Publications

crystal structure and kinetic studies of a tetrameric type ii β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae.	carbonic anhydrase (ca) is a zinc enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate) and a proton. cas have been extensively investigated owing to their involvement in numerous physiological and pathological processes. currently, ca inhibitors are widely used as antiglaucoma, anticancer and anti-obesity drugs and for the treatment of neurological disorders. recently, the potential use of ca inhibitors to fight infections caused by protozoa, fung ...	2015	26627652
vibrio spp. from macrobrachium amazonicum prawn farming are inhibited by moringa oleifera extracts.	to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of extracts of stem, leaves, flowers, pods and seeds of moringa oleifera (m. oleifera) against vibrio spp. from hatchery water and the prawn macrobrachium amazonicum.	2015	26614991
emergence and spread of tetracycline resistant vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant during 2010 cholera epidemic in the tribal areas of odisha, india.	the epidemics of cholera were reported in the kashipur, k.singhpur, b cuttack blocks of rayagada district and mohana block of gajapati district of odisha during 2010. the present study was carried out to isolate the bacterial pathogen, its drug sensitivity pattern and to describe the spread of the disease in those areas.	2015	25543097
antibacterial activity of silver and zinc nanoparticles against vibrio cholerae and enterotoxic escherichia coli.	vibrio cholerae and enterotoxic escherichia coli (etec) remain two dominant bacterial causes of severe secretory diarrhea and still a significant cause of death, especially in developing countries. in order to investigate new effective and inexpensive therapeutic approaches, we analyzed nanoparticles synthesized by a green approach using corresponding salt (silver or zinc nitrate) with aqueous extract of caltropis procera fruit or leaves. we characterized the quantity and quality of nanoparticle ...	2015	25466205
synthesis and antibacterial activity evaluation of two androgen derivatives.	in this study two androgen derivatives were synthesized using several strategies; the first stage an aza-steroid derivative (3) was developed by the reaction of a testosterone derivative (1) with thiourea (2) in presence of hydrogen chloride. the second step, involves the synthesis of an amino-steroid derivative (4) by the reaction of 1 with 2 using boric acid as catalyst. the third stage was achieved by the preparation of an aminoaza-androgen derivative (6) by the reaction of 3 with ethylenedia ...	2015	25448363
safety and immunogenicity of escalating dosages of a single oral administration of peru-15 pctb, a candidate live, attenuated vaccine against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae.	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) organisms are a leading cause of infectious diarrhea in developing countries. a live, attenuated cholera strain that expresses high levels of the nontoxic b subunit of cholera toxin, which might also serve as an etec protective antigen, was evaluated for safety, excretion, and immunogenicity in healthy volunteers. we enrolled four inpatient dose-escalation cohorts of 15 to 16 eligible subjects to randomly (3:1) receive a single oral dose of vaccine or plac ...	2015	25410205
synthetic secondary chromosomes in escherichia coli based on the replication origin of chromosome ii in vibrio cholerae.	recent developments in dna-assembly methods make the synthesis of synthetic chromosomes a reachable goal. however, the redesign of primary chromosomes bears high risks and still requires enormous resources. an alternative approach is the addition of synthetic chromosomes to the cell. the natural secondary chromosome of vibrio cholerae could potentially serve as template for a synthetic secondary chromosome in escherichia coli. to test this assumption we constructed a replicon named synvicii base ...	2015	25359671
biophysical characteristics of cholera toxin and escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin structure and chemistry lead to differential toxicity.	the biophysical chemistry of macromolecular complexes confer their functional characteristics. we investigate the mechanisms that make the ab5 holotoxin of vibrio cholerae (ct) a significantly more pathogenic molecule than the enterotoxin of escherichia coli (lt) with which it shares 88% similarity and whose structure is homologous with a backbone rmsd of 0.84 å and imposes its deleterious effects though the same process to constitutively adp-ribosylate adenylate cyclase. we present computationa ...	2015	25322200
characterization of tryptophanase from vibrio cholerae.	tryptophanase (trpase) is a pyridoxal phosphate (plp)-dependent enzyme responsible for the production of indole, an important intra- and interspecies signaling molecule in bacteria. in this study, the tnaa gene of vibrio cholerae coding for vctrpase was cloned into the pet-20b(+) vector and expressed in escherichia coli bl21(de3) tn5:tnaa. using ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetic acid (nta) chromatography, vctrpase was purified, and it possessed a molecular mass of ∼49 kda with specific absorption peaks at ...	2015	25253268
structural basis for the catalytic mechanism of dncv, bacterial homolog of cyclic gmp-amp synthase.	cyclic dinucleotides (cdns) play key roles as second messengers and signaling molecules in bacteria and metazoans. the newly identified dinucleotide cyclase in vibrio cholerae (dncv) produces three different cdns containing two 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds, and its predominant product is cyclic gmp-amp, whereas mammalian cyclic gmp-amp synthase (cgas) produces only cyclic gmp-amp containing mixed 2'-5' phosphodiester bonds. we report the crystal structures of v. cholerae and escherichia coli dncv ...	2015	25865248
expression and functional validation of heat-labile enterotoxin b (ltb) and cholera toxin b (ctb) subunits in transgenic rice (oryza sativa).	we expressed the heat-labile enterotoxin b (ltb) subunit from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and the cholera toxin b (ctb) subunit from vibrio cholerae under the control of the rice (oryza sativa) globulin (glb) promoter. binding of recombinant ltb and ctb proteins was confirmed based on gm1-ganglioside binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (gm1-elisa). real-time pcr of three generations (t3, t4, and t5) in homozygous lines (lci-11) showed single copies of ltb, ctb, bar and tnos. ltb and ...	2015	25853032
active site and remote contributions to catalysis in methylthioadenosine nucleosidases.	5'-methylthioadenosine/s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine nucleosidases (mtans) catalyze the hydrolysis of 5'-methylthioadenosine to adenine and 5-methylthioribose. the amino acid sequences of the mtans from vibrio cholerae (vcmtan) and escherichia coli (ecmtan) are 60% identical and 75% similar. protein structure folds and kinetic properties are similar. however, binding of transition-state analogues is dominated by favorable entropy in vcmtan and by enthalpy in ecmtan. catalytic sites of vcmtan and ecm ...	2015	25806409
bottom-up and top-down solid-state nmr approaches for bacterial biofilm matrix composition.	the genomics and proteomics revolutions have been enormously successful in providing crucial "parts lists" for biological systems. yet, formidable challenges exist in generating complete descriptions of how the parts function and assemble into macromolecular complexes and whole-cell assemblies. bacterial biofilms are complex multicellular bacterial communities protected by a slime-like extracellular matrix that confers protection to environmental stress and enhances resistance to antibiotics and ...	2015	25797008
secretome analysis of vibrio cholerae type vi secretion system reveals a new effector-immunity pair.	the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is a dynamic macromolecular organelle that many gram-negative bacteria use to inhibit or kill other prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. the toxic effectors of t6ss are delivered to the prey cells in a contact-dependent manner. in vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, t6ss is active during intestinal infection. here, we describe the use of comparative proteomics coupled with bioinformatics to identify a new t6ss effector-immunity pair. this analysis was ...	2015	25759499
hygiene and health risks associated with the consumption of edible lamellibranch molluscs.	edible lamellibranch molluscs are frequently the cause of very serious outbreaks of food poisoning. microbiological suitability for human consumption, according to ec reg. n. 1441/2007, is only based on two faecal bacteriological contamination parameters (escherichia coli and salmonella) and does not consider other microorganisms which are naturally present within the marine environment and are potentially pathogenic such as those belonging to the genus vibrio. in this study, a total of 540 samp ...	2015	25744696
role of integrons, plasmids and sxt elements in multidrug resistance of vibrio cholerae and providencia vermicola obtained from a clinical isolate of diarrhea.	the isolates of vibrio cholerae and providencia vermicola obtained from a diarrheal patient were investigated for genetic elements governing their drug resistance phenotypes. out of 14 antibiotics tested, v. cholerae vc idh02365 isolate showed resistance to nine antibiotics, while p. vermicola pv nba2365 was found to be resistant to all the antibiotics except polymyxin b. though sxt integrase was depicted in both the bacteria, class 1 integron was found to be associated only with pv nba2365. int ...	2015	25741322
functional analysis of vibrio vulnificus rnd efflux pumps homologous to vibrio cholerae vexab and vexcd, and to escherichia coli acrab.	resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) efflux pumps are associated with multidrug resistance in many gram-negative pathogens. the genome of vibrio vulnificus encodes 11 putative rnd pumps homologous to those of vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli. in this study, we analyzed three putative rnd efflux pumps, showing homology to v. cholerae vexab and vexcd and to e. coli acrab, for their functional roles in multidrug resistance of v. vulnificus. deletion of the vexab homolog resulted in increased su ...	2015	25740377
protonography, a technique applicable for the analysis of η-carbonic anhydrase activity.	protonography, a sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) technique derived from zymography was recently reported by our group to be an effective, cheap and reproducible technique for evidencing catalytically active α-carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) isoforms, such as the bovine red blood cell isoform bca or the bacterial enzyme from vibrio cholerae, vchca. ca activity was also observed on the protonogram of a cellular extract of escherichia coli, evidencing the ...	2015	25676328
'big things in small packages: the genetics of filamentous phage and effects on fitness of their host'.	this review synthesizes recent and past observations on filamentous phages and describes how these phages contribute to host phentoypes. for example, the ctxφ phage of vibrio cholerae encodes the cholera toxin genes, responsible for causing the epidemic disease, cholera. the ctxφ phage can transduce non-toxigenic strains, converting them into toxigenic strains, contributing to the emergence of new pathogenic strains. other effects of filamentous phage include horizontal gene transfer, biofilm de ...	2015	25670735
a d, d-carboxypeptidase is required for vibrio cholerae halotolerance.	the biological roles of low molecular weight penicillin-binding proteins (lmw pbp) have been difficult to discern in gram-negative organisms. in escherichia coli, mutants lacking these proteins often have no phenotype, and cells lacking all seven lmw pbps remain viable. in contrast, we report here that vibrio cholerae lacking daca-1, a pbp5 homologue, displays slow growth, aberrant morphology and altered peptidoglycan (pg) homeostasis in luria-bertani (lb) medium, as well as a profound plating d ...	2015	25631756
a novel polyamine allosteric site of speg from vibrio cholerae is revealed by its dodecameric structure.	spermidine n-acetyltransferase, encoded by the gene speg, catalyzes the initial step in the degradation of polyamines and is a critical enzyme for determining the polyamine concentrations in bacteria. in escherichia coli, studies have shown that speg is the enzyme responsible for acetylating spermidine under stress conditions and for preventing spermidine toxicity. not all bacteria contain speg, and many bacterial pathogens have developed strategies to either acquire or silence it for pathogenes ...	2015	25623305
antibacterial efficacy of five medicinal plants against multidrug-resistant enteropathogenic bacteria infecting under-5 hospitalized children.	to evaluate in vitro antibacterial effectiveness of five medicinal plants used by an indian aborigine, against 8 multidrug-resistant (mdr) enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples of under-5 hospitalized children.	2015	25609371
the 40-residue insertion in vibrio cholerae fadr facilitates binding of an additional fatty acyl-coa ligand.	fadr is a master regulator of fatty acid metabolism and influences virulence in certain members of vibrionaceae. among fadr homologues of the gntr family, the vibrionaceae protein is unusual in that it contains a c-terminal 40-residue insertion. here we report the structure of vibrio cholerae fadr (vcfadr) alone, bound to dna, and in the presence of a ligand, oleoyl-coa. whereas escherichia coli fadr (ecfadr) contains only one acyl-coa-binding site in each monomer, crystallographic and calorimet ...	2015	25607896
determinants of percent expenditure of household income due to childhood diarrhoea in rural bangladesh.	there is limited information on percent expenditure of household income due to childhood diarrhoea especially in rural bangladesh. a total of 4205 children aged <5 years with acute diarrhoea were studied. percent expenditure was calculated as total expenditure for the diarrhoeal episode divided by monthly family income, multiplied by 100. overall median percent expenditure was 3·04 (range 0·01-94·35). for vibrio cholerae it was 6·42 (range 0·52-82·85), for enterotoxigenic escherichia coli 3·10 ( ...	2015	25591710
immunogenicity of the bivalent oral cholera vaccine shanchol in haitian adults with hiv infection.	we evaluated immune responses following bivalent oral cholera vaccination (shanchol [shantha biotechnics]; bivwc) in a cohort of 25 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected adults in haiti. compared with adults without hiv infection, vaccination in hiv-infected individuals resulted in lower vibriocidal responses against vibrio cholerae o1, and there was a positive relationship between the cd4(+) t-cell count and vibriocidal responses following vaccination. nevertheless, seroconversion occurre ...	2015	25722294
antimicrobial properties of a potential probiotic lactobacillus from thai newborn feces.	probiotics are increasingly used to treat infectious diarrhea and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. many probiotic bacteria are classified in general such as lactobacillus and are able to colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of infants.	2015	26817219
[blood groups - minuses and pluses. do the blood group antigens protect us from infectious diseases?].	human blood can be divided into groups, which is a method of blood classification based on the presence or absence of inherited erythrocyte surface antigens that can elicit immune response. according to the international society of blood transfusion, there are 341 blood group antigens collected in 35 blood group systems. these antigens can be proteins, glycoproteins or glycosphingolipids, and function as transmembrane transporters, ion channels, adhesion molecules or receptors for other proteins ...	2015	26206987
analysis of gene expression profiles associated with glioma progression.	the present study aimed to investigate changes at the transcript level that are associated with spontaneous astrocytoma progression, and further, to discover novel targets for glioma diagnosis and therapy. gse4290 microarray data downloaded from gene expression omnibus were used to identify the differentially expressed genes (dges) by significant analysis of microarray (sam). the short time series expression miner (stem) method was then applied to class these degs based on their degrees of diffe ...	2015	25845910
[maldi-tof ms analysis for yersinia pestis, vibrio cholera, and francisella tularensis identification].	numerous studies showed that a new technology for the clinical microbiology laboratories, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization--time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms), allows fast, accurate, and effective identification of most clinically relevant microorganisms to be implemented. in the present review, we discuss applications of this approach for identification and typing of extremely dangerous pathogens--yersinia pestis, vibrio cholera, and francisella tularensis, including the ...	2015	26182660
the two transmembrane helices of ccop are sufficient for assembly of the cbb3-type heme-copper oxygen reductase from vibrio cholerae.	the c-family (cbb3) of heme-copper oxygen reductases are proton-pumping enzymes terminating the aerobic respiratory chains of many bacteria, including a number of human pathogens. the most common form of these enzymes contains one copy each of 4 subunits encoded by the cconoqp operon. in the cbb3 from rhodobacter capsulatus, the enzyme is assembled in a stepwise manner, with an essential role played by an assembly protein ccoh. importantly, it has been proposed that a transient interaction betwe ...	2015	26116881
intracellular plasma membrane guidance of photorhabdus asymbiotica toxin is crucial for cell toxicity.	the bacterial toxin photorhabdus asymbiotica toxin (patox) modifies rho proteins by tyrosine glcnacylation and heterotrimeric gα proteins by deamidation. inactivation of rho proteins results in f-actin disassembly in host cells. here, we analyzed the subcellular distribution of patox and show that the glycosyltransferase domain of patox associates with the negatively charged inner surface of the plasma membrane. localization studies with site-directed mutants, liposome precipitation analysis, li ...	2015	25782990
poly(amidoamine) dendrimers show carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity against α-, β-, γ- and η-class enzymes.	four generations of poly(amidoamine) (pamam) dendrimers incorporating benzenesulfonamide moieties were investigated as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α-, β-, γ- and η-classes which are present in pathogenic bacteria, fungi or protozoa. the following bacterial, fungal and protozoan organisms were included in the study: vibrio cholerae, trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania donovani chagasi, porphyromonas gingivalis, cryptococcus neoformans, candida glabrata, and plas ...	2015	26476668
phobalysin, a small β-pore-forming toxin of photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae.	photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, an important pathogen of marine animals, may also cause septicemia or hyperaggressive necrotizing fasciitis in humans. we previously showed that hemolysin genes are critical for virulence of this organism in mice and fish. in the present study, we characterized the hlya gene product, a putative small β-pore-forming toxin, and termed it phobalysin p (phlyp), for "photobacterial lysin encoded on a plasmid." phlyp formed stable oligomers and small membrane p ...	2015	26303391
discovery of a bifunctional acyltransferase responsible for ornithine lipid synthesis in serratia proteamaculans.	ornithine lipids (ols) are phosphorus-free membrane lipids that can be formed by many bacteria but that are absent from archaea and eukaryotes. a function for ols in stress conditions and in host-bacteria interactions has been shown in some bacteria. some bacterial species have been described that can form ols, but lack the known genes (olsba) involved in its biosynthesis, which implied the existence of a second pathway. here we describe the bifunctional protein olsf from serratia proteamaculans ...	2015	25040623
water bags as a potential vehicle for transmitting disease in a west african capital, bissau.	street vendors of chilled packaged water have an increasing role in meeting the drinking water demand of people on the move in developing nations. hygienic conditions can be questionable, and water quality screening scarce or non-existent.	2015	25164169
aetiologies of diarrhoea in adults from urban and rural treatment facilities in bangladesh.	the objective of our analysis was to describe the aetiology, clinical features, and socio-demographic background of adults with diarrhoea attending different urban and rural diarrhoeal disease hospitals in bangladesh. between january 2010 and december 2011, a total of 5054 adult diarrhoeal patients aged ⩾20 years were enrolled into the diarrhoeal disease surveillance systems at four different hospitals (two rural and two urban) of bangladesh. middle-aged [adjusted odds ratio (aor) 0·28, 95% conf ...	2015	25222698
isolation of vibrio cholerae and other enteric microbiota from patients with suspected cholera during the 2009 outbreak in madang province, papua new guinea.	when cholera was first detected in papua new guinea (png) in mid-2009, national diagnostic capacity faced many challenges. this was in part due to the non-endemic status of the outbreak, resulting in few local staff experienced in vibrio cholerae detection and poor access to the required consumables. the png institute of medical research conducted culture on specimens from suspected cholera patients in madang province, with presumptive v. cholerae isolates sent to goroka for confirmation. of 98 ...	2015	26288927
prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in treated effluents and receiving water bodies and their potential health risks.	the failure of wastewater treatment plants to produce effluents of a high microbiological quality is a matter of great concern in terms of water resource pollution. a more serious concern is that this water source is used by communities in developing countries for multiple purposes, which include drinking, recreation and agriculture. the current study investigated the prevalence and potential health risks of enteropathogenic bacteria (salmonella typhimurium, shigella dysenteriae and vibrio chole ...	2015	25777950
the role of flhf and hubp as polar landmark proteins in shewanella putrefaciens cn-32.	spatiotemporal regulation of cell polarity plays a role in many fundamental processes in bacteria and often relies on 'landmark' proteins which recruit the corresponding clients to their designated position. here, we explored the localization of two multi-protein complexes, the polar flagellar motor and the chemotaxis array, in shewanella putrefaciens cn-32. we demonstrate that polar positioning of the flagellar system, but not of the chemotaxis system, depends on the gtpase flhf. in contrast, t ...	2015	26235439
using s. cerevisiae as a model system to investigate v. cholerae vopx-host cell protein interactions and phenotypes.	most pathogenic, non-o1/non-o139 serogroup vibrio cholerae strains cause diarrheal disease in the absence of cholera toxin. instead, many use type 3 secretion system (t3ss) mediated mechanisms to disrupt host cell homeostasis. we identified a t3ss effector protein, vopx, which is translocated into mammalian cells during in vitro co-culture. in a s. cerevisiae model system, we found that expression of vopx resulted in a severe growth defect that was partially suppressed by a deletion of rlm1, enc ...	2015	26473925
replication and active partition of integrative and conjugative elements (ices) of the sxt/r391 family: the line between ices and conjugative plasmids is getting thinner.	integrative and conjugative elements (ices) of the sxt/r391 family disseminate multidrug resistance among pathogenic gammaproteobacteria such as vibrio cholerae. sxt/r391 ices are mobile genetic elements that reside in the chromosome of their host and eventually self-transfer to other bacteria by conjugation. conjugative transfer of sxt/r391 ices involves a transient extrachromosomal circular plasmid-like form that is thought to be the substrate for single-stranded dna translocation to the recip ...	2015	26061412
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of vibrio spp. in retail and farm shrimps in ecuador.	the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of vibrio spp. in shrimp at retail and in shrimp farms in ecuador and to determine the antimicrobial agent resistance patterns of farm isolates. the presence of genes linked to early mortality syndrome (ems) or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (ahpnd) also was evaluated. vibrio spp. were isolated from retail shrimps in cuenca, ecuador, and farm shrimps originating from provinces el oro and guayas, ecuador. a total of 229 shrimp sampl ...	2015	26555534
prevalence of vibrio spp. in raw shrimps (parapenaeus longirostris) and performance of a chromogenic medium for the isolation of vibrio strains.	vibrios are natural inhabitants of estuarine ecosystems and some species may pose public health problem as agents of sporadic or collective food-borne infections associated with the consumption of fish or shellfish. samples of raw shrimp (n = 299), fished in coastal areas of the city of agadir, morocco, and collected from its fish marketplace, were examined for the presence of pathogenic vibrios. microbiological analysis was carried out according to a protocol using thiosulphate citrate bile suc ...	2015	26081523
phytochemical analysis and estimation of major bioactive compounds from triticum aestivum l. grass with antimicrobial potential.	the aim of the present study was to investigate phytochemical analysis, and qualitative and quantitative determination of major bioactive compound present in various organic extracts of t. aestivum l. grass. soxhlet apparatus was used for the extraction purpose using hexane, chloroform, methanol and distilled water as a solvent system. all the extracts derived from t. aestivum showed qualitative presence of major phytochemicals including alkaloids, steroids and cardiac glycosides tannins, flavon ...	2015	26687741
the relationship between glycan binding and direct membrane interactions in vibrio cholerae cytolysin, a channel-forming toxin.	bacterial pore-forming toxins (pfts) are structurally diverse pathogen-secreted proteins that form cell-damaging channels in the membranes of host cells. most pfts are released as water-soluble monomers that first oligomerize on the membrane before inserting a transmembrane channel. to modulate specificity and increase potency, many pfts recognize specific cell surface receptors that increase the local toxin concentration on cell membranes, thereby facilitating channel formation. vibrio cholerae ...	2015	26416894
halophilic and halotolerant actinomycetes from a marine saltern of goa, india producing anti-bacterial metabolites.	marine salterns are estuarine ecosystems in goa, receiving inputs from riverine and marine waters. the salinity fluctuates between 0 and 300 psu which makes it a conducive niche for salt tolerant and salt loving actinomycetales. halotolerant and halophilic actinomycetales producing anti-bacterial metabolites were studied from crystallizer pond sediments of ribandar saltern, goa. three media viz. starch casein, r2a and inorganic salt starch agar at four different salinities (35, 50, 75 and 100 ps ...	2015	25449757
genome-wide fitness and genetic interactions determined by tn-seq, a high-throughput massively parallel sequencing method for microorganisms.	the lagging annotation of bacterial genomes and the inherent genetic complexity of many phenotypes is hindering the discovery of new drug targets and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. this unit presents tn-seq, a method that has made it possible to quantitatively determine fitness for most genes in a microorganism and to screen for quantitative genetic interactions on a genome-wide scale and in a high-throughput fashion. tn-seq can thus direct studies on the annotation of ...	2015	25641100
transcriptome analysis revealed changes of multiple genes involved in immunity in cynoglossus semilaevis during vibrio anguillarum infection.	half-smooth tongue sole (cynoglossus semilaevis) is one of the most valuable marine aquatic species in northern china. given to the rapid development of aquaculture industry, the c. semilaevis was subjected to disease-causing bacteria vibrio anguillarum. it therefore is indispensable and urgent to understand the mechanism of c. semilaevis host defense against v. anguillarum infection. in the present study, the extensively analysis at the transcriptome level for v. anguillarum disease in tongue s ...	2015	25543033
development of triplex real-time pcr and detection of toxoplasma gondii dna in infected mice tissues and spiked human samples.	toxoplasma gondii is an important pathogen in veterinary and human medicine. in this study, a new multiplex taqman real-time pcr for detection of t. gondii dna was developed. this assay consisted of new sets of primers and probes which targeted b1 gene and its-1 region of t. gondii, with vibrio cholera gene as internal control. the b1 gene primers were designed to detect t. gondii rh strain, while the its-1 region primers detected most t. gondii strains. specificity test using common protozoal a ...	2015	26691266
in silico screening of antibacterial compounds from herbal sources against vibrio cholerae.	the prolonged use of antibiotic viz., tetracycline, quinolones, ampicillin, etc., to reduce the infection of cholera, may failed due to the emergence of new vibrio cholerae antibiotics resistant strains. moreover, these antibiotics even restricted for patient suffering from severe dehydration. hence, there is a call to find an alternative therapeutics against v. cholerae. the natures serve different herbs in its lap which might contain several natural therapeutic compounds almost all diseases. c ...	2015	27013793
sentinel surveillance detects low circulation of vibrio cholerae serotype inaba in haiti, 2011-2012.	over 700,000 cases of cholera were reported in haiti between october 2010 and february 2015. in november 2011, the cuban medical team serving in haiti established a laboratory-supported sentinel surveillance system for cholera in 10 public hospitals (one in each of haiti's 10 departments), to estimate the proportion of hospitalized patients with cholera and detect emergence of new vibrio cholerae serotypes. each month, the first ten stool samples collected from patients admitted with acute water ...	2015	26947158
a label-free photoluminescence genosensor using nanostructured magnesium oxide for cholera detection.	nanomaterial-based photoluminescence (pl) diagnostic devices offer fast and highly sensitive detection of pesticides, dna, and toxic agents. here we report a label-free pl genosensor for sensitive detection of vibrio cholerae that is based on a dna hybridization strategy utilizing nanostructured magnesium oxide (nmgo; size >30 nm) particles. the morphology and size of the synthesized nmgo were determined by transmission electron microscopic (tem) studies. the probe dna (pdna) was conjugated with ...	2015	26611737
erratum: autophagy and endosomal trafficking inhibition by vibrio cholerae martx toxin phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-specific phospholipase a1 activity.		2015	26610817
comparative characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 from five sub-saharan african countries using various phenotypic and genotypic techniques.	we used standardized methodologies to characterize vibrio cholerae o1 isolates from guinea, democratic republic of the congo (drc), togo, côte d'ivoire and mozambique. we investigated 257 human isolates collected in 2010 to 2013. drc isolates serotyped o1 inaba, while isolates from other countries serotyped o1 ogawa. all isolates were biotype el tor and positive for cholera toxin. all isolates showed multidrug resistance but lacked ciprofloxacin resistance. antimicrobial susceptibility profiles ...	2015	26606536
functional analysis of bacteriophage immunity through a type i-e crispr-cas system in vibrio cholerae and its application in bacteriophage genome engineering.	the classical and el tor biotypes of vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, the etiological agent of cholera, are responsible for the sixth and seventh (current) pandemics, respectively. a genomic island (gi), gi-24, previously identified in a classical biotype strain of v. cholerae, is predicted to encode clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr)-associated proteins (cas proteins); however, experimental evidence in support of crispr activity in v. cholerae has not been documented ...	2015	26598368
comparative genomic analyses reveal a vast, novel network of nucleotide-centric systems in biological conflicts, immunity and signaling.	cyclic di- and linear oligo-nucleotide signals activate defenses against invasive nucleic acids in animal immunity; however, their evolutionary antecedents are poorly understood. using comparative genomics, sequence and structure analysis, we uncovered a vast network of systems defined by conserved prokaryotic gene-neighborhoods, which encode enzymes generating such nucleotides or alternatively processing them to yield potential signaling molecules. the nucleotide-generating enzymes include seve ...	2015	26590262
a cytosine methyltransferase modulates the cell envelope stress response in the cholera pathogen [corrected].	dna methylation is a key epigenetic regulator in all domains of life, yet the effects of most bacterial dna methyltransferases on cellular processes are largely undefined. here, we used diverse techniques, including bisulfite sequencing, transcriptomics, and transposon insertion site sequencing to extensively characterize a 5-methylcytosine (5mc) methyltransferase, vchm, in the cholera pathogen, vibrio cholerae. we have comprehensively defined vchm's dna targets, its genetic interactions and the ...	2015	26588462
[application of pulsed field gel electrophoresis for molecular typing of causative agents of especially dangerous infections].	the macro-restriction analysis of the microorganism dna with the use of gel electrophoresis in pulsed field (pfge typing, pulse electrophoresis) is applied in molecular biology to study the clonal structure and typing of causative agents of infectious diseases. determining the degree of the relationship and definition of epidemiological interrelations of studied isolates, as well as studying the evolutionary history of pathogens, is performed by comparing dna restriction patterns. this review pr ...	2015	26665739
global positioning system & google earth in the investigation of an outbreak of cholera in a village of bengaluru urban district, karnataka.	the global positioning system (gps) technology along with google earth is used to measure (spatial map) the accurate distribution of morbidity, mortality and planning of interventions in the community. we used this technology to find out its role in the investigation of a cholera outbreak, and also to identify the cause of the outbreak.	2015	26658586
the epitope analysis of an antibody specifically against vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa by phage library study.	to prevent epidemic and pandemic cholera disease, an indispensible approach is to develop cholera vaccines based on comprehensive epitope information of this pathogen. this study aimed to utilize our previously raised monoclonal antibody ixiao3g6, which can recognize an epitope in lipopolysaccharide (lps) sites of ogawa, to identify mimetic peptides, which may represent ogawa lps's epitope information. a phage display library screening using ixiao3g6 antibody resulted in identification of a mimi ...	2015	26172085
glnr-mediated regulation of ectabcd transcription expands the role of the glnr regulon to osmotic stress management.	ectoine and hydroxyectoine are excellent compatible solutes for bacteria to deal with environmental osmotic stress and temperature damages. the biosynthesis cluster of ectoine and hydroxyectoine is widespread among microorganisms, and its expression is activated by high salinity and temperature changes. so far, little is known about the mechanism of the regulation of the transcription of ect genes and only two marr family regulators (ectr1 in methylobacteria and the ectr1-related regulator cosr ...	2015	26170409
diarrhoea and smoking: an analysis of decades of observational data from bangladesh.	although cigarette smoking affects all biological systems of the human body including the gastrointestinal tract, there is a lack of evidence regarding its effect on the severity of diarrhoeal disease and whether a dose-response relationship exists. we therefore tested for the presence of specific causative pathogens for infectious diarrhoea, assessed the independent effect of smoking on its severity and tested whether any dose-response relationship existed while controlling for subjects' age, s ...	2015	26164796
optimized quinoline amino alcohols as disruptors and dispersal agents of vibrio cholerae biofilms.	the biofilm state is an integral part of the lifecycle of many bacterial pathogens. identifying inhibitors as molecular probes against bacterial biofilms has numerous potential biomedical applications. here we report quinoline amino alcohol as a highly potent disruptor of v. cholerae biofilms. additionally, was able to disperse preformed biofilms, an activity exhibited by few compounds with biofilm inhibiting activity.	2015	26156292
a cholera conjugate vaccine containing o-specific polysaccharide (osp) of v. cholerae o1 inaba and recombinant fragment of tetanus toxin heavy chain (osp:rtthc) induces serum, memory and lamina proprial responses against osp and is protective in mice.	vibrio cholerae is the cause of cholera, a severe watery diarrhea. protection against cholera is serogroup specific. serogroup specificity is defined by the o-specific polysaccharide (osp) component of lipopolysaccharide (lps).	2015	26154421
protein profiles in mucosal and systemic compartments in response to vibrio cholerae in a mouse pulmonary infection model.	we have recently shown that a mouse lung infection model resulting in acute pneumonia could be used for evaluating the protective immunity induced by mucosal vaccines against vibrio cholerae. in order to gain insight and better understanding of the pathogenicity of v. cholerae infection, we identified and compared proteins induced by v. cholerae in nasal washes, bronchoalveolar lavages (bal), and sera. intranasal administration of v. cholerae increased the concentration of total proteins in nasa ...	2015	26150210
vibrio cholerae pathogen from the freshwater-cultured whiteleg shrimp penaeus vannamei and control with bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.	vibriosis has become a major global economic problem in freshwater-farmed whiteleg shrimp (penaeus vannamei). the prevention and control of vibriosis are now priority research topics. in this study, a pathogenic strain (qh) was isolated from vibriosis-infected freshwater-farmed p. vannamei that resulted in leg yellowing and was identified as a vibrio cholerae isolate through phylogenetic analysis and the api 32gn system. a phylogenetic tree that was constructed using the neighbor-joining method ...	2015	26146226
the structure of na⁺-translocating of nadh:ubiquinone oxidoreductase of vibrio cholerae: implications on coupling between electron transfer and na⁺ transport.	the na⁺-translocating nadh:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (na⁺-nqr) of vibrio cholerae is a respiratory complex that couples the exergonic oxidation of nadh to the transport of na⁺ across the cytoplasmic membrane. it is composed of six different subunits, nqra, nqrb, nqrc, nqrd, nqre, and nqrf, which harbor fad, fmn, riboflavin, quinone, and two fes centers as redox co-factors. we recently determined the x-ray structure of the entire na⁺-nqr complex at 3.5-å resolution and complemented the analysis b ...	2015	26146127
evaluation of a field appropriate membrane filtration method for the detection of vibrio cholerae for the measurement of biosand filter performance in the artibonite valley, haiti.	biosand filters in the artibonite valley of haiti, the epicenter of the cholera epidemic that began in october 2010, were tested for total coliform and vibrio cholerae removal efficiencies. while coliform are often used as an indicator organism for pathogenic bacteria, a correlation has never been established linking the concentration of coliform and v. cholerae, the causative agent for cholera. hence, a method for field enumeration of v. cholerae was developed and tested. to this end, a plate c ...	2015	26135641
erratum to: atp-association to intrabacterial nanotransportation system in vibrio cholerae.		2015	26134077
international collaborative research on infectious diseases by japanese universities and institutes in asia and africa, with a special emphasis on j-grid.	in developed countries including japan, malignant tumor (cancer), heart disease and cerebral apoplexy are major causes of death, but infectious diseases are still responsible for a high number of deaths in developing countries, especially among children aged less than 5 years. world health statistics published by who reports a high percentage of mortality from infectious diseases in children, and many of these diseases may be subject to transmission across borders and could possibly invade japan ...	2015	26133505
relationship between distinct african cholera epidemics revealed via mlva haplotyping of 337 vibrio cholerae isolates.	since cholera appeared in africa during the 1970s, cases have been reported on the continent every year. in sub-saharan africa, cholera outbreaks primarily cluster at certain hotspots including the african great lakes region and west africa.	2015	26110870
rna-seq analysis and whole genome dna-binding profile of the vibrio cholerae histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (h-ns).	the data described in this article pertain to the genome-wide transcription profiling of a vibrio cholerae mutant lacking the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (h-ns) and the mapping of the h-ns chromosome binding sites [1, 2]. h-ns is a nucleoid-associated protein with two interrelated functions: organization of the bacterial nucleoid and transcriptional silencing [3]. both functions require dna binding and protein oligomerization [4, 5]. h-ns commonly silences the expression of virulen ...	2015	26097806
vibrio cholerae porin ompu mediates m1-polarization of macrophages/monocytes via tlr1/tlr2 activation.	polarization of the monocytes and macrophages toward the m1 and m2 states is important for hosts' defense against the pathogens. moreover, it plays a crucial role to resolve the overwhelming inflammatory responses that can be harmful to the host. polarization of macrophages/monocytes can be induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). pamp-mediated monocyte/macrophage polarization is important during the infection, as pathogen can suppress host immune system by altering the polariz ...	2015	26093918
[antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of vibrio cholera strains isolated from an outbreak of cholera epidemic in jiangsu province].	to assess the antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of cholera strains and to provide basis for clinical treatment and prevention of cholera.	2015	26081396
[development of a rapid molecular typing method for vibrio cholerae using melting curve-based multilocus melt typing].	to develop a high-throughput rapid method for vibrio (v.) cholerae molecular typing based on melting curve-based multilocus melt typing (mcmlmt).	2015	26081395
[analysis of twin-arginine translocation system gene homology and transcription in vibrio species].	to determine the function of twin-arginine translocation system (tat) and gene cluster in vibrio strains and to analyze the homology of tat gene cluster among different vibrio spp. strains based on n16961 and tatabc mutant strains n169-dtat.	2015	26081394
characterization of 3 megabase-sized circular replicons from vibrio cholerae.		2015	26079534
a randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating safety and immunogenicity of the killed, bivalent, whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in ethiopia.	killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine (ocv) has been a key component of a comprehensive package including water and sanitation measures for recent cholera epidemics. the vaccine, given in a two-dose regimen, has been evaluated in a large number of human volunteers in india, vietnam, and bangladesh, where it has demonstrated safety, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy. we conducted a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial in ethiopia, where we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity ...	2015	26078323
tlr2, but not tlr4, plays a predominant role in the immune responses to cholera vaccines.	vibrio cholerae can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration leading to high mortality and morbidity. current cholera vaccines are formulated with kvc. although the innate immune responses following vaccination deeply influence the induction of adaptive immunity, the initial recognition of cholera vaccines by the host innate immune system is not well characterized. in this study, the ability of kvc to induce innate immune responses was investigated. unlike typical gram-negative bacteria stimulating ...	2015	26078314
correction: genomic location of the major ribosomal protein gene locus determines vibrio cholerae global growth and infectivity.		2015	26076373
the effect of solar irradiated vibrio cholerae on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the jaws ii dendritic cell line in vitro.	the use of solar irradiation to sterilize water prior to its consumption has resulted in the reduction of water related illnesses in waterborne disease endemic communities worldwide. currently, research on solar water disinfection (sodis) has been directed towards understanding the underlying mechanisms through which solar irradiation inactivates the culturability of microorganisms in water, enhancement of the disinfection process, and the health impact of sodis water consumption. however, the i ...	2015	26066787
molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae isolated from clinical samples in kurdistan province, iran.	vibrio cholerae causes diarrhoeal disease that afflicts thousands of people annually. v. cholerae is classified on the basis of somatic antigens into serovars or serogroups and there are at least 200 known serogroup. two serogroups, o1 and o139 have been associated with epidemic diseases. virulence genes of these bacteria are ompw, ctxa and tcpa.	2015	26060565
revisiting the membrane interaction mechanism of a membrane-damaging β-barrel pore-forming toxin vibrio cholerae cytolysin.	vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) permeabilizes target cell membranes by forming transmembrane oligomeric β-barrel pores. vcc has been shown to associate with the target membranes via amphipathicity-driven spontaneous partitioning into the membrane environment. more specific interaction(s) of vcc with the membrane components have also been documented. in particular, specific binding of vcc with the membrane lipid components is believed to play a crucial role in determining the efficacy of the pore ...	2015	26059432
a genome-wide screen reveals that the vibrio cholerae phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system modulates virulence gene expression.	diverse environmental stimuli and a complex network of regulatory factors are known to modulate expression of vibrio cholerae's principal virulence factors. however, there is relatively little known about how metabolic factors impinge upon the pathogen's well-characterized cascade of transcription factors that induce expression of cholera toxin and the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp). here, we used a transposon insertion site (tis) sequencing-based strategy to identify new factors required for exp ...	2015	26056384
plasma leptin levels in children hospitalized with cholera in bangladesh.	vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera, induces both innate and adaptive immune responses in infected humans. leptin is a hormone that plays a role in both metabolism and mediating immune responses. we characterized leptin levels in 11 children with cholera in bangladesh, assessing leptin levels on days 2, 7, 30, and 180 following cholera. we found that patients at the acute stage of cholera had significantly lower plasma leptin levels than matched controls, and compared with levels in late conva ...	2015	26055740
a global map of suitability for coastal vibrio cholerae under current and future climate conditions.	vibrio cholerae is a globally distributed water-borne pathogen that causes severe diarrheal disease and mortality, with current outbreaks as part of the seventh pandemic. further understanding of the role of environmental factors in potential pathogen distribution and corresponding v. cholerae disease transmission over time and space is urgently needed to target surveillance of cholera and other climate and water-sensitive diseases. we used an ecological niche model (enm) to identify environment ...	2015	26048558
oxalic acid capped iron oxide nanorods as a sensing platform.	a label free impedimetric immunosensor has been fabricated using protein bovine serum albumin (bsa) and monoclonal antibodies against vibrio cholerae (ab) functionalized oxalic acid (oa) capped iron oxide (fe3o4) nanorods for v. cholerae detection. the structural and morphological studies of fe3o4 and oa-fe3o4, were characterized by x-ray diffraction (xrd), transmission electron microscopy (tem), fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (dls) techniques. the av ...	2015	26048074
[the development of biochip to detect anti-cholera antibodies in human blood serum].	the full-scaled agglutinating immunoassay is commonly applied to detect content of antibodies to cholera agent vibrio cholerae human in blood serum under application of serological diagnostic. the time of analysis implementation amounts to 18 hours. to shorten time of detection of antibodies a biological microchip (biochip) was developed. the biochip represents an activated slide with immobilized corpuscle and soluble antigen cholera agent (o-antigens, cholera toxin). the experimental work resul ...	2015	26027261
evidence for tlr4 and fcrγ-card9 activation by cholera toxin b subunit and its direct bindings to trem2 and lmir5 receptors.	cholera toxin (ctx) is a virulent factor of vibrio cholerae that causes life-threatening diarrheal disease. its non-toxic subunit ctb has been extensively studied for vaccine delivery. in immune cells, ctb induces a number of signaling molecules related to cellular activation and cytokine production. the mechanisms by which ctb exerts its immunological effects are not understood. we report here the immunological targets of ctb. the unexpected finding that gm1 ganglioside inhibited nf-κb activati ...	2015	26021803
the kinetic reaction mechanism of the vibrio cholerae sodium-dependent nadh dehydrogenase.	the sodium-dependent nadh dehydrogenase (na(+)-nqr) is the main ion transporter in vibrio cholerae. its activity is linked to the operation of the respiratory chain and is essential for the development of the pathogenic phenotype. previous studies have described different aspects of the enzyme, including the electron transfer pathways, sodium pumping structures, cofactor and subunit composition, among others. however, the mechanism of the enzyme remains to be completely elucidated. in this work, ...	2015	26004776
enumeration of viable non-culturable vibrio cholerae using propidium monoazide combined with quantitative pcr.	the well-known human pathogenic bacterium, vibrio cholerae, can enter a physiologically viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state under stress conditions. the differentiation of vbnc cells and nonviable cells is essential for both disease prevention and basic research. among all the methods for detecting viability, propidium monoazide (pma) combined with real-time pcr is popular because of its specificity, sensitivity, and speed. however, the effect of pma treatment is not consistent and varies amo ...	2015	26001818
vibrio cholerae response regulator vxrb controls colonization and regulates the type vi secretion system.	two-component signal transduction systems (tcs) are used by bacteria to sense and respond to their environment. tcs are typically composed of a sensor histidine kinase (hk) and a response regulator (rr). the vibrio cholerae genome encodes 52 rr, but the role of these rrs in v. cholerae pathogenesis is largely unknown. to identify rrs that control v. cholerae colonization, in-frame deletions of each rr were generated and the resulting mutants analyzed using an infant mouse intestine colonization ...	2015	26000450
regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the virulence activator tcpp in vibrio cholerae is initiated by the tail-specific protease (tsp).	vibrio cholerae uses a multiprotein transcriptional regulatory cascade to control expression of virulence factors cholera toxin and toxin-co-regulated pilus. two proteins in this cascade are toxr and tcpp - unusual membrane-localized transcription factors with relatively undefined periplasmic domains and transcription activator cytoplasmic domains. tcpp and toxr function with each other and two other membrane-localized proteins, tcph and toxs, to activate transcription of toxt, encoding the dire ...	2015	25999037
intestinal colonization dynamics of vibrio cholerae.	to cause the diarrheal disease cholera, vibrio cholerae must effectively colonize the small intestine. in order to do so, the bacterium needs to successfully travel through the stomach and withstand the presence of agents such as bile and antimicrobial peptides in the intestinal lumen and mucus. the bacterial cells penetrate the viscous mucus layer covering the epithelium and attach and proliferate on its surface. in this review, we discuss recent developments and known aspects of the early stag ...	2015	25996593
ctxφ replication depends on the histone-like hu protein and the uvrd helicase.	the vibrio cholerae bacterium is the agent of cholera. the capacity to produce the cholera toxin, which is responsible for the deadly diarrhea associated with cholera epidemics, is encoded in the genome of a filamentous phage, ctxφ. rolling-circle replication (rcr) is central to the life cycle of ctxφ because amplification of the phage genome permits its efficient integration into the genome and its packaging into new viral particles. a single phage-encoded huh endonuclease initiates rcr of the ...	2015	25992634
rpos and quorum sensing control expression and polar localization of vibrio cholerae chemotaxis cluster iii proteins in vitro and in vivo.	the diarrheal pathogen vibrio cholerae contains three gene clusters that encode chemotaxis-related proteins, but only cluster ii appears to be required for chemotaxis. here, we present the first characterization of v. cholerae's 'cluster iii' chemotaxis system. we found that cluster iii proteins assemble into foci at bacterial poles, like those formed by cluster ii proteins, but the two systems assemble independently and do not colocalize. cluster iii proteins are expressed in vitro during stati ...	2015	25989366
integrating small molecule signalling and h-ns antagonism in vibrio cholerae, a bacterium with two chromosomes.	h-ns is a well-established silencer of virulence gene transcription in the human pathogen vibrio cholerae. biofilm formation aids v. cholerae in colonizing both its host and its external environments, and h-ns silences biofilm gene expression. cyclic-di-guanosine monophosphate acts through the dna binding proteins vpsr and vpst to overcome h-ns-mediated repression of biofilm genes, driving a transition between a planktonic and a colonial/biofilm lifestyle. the h-ns binding pattern has now been c ...	2015	25988304
atp-association to intrabacterial nanotransportation system in vibrio cholerae.	vibrio cholerae colonizes the lumen of the proximal small intestine, which has an alkaline environment, and secretes cholera toxin (ct) through a type ii secretion machinery. v. cholerae possesses the intrabacterial nanotransportation system (ibnots) for transporting ct from the inner portion toward the peripheral portion of the cytoplasm, and this system is controlled by extrabacterial ph. association of atp with ibnots has not yet been examined in detail. in this study, we demonstrated by immu ...	2015	25986680
highly active and stable oxaloacetate decarboxylase na⁺ pump complex for structural analysis.	the oxaloacetate decarboxylase primary na(+) pump (oad) produces energy for the surviving of some pathogenic bacteria under anaerobic conditions. oad composes of three subunits: oad-α, a biotinylated soluble subunit and catalyzes the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate; oad-β, a transmembrane subunit and functions as a na(+) pump; and oad-γ, a single transmembrane α-helical anchor subunit and assembles oad-α/β/γ complex. the molecular mechanism of oad complex coupling the exothermic decarboxylation ...	2015	25986323
repression by h-ns of genes required for the biosynthesis of the vibrio cholerae biofilm matrix is modulated by the second messenger cyclic diguanylic acid.	expression of vibrio cholerae genes required for the biosynthesis of exopolysacchide (vps) and protein (rbm) components of the biofilm matrix is enhanced by cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp). in a previous study, we reported that the histone-like nucleoid structuring (h-ns) protein represses the transcription of vpsa, vpsl and vpst. here we demonstrate that the regulator vpst can disrupt repressive h-ns nucleoprotein complexes at the vpsa and vpsl promoters in the presence of c-di-gmp, while h-ns co ...	2015	25982817