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qnr-like pentapeptide repeat proteins in gram-positive bacteria.to study the role of qnr-like pentapeptide repeat proteins (prps) from several gram-positive species with quinolone resistance in vitro.200818343805
clostridium perfringens toxin genotypes in the feces of healthy north americans.we investigated the frequency of clostridium perfringens in the normal fecal flora of healthy north americans. about half of 43 subjects were colonized with c. perfringens at levels of approximately 10(6)cfu/g feces. only type a strains were recovered. spores sometimes outnumbered vegetative cells. several genotypes were found. some donors carried two genotypes, some only one. we found no alpha, beta2 or enterotoxin in the stools of any donors. though some isolates carried toxin genes (e.g. cpe ...200818353695
sub-clinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: novel etiological consideration based on ultra-structural and molecular changes in the intestinal tissue.the present study revealed several previously not recognized etiological details in the development of necrotic enteritis (ne) in broilers. we provide evidence that the pathological process leading to mucosal epithelium necrosis follows morphologically distinct phases commencing at the basal domain of the mucosal epithelium and then progressively invading the entire lamina propria. initially mucosal epithelium appears normal, but as the pathological changes progress throughout the lamina propria ...200818359497
antibiotic-associated diarrhea: candidate organisms other than clostridium difficile.the direct toxic effects of antibiotics on the intestine can alter digestive functions and cause pathogenic bacterial overgrowth leading to antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is widely known to be responsible for 10 approximately 20% of aad cases. however, klebsiella oxytoca, clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, and candida species might also contribute to aad.200818363274
chromosomal engineering of clostridium perfringens using group ii introns.clostridium perfringens is a major natural pathogen of human and domestic animals owing to the production of multiple toxins. defined clostridial mutants are essential for studying the role of toxins in disease pathogenesis. however, it has been very difficult to introduce mutations into c. perfringens. we recently developed a clostridia-modified targetron that can specifically and efficiently inactivate c. perfringens genes. the usefulness of this system has now been demonstrated by specificall ...200818370079
efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater.a combined constructed wetland formed by a facultative pond (fp), a surface flow wetland (sf) and a subsurface flow wetland (ssf) was studied from december 2004 until september 2005 in north-western spain in order to evaluate their efficiency in the removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms and to determine their relationships. microbial removal ranged from 78% for coliphages to over 99% for helminth eggs, depending on the treatment system. the highest removal of indicator bacteria (tot ...200818374393
factors contributing to heat resistance of clostridium perfringens endospores.the endospores formed by strains of type a clostridium perfringens that produce the c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) are known to be more resistant to heat and cold than strains that do not produce this toxin. the high heat resistance of these spores allows them to survive the cooking process, leading to a large number of food-poisoning cases each year. the relative importance of factors contributing to the establishment of heat resistance in this species is currently unknown. the present study ...200818378644
large-scale freshwater microbiological study: rationale, results and risks.a fifteen-month fortnightly survey of microbial health risk indicators and pathogens has been carried out at 25 freshwater recreational and water supply sites distributed throughout new zealand, for: e. coli, clostridium perfringens spores, f-rna bacteriophage, somatic coliphage, human enteroviruses, human adenoviruses, cryptosporidium oocysts, giardia cysts, salmonella and campylobacter. sites were selected to represent five geographical areas covering new zealand and five categories of predomi ...200818401110
molecular and cellular basis of microvascular perfusion deficits induced by clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum.reduced tissue perfusion leading to tissue ischemia is a central component of the pathogenesis of myonecrosis caused by clostridium perfringens. the c. perfringens alpha-toxin has been shown capable of inducing these changes, but its potential synergy with perfringolysin o (theta-toxin) is less well understood. similarly, clostridium septicum is a highly virulent causative agent of spontaneous gas gangrene, but its effect on the microcirculation has not been examined. therefore, the aim of this ...200818404211
binding of epsilon-toxin from clostridium perfringens in the nervous system.epsilon-toxin (epsilon-toxin), produced by clostridium perfringens type d, is the main agent responsible for enterotoxaemia in livestock. neurological disorders are a characteristic of the onset of toxin poisoning. epsilon-toxin accumulates specifically in the central nervous system, where it produces a glutamatergic-mediated excitotoxic effect. however, no detailed study of putative binding structures in the nervous tissue has been carried out to date. here we attempt to identify specific accep ...200818406080
anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzymes, first dual substrate radical s-adenosylmethionine enzymes.sulfatases are a major group of enzymes involved in many critical physiological processes as reflected by their broad distribution in all three domains of life. this class of hydrolases is unique in requiring an essential post-translational modification of a critical active-site cysteine or serine residue to c(alpha)-formylglycine. this modification is catalyzed by at least three nonhomologous enzymatic systems in bacteria. each enzymatic system is currently considered to be dedicated to the mod ...200818408004
interaction of isoquinoline alkaloid palmatine with deoxyribonucleic acids: binding heterogeneity, and conformational and thermodynamic aspects.the binding heterogeneity, conformational aspects, and energetics of the interaction of the cytotoxic plant alkaloid palmatine have been studied with various natural and synthetic dnas. the alkaloid binds to calf thymus and escherichia coli dna that have mixed at and gc sequences in almost equal proportions with positive cooperativity, while, with clostridium perfringens and micrococcus lysodeikticus dna with predominantly high at and gc sequences, respectively, noncooperative binding was observ ...200818421749
roles of dacb and spm proteins in clostridium perfringens spore resistance to moist heat, chemicals, and uv radiation.clostridium perfringens food poisoning is caused mainly by enterotoxigenic type a isolates that typically possess high spore heat resistance. previous studies have shown that alpha/beta-type small, acid-soluble proteins (sasp) play a major role in the resistance of bacillus subtilis and c. perfringens spores to moist heat, uv radiation, and some chemicals. additional major factors in b. subtilis spore resistance are the spore's core water content and cortex peptidoglycan (pg) structure, with the ...200818441110
structural and mechanistic insight into the basis of mucopolysaccharidosis iiib.mucopolysaccharidosis iii (mps iii) has four forms (a-d) that result from buildup of an improperly degraded glycosaminoglycan in lysosomes. mps iiib is attributable to the decreased activity of a lysosomal alpha-n-acetylglucosaminidase (naglu). here, we describe the structure, catalytic mechanism, and inhibition of cpgh89 from clostridium perfringens, a close bacterial homolog of naglu. the structure enables the generation of a homology model of naglu, an enzyme that has resisted structural stud ...200818443291
[detection of clostridia toxin markers in different types of the course of acute intestinal infections].the purpose of the investigation was to study the detection rates of markers and the level of c. diffcile a and b toxins and c. perfringens type a enterotoxin in patients with acute intestinal infections (aii). two hundred and seventy-three patients with aii of varying etiology were followed up. according to the clinical syndrome, the patients were divided into 3 groups: (1) patients with the gastroenteritic (ge) type; (2) those with the gastroenterocolitic (gec) type; (3) those with enterocolit ...200818450084
a novel small acid soluble protein variant is important for spore resistance of most clostridium perfringens food poisoning isolates.clostridium perfringens is a major cause of food poisoning (fp) in developed countries. c. perfringens isolates usually induce the gastrointestinal symptoms of this fp by producing an enterotoxin that is encoded by a chromosomal (cpe) gene. those typical fp strains also produce spores that are extremely resistant to food preservation approaches such as heating and chemical preservatives. this resistance favors their survival and subsequent germination in improperly cooked, prepared, or stored fo ...200818451983
effect of liquid municipal biosolid application method on tile and ground water quality.this study examined bacteria and nutrient quality in tile drainage and shallow ground water resulting from a fall land application of liquid municipal biosolids (lmb), at field application rates of 93,500 l ha(-1), to silt-clay loam agricultural field plots using two different land application approaches. the land application methods were a one-pass aerway ssd approach (a), and surface spreading plus subsequent incorporation (ss). for both treatments, it took between 3 and 39 min for lmb to reac ...200818453415
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is absorbed from different intestinal segments of mice.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is a potent toxin responsible for a rapidly fatal enterotoxaemia in several animal species. the pathogenesis of epsilon toxin includes toxicity to endothelial cells and neurons. although epsilon toxin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the intestinal regions where the toxin is absorbed and the conditions favoring epsilon toxin absorption are unknown. the aim of this paper was to determine the toxicity of epsilon toxin absorbed from different gastro ...200818457853
immunopathology and cytokine responses in broiler chickens coinfected with eimeria maxima and clostridium perfringens with the use of an animal model of necrotic enteritis.the incidence of necrotic enteritis (ne) due to clostridium perfringens (cp) infection in commercial poultry has been increasing at an alarming rate. although pre-exposure of chickens to coccidia infections is believed to be one of the major risk factors leading to ne, the underlying mechanisms of cp virulence remain undefined. the objectives of this study were to utilize an experimental model of ne produced by eimeria maxima (em) and cp coinfection to investigate the pathologic and immunologic ...200818459290
reproducible infection model for clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.experiments were carried out to establish an infection and disease model for clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. previous experiments had failed to induce disease and only a transient colonization with challenge strains had been obtained. in the present study, two series of experiments were conducted, each involving four groups of chickens with each group kept in separate isolators. a coccidial vaccine given at 10 times the prescribed dosage was used to promote the development of necrot ...200818459293
effects of a probiotic lactobacillus acidophilus strain on feed tolerance in dogs with non-specific dietary sensitivity.this study investigated the effects of the probiotic lactobacillus acidophilus strain dsm 13241 in dogs with non-specific dietary sensitivity (nss). six adult german shorthair pointers with nss consecutively received a control dry diet and the same diet supplemented with the probiotic (6 x 10(6) cfu/g) for 12 weeks each, followed by another control period of four weeks. frequency of defecations, faecal quality and nutrient digestibility were determined. faeces were cultured for clostridium perfr ...200818459535
effects of bovine lactoferrin on the immune system and the intestinal microflora of adult dogs.eighteen beagle dogs were used to evaluate the effects of bovine lactoferrin (blf) on immune function and faecal microbial populations. the study comprised three feeding periods, each lasting four weeks. after an initial control period 1, six dogs per group were supplemented with 0, 120 and 1800 mg blf/kg dry diet, respectively (period 2). in period 3 dogs received again control diets. peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets, lymphocyte proliferative response to concanavalin a, phytohaemagglut ...200818459539
diagnosis of clostridium perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats.clostridium perfringens produces enteric diseases, generically called enterotoxemias, in sheep, goats, and other animals. this microorganism can be a normal inhabitant of the intestine of most animal species, including humans, but when the intestinal environment is altered by sudden changes in diet or other factors, c. perfringens proliferates and produces potent toxins that act locally or are absorbed into the general circulation with usually devastating effects on the host. history, clinical s ...200818460610
characterization of clostridium perfringens spores that lack spova proteins and dipicolinic acid.spores of clostridium perfringens possess high heat resistance, and when these spores germinate and return to active growth, they can cause gastrointestinal disease. work with bacillus subtilis has shown that the spore's dipicolinic acid (dpa) level can markedly influence both spore germination and resistance and that the proteins encoded by the spova operon are essential for dpa uptake by the developing spore during sporulation. we now find that proteins encoded by the spova operon are also ess ...200818469104
assessing the role of p-cresol tolerance in clostridium difficile.clostridium difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen, resulting in antibiotic-associated disease ranging from mild diarrhoea to the life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. upon antibiotic exposure, it is believed that the normal bowel microflora of patients is disrupted, allowing c. difficile to proliferate. significantly, c. difficile is among only a few bacteria able to ferment tyrosine to p-cresol, a phenolic compound that is toxic to other microbes via its ability to interfere with m ...200818480332
conjugated polyelectrolyte based real-time fluorescence assay for phospholipase c.a fluorescence turnoff assay for phospholipase c (plc) from clostridium perfringens is developed based on the reversible interaction between the natural substrate, phosphatidylcholine, and a fluorescent, water-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte (cpe). the fluorescence intensity of the cpe in water is increased substantially by the addition of the phospholipid due to the formation of a cpe-lipid complex. incubation of the cpe-lipid complex with the enzyme plc causes the fluorescence intensity to ...200818044959
iga1 desialylated by microbial neuraminidase forms immune complex with naturally occurring anti-t antibody in human serum.iga1 was identified as the most prominent o-glycosylated protein of human serum. desialylation by bacterial (clostridium perfringens) neuraminidase rendered dot-blotted iga1 recognizable by the naturally occurring serum antibody (anti-t) directed against thomsen-friedenreich antigen, galbeta1-->3galnac-alpha-. on western blot of serum o-glycosylated proteins anti-t recognized nearly all the bands including iga1 as did the t antigen-specific animal lectin galectin-1 but only after their desialyla ...200818045697
clostridium perfringens type a strains carrying a plasmid-borne enterotoxin gene (genotype is1151-cpe or is1470-like-cpe) as a common cause of food poisoning.the prevalences of various genotypes of enterotoxin gene-carrying (cpe-positive) clostridium perfringens type a in 24 different food poisoning outbreaks were 75% (chromosomal is1470-cpe), 21% (plasmid-borne is1470-like-cpe), and 4% (plasmid-borne is1151-cpe). these results show that c. perfringens type a carrying the plasmid-borne cpe is a common cause of food poisoning.200818003798
typing of clostridium perfringens by multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis.clostridium perfringens is a well-characterized bacterial species which can be both commensal and pathogenic in humans and many animals. genetic typing of the bacterium is often used for molecular epidemiological purposes, and can be useful for observing population structures as well. analysis of the variable number of tandem repeats (vntrs) within the genome, called multiple-locus vntr analysis (mlva) provides genetic information useful for molecular typing. a mlva typing method has been develo ...200818022331
influence of gastric acid on susceptibility to infection with ingested bacterial pathogens.despite the widely held belief that gastric acid serves as a barrier to bacterial pathogens, there are almost no experimental data to support this hypothesis. we have developed a mouse model to quantify the effectiveness of gastric acid in mediating resistance to infection with ingested bacteria. mice that were constitutively hypochlorhydric due to a mutation in a gastric h(+)/k(+)-atpase (proton pump) gene were infected with yersinia enterocolitica, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, citr ...200818025100
lethal effects of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin are potentiated by alpha and perfringolysin-o toxins in a mouse model.epsilon toxin (etx) is the most important virulence factor of clostridium perfringens type d. two other important toxins, alpha toxin (cpa) and perfringolysin-o (pfo), are encoded and potentially produced by most c. perfringens type d isolates. the biological effects of these toxins are dissimilar although they are all lethal. since the possible interaction of these toxins during infection is unknown, the effects of cpa and pfo on the lethal activity of etx were studied in a mouse model. mice we ...200817997054
three-dimensional structure of a putative non-cellulosomal cohesin module from a clostridium perfringens family 84 glycoside hydrolase.the genomes of myonecrotic strains of clostridium perfringens encode a large number of secreted glycoside hydrolases. the activities of these enzymes are consistent with degradation of the mucosal layer of the human gastrointestinal tract, glycosaminoglycans and other cellular glycans found throughout the body. in many cases this is thought to aid in the propagation of the major toxins produced by c. perfringens. one such example is the family 84 glycoside hydrolases, which contains five c. perf ...200817999932
role of ca2+-binding motif in cytotoxicity induced by clostridium perfringens iota-toxin.clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is a binary toxin composed of an enzymatic component (ia) and a binding component (ib). we investigated the role of the conserved ca(2+)-binding motif of ib in the cytotoxicity of iota-toxin. the cytotoxicity of iota-toxin increased with an increase in the concentration of extracellular ca(2+). a surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that the binding of ia to the oligomer of ib is dependent on the concentration of ca(2+). however, the addition of ca(2+) had ...200818060735
coccidia-induced mucogenesis promotes the onset of necrotic enteritis by supporting clostridium perfringens growth.this study tested the hypothesis that a host mucogenic response to an intestinal coccidial infection promotes the onset of necrotic enteritis (ne). a chick ne model was used in which birds were inoculated with eimeria acervulina and e. maxima and subsequently with clostridium perfringens (eam/cp). a second group of eam/cp-infected birds was treated with the ionophore narasin (nar/eam/cp). these groups were compared to birds that were either non-infected (nif), or infected only with e. acervulina ...200818068809
beta toxin is essential for the intestinal virulence of clostridium perfringens type c disease isolate cn3685 in a rabbit ileal loop model.clostridium perfringens type c isolates, which cause enteritis necroticans in humans and enteritis and enterotoxaemias of domestic animals, typically produce (at minimum) beta toxin (cpb), alpha toxin (cpa) and perfringolysin o (pfo) during log-phase growth. to assist development of improved vaccines and therapeutics, we evaluated the contribution of these three toxins to the intestinal virulence of type c disease isolate cn3685. similar to natural type c infection, log-phase vegetative cultures ...200818078439
characterization of cecal microbiota and response to an orally administered lactobacillus probiotic strain in the broiler chicken.a probiotic lactobacillus strain was given in drinking water to young broiler chickens from 1 to 19 days of age. cecal contents were collected from 4- and 19-day-old chickens in treated and control groups. enumeration of bacteria by culture on selective media showed a decrease in clostridium perfringens carriage in the 4-day-old treated chickens, whereas coliforms and lactobacillus populations were not significantly affected by the treatment. fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis with 7 phy ...200817957118
the rapid identification of clostridium perfringens as the possible aetiology of a diarrhoeal outbreak using pcr.a gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in a military camp where a laboratory and epidemiological investigation was carried out. the early onset of symptoms indicated probable food contamination with clostridium perfringens. stool samples collected from affected patients were tested within 4 h via real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of the c. perfringens plc gene. ten out of the 12 stool samples were positive. confirmation of the molecular test results was carried out by enume ...200817961281
noncompacted foamy heart in suspected mitochondrial disorder. 200817643518
construction and characterization of a clostripain-like protease-deficient mutant of clostridium perfringens as a strain for clostridial gene expression.the inherent difficulty of expressing clostridial at-rich genes in a heterologous host has limited their biotechnological application. we previously reported a plasmid for high-level expression of clostridial genes in clostridium perfringens (takamizawa et al., protein expr purif 36:70-75, 2004). in this study, we examined the extracellular proteases of c. perfringens strain 13. zymographic analysis and caseinase assaying of a culture supernatant showed that it contained a protease activated by ...200817965858
discitis due to clostridium perfringens.a combination of disk space narrowing and vacuum phenomenon on radiographs of the spine is usually considered a reliable indicator of degenerative disk disease. we report a case in which vacuum phenomenon was related to clostridium perfringens discitis.200817977774
structure of the claudin-binding domain of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin is a common cause of food-borne and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the toxin's receptors on intestinal epithelial cells include claudin-3 and -4, members of a large family of tight junction proteins. toxin-induced cytolytic pore formation requires residues in the nh(2)-terminal half, whereas residues near the cooh terminus are required for binding to claudins. the claudin-binding cooh-terminal domain is not toxic and is currently under investigation as a pote ...200817977833
a new pcr followed by mboi digestion for the detection of all variants of the clostridium perfringens cpb2 gene.clostridium perfringens which is a causative agent of several diseases in animals and humans is capable of producing a variety of toxins. isolates are typed into five types on the basis of the presence of one or more of the four major toxins genes, i.e. cpa, cpb, etx, and iap. a decade ago another toxin termed beta2 (beta2) and its gene (cpb2) were identified. two alleles of cpb2 are known and a possible link between differences in gene expression and allelic variation has been reported. a corre ...200817980519
carbon catabolite repression of type iv pilus-dependent gliding motility in the anaerobic pathogen clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium responsible for the production of severe histotoxic and gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. in silico analysis of the three available genome-sequenced c. perfringens strains (13, sm101, and atcc13124) revealed that genes that encode flagellar proteins and genes involved in chemotaxis are absent. however, those strains exhibit type iv pilus (tfp)-dependent gliding motility. since carbon catabolite regulat ...200817981974
predictive model for growth of clostridium perfringens during cooling of cooked uncured beef.this paper considers growth models including one based on baranyi's equations for growth and the other based on the logistic function. using a common approach for constructing dynamic models for predicting clostridium perfringens growth in ready-to-eat uncured beef during cooling, there was no appreciable difference between the models' predictions when the population of cells was within the lag or exponential phases of growth. the developed models can be used for designing safe cooling processes ...200817993376
puerperal clostridium perfringens sepsis in a patient with granulocytopenia.we present a lethal case of fulminant puerperal sepsis with massive hemolysis after cesarean section in a patient with intermittent granulocytopenia.200817675887
behaviour of pathogenic and indicator bacteria during urban wastewater treatment and sludge composting, as revealed by quantitative pcr.two enteric pathogens, salmonella spp. and campylobacter jejuni, and two bacteria commonly used as indicators, escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens, were monitored using quantitative real-time pcr during municipal wastewater treatment and sludge composting. the results were compared with those obtained using standard culture methods. a reduction of all bacteria was observed during wastewater treatment and during the thermophilic phase of composting. however, the bacterial groups studied ...200817659319
necrotic enteritis-producing strains of clostridium perfringens displace non-necrotic enteritis strains from the gut of chicks.we inoculated broiler chicks with mixtures of clostridium perfringens strains to investigate the single strain dominance observed in natural cases of necrotic enteritis (ne) [nauerby, b., pedersen, k., madsen, m., 2003. analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of the genetic diversity among clostridium perfringens isolates from chickens. vet. microbiol. 94, 257-266]. pre-inoculation bacteriologic culture of chick intestines yielded up to six pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) types of c ...200817850994
real-time multiplex pcr assays for reliable detection of clostridium perfringens toxin genes in animal isolates.typing of clostridium perfringens strains by pcr-based determination of toxin genes proved to be a reliable method for diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in various animal species. we report the establishment and validation of three real-time fluorogenic (taqman) multiplex pcrs for the detection of c. perfringens alpha-, beta-, beta2-, epsilon-, entero- and iota-toxin genes. the composition of the pcrs was chosen with regard to robustness of the assays and in order to increase sensitivity compared to t ...200817855025
genetic diversity of clostridium perfringens isolated from healthy broiler chickens at a commercial farm.clostridium perfringens is an important commensal and bacterial pathogen of many animal species. it has particular significance in poultry, where it may cause necrotic enteritis. our objective was to characterize the population diversity of c. perfringens colonizing healthy birds, and to observe how diversity changed over time. isolates were obtained from broiler chicken cecal samples in two barns on a single farm, on days 7, 14, 22, 27, 30 and 34 of a single 42-day rearing cycle. bacitracin was ...200817888591
real-time multiplex pcr assay for rapid detection and toxintyping of clostridium perfringens toxin producing strains in feces of dairy cattle.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium associated with a wide variety of diseases in domestic animals and humans. we have developed dual-labeled fluorescence hybridization probe (taqman((r)))-based real-time multiplex pcr assay for detection of toxin genes alpha (cpa), beta (cpb), iota (ia), epsilon (etx), beta2 (cpb2) and enterotoxin (cpe) of c. perfringens directly from cattle feces. the assay was standardized using atcc reference strains of c. perfring ...200817890052
conservation and evolutionary dynamics of the agr cell-to-cell communication system across firmicutes.we present evidence that the agr cell-to-cell communication system is present across firmicutes, including the human pathogen clostridium perfringens. although we find that the agr system is evolutionarily conserved and that the general functions which it regulates are similar in different species, the individual regulated genes are not the same. this suggests that the regulatory network controlled by agr is dynamic and evolves rapidly.200817933897
production and characterization of transgenic mice systemically expressing endo-beta-galactosidase c.the alphagal epitope (galalpha1-3gal) is a sugar structure expressed on the cell surface of almost all organisms except humans and old-world-monkeys, which express natural anti-alphagal antibodies. the presence of these antibodies elicits a hyper acute rejection (har) upon xenotransplantation of cellular materials, such as from pigs to human beings. endo-beta-galactosidase c (endogalc), an enzyme isolated from clostridium perfringens, removes the alphagal epitope by cleaving the galbeta1-4glcnac ...200817947256
necrotizing enterocolitis of the neonate with clostridium perfringens: diagnosis, clinical course, and role of alpha toxin.the severity of the clinical course in necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) associated with clostridium perfringens (cp) may support the hypothesis of a specific disease. we conducted a case control study of infants diagnosed with nec, who underwent surgical treatment over a 7-year period. patient histories examined characteristics of the infants, bacterial infection as well as nec's severity, antibiotic treatment, and clinical course. infants infected with nec associated with cp were compared with n ...200817952466
using irradiation treatment for reduction of anaerobic bacteria from a wastewater treatment plant.this study was done to investigate the reduction of anaerobic bacteria (clostridium perfringens) by ultrasound irradiation technology (usi). c. perfringens is the most important of the sulfite-reducing clostridia and is normally present in human and animal feces. clostridial spores survive longer than coliforms, escherichia coli or enterococci, and are consequently used as an indicator of past fecal pollution. the spores are not always inactivated by chlorination, but are not a hazard to health ...200818975846
understanding gastroenteritis in elderly residents of aged-care facilities. 200818976184
microbiology of salt rising bread.salt rising bread (srb) is an appalachian traditional bread made without yeast, using a starter derived from flour, milk and potatoes. the "rising agent" has been identified as clostridium perfringens, not salt, and is presumably derived from the environment. although no cases of illness have been attributed to srb, c. perfringens type a is a common cause of food poisoning from meats and gravies. other c. perfringens isolates may cause enteritis necroticans (pig-bel disease) and gas gangrene. pa ...200818646681
identification of claudin-4 as a marker highly overexpressed in both primary and metastatic prostate cancer.in the quest for markers of expression and progression for prostate cancer (pca), the majority of studies have focussed on molecular data exclusively from primary tumours. although expression in metastases is inferred, a lack of correlation with secondary tumours potentially limits their applicability diagnostically and therapeutically. molecular targets were identified by examining expression profiles of prostate cell lines using cdna microarrays. those genes identified were verified on pca cel ...200818648369
a clostridium perfringens food poisoning outbreak associated with consumption of chicken curry supplied by a home caterer. 200818922552
the role of penicillin g potassium in managing clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.the efficacy of penicillin g potassium (pot-pen) administered via drinking water to manage necrotic enteritis (ne) was investigated in a clostridium perfringens (cp) challenge study using 1600 broiler chickens assigned to one of four treatment groups: nonchallenged, nonmedicated; challenged, nonmedicated; challenged, pot-pen 0.2 g/l; challenged, pot-pen 0.4 g/l. overall mortality due to ne was significantly reduced among pot-pen-treated pens; mortality due to other causes did not differ among th ...200818939627
a persistent outbreak of ulcerative enteritis in bobwhite quail (colinus virginianus).ulcerative enteritis is a disease that typically responds well to medication. an outbreak of ulcerative enteritis that was persistent and unresponsive to treatment is described. the outbreak started in semimature birds and progressively spread to younger birds. confounding factors leading to this persistence were a significant coccidosis problem, a feed mixing error, and suspected antibiotic resistance. although clostridium colinum was never isolated, a bacitracin-resistant clostridium perfringe ...200818939648
multilocus sequence typing analysis of clostridium perfringens isolates from necrotic enteritis outbreaks in broiler chicken populations.clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen of animals and humans and is the causative agent of necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry. this study focuses on the typing of intestinal c. perfringens isolates (n = 61) from outbreaks of ne collected from several areas of southern ontario, using a recently developed multilocus sequence typing (mlst) technique. for comparison, c. perfringens isolates from healthy birds were also obtained and typed. an additional locus, the pfos locus, was included i ...200818945840
novel endo-alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidases with broader substrate specificity.in an effort to identify novel endo-alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidases (endo-alpha-galnacases), four potential genes were cloned. three of the expressed proteins engef from enterococcus faecalis, engpa from propionibacterium acnes, and engcp from clostridium perfringens were purified and characterized. their substrate specificity was investigated and compared to the commercially available endo-alpha-galnacases from streptococcus pneumoniae (engsp) and alcaligenes sp. (engal). all enzymes were incu ...200818635885
early administration of probiotics alters bacterial colonization and limits diet-induced gut dysfunction and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs.following preterm birth, bacterial colonization and enteral formula feeding predispose neonates to gut dysfunction and necrotizing enterocolitis (nec), a serious gastrointestinal inflammatory disease. we hypothesized that administration of probiotics would beneficially influence early bacterial colonization, thereby reducing the susceptibility to formula-induced gut atrophy, dysfunction, and nec. caesarean-delivered preterm pigs were provided total parenteral nutrition (1.5 d) followed by entera ...200818641188
modelling the growth of clostridium perfringens during the cooling of bulk meat.a dynamic predictive model was developed to describe the effects of temperature, ph and nacl concentration on the growth of clostridium perfringens type a. the model for the specific growth rate was based on 81 growth curves generated in our laboratory or obtained from the publicly available combase database. growth curves obtained during cooling were fitted with the dynamic model of baranyi and roberts. this made it possible to determine the parameter value reflecting the physiological state of ...200818768233
neuraminidase-1, a subunit of the cell surface elastin receptor, desialylates and functionally inactivates adjacent receptors interacting with the mitogenic growth factors pdgf-bb and igf-2.we recently established that the elastin-binding protein, which is identical to the spliced variant of beta-galactosidase, forms a cell surface-targeted complex with two proteins considered "classic lysosomal enzymes": protective protein/cathepsin a and neuraminidase-1 (neu1). we also found that cell surface-residing neu1 can desialylate neighboring microfibrillar glycoproteins and facilitate the deposition of insoluble elastin, which contributes to the maintenance of cellular quiescence. here w ...200818772331
sequencing and diversity analyses reveal extensive similarities between some epsilon-toxin-encoding plasmids and the pcpf5603 clostridium perfringens enterotoxin plasmid.clostridium perfringens type b and d isolates produce epsilon-toxin, the third most potent clostridial toxin. the epsilon-toxin gene (etx) is plasmid borne in type d isolates, but etx genetics have been poorly studied in type b isolates. this study reports the first sequencing of any etx plasmid, i.e., pcp8533etx, from type b strain nctc8533. this etx plasmid is 64.7 kb, carries tcp conjugative transfer genes, and encodes additional potential virulence factors including beta2-toxin, sortase, and ...200818776010
ulcerative enterocolitis in two goats associated with enterotoxin- and beta2 toxin-positive clostridium perfringens type d.enterotoxemia caused by clostridium perfringens type d in sheep is believed to result from the action of epsilon toxin (etx). however, the sole role of etx in the intestinal changes of the acute and chronic forms of enterotoxemia in goats remains controversial, and the synergistic action of other c. perfringens toxins has been suggested previously. the current study examined 2 goats that were found dead without premonitory clinical signs. gross lesions at necropsy consisted of multifocal fibrino ...200818776108
indicator microorganisms and pathogens removal function performed by copepods in constructed wetlands.removal efficiency of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms in constructed wetlands were analyzed, and microorganisms removal function performed by copepods was determined. the results showed that the constructed wetlands effectively reduced escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms, the salmonella spp. removal efficiency was relatively low and the clostridium perfringens removal was the least. at copepods concentrations of 3.0 x 10(2)/l, and 6.0 x 10(2)/l, hig ...200818777152
recombinant bacillus subtilis expressing the clostridium perfringens alpha toxoid is a candidate orally delivered vaccine against necrotic enteritis.recombinant bacillus subtilis endospores have been used to vaccinate against tetanus and anthrax. in this work, we have developed spores that could be used to vaccinate against clostridium perfringens alpha toxin and that could be used to protect against gas gangrene in humans and necrotic enteritis in poultry. the primary active agent in both cases is alpha toxin. a carboxy-terminal segment of the alpha toxin gene (cpa) fused to the glutathione-s-transferase (gst) gene was cloned in b. subtilis ...200818779344
structural constraints for the binding of short peptides to claudin-4 revealed by surface plasmon resonance.claudin family transmembrane proteins play an important role in tight junction structure and function in epithelial cells. among the 24 isoforms identified in mice and humans, claudin-4 and -3 serve as the receptor for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). the second extracellular loop (ecl2) of claudin-4 is responsible for the binding to the c-terminal 30 amino acids of cpe (cpe30). to define the structural constraints for the claudin-4/cpe30 interaction, a surface plasmon resonance (spr) ...200818782762
characterization of genes regulated directly by the virr/virs system in clostridium perfringens.analysis of the complete sequence of the genome of clostridium perfringens strain 13 resulted in identification of five genes, including pfoa (encoding theta toxin) and vrr (encoding virr/virs-regulated rna), with consensus virr-binding sequences upstream of the open reading frame (orf), suggesting that expression of these genes may be regulated directly by the two-component virr/virs system. to test this possibility, we examined virr/virs system-mediated transcriptional regulation of three gene ...200818790863
cell surface o-glycans limit staphylococcus aureus adherence to corneal epithelial cells.the mucin-rich environment of the intact corneal epithelium is thought to contribute to the prevention of staphylococcus aureus infection. this study examined whether o-glycans, which constitute the majority of the mucin mass of epithelial cell glycocalyces, prevented bacterial adhesion and growth. abrogation of mucin o glycosylation using the chemical primer benzyl-alpha-galnac resulted in increased adherence of parental strain rn6390 to apical human corneal-limbal epithelial (hcle) cells and t ...200818794288
effect of erythromycin on biological activities induced by clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin, an important agent of gas gangrene with inflammatory myopathies, possesses lethal, hemolytic, and necrotic activities. here, we show that alpha-toxin-induced lethality in mice was inhibited by i.v. preadministration of erythromycin (erm). administration of erm resulted in a drastic reduction in the release of tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, interleukin (il)-1beta, and il-6 and systemic hemolysis induced by alpha-toxin, whereas the administration of kitasam ...200818794379
molecular approach and bacterial quality of drinking water of urban and rural communities in egypt.water is necessary to life so when supplied as drinking water to consumers, a satisfactory quality must be maintained. in egypt, infectious intestinal diseases are the major cause of hospitalization in almost all regions. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of treated and untreated water samples from urban and rural communities. thirty-five samples of treated (chlorinated) water from taps, 25 samples of bottled water and 15 samples of hand pump (untreated) water ...200818800596
comparing the partitioning behavior of giardia and cryptosporidium with that of indicator organisms in stormwater runoff.microbial association with particles can significantly affect the fate and transport characteristics of microbes in aquatic systems as particle-associated organisms will be less mobile in the environment than their free phase (i.e. unattached) counterparts. as such, similarities or dissimilarities in the partitioning behavior of indicator organisms and pathogens may have an impact on the suitability of a particular indicator to act as a surrogate for a pathogen. this research analyzed the partit ...200818804835
time-dependent persistence of enhanced immune response by a potential probiotic strain lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei ntu 101.the possible time-dependent role of lactic acid bacteria (lab) in immunomodulation was investigated in balb/c mice fed daily with lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei ntu 101 (10(8) colony forming units) for 3, 6, and 9 weeks, and following feeding with lactobacillus-free food for a further 7 days. we observed up-regulation of the antigen-presenting ability of dendritic cells, and expression of natural killer group-2 d (nkg2d) molecules capable of trigger natural killer cell-mediated cytotox ...200818809220
evidence that membrane rafts are not required for the action of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.the action of bacterial pore-forming toxins typically involves membrane rafts for binding, oligomerization, and/or cytotoxicity. clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is a pore-forming toxin with a unique, multistep mechanism of action that involves the formation of complexes containing tight junction proteins that include claudins and, sometimes, occludin. using sucrose density gradient centrifugation, this study evaluated whether the cpe complexes reside in membrane rafts and what role raf ...200818809663
antibacterial activity of xanthorrhizol isolated from curcuma xanthorrhiza roxb. against foodborne pathogens.xanthorrhizol, isolated from the ethanol extract of curcuma xanthorrhiza roxb., is a sesquiterpene compound with a molecular weight of 218. the aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of xanthorrhizol against foodborne pathogens. the antibacterial activity of xanthorrhizol was measured in terms of the mic and the mbc. mics and mbcs of xanthorrhizol against bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, and ...200818810881
a genetically enhanced anaerobic bacterium for oncopathic therapy of pancreatic cancer.a major obstacle in treatment of solid tumors is the inefficient delivery of therapeutic agents to the hypoxic cores. hypoxia offers the potential for anaerobic bacteria colonization and tumor destruction by the bacteria, and dormant spores of wild-type clostridium perfringens (cp) germinate and proliferate within the hypoxic cores of pancreatic tumors in mice. however, the oncopathic effects of cp were limited by host inflammatory responses and by cp's residual tolerance to oxygen, which caused ...200818812551
bacteriological and clinical evaluation of twelve cases of post-surgical sepsis of odontogenic tumours at a referral centre.to determine the bacterial aetiology of sepsis occurring following surgery of odontogenic tumours and assess the effect of prompt and proper antibiotic usage.200818817023
restriction enzyme analysis and dna sequencing comparison for alpha-toxin gene among different types of clostridium perfringens.alpha-toxin is produced by all types of clostridium perfringens. the genes encoding alpha-toxin from the available five types of clostridium perfringens [a (chicken strain), a (rabbit strain), b, c and d] were pcr amplified using specific primers and the pcr products were examined on 1.5% (w/v) agarose gel and demonstrated the same bands comparable to the published alpha-toxin gene. restriction enzyme analysis using two sets of enzymes (one set known to have recognition sites; hinf1, ecorv and m ...200818817159
enteral feeding induces diet-dependent mucosal dysfunction, bacterial proliferation, and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs on parenteral nutrition.preterm neonates have an immature gut and metabolism and may benefit from total parenteral nutrition (tpn) before enteral food is introduced. conversely, delayed enteral feeding may inhibit gut maturation and sensitize to necrotizing enterocolitis (nec). intestinal mass and nec lesions were first recorded in preterm pigs fed enterally (porcine colostrum, bovine colostrum, or formula for 20-40 h), with or without a preceding 2- to 3-day tpn period (n = 435). mucosal mass increased during tpn and ...200818818317
effects of mannanoligosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide on the response of broilers to pathogenic escherichia coli challenge.1. the effects of mannanoligosaccharide (mos, bio-mos, alltech inc.) on the growth performance and digestive system, particularly gut microflora, were tested and compared with fructooligosaccharide (fos, raftilose p95, orafti) using 1-d-old birds in an escherichia coli challenge model. the experiment lasted for 3 weeks and zinc bacitracin (znb) was used as a positive control. 2. dietary mos had positive effects on body weight gain (bwg) or/and feed conversion efficiency (fce) of the challenged b ...200818836901
microbiological and 16s rrna analysis of sulphite-reducing clostridia from river sediments in central italy.microbiological indicators are commonly used in the assessment of public health risks associated with fecal contamination of freshwater ecosystems. sediments are a reservoir of microorganisms, and can thus provide information on past pollution events, not obtainable through the testing of surface water. moreover, pathogens present in sediment may represent future threats to human health. clostridium perfringens, a typical colonizer of sediments, has been suggested as an alternative indicator of ...200818842132
identification of galacto-n-biose phosphorylase from clostridium perfringens atcc13124.lacto-n-biose phosphorylase (lnbp) from bifidobacteria is involved in the metabolism of lacto-n-biose i (galbeta1-->3glcnac, lnb) and galacto-n-biose (galbeta1-->3galnac, gnb). a homologous gene of lnbp (cpf0553 protein) was identified in the genome of clostridium perfringens atcc13124, which is a gram-positive anaerobic intestinal bacterium. in the present study, we cloned the gene and compared the substrate specificity of the cpf0553 protein with lnbp from bifidobacterium longum jcm1217 (lnbpb ...200818183385
faecal-indicator bacteria and sedimentary processes in estuarine mudflats (seine, france).over a three-year period, quantification of faecal indicators and the molecular detection of escherichia coli and salmonella were monitored in sediments from three contrasting mudflats of the seine estuary (france). the elevation of the mudflat surface was monitored concurrently using a high-resolution altimeter. during the period of the study, estuarine mudflats were areas of deposition for faecal-indicator bacteria and were mainly controlled by sedimentary processes. in the intertidal freshwat ...200818036620
molecular analysis of yogurt containing lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus in human intestinal microbiota.yogurt has traditionally been considered a probiotic-carrier food with health-promoting effects. despite the universal assumption of this assertion, several researchers have evaluated the real capability of the yogurt bacteria lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus to survive and proliferate in the human intestine and have found contradictory results.200818175741
enhanced production of phospholipase c and perfringolysin o (alpha and theta toxins) in a gatifloxacin-resistant strain of clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens-induced gas gangrene is mediated by potent extracellular toxins, especially alpha toxin (a phospholipase c [plc]) and theta toxin (perfringolysin o [pfo], a thiol-activated cytolysin); and antibiotic-induced suppression of toxin synthesis is an important clinical goal. the production of plc and pfo by a gatifloxacin-induced, fluoroquinolone-resistant mutant strain of c. perfringens, strain 10g, carrying a stable mutation in dna gyrase was compared with that of the wild-ty ...200818160514
clostridium perfringens spore germination: characterization of germinants and their receptors.clostridium perfringens food poisoning is caused by type a isolates carrying a chromosomal enterotoxin (cpe) gene (c-cpe), while c. perfringens-associated non-food-borne gastrointestinal (gi) diseases are caused by isolates carrying a plasmid-borne cpe gene (p-cpe). c. perfringens spores are thought to be the important infectious cell morphotype, and after inoculation into a suitable host, these spores must germinate and return to active growth to cause gi disease. we have found differences in t ...200818083820
subcutaneous abscess caused by clostridium perfringens and osteomyelitis in a dog.a case of a subcutaneous abscess caused by clostridium perfringens infection in a five-month-old dog is reported in this study. clinical examination, radiological findings and cytological analysis of abscess fluid were consistent with clostridium induced disease. treatment including drainage of the abscess and antibiotic therapy led to rapid clinical improvement. however, despite aggressive medical therapy and proper wound care, the deep soft tissue infection led to osteomyelitis with premature ...200818086156
how interaction of perfringolysin o with membranes is controlled by sterol structure, lipid structure, and physiological low ph: insights into the origin of perfringolysin o-lipid raft interaction.perfringolysin o (pfo) is a sterol-dependent, pore-forming cytolysin. to understand the molecular basis of pfo membrane interaction, we studied its dependence upon sterol and lipid structure and aqueous environment. pfo interacted with diverse sterols, although binding was affected by double bond location in the sterol rings, sterol side chain structure, and sterol polar group structure. importantly, a sterol structure promoting formation of ordered membrane domains (lipid rafts) was not critica ...200818089559
in vitro activity of potential probiotic lactobacillus murinus isolated from the dog.the aim of this study was to isolate and identify lactobacillus spp. isolates from faeces of a healthy dog, and to characterize their potential as probiotics in order to evaluate their possible use as probiotics for dogs.200818194243
the structure of clostridium perfringens nani sialidase and its catalytic intermediates.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive bacterium responsible for bacteremia, gas gangrene, and occasionally food poisoning. its genome encodes three sialidases, nanh, nani, and nanj, that are involved in the removal of sialic acids from a variety of glycoconjugates and that play a role in bacterial nutrition and pathogenesis. recent studies on trypanosomal (trans-) sialidases have suggested that catalysis in all sialidases may proceed via a covalent intermediate similar to that of other reta ...200818218621
role of small, acid-soluble spore proteins in the resistance of clostridium perfringens spores to chemicals.previous work showed that c. perfringens spores lacking the majority of alpha/beta-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins (sasps) (termed alpha(-) beta(-) spores) exhibit greatly decreased resistance to moist heat and uv radiation. the current study demonstrated that these alpha(-) beta(-) spores had reduced resistance to hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid, nitrous acid and formaldehyde. these results clearly demonstrate the important role of alpha/beta-type sasps in the resistance of c. perf ...200818221812
neuroblast proliferation on the surface of the adult rat striatal wall after focal ependymal loss by intracerebroventricular injection of neuraminidase.the subventricular zone of the striatal wall of adult rodents is an active neurogenic region for life. cubic multiciliated ependyma separates the subventricular zone from the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and is involved in the control of adult neurogenesis. by injecting neuraminidase from clostridium perfringens into the right lateral ventricle of the rat, we provoked a partial detachment of the ependyma in the striatal wall. the contralateral ventricle was never affected and was used as the experi ...200818236450
evaluation of the microbial quality of tajik sambusa and control of clostridium perfringens germination and outgrowth by buffered sodium citrate and potassium lactate.clostridium perfringens spore destruction, aerobic plate counts (apcs), and counts of enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and escherichia coli during baking of sambusa (a traditional tajik food) were evaluated. control of germination and outgrowth of c. perfringens spores in sambusa during cooling at room or refrigerated temperatures was evaluated using organic acid salts (buffered sodium citrate [ional] and 1 and 2% potassium lactate, wt/wt). sambusa were prepared with 40 g of either inoculated or n ...200818236666
adsorptive effects of di-tri-octahedral smectite on clostridium perfringens alpha, beta, and beta-2 exotoxins and equine colostral antibodies.to determine the adsorptive capability of di-tri-octahedral smectite (dtos) on clostridium perfringens alpha, beta, and beta-2 exotoxins and equine colostral antibodies.200818241021
microbial indicators of faecal contamination in waters and sediments of beach bathing zones.this study presents the results obtained of the microbial characterization of waters and sediments of 18 coastal bathing zones of the south-western coast of the iberian peninsula. to make this characterization, two indicators of faecal contamination have been selected: faecal coliforms (fc) and clostridium perfringens (cp). the results show that low concentrations of fc and cp in water not necessarily implies that their concentration in sediment and elutriates has to be low as well. the highest ...200818248849
friend or foe: the same fold for attack and defense.two recent crystal structures of membrane attack complex/perforin (macpf) domains found in the complement and perforin families unexpectedly reveal that some proteins of the immune system share a common core fold with their bacterial targets. although a relationship between macpf proteins and the previously characterized bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs) is not detectable by sequence analysis, the macpf structures show that eukaryotic defense and bacterial cdc attack share a comm ...200818248850
epidemiology of clostridium species bacteremia in calgary, canada, 2000-2006.to define the incidence, risk factors for acquisition, and outcomes associated with clostridial bacteremia in a large canadian health region.200818672296
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