused an increased cytopathic effect and mortality in transgenic hsp70-overexpressing c57bl/6 mice (h-2(b)). the response to mev infection is influenced by the major histocompatibility complex haplotype; h-2(d) mice are r ... | 2009 | 19321604 |
| synthesis, antiviral and anticancer activity of some novel thioureas derived from n-(4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl)-methanesulfonamide. | due to a continuing effort to develop new antiviral agents, a series of 1-[4-(methanesulfonamido)-3-phenoxyphenyl]-3-alkyl/aryl thioureas 3a-i have been synthesized by the reaction of alkyl/aryl isothiocyanates with 4-amino-2-phenoxymethanesulfonanilide. these derivatives were structurally characterized by the use of spectral techniques and evaluated for their anticancer and antiviral activities. none of the tested compounds showed significant anticancer properties on a549 and l929 cell lines. a ... | 2009 | 19324473 |
| hnrnp a1 interacts with the 5' untranslated regions of enterovirus 71 and sindbis virus rna and is required for viral replication. | heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnrnp) a1 is involved in pre-mrna splicing in the nucleus and translational regulation in the cytoplasm. the cytoplasmic redistribution of hnrnp a1 is a regulated process during viral infection and cellular stress. here we demonstrate that hnrnp a1 not only is an internal ribosome entry site (ires) trans-acting factor that binds specifically to the 5' untranslated region (utr) of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and regulates ires-dependent translation but also bind ... | 2009 | 19339352 |
| jnk and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways contribute to porcine circovirus type 2 infection. | infection with a wide variety of viruses often perturbs host cell signaling pathways including the jun nh(2)-terminal kinase/stress-activated kinase (jnk/sapk) and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/mapk), which are important components of cellular signal transduction pathways. the present study demonstrated for the first time that porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), which is the primary causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, can activa ... | 2009 | 19339353 |
| lentiviral delivery of short hairpin rnas. | in less than a decade after discovery, rna interference-mediated gene silencing is already being tested as potential therapy in clinical trials for a number of diseases. lentiviral vectors provide a means to express short hairpin rna (shrna) to induce stable and long-term gene silencing in both dividing and non-dividing cells and thus, are being intensively investigated for this purpose. however, induction of long-term shrna expression can also cause toxicities by inducing off-target effects and ... | 2009 | 19341774 |
| interferon-induced isg15 conjugation inhibits influenza a virus gene expression and replication in human cells. | the ubiquitin-like isg15 protein, as well as its conjugating enzymes, is induced by type i interferons (ifns). experiments using isg15 knockout (isg15(-/-)) mice established that isg15 and/or its conjugation inhibits the replication of influenza a virus. however, in contrast to the virus inhibition results for mice, the rates of virus replication in isg15(+/+) and isg15(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts in tissue culture were similar. here we focus on human tissue culture cells and on the effect of ... | 2009 | 19357168 |
| interferon-gamma prevents death of bystander neurons during cd8 t cell responses in the brain. | t cells restricted to neurotropic viruses are potentially harmful as their activity may result in the destruction of neurons. in the borna disease virus (bdv) model, antiviral cd8 t cells entering the brain of infected mice cause neurological disease but no substantial loss of neurons unless the animals lack interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma). we show here that glutamate receptor antagonists failed to prevent bdv-induced neuronal loss in ifn-gamma-deficient mice, suggesting that excitotoxicity resulti ... | 2009 | 19359516 |
| autophagy is an essential component of drosophila immunity against vesicular stomatitis virus. | intrinsic innate immune mechanisms are the first line of defense against pathogens and exist to control infection autonomously in infected cells. here, we showed that autophagy, an intrinsic mechanism that can degrade cytoplasmic components, played a direct antiviral role against the mammalian viral pathogen vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) in the model organism drosophila. we found that the surface glycoprotein, vsv-g, was likely the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp) that initiated t ... | 2009 | 19362021 |
| tumor necrosis factor-alpha modulates glutamate transport in the cns and is a critical determinant of outcome from viral encephalomyelitis. | neuroadapted sindbis virus (nsv) is a neuronotropic virus that causes a fulminant encephalomyelitis in susceptible mice due to death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. we and others have found that uninfected motor neurons die in response to nsv infection, at least in part due to disrupted astrocytic glutamate transport, resulting in excitotoxic motor neuron death. here, we examined the mechanisms of astrocyte dysregulation associated with nsv infection. treatment of organotypic slic ... | 2009 | 19368827 |
| effect of sequential exposure on infection and dissemination rates for west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses in culex quinquefasciatus. | west nile virus has spread rapidly throughout the united states since its introduction in 1999, into some areas that are also endemic for st. louis encephalitis virus (slev). these viruses are in the same antigenic complex within the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae. further, both viruses are transmitted primarily by culex spp. mosquitoes and use birds as amplifying hosts. these viruses could contemporaneously coinfect individual vectors wherein changes in mosquito immune responses might oc ... | 2009 | 19492941 |
| saag-4 is a novel mosquito salivary protein that programmes host cd4 t cells to express il-4. | mosquitoes represent the most important vector for transmitting pathogens that cause human disease. central to pathogen transmission is the ability to divert the host immune system away from th1 and towards th2 responsiveness. identification of the mosquito factor(s) critical for programming th2 responsiveness should therefore lead to strategies to neutralize their function and thus prevent disease transmission. in the current study, we used a tcr transgenic adoptive transfer system to screen ge ... | 2009 | 19493208 |
| regulation of beclin 1 in autophagy. | class iii phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3kc3) plays a pleiotropic role in autophagy and protein sorting pathways. the human core complex of pi3kc3 consists of three major components including pi3kc3/hvps34, p150 and beclin 1. how the specificity of pi3kc3 complex is derived towards autophagy is not clear. utilizing a sequential affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry approach, we have successfully purified a human beclin 1 complex and cloned a novel protein we called barkor (becl ... | 2009 | 19372752 |
| guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes. | cell death is essential for a plethora of physiological processes, and its deregulation characterizes numerous human diseases. thus, the in-depth investigation of cell death and its mechanisms constitutes a formidable challenge for fundamental and applied biomedical research, and has tremendous implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. it is, therefore, of utmost importance to standardize the experimental procedures that identify dying and dead cells in cell cultures and/ ... | 2009 | 19373242 |
| effective suppression of dengue fever virus in mosquito cell cultures using retroviral transduction of hammerhead ribozymes targeting the viral genome. | outbreaks of dengue impose a heavy economic burden on developing countries in terms of vector control and human morbidity. effective vaccines against all four serotypes of dengue are in development, but population replacement with transgenic vectors unable to transmit the virus might ultimately prove to be an effective approach to disease suppression, or even eradication. a key element of the refractory transgenic vector approach is the development of transgenes that effectively prohibit viral t ... | 2009 | 19497123 |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus neutralizing antibodies production induced by pcdna3 and sindbis virus based plasmid encoding fmdv p1-2a3c3d in swine. | dna vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an attractive and alternative strategy to the use of classical inactivated viral vaccines. the injection of a pcdna3.1-based dna vaccine encoding for fmdv p1-2a3c3d and gm-csf proteins had previously been shown to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against fmdv and partially protect swine against an experimental challenge. based on the induction of fmdv humoral immune responses, the aim of the present study was to see i ... | 2009 | 19501256 |
| lipids and membrane microdomains in hiv-1 replication. | several critical steps in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) - entry, assembly and budding - are complex processes that take place at the plasma membrane of the host cell. a growing body of data indicates that these early and late steps in hiv-1 replication take place in specialized plasma membrane microdomains, and that many of the viral and cellular components required for entry, assembly, and budding are concentrated in these microdomains. in particular, a nu ... | 2009 | 19383519 |
| mosquitoes put the brake on arbovirus evolution: experimental evolution reveals slower mutation accumulation in mosquito than vertebrate cells. | like other arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), mosquito-borne dengue virus (denv) is maintained in an alternating cycle of replication in arthropod and vertebrate hosts. the trade-off hypothesis suggests that this alternation constrains denv evolution because a fitness increase in one host usually diminishes fitness in the other. moreover, the hypothesis predicts that releasing denv from host alternation should facilitate adaptation. to test this prediction, denv was serially passaged in eith ... | 2009 | 19503824 |
| activation of the antiviral kinase pkr and viral countermeasures. | the interferon-induced double-stranded (ds)rna-dependent protein kinase (pkr) limits viral replication by an eif2a-mediated block of translation. although many negative-strand rna viruses activate pkr, the responsible rnas have long remained elusive, as dsrna, the canonical activator of pkr, has not been detected in cells infected with such viruses. in this review we focus on the activating rna molecules of different virus families, in particular the negative-strand rna viruses. we discuss the r ... | 2009 | 21994559 |
| bunyaviruses and the type i interferon system. | the family bunyaviridae contains more than 350 viruses that are distributed throughout the world. most members of the family are transmitted by arthopods, and several cause disease in man, domesticated animals and crop plants. despite being recognized as an emerging threat, details of the virulence mechanisms employed by bunyaviruses are scant. in this article we summarise the information currently available on how these viruses are able to establish infection when confronted with a powerful ant ... | 2009 | 21994579 |
| alphaviruses in gene therapy. | alphaviruses are enveloped single stranded rna viruses, which as gene therapy vectors provide high-level transient gene expression. semliki forest virus (sfv), sindbis virus (sin) and venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus have been engineered as efficient replication-deficient and -competent expression vectors. alphavirus vectors have frequently been used as vehicles for tumor vaccine generation. moreover, sfv and sin vectors have been applied for intratumoral injections in animals implante ... | 2009 | 21994535 |
| prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination against hepatitis c virus (hcv): developments and future perspectives. | studies in patients and chimpanzees that spontaneously clear hepatitis c virus (hcv) have demonstrated that natural immunity to the virus is induced during primary infections and that this immunity can be cross protective. these discoveries led to optimism regarding prophylactic hcv vaccines and a number of studies in the chimpanzee model have been performed, all of which resulted in modified infections after challenge but did not always prevent persistence of the virus. therapeutic vaccine stra ... | 2009 | 21994543 |
| murine coronavirus cell type dependent interaction with the type i interferon response. | coronaviruses infect many species of animal including humans, causing acute and chronic diseases of many organ systems. murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) infection of the mouse, provides animal models for the study of central nervous system disease, including encephalitis and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and for hepatitis. while there are many studies of the adaptive immune response to mhv, there has until recently been scant information on the type i interfero ... | 2009 | 20221421 |
| rack1 is involved in beta-amyloid impairment of muscarinic regulation of gabaergic transmission. | rack1 (receptor for activated c-kinase 1), an anchoring protein that shuttles activated pkc to cellular membranes, plays an important role in pkc-mediated signal transduction pathways. a significant loss of rack1 has been found in the brain of aging animals and alzheimer's disease (ad) patients, which implicates the potential involvement of rack1 in altered pkc activation associated with dementia. our previous studies have demonstrated that gabaergic inhibition in prefrontal cortex, which is imp ... | 2009 | 19954860 |
| hepatitis c virus blocks interferon effector function by inducing protein kinase r phosphorylation. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a single-stranded rna virus encoding a single polyprotein whose translation is driven by an internal ribosome entry site (ires). hcv infection strongly induces antiviral interferon-stimulated gene (isg) expression in the liver, yet it persists, suggesting that hcv can block isg effector function. we now show that hcv infection triggers phosphorylation and activation of the rna-dependent protein kinase pkr, which inhibits eukaryotic translation initiation factor eif2 al ... | 2009 | 20006840 |
| the role of nitric oxide in mycobacterial infections. | although tuberculosis poses a significant health threat to the global population, it is a challenge to develop new and effective therapeutic strategies. nitric oxide (no) and inducible no synthase (inos) are important in innate immune responses to various intracellular bacterial infections, including mycobacterial infections. it is generally recognized that reactive nitrogen intermediates play an effective role in host defense mechanisms against tuberculosis. in a murine model of tuberculosis, n ... | 2009 | 20107543 |
| deficiency of a potential 3p21.3 tumor suppressor gene ube1l (uba7) does not accelerate lung cancer development in k-rasla2 mice. | genetic lesions in chromosomal region 3p21.3 marks one of the earliest events in human lung cancer development. it is hypothesized that one or more tumor suppressor genes reside in this region. identification and characterization of these genes are important for the understanding of lung cancer initiation. ube1l (uba7) is a long-suspected 3p21.3 residing tumor suppressor gene. it encodes the key enzyme that activates isgylation, a novel, ubiquitination-like, post-translational protein modificati ... | 2009 | 18571763 |
| impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases. | while some skeptics remain unconvinced that global climate change is a reality, there is no doubt that during the past 50 years or so, patterns of emerging arbovirus diseases have changed significantly. can this be attributed to climate change? climate is a major factor in determining: (1) the geographic and temporal distribution of arthropods; (2) characteristics of arthropod life cycles; (3) dispersal patterns of associated arboviruses; (4) the evolution of arboviruses; and (5) the efficiency ... | 2009 | 18799177 |
| controlled propagation of replication-competent sindbis viral vector using suicide gene strategy. | a major concern of using viral gene therapy is the potential for uncontrolled vector propagation and infection that might result in serious deleterious effects. to enhance the safety, several viral vectors, including vectors based on sindbis virus, were engineered to lose their capability to replicate and spread after transduction of target cells. such designs, however, could dramatically reduce the therapeutic potency of the viral vectors, resulting in the need for multiple dosages to achieve t ... | 2009 | 18818670 |
| rotavirus architecture at subnanometer resolution. | rotavirus, a nonturreted member of the reoviridae, is the causative agent of severe infantile diarrhea. the double-stranded rna genome encodes six structural proteins that make up the triple-layer particle. x-ray crystallography has elucidated the structure of one of these capsid proteins, vp6, and two domains from vp4, the spike protein. complementing this work, electron cryomicroscopy (cryoem) has provided relatively low-resolution structures for the triple-layer capsid in several biochemical ... | 2009 | 19036817 |
| molecular targets for flavivirus drug discovery. | flaviviruses are a major cause of infectious disease in humans. dengue virus causes an estimated 50 million cases of febrile illness each year, including an increasing number of cases of hemorrhagic fever. west nile virus, which recently spread from the mediterranean basin to the western hemisphere, now causes thousands of sporadic cases of encephalitis annually. despite the existence of licensed vaccines, yellow fever, japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis also claim many thousands ... | 2009 | 18796313 |
| role of thiol/disulfide exchange in newcastle disease virus entry. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) entry into host cells is mediated by the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) and fusion (f) glycoproteins. we previously showed that production of free thiols in f protein is required for membrane fusion directed by f protein (s. jain et al., j. virol. 81:2328-2339, 2007). in the present study we evaluated the oxidation state of f protein in virions and virus-like particles and its relationship to activation of f protein by hn protein, f protein conformational intermed ... | 2009 | 18922867 |
| transgenesis approaches for functional analysis of peptidergic cells in the silkworm bombyx mori. | the domestic silkworm, bombyx mori represents an insect model of great scientific and economic importance. besides the establishment of a stable germline transformation using the piggybac vector, technically feasible methods for in vivo gene delivery and transient gene expression were developed using viral based vectors, especially sindbis viruses and baculoviruses. the recombinant baculovirus, autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv), commonly used for large-scale protein p ... | 2009 | 19111552 |
| substitutions of 169lys and 173thr in nonstructural protein 1 influence the infectivity and pathogenicity of xj-160 virus. | an infectious clone (pbr-xj160) was constructed using the full-length cdna of the sindbis-like xj-160 virus. two nucleotide mutations, causing amino acid changes at residue 169 from lys to arg and at residue 173 from thr to ile in the nonstructural protein (nsp) 1 coding region, strongly influenced the infectivity of in vitro-synthesized rna. we used site-directed mutagenesis to obtain clones encoding a change to arg at residue 169 of nsp1 (pbr-169), a change to ile at residue 173 (pbr-173), or ... | 2009 | 19118404 |
| mucosally delivered salmonella typhi expressing the yersinia pestis f1 antigen elicits mucosal and systemic immunity early in life and primes the neonatal immune system for a vigorous anamnestic response to parenteral f1 boost. | neonates respond poorly to conventional vaccines. this has been attributed, in part, to the immaturity of neonatal dendritic cells that lack full capacity for ag presentation and t cell stimulation. we engineered an attenuated salmonella typhi strain to express and export the f1 ag of y. pestis (s. typhi(f1)) and investigated its immunogenicity early in life using a heterologous prime-boost regimen. newborn mice primed intranasally with a single dose of s. typhi(f1) elicited mucosal ab- and ifn- ... | 2009 | 19124765 |
| viral-mediated expression of a constitutively active form of creb in hippocampal neurons increases memory. | synaptic activity-dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor camp response element binding protein (creb) leads to creb-dependent gene transcription, a process thought to underlie long-term hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory formation. we previously reported that increasing creb activity in glutamatergic neurons enhances synaptic plasticity and neuronal excitability. whether these modifications are sufficient to promote hippocampal-dependent memory formation was not determined ... | 2009 | 19004015 |
| a haemocyte tropism for an arbovirus. | horizontally transmitted mosquito-borne viruses enter the midgut with a blood meal then disseminate to infect the salivary glands. en route to the salivary glands, these viruses encounter the plasma (haemolymph) and blood cells (haemocytes). haemocytes respond to a variety of micro-organisms, but their role in virus replication and dissemination has not been described. to look for a potential haemocyte tropism for an arbovirus, a sindbis virus was injected intrathoracically into four species of ... | 2009 | 19141437 |
| molecular cloning, overproduction, purification and biochemical characterization of the p39 nsp2 protease domains encoded by three alphaviruses. | alphaviruses cause serious diseases that pose a potential health threat to both humans and livestock. the nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) encoded by alphaviruses is a multifunctional enzyme that is essential for viral replication and maturation. its 39-kda c-terminal domain (nsp2pro) is a cysteine protease that is responsible for cleaving a viral polyprotein at three sites to generate nonstructural proteins 1, 2, 3 and 4. in the present study, we evaluated nsp2pro domains from the following three ... | 2009 | 19013248 |
| mice lacking the isg15 e1 enzyme ube1l demonstrate increased susceptibility to both mouse-adapted and non-mouse-adapted influenza b virus infection. | isg15 functions as a critical antiviral molecule against influenza virus, with infection inducing both the conjugation of isg15 to target proteins and production of free isg15. here, we report that mice lacking the isg15 e1 enzyme ube1l fail to form isg15 conjugates. both ube1l(-/-) and isg15(-/-) mice display increased susceptibility to influenza b virus infection, including non-mouse-adapted strains. finally, we demonstrate that isg15 controls influenza b virus infection through its action wit ... | 2009 | 19004958 |
| characterization of purified sindbis virus nsp4 rna-dependent rna polymerase activity in vitro. | the sindbis virus rna-dependent rna polymerase (nsp4) is responsible for the replication of the viral rna genome. in infected cells, nsp4 is localized in a replication complex along with the other viral non-structural proteins. nsp4 has been difficult to homogenously purify from infected cells due to its interactions with the other replication proteins and the fact that its n-terminal residue, a tyrosine, causes the protein to be rapidly turned over in cells. we report the successful expression ... | 2009 | 19036396 |
| apoptosis in animal models of virus-induced disease. | apoptosis is associated with virus-induced human diseases of the central nervous system, heart and liver, and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. although virus-induced apoptosis is well characterized in individual cells in cell culture, virus-induced apoptosis in vivo and the role of apoptosis in virus-induced disease is not well established. this review focuses on animal models of virus-induced diseases of the central nervous system, heart and liver that provide insights into the role ... | 2009 | 19148180 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env trimer immunization of macaques and impact of priming with viral vector or stabilized core protein. | currently there is limited information about the quality of immune responses elicited by candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein (env)-based immunogens in primates. here we describe a comprehensive analysis of neutralizing antibody and t-cell responses obtained in cynomolgus macaques by three selected immunization regimens. we used the previously described yu2-based gp140 protein trimers administered in an adjuvant, preceded by two distinct priming strategies: ... | 2009 | 19004960 |
| mvps34 is activated following high-resistance contractions. | following resistance exercise in the fasted state, both protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal muscle are increased. the addition of essential amino acids potentiates the synthetic response suggesting that an amino acid sensor, which is involved in both synthesis and degradation, may be activated by resistance exercise. one such candidate protein is the class 3 phosphatidylinositol 3oh-kinase (pi3k) vps34. to determine whether mammalian vps34 (mvps34) is modulated by high-resistance contr ... | 2009 | 19015198 |
| an improved in vitro and in vivo sindbis virus expression system through host and virus engineering. | the sindbis viral expression system enables the rapid production of high levels of recombinant protein in mammalian cells; however, this expression is typically limited to transient production due to the cytotoxicity of the virus. limiting the lethality inherent in the sindbis virus vector in order to enable long term, sustained expression of recombinant proteins may be possible. in this study, modifications to virus and host have been combined in order to reduce the cytopathic effects. non-cyto ... | 2009 | 19200810 |
| role of tlr3 in the immunogenicity of replicon plasmid-based vaccines. | replicon plasmids encoding an alphavirus rna replicase constitute an alternative to conventional dna plasmids with promise for dna vaccination in humans. replicase activity amplifies the levels of transgene mrna through a copying process involving double-stranded (ds) rna intermediates, which contribute to vaccine immunogenicity by activating innate antiviral responses. toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) is a dsrna innate immune receptor expressed by antigen-presenting dendritic cells (dcs). here, we t ... | 2009 | 19052633 |
| ifn-gamma-mediated suppression of coronavirus replication in glial-committed progenitor cells. | the neurotropic jhm strain of mouse hepatitis virus (jhmv) replicates primarily within glial cells following intracranial inoculation of susceptible mice, with relative sparing of neurons. this study demonstrates that glial cells derived from neural progenitor cells are susceptible to jhmv infection and that treatment of infected cells with ifn-gamma inhibits viral replication in a dose-dependent manner. although type i ifn production is muted in jhmv-infected glial cultures, ifn-beta is produce ... | 2009 | 19059617 |
| photoinactivation of sindbis virus infectivity without inhibition of membrane fusion. | photoinactivation of enveloped viruses is commonly associated with damage to fusion proteins and inhibition of membrane fusion capacity. here we show that photobleaching of sindbis virus labeled with the membrane localized dye, r18 (octadecyl rhodamine b) causes a dramatic loss of infectivity without observable changes in low-ph triggered membrane fusion to liposomes. sindbis labeled with dii (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) also maintains low-ph triggered mem ... | 2009 | 19067945 |
| apoptosis in murine norovirus-infected raw264.7 cells is associated with downregulation of survivin. | noroviruses (nvs) are recognized as a major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. studies of the human nvs continue to be hampered by the inability to propagate them in any cell culture system. until recently, most data concerning nv replication were derived from studies of feline calicivirus and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, which are cultivable members of the family caliciviridae. from such studies, it was proposed that caliciviruses induce apoptosis to facilitate the disseminat ... | 2009 | 19211757 |
| dengue virus type 2 infections of aedes aegypti are modulated by the mosquito's rna interference pathway. | a number of studies have shown that both innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms greatly influence the course of human dengue virus (denv) infections, but little is known about the innate immune response of the mosquito vector aedes aegypti to arbovirus infection. we present evidence here that a major component of the mosquito innate immune response, rna interference (rnai), is an important modulator of mosquito infections. the rnai response is triggered by double-stranded rna (dsrna), whi ... | 2009 | 19214215 |
| caspase inhibitor p35 is required for the production of robust baculovirus virions in trichoplusia ni tn-368 cells. | apoptosis can protect lepidopteran insects against baculovirus infection by limiting viral replication. baculoviruses counter this response by expressing anti-apoptotic proteins such as the caspase inhibitor p35, which is expressed by several baculoviruses including autographa californica mutiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv). mutants of acmnpv that lack the p35 gene induce apoptosis in spodoptera frugiperda cells, and replication of these mutants is severely curtailed in s. frugiperda cell line ... | 2009 | 19218211 |
| induction of immune responses and protection in mice against rabies using a self-replicating rna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein. | a self-replicating rna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein gene was developed utilizing sindbis virus rna replicon. the in vitro transcribed rna (sin-rab-g rna) was transfected in mammalian cells and analysed for self-replication and expression of rabies glycoprotein. to generate immune responses against rabies, mice were immunized with 10microg of sin-rab-g rna and immune responses developed were compared with mice immunized with rabies dna vaccine and commercial cell culture vaccine (ra ... | 2009 | 19081687 |
| low-density macroarray for rapid detection and identification of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne viral zoonosis which occurs throughout africa, eastern europe, and asia and results in an approximately 30% fatality rate. a reverse transcription-pcr assay including a competitive internal control was developed on the basis of the most up-to-date genome information. biotinylated amplification products were hybridized to dna macroarrays on the surfaces of polymer supports, and hybridization events were visualized by incubation with a strepta ... | 2009 | 19225100 |
| role of conserved cysteines in the alphavirus e3 protein. | alphavirus particles are covered by 80 glycoprotein spikes that are essential for viral entry. spikes consist of the e2 receptor binding protein and the e1 fusion protein. spike assembly occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, where e1 associates with pe2, a precursor containing e3 and e2 proteins. e3 is a small, cysteine-rich, extracellular glycoprotein that mediates proper folding of pe2 and its subsequent association with e1. in addition, cleavage of e3 from the assembled spike is required to ma ... | 2009 | 19109378 |
| rna-based viral immunity initiated by the dicer family of host immune receptors. | suppression of viral infection by rna in a nucleotide sequence homology-dependent manner was first reported in plants in early 1990 s. studies in the past 15 years have established a completely new rna-based immune system against viruses that is mechanistically related to rna silencing or rna interference (rnai). this viral immunity begins with recognition of viral double-stranded or structured rna by the dicer nuclease family of host immune receptors. in fungi, plants and invertebrates, the vir ... | 2009 | 19120484 |
| antiviral immunity in drosophila requires systemic rna interference spread. | multicellular organisms evolved sophisticated defence systems to confer protection against pathogens. an important characteristic of these immune systems is their ability to act both locally at the site of infection and at distal uninfected locations. in insects, such as drosophila melanogaster, rna interference (rnai) mediates antiviral immunity. however, the antiviral rnai defence in flies seems to be a local, cell-autonomous process, as flies are thought to be unable to generate a systemic rn ... | 2009 | 19204732 |
| in vitro activity and preclinical profile of tmc435350, a potent hepatitis c virus protease inhibitor. | the hepatitis c virus (hcv) ns3/4a serine protease has been explored as a target for the inhibition of viral replication in preclinical models and in hcv-infected patients. tmc435350 is a highly specific and potent inhibitor of ns3/4a protease selected from a series of novel macrocyclic inhibitors. in biochemical assays using ns3/4a proteases of genotypes 1a and 1b, inhibition constants of 0.5 and 0.4 nm, respectively, were determined. tmc435350 inhibited hcv replication in a cellular assay (sub ... | 2009 | 19171797 |
| suppression of rna interference increases alphavirus replication and virus-associated mortality in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) can persistently infect and cause limited damage to mosquito vectors. rna interference (rnai) is a mosquito antiviral response important in restricting rna virus replication and has been shown to be active against some arboviruses. the goal of this study was to use a recombinant sindbis virus (sinv; family togaviridae; genus alphavirus) that expresses b2 protein of flock house virus (fhv; family nodaviridae; genus alphanodavirus), a protein that inhibits rna ... | 2009 | 19265532 |
| gamma-herpesvirus-induced protection against bacterial infection is transient. | herpesviruses are widely disseminated in the population and establish lifelong latency, which is associated with a variety of pathological consequences. a recent report showed that mice latently infected with either murine gamma-herpesvirus-68 (gammahv68) or murine cytomegalovirus (mcmv), mouse pathogens genetically similar to the human herpesviruses, epstein-barr virus, kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and cytomegalovirus, had enhanced resistance to subsequent bacterial infection, sugge ... | 2009 | 19210230 |
| characterization of a mimivirus rna cap guanine-n2 methyltransferase. | a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (tmg) cap is a signature feature of eukaryal snrnas, telomerase rnas, and trans-spliced nematode mrnas. tmg and 2,7-dimethylguanosine (dmg) caps are also present on mrnas of two species of alphaviruses (positive strand rna viruses of the togaviridae family). it is presently not known how viral mrnas might acquire a hypermethylated cap. mimivirus, a giant dna virus that infects amoeba, encodes many putative enzymes and proteins implicated in rna transactions, including ... | 2009 | 19218551 |
| isg15 arg151 and the isg15-conjugating enzyme ube1l are important for innate immune control of sindbis virus. | interferon (ifn)-stimulated gene 15 (isg15) is a ubiquitin-like molecule that conjugates to target proteins via a c-terminal lrlrgg motif and has antiviral function in vivo. we used structural modeling to predict human isg15 (hisg15) residues important for interacting with its e1 enzyme, ube1l. kinetic analysis revealed that mutation of arginine 153 to alanine (r153a) ablated hisg15-hube1l binding and transthiolation of ubch8. mutation of other predicted ube1l-interacting residues had minimal ef ... | 2009 | 19073728 |
| the regulation of disassembly of alphavirus cores. | alphaviruses are used as model viruses for structure determination and for analysis of virus entry. they are used also as vectors for protein expression and gene therapy. virus particles are assembled by budding, using preformed cores and a modified cellular membrane. during entry, alphaviruses release the viral core into the cytoplasm. cores are disassembled during virus entry and accumulate in the cytoplasm during virus multiplication. the regulation of core disassembly is the subject of this ... | 2009 | 19225713 |
| role of bnip3 and nix in cell death, autophagy, and mitophagy. | bnip3 and nix are proteins related to the bh3-only family, which induce both cell death and autophagy. consistent with their ability to induce cell death, bnip3 and nix are implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer and heart disease. in tumor cells, bnip3 and nix are regulated by hypoxia, and the deregulation of bnip3 or nix expression is associated with tumor growth. in heart muscle, bnip3 and nix are regulated by hypoxia and galphaq-dependent signaling, respectively, and their expression is ass ... | 2009 | 19229244 |
| host responses to wild-type and attenuated herpes simplex virus infection in the absence of stat1. | humans and mice lacking the interferon signaling molecule stat1 are sensitive to a variety of pathogens due to their presumed inability to mount a strong innate immune response. the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) virion host shutoff (vhs) protein is a multifunctional immunomodulator that counteracts the innate immune response and viruses lacking vhs are attenuated and effective live vaccines in animal models. to investigate the interplay of viruses with an immunocompromised host, we perform ... | 2009 | 19109391 |
| two types of thalamocortical projections from the motor thalamic nuclei of the rat: a single neuron-tracing study using viral vectors. | the axonal arborization of single motor thalamic neurons was examined in rat brain using a viral vector expressing membrane-targeted palmitoylation site-attached green fluorescent protein (palgfp). we first divided the ventral anterior-ventral lateral motor thalamic nuclei into 1) the rostromedial portion, which was designated inhibitory afferent-dominant zone (iz) with intense glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity and weak vesicular glutamate transporter 2 immunoreactivity, and 2) the caudol ... | 2009 | 19174446 |
| noncytolytic clearance of sindbis virus infection from neurons by gamma interferon is dependent on jak/stat signaling. | the alphavirus sindbis virus (sinv) causes encephalomyelitis in mice by infecting neurons of the brain and spinal cord. the outcome is age dependent. young animals develop fatal disease, while older animals recover from infection. recovery requires noncytolytic clearance of sinv from neurons, and gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) is an important contributor to clearance in vivo. ifn-gamma-dependent clearance has been studied using immortalized csm14.1 rat neuronal cells that can be differentiated in ... | 2009 | 19176616 |
| keystone symposium on antibodies as drugs: march 27-april 1, 2009, whistler, bc ca. | the symposium on antibodies as drugs, organized by keystone symposia and chaired by j. marks, (university of california los angeles, usa), e.s. ward (university of texas southwestern medical center, usa) and l. weiner (georgetown university medical center, usa), was held in whistler, british columbia. this canadian rockies village, which will host the 2010 olympic games, served as an enchanting backdrop to the meeting. the more than 350 speakers and attendees included scientists from major pharm ... | 2009 | 20068403 |
| using viral vectors as gene transfer tools (cell biology and toxicology special issue: etcs-uk 1 day meeting on genetic manipulation of cells). | in recent years, the development of powerful viral gene transfer techniques has greatly facilitated the study of gene function. this review summarises some of the viral delivery systems routinely used to mediate gene transfer into cell lines, primary cell cultures and in whole animal models. the systems described were originally discussed at a 1-day european tissue culture society (etcs-uk) workshop that was held at university college london on 1st april 2009. recombinant-deficient viral vectors ... | 2009 | 19830583 |
| natural and engineered mosquito immunity. | a recent paper in bmc microbiology shows how suppression of mosquito innate immunity against a virus that the mosquito can normally tolerate increases mosquito mortality. this is just one of several approaches that may soon bring genetics-based mosquito control methods from the laboratory into the field. | 2009 | 19439051 |
| transcriptional targeting of tumor endothelial cells for gene therapy. | it is well known that angiogenesis plays a critical role in the pathobiology of tumors. recent clinical trials have shown that inhibition of angiogenesis can be an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with cancer. however, one of the outstanding issues in anti-angiogenic treatment for cancer is the development of toxicities related to off-target effects of drugs. transcriptional targeting of tumor endothelial cells involves the use of specific promoters for selective expression of therape ... | 2009 | 19393703 |
| from tucson to genomics and transgenics: the vector biology network and the emergence of modern vector biology. | 2009 | 19333394 | |
| cytokine determinants of viral tropism. | the specificity of a given virus for a cell type, tissue or species - collectively known as viral tropism - is an important factor in determining the outcome of viral infection in any particular host. owing to the increased prevalence of zoonotic infections and the threat of emerging and re-emerging pathogens, gaining a better understanding of the factors that determine viral tropism has become particularly important. in this review, we summarize our current understanding of the central role of ... | 2009 | 19696766 |
| autophagy, antiviral immunity, and viral countermeasures. | the autophagy pathway likely evolved not only to maintain cellular and tissue homeostasis but also to protect cells against microbial attack. this conserved mechanism by which cytoplasmic cargo is delivered to the endolysosomal system is now recognized as a central player in coordinating the host response to diverse intracellular pathogens, including viruses. as an endolysosomal delivery system, autophagy functions in the transfer of viruses from the cytoplasm to the lysosome where they are degr ... | 2009 | 19264100 |
| antiviral immunity in drosophila. | genetic analysis of the drosophila antiviral response indicates that rna interference plays a major role. this contrasts with the situation in mammals, where interferon-induced responses mediate innate antiviral host-defense. an inducible response also contributes to antiviral immunity in drosophila, and similarities in the sensing and signaling of viral infection are becoming apparent between drosophila and mammals. in particular, dexd/h box helicases appear to play a crucial role in the cytoso ... | 2009 | 19223163 |
| regulated cell death pathways: new twists in modulation of bcl2 family function. | a number of cell death pathways have been recognized. though apoptosis and autophagy have been well characterized, programmed necrosis has recently received attention and may provide clinical alternatives to suppress resistant tumors. necrosis is primarily characterized by large-scale permeabilization, swelling, and rupture of cell membranes and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. traditionally, necrosis in cancer cells has been indicative of poor prognoses, as chronic inflammation was fo ... | 2009 | 19509269 |
| viralorfeome: an integrated database to generate a versatile collection of viral orfs. | large collections of protein-encoding open reading frames (orfs) established in a versatile recombination-based cloning system have been instrumental to study protein functions in high-throughput assays. such 'orfeome' resources have been developed for several organisms but in virology, plasmid collections covering a significant fraction of the virosphere are still needed. in this perspective, we present viralorfeome 1.0 (http://www.viralorfeome.com), an open-access database and management syste ... | 2009 | 20007148 |
| culturing thick brain slices: an interstitial 3d microperfusion system for enhanced viability. | brain slice preparations are well-established models for a wide spectrum of in vitro investigations in the neuroscience discipline. however, these investigations are limited to acute preparations or thin organotypic culture preparations due to the lack of a successful method that allows culturing of thick organotypic brain slices. thick brain slice cultures suffer necrosis due to ischemia deep in the tissue resulting from a destroyed circulatory system and subsequent diffusion-limited supply of ... | 2009 | 19443039 |
| probing protein structure by amino acid-specific covalent labeling and mass spectrometry. | for many years, amino acid-specific covalent labeling has been a valuable tool to study protein structure and protein interactions, especially for systems that are difficult to study by other means. these covalent labeling methods typically map protein structure and interactions by measuring the differential reactivity of amino acid side chains. the reactivity of amino acids in proteins generally depends on the accessibility of the side chain to the reagent, the inherent reactivity of the label ... | 2009 | 19016300 |
| autophagy as an antimicrobial strategy. | autophagy is a process of lysosomal degradation that was originally described as a cellular response to adapt to a lack of nutrients and to enable the elimination of damaged organelles. autophagy is increasingly recognized as a process that is also involved in innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogens. studies on the regulation of autophagy have uncovered components of the autophagic cascade that can be manipulated pharmacologically. approaches to modulate autophagy may result in no ... | 2009 | 19681702 |
| autophagy, immunity, and microbial adaptations. | autophagy adjusts cellular biomass and function in response to diverse stimuli, including infection. autophagy plays specific roles in shaping immune system development, fueling host innate and adaptive immune responses, and directly controlling intracellular microbes as a cell-autonomous innate defense. as an evolutionary counterpoint, intracellular pathogens have evolved to block autophagic microbicidal defense and subvert host autophagic responses for their survival or growth. the ability of ... | 2009 | 19527881 |
| the evolution of viruses in multi-host fitness landscapes. | provided that generalist viruses will have access to potentially unlimited hosts, the question is why most viruses specialize in few hosts. it has been suggested that selection should favor specialists because there are tradeoffs limiting the fitness of generalists in any of the alternative hosts or because evolution proceeds faster with narrower niches. here we review experiments showing that virus adaptation to a specific host is often coupled with fitness losses in alternative ones. in most i ... | 2009 | 19572052 |
| gene expression studies in mosquitoes. | research on gene expression in mosquitoes is motivated by both basic and applied interests. studies of genes involved in hematophagy, reproduction, olfaction, and immune responses reveal an exquisite confluence of biological adaptations that result in these highly-successful life forms. the requirement of female mosquitoes for a bloodmeal for propagation has been exploited by a wide diversity of viral, protozoan and metazoan pathogens as part of their life cycles. identifying genes involved in h ... | 2008 | 19161831 |
| eating the enemy within: autophagy in infectious diseases. | autophagy is emerging as a central component of antimicrobial host defense against diverse viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. in addition to pathogen degradation, autophagy has other functions during infection such as innate and adaptive immune activation. as an important host defense pathway, microbes have also evolved mechanisms to evade, subvert, or exploit autophagy. additionally, some fungal pathogens harness autophagy within their own cells to promote pathogenesis. this review wil ... | 2008 | 18772897 |
| bacteria in the intestine, helpful residents or enemies from within? | 2008 | 18474643 | |
| nontemplated terminal nucleotidyltransferase activity of double-stranded rna bacteriophage phi6 rna-dependent rna polymerase. | the replication and transcription of double-stranded rna (dsrna) viruses occur within a polymerase complex particle in which the viral genome is enclosed throughout the entire life cycle of the virus. a single protein subunit in the polymerase complex is responsible for the template-dependent rna polymerization activity. the isolated polymerase subunit of the dsrna bacteriophage phi6 was previously shown to replicate and transcribe given rna molecules. in this study, we show that this enzyme als ... | 2008 | 18614640 |