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host barriers to sars-cov-2 demonstrated by ferrets in a high-exposure domestic setting.ferrets (mustela putorius furo) are mustelids of special relevance to laboratory studies of respiratory viruses and have been shown to be susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection and onward transmission. here, we report the results of a natural experiment where 29 ferrets in one home had prolonged, direct contact and constant environmental exposure to two humans with symptomatic disease, one of whom was confirmed positive for sars-cov-2. we observed n ...202133858941
coronaviruses associated with the superfamily musteloidea.among the animal superfamily musteloidea, which includes those commonly known as mustelids, naturally occurring and species-specific alphacoronavirus infections have been observed in both mink (mustela vison/neovison vison) and domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo). ferret systemic coronavirus (frscv), in particular, has been associated with a rare but fatal systemic disease. in recent months, it has become apparent that both minks and ferrets are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndr ...202133468694
in vitro characterisation of sars-cov-2 and susceptibility of domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo).severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is an emerging virus that has caused significant human morbidity and mortality since its detection in late 2019. with the rapid emergence has come an unprecedented programme of vaccine development with at least 300 candidates under development. ferrets have proven to be an appropriate animal model for testing safety and efficacy of sars-cov-2 vaccines due to quantifiable virus shedding in nasal washes and oral swabs. here, we outline o ...202133400387
experimental sars-cov-2 infection of bank voles.after experimental inoculation, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection was confirmed in bank voles by seroconversion within 8 days and detection of viral rna in nasal tissue for up to 21 days. however, transmission to contact animals was not detected. thus, bank voles are unlikely to establish effective transmission cycles in nature.202133754987
sars-cov-2 in animals: from potential hosts to animal models.within only one year after the first detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), nearly 100 million infections were reported in the human population globally, with more than two million fatal cases. while sars-cov-2 most likely originated from a natural wildlife reservoir, neither the immediate viral precursor nor the reservoir or intermediate hosts have been identified conclusively. due to its zoonotic origin, sars-cov-2 may also be relevant to animals. thus, to e ...202134353482
first description of sars-cov-2 infection in two feral american mink (neovison vison) caught in the wild.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the causal agent of covid-19, is considered a pathogen of animal origin that is mainly transmitted from human to human. several animal species can be naturally or experimentally infected by sars-cov-2, with compelling evidence that mink is highly susceptible to sars-cov-2 infection. human-to-mink infection cases have been reported and there are also suggestions that mink-to-human infection occurs. mink infections have been reported to ...202134065657
monitoring of sars-cov-2 infection in mustelids.american mink and ferret are highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), but no information is available for other mustelid species. sars-cov-2 spreads very efficiently within mink farms once introduced, by direct and indirect contact, high within-farm animal density increases the chance for transmission. between-farm spread is likely to occur once sars-cov-2 is introduced, short distance between sars-cov-2 positive farms is a risk factor. as of 29 january ...202133717355
genome sequence of a minacovirus strain from a farmed mink in the netherlands.we report the genome sequence of a minacovirus strain identified from a fecal sample from a farmed mink (neovison vison) in the netherlands that was tested negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) using real-time pcr (rt-pcr). the viral genome sequence was obtained using agnostic deep sequencing.202133632868
sars-cov-2 exposure in escaped mink, utah, usa.in august 2020, outbreaks of coronavirus disease were confirmed on mink farms in utah, usa. we surveyed mammals captured on and around farms for evidence of infection or exposure. free-ranging mink, presumed domestic escapees, exhibited high antibody titers, suggesting a potential severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission pathway to native wildlife.202133622465
viral metagenomics reveals diverse viruses in the feces samples of raccoon dogs.raccoon dogs as an ancient species of canidae are the host of many viruses, including rabies virus, canine distemper virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and so on. with the development of raccoon dog breeding in recent years, some viruses which infected poultry or pigs were also detected from raccoon dogs. at present, the fecal virome of raccoon dogs has been rarely studied. using an unbiased viral metagenomic approach, we investigated the fecal virome in raccoon dogs collected ...202134322538
covid-19 pandemic: what about the safety of anti-coronavirus nanoparticles?every day, new information is presented with respect to how to best combat the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). this manuscript sheds light on such recent findings, including new co-factors (i.e., neuropilin-1) and routes (i.e., olfactory transmucosal) allowing cell entry of sars-cov-2 and induction of neurological symptoms, as well as the new sars-cov-2 variants. we highlight the sars-cov-2 human-animal interfaces and elaborate containment strategies using the same ...202133808934
susceptibility of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) to sars-cov-2.the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the virus causing the global coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) pandemic, remains a mystery. current evidence suggests a likely spillover into humans from an animal reservoir. understanding the host range and identifying animal species that are susceptible to sars-cov-2 infection may help to elucidate the origin of the virus and the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. here we demonstrated that whit ...202133692203
activation of nf-κb and induction of proinflammatory cytokine expressions mediated by orf7a protein of sars-cov-2.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) that emerged in human populations recently. severely ill covid-19 patients exhibit the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, and such an unbalanced production of proinflammatory cytokines is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome with high mortality in covid-19 patients. our study provides evidence that the orf3a, m, orf7a, and n proteins of sars-cov-2 were nf-κb a ...202134188167
sars-cov-2 infection and longitudinal fecal screening in malayan tigers (panthera tigris jacksoni), amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica ), and african lions (panthera leo krugeri) at the bronx zoo, new york, usa.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) emerged as the cause of a global pandemic in 2019-2020. in march 2020, new york city became the epicenter in the united states for the pandemic. on 27 march 2020, a malayan tiger (panthera tigris jacksoni) at the bronx zoo in new york city developed a cough and wheezing with subsequent inappetence. over the next week, an additional malayan tiger and two amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica) in the same building and three lions (panther ...202133480553
noncanonical crrnas derived from host transcripts enable multiplexable rna detection by cas9.crispr-cas systems recognize foreign genetic material using crispr rnas (crrnas). in type ii systems, a trans-activating crrna (tracrrna) hybridizes to crrnas to drive their processing and utilization by cas9. while analyzing cas9-rna complexes from campylobacter jejuni, we discovered tracrrna hybridizing to cellular rnas, leading to formation of noncanonical crrnas capable of guiding dna targeting by cas9. our discovery inspired the engineering of reprogrammed tracrrnas that link the presence o ...202133906967
evaluation of a real-time rt-pcr panel for detection of sars-cov-2 in bat guano.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which is an ongoing global health concern. the exact source of the virus has not been identified, but it is believed that this novel coronavirus originated in animals; bats in particular have been implicated as the primary reservoir of the virus. sars-cov-2 can also be transmitted from humans to other animals, including tigers, cats, and mink. consequently, infected people ...202133522461
intersecting paths of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) shares common clinicopathologic features with other severe pulmonary illnesses. hantavirus pulmonary syndrome was diagnosed in 2 patients in arizona, usa, suspected of dying from infection with sars-cov-2. differential diagnoses and possible co-infections should be considered for cases of respiratory distress during the sars-cov-2 pandemic.202133704045
inferring the ecological niche of bat viruses closely related to sars-cov-2 using phylogeographic analyses of rhinolophus species.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the causal agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. to date, viruses closely related to sars-cov-2 have been reported in four bat species: rhinolophus acuminatus, rhinolophus affinis, rhinolophus malayanus, and rhinolophus shameli. here, we analysed 343 sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (co1) from georeferenced bats of the four rhinolophus species identified as reservoirs of vir ...202134253798
binding and molecular basis of the bat coronavirus ratg13 virus to ace2 in humans and other species.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has been spreading worldwide, causing a global pandemic. bat-origin ratg13 is currently the most phylogenetically related virus. here we obtained the complex structure of the ratg13 receptor binding domain (rbd) with human ace2 (hace2) and evaluated binding of ratg13 rbd to 24 additional ace2 orthologs. by substituting residues in the ratg13 rbd with their counterparts in the sars-cov-2 rbd, we found that residue 501, the major positio ...202134139177
the rhinolophus affinis bat ace2 and multiple animal orthologs are functional receptors for bat coronavirus ratg13 and sars-cov-2.bat coronavirus (cov) ratg13 shares the highest genome sequence identity with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) among all known coronaviruses, and also uses human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hace2) for virus entry. thus, sars-cov-2 is thought to have originated from bat. however, whether sars-cov-2 emerged from bats directly or through an intermediate host remains elusive. here, we found that rhinolophus affinis bat ace2 (raace2) is an entry receptor for both sars ...202133495713
cross-species recognition of sars-cov-2 to bat ace2.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has emerged as a major threat to global health. although varied sars-cov-2-related coronaviruses have been isolated from bats and sars-cov-2 may infect bat, the structural basis for sars-cov-2 to utilize the human receptor counterpart bat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (bace2) for virus infection remains less understood. here, we report that the sars-cov-2 spike protein recept ...202133335073
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 natural animal reservoirs and experimental models: systematic review.the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) outbreak has been rapidly spreading worldwide, causing serious global concern. the role that animal hosts play in disease transmission is still understudied and researchers wish to find suitable animal models for fundamental research and drug discovery. in this systematic review, we aimed to compile and discuss all articles that describe experimental or natural infections with sars-cov-2, from the initial discovery of the v ...202033206434
a transmissible cancer shifts from emergence to endemism in tasmanian devils.emerging infectious diseases pose one of the greatest threats to human health and biodiversity. phylodynamics is often used to infer epidemiological parameters essential for guiding intervention strategies for human viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). here, we applied phylodynamics to elucidate the epidemiological dynamics of tasmanian devil facial tumor disease (dftd), a fatal, transmissible cancer with a genome thousands of times larger than that of an ...202033303589
detection and characterization of bat sarbecovirus phylogenetically related to sars-cov-2, japan.epidemiology of bat betacoronavirus, subgenus sarbecovirus is largely unknown, especially outside china. we detected a sarbecovirus phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from rhinolophus cornutus bats in japan. the sarbecovirus' spike protein specifically recognizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 of r. cornutus, but not humans, as an entry receptor.202033219796
the roborovski dwarf hamster is a highly susceptible model for a rapid and fatal course of sars-cov-2 infection.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has precipitated an unprecedented and yet-unresolved health crisis worldwide. different mammals are susceptible to sars-cov-2; however, few species examined so far develop robust clinical disease that mirrors severe human cases or allows testing of vaccines and drugs under conditions of severe disease. here, we compare the susceptibilities of three dwarf hamster species (phodop ...202033271063
mutational spectra of sars-cov-2 isolated from animals.coronaviruses are ubiquitous and infect a wide spectrum of animals and humans. the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has become a worldwide pandemic. to address the role that animals may play in the evolution of sars-cov-2, the full genome sequences of sars-cov-2 isolated from animals were compared with sars-cov-2 human isolates from the same clade and geographic region. phylogenetic analysis of sars-cov-2 isolated from the cat, dog, mink, mouse, and tige ...202033384909
progress in source tracking of sars-cov-2.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has caused a total of 55 928 327 confirmed cases and 1 344 003 deaths as of november 19, 2020. but so far the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) that causes this pandemic has remained undetermined. the purpose of this study is to review the current research of sars-cov-2 and the existing problems therein, which may provide inspiration for further researches. existing evidence suggested that sars-cov-2 may be derived ...202033380405
an overview of sars-cov-2 and animal infection.a novel coronavirus has been reported as the causative pathogen of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak in wuhan city, china in december 2019. due to the rapid spread of the virus worldwide, it has been announced as a pandemic by the world health organization (who). hospitalized patients in wuhan were associated with the huanan seafood wholesale market where live animals, such as poultry, bats, snakes, frogs, rabbits, marmots, and hedgehogs are sold in that market which suggests a po ...202033363234
sars-cov-2 transmission between mink (neovison vison) and humans, denmark.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused a pandemic in humans. farmed mink (neovison vison) are also susceptible. in denmark, this virus has spread rapidly among farmed mink, resulting in some respiratory disease. full-length virus genome sequencing revealed novel virus variants in mink. these variants subsequently appeared within the local human community.202033207152
sars-cov-2 d614g variant exhibits efficient replication ex vivo and transmission in vivo.the spike aspartic acid-614 to glycine (d614g) substitution is prevalent in global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) strains, but its effects on viral pathogenesis and transmissibility remain unclear. we engineered a sars-cov-2 variant containing this substitution. the variant exhibits more efficient infection, replication, and competitive fitness in primary human airway epithelial cells but maintains similar morphology and in vitro neutralization properties, compared ...202033184236
predicting the animal susceptibility and therapeutic drugs to sars-cov-2 based on spike glycoprotein combined with ace2.recently, a few animals have been frequently reported to have been diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). whether they are sars-cov-2 intermediate hosts is worthy of great attention. the interaction of sars-cov-2 spike protein and its acceptor protein ace2 is an important issue in determining viral host range and cross-species infection, while the binding capacity of spike protein to ace2 of different species is unknown. here, we used the atomic structure mo ...202033193684
novel and diverse non-rabies rhabdoviruses identified in bats with human exposure, south dakota, usa.bats are a host and reservoir for a large number of viruses, many of which are zoonotic. in north america, the big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) is widely distributed and common. big brown bats are a known reservoir for rabies virus, which, combined with their propensity to roost in human structures, necessitates testing for rabies virus following human exposure. the current pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, likely of bat origin, illustrates the need for continue ...202033302422
zika virus and host interactions: from the bench to the bedside and beyond.before the emergence of sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the causative agent of the current covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic [...].202033198165
neutralizing antibody-dependent and -independent immune responses against sars-cov-2 in cynomolgus macaques.we examined the pathogenicity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) in cynomolgus macaques for 28 days to establish an animal model of covid-19 for the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs. cynomolgus macaques infected with sars-cov-2 showed body temperature rises and x-ray radiographic pneumonia without life-threatening clinical signs of disease. a neutralizing antibody against sars-cov-2 and t-lymphocytes producing interferon (ifn)-γ specifically for sars-cov-2 ...202033412411
bioinformatic evaluation of the potential animal models for studying sars-cov-2.recently, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a novel coronavirus, which results in corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19), has caused over 40 millions of people infected and over 1 million fatalities, challenging the public health. the recognition of its functional receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2), have facilitated the antivirus drugs testing and vaccines development. due to the natural resistance of mouse model to sars-cov-2, there is an urgent need ...202033364494
a single-dose live-attenuated yf17d-vectored sars-cov-2 vaccine candidate.the expanding pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) requires the development of safe, efficacious and fast-acting vaccines. several vaccine platforms are being leveraged for a rapid emergency response1. here we describe the development of a candidate vaccine (yf-s0) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) that uses live-attenuated yellow fever 17d (yf17d) vaccine as a vector to express a noncleavable prefusion form of the sars-cov-2 spike antigen. we assess vac ...202033260195
induction of alarmin s100a8/a9 mediates activation of aberrant neutrophils in the pathogenesis of covid-19.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic poses an unprecedented public health crisis. evidence suggests that sars-cov-2 infection causes dysregulation of the immune system. however, the unique signature of early immune responses remains elusive. we characterized the transcriptome of rhesus macaques and mice infected with sars-cov-2. alarmin s100a8 was robustly induced in sars-cov-2-infected animal models as well as in covid-19 patients. paquinimod, a specific inh ...202033388094
responses to acute infection with sars-cov-2 in the lungs of rhesus macaques, baboons and marmosets.non-human primate models will expedite therapeutics and vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) to clinical trials. here, we compare acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection in young and old rhesus macaques, baboons and old marmosets. macaques had clinical signs of viral infection, mild to moderate pneumonitis and extra-pulmonary pathologies, and both age groups recovered in two weeks. baboons had prolonged viral rna shedding and substantially more lu ...202033340034
the gastrointestinal tract is an alternative route for sars-cov-2 infection in a nonhuman primate model.gastrointestinal (gi) manifestations have been increasingly reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). however, the roles of the gi tract in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection are not fully understood. we investigated how the gi tract is involved in sars-cov-2 infection to elucidate the pathogenesis of covid-19.202033307034
correlates of protection against sars-cov-2 in rhesus macaques.recent studies have reported the protective efficacy of both natural1 and vaccine-induced2-7 immunity against challenge with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in rhesus macaques. however, the importance of humoral and cellular immunity for protection against infection with sars-cov-2 remains to be determined. here we show that the adoptive transfer of purified igg from convalescent rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) protects naive recipient macaques against challenge wit ...202033276369
nanoparticle vaccines based on the receptor binding domain (rbd) and heptad repeat (hr) of sars-cov-2 elicit robust protective immune responses.various vaccine strategies have been proposed in response to the global covid-19 pandemic, each with unique strategies for eliciting immune responses. here, we developed nanoparticle vaccines by covalently conjugating the self-assembled 24-mer ferritin to the receptor binding domain (rbd) and/or heptad repeat (hr) subunits of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) spike (s) protein. compared to monomer vaccines, nanoparticle vaccines elicited more robust neutralizing an ...202033275896
dalbavancin binds ace2 to block its interaction with sars-cov-2 spike protein and is effective in inhibiting sars-cov-2 infection in animal models.infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused a pandemic worldwide. currently, however, no effective drug or vaccine is available to treat or prevent the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). here, we report our discovery of a promising anti-covid-19 drug candidate, the lipoglycopeptide antibiotic dalbavancin, based on virtual screening of the fda-approved peptide drug library combined with in vitro and in vivo functional antiviral assays. our re ...202033262453
a highly immunogenic and effective measles virus-based th1-biased covid-19 vaccine.the covid-19 pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) and has spread worldwide, with millions of cases and more than 1 million deaths to date. the gravity of the situation mandates accelerated efforts to identify safe and effective vaccines. here, we generated measles virus (mev)-based vaccine candidates expressing the sars-cov-2 spike glycoprotein (s). insertion of the full-length s protein gene in two different mev genomic positions resulted in modulat ...202033257540
occurrence of antibodies against sars-cov-2 in the domestic cat population of germany.domestic cats (felis catus) are popular companion animals that live in close contact with their human owners. therefore, the risk of a trans-species spreading event between domestic cats and humans is ever-present. shortly after the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and its rapid spread around the world, the role of domestic cats in the transmission cycle was questioned. in the present study, the first large-scale survey of antibody occurrence in the d ...202033348613
early detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies as a serologic marker of infection in patients with coronavirus disease 2019.thousands of medical staff have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), with hundreds of deaths reported. such loss could be prevented if there were a serologic assay for sars-cov-2-specific antibodies for serological surveillance of its infection at the early stage of disease.202032357209
the recombination potential between sars-cov-2 and mers-cov from cross-species spill-over infections.countries in the middle-east (me) are tackling two corona virus outbreaks simultaneously, middle-eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). both viruses infect the same host (humans) and the same cell (type-ii alveolar cells) causing lower respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia. molecularly, mers-cov and sars-cov-2 enter alveolar cells via spike proteins recognizing dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and angiotensin conv ...202033605109
geriatric challenges in the new coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) pandemic: a systematic review.background: during the covid-19 pandemic, elderly individuals (with the chronological age of 65 years and above) are more susceptible to the sars-cov-2 infection complications due to altered immune system response and the higher rate of underlying comorbidities. a vast majority of mortalities are reported in elderly patients; thus, this study aimed to evaluate complications of covid-19 in elderly patients. methods: a systematic review was conducted according to moose guidelines. science direct, ...202033437719
establishment of an african green monkey model for covid-19 and protection against re-infection.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for an unprecedented global pandemic of covid-19. animal models are urgently needed to study the pathogenesis of covid-19 and to screen vaccines and treatments. we show that african green monkeys (agms) support robust sars-cov-2 replication and develop pronounced respiratory disease, which may more accurately reflect human covid-19 cases than other nonhuman primate species. sars-cov-2 was detected in mucosal samples, inc ...202033235385
research note: indian poultry industry vis-à-vis coronavirus disease 2019: a situation analysis report.originating in wuhan city, hubei province of china, and rapid spread to multiple countries, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has emerged as a novel public health emergence. during early february, spread of misinformation and rumors driven by the fear of linking chicken meat and eggs in the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) among human population is witnessed in india. this resulted drastic reduction in consumption of poultry products with subsequent fall in deman ...202033516485
lack of susceptibility to sars-cov-2 and mers-cov in poultry.we challenged chickens, turkeys, ducks, quail, and geese with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. we observed no disease and detected no virus replication and no serum antibodies. we concluded that poultry are unlikely to serve a role in maintenance of either virus.202033219803
sars-cov-2: a critical review of its history, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis and treatment.the outbreak of the deadly virus (novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) that emerged in december 2019, remained a controversial subject of intense speculations regarding its origin, became a worldwide health problem resulting in serious coronavirus disease 2019 (acronym covid-19). the concern regarding this new viral strain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (acronym sars-cov-2) and diseases it causes (covid-19) is well deserved at all levels. the inc ...202033196035
multi-species elisa for the detection of antibodies against sars-cov-2 in animals.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused a pandemic with millions of infected humans and hundreds of thousands of fatalities. as the novel disease - referred to as covid-19 - unfolded, occasional anthropozoonotic infections of animals by owners or caretakers were reported in dogs, felid species and farmed mink. further species were shown to be susceptible under experimental conditions. the extent of natural infections of animals, however, is still largely unknown. ...202033191578
comparative analysis of sars-cov-2 and its receptor ace2 with evolutionarily related coronaviruses.the pandemic covid-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and it is spreading very rapidly worldwide. to date, the origin and intermediate hosts of sars-cov-2 remain unclear. in this study, we conducted comparative analysis among sars-cov-2 and non-sars-cov-2 coronavirus strains to elucidate their phylogenetic relationships. we found: 1, the sars-cov-2 strains analyzed could be divided into 3 clades with regional aggregation; 2, the non-sars-cov-2 common ...202033186121
development of machine learning models to predict rt-pcr results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in patients with influenza-like symptoms using only basic clinical data.reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) diagnosis currently requires quite a long time span. a quicker and more efficient diagnostic tool in emergency departments could improve management during this global crisis. our main goal was assessing the accuracy of artificial intelligence in predicting the results of rt-pcr for sars-cov-2, using basic information at hand in all emergency departments.202033261629
detection of coronaviruses in pteropus & rousettus species of bats from different states of india.bats are considered to be the natural reservoir for many viruses, of which some are potential human pathogens. in india, an association of pteropus medius bats with the nipah virus was reported in the past. it is suspected that the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) also has its association with bats. to assess the presence of covs in bats, we performed identification and characterization of bat cov (btcov) in p. medius and rousettus species from repres ...202032317409
covid-19 and cardiac surgery: the perspective from united kingdom.the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in december 2019, presumed from the city of wuhan, hubei province in china, and the subsequent declaration of the disease as a pandemic by the world health organization as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in march 2020, had a significant impact on health care systems globally. each country responded to this disease in different ways, however this was done broadly by fortifying and prioritizing health care provision as well as in ...202032981073
severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2).the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and has created a worldwide pandemic. many patients with this infection have an asymptomatic or mild illness, but a small percentage of patients require hospitalization and intensive care. patients with respiratory tract involvement have a spectrum of presentations that range from scattered ground-glass infiltrates to diffuse infiltrates with consolidation. patients with the latter r ...202033098401
unlocking covid therapeutic targets: a structure-based rationale against sars-cov-2, sars-cov and mers-cov spike.there are no approved target therapeutics against sars-cov-2 or other beta-covs. the beta-cov spike protein is a promising target considering the critical role in viral infection and pathogenesis and its surface exposed features. we performed a structure-based strategy targeting highly conserved druggable regions resulting from a comprehensive large-scale sequence analysis and structural characterization of spike domains across sarsr- and mersr-covs. we have disclosed 28 main consensus druggable ...202032913581
a global treatments for coronaviruses including covid-19.in late december 2019 in wuhan, china, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov). so far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and influenza virus. in this article, we have tried to ...202032394467
the indian perspective of covid-19 outbreak.the emerging infection of covid-19 was initiated from wuhan, china, have been spread to more than 210 countries around the globe including india. the clinical symptoms of covid-19 are very similar to other respiratory viruses. the number of laboratory-confirmed cases and associated deaths are increasing regularly in various parts of the world. seven coronaviruses (229e, nl63, oc43, hku1, sars, mers and, covid-19) can naturally infect human beings. out of these four (229e-cov, nl63-cov, oc43-cov, ...202032368570
the novel coronavirus: a bird's eye view.the novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) outbreak, which initially began in china, has spread to many countries around the globe, with the number of confirmed cases increasing every day. with a death toll exceeding that of the sars-cov outbreak back in 2002 and 2003 in china, 2019-ncov has led to a public health emergency of international concern, putting all health organizations on high alert. herein, we present on an overview of the currently available information on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, c ...202032020915
additional diagnostic testing of the 2019 novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2).within the last two decades several members of the coronaviridae family namely severe respiratory syndrome (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers-cov) have demonstrated epidemic potential. in late, 2019 an unnamed genetic relative, later named sars-cov-2 realized its potential in the highly populous neighborhoods of wuhan, china. unchecked, the virus rapidly spread among interconnected communities and related households before containment measures could be in acted. "appropriate" ...202032837527
cathepsin b protease facilitates chikungunya virus envelope protein-mediated infection via endocytosis or macropinocytosis.chikungunya virus (chikv) is an enveloped virus that enters host cells and transits within the endosomes before starting its replication cycle, the precise mechanism of which is yet to be elucidated. endocytosis and endosome acidification inhibitors inhibit infection by chikv, murine leukemia virus (mlv), or sars-coronavirus, indicating that these viral entries into host cells occur through endosomes and require endosome acidification. although endosomal cathepsin b protease is necessary for mlv ...202032635194
susceptibility of raccoon dogs for experimental sars-cov-2 infection.raccoon dogs might have been intermediate hosts for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in 2002-2004. we demonstrated susceptibility of raccoon dogs to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and transmission to in-contact animals. infected animals had no signs of illness. virus replication and tissue lesions occurred in the nasal conchae.202033089771
comparison of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein binding to ace2 receptors from human, pets, farm animals, and putative intermediate hosts.the emergence of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), resulted in a pandemic. here, we used x-ray structures of human ace2 bound to the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the spike protein (s) from sars-cov-2 to predict its binding to ace2 proteins from different animals, including pets, farm animals, and putative intermediate hosts of sars-cov-2. comparing the interaction sites of ace2 proteins known to serve or not serve as receptors allows the defin ...202032404529
gene signatures of sars-cov/sars-cov-2-infected ferret lungs in short- and long-term models.coronaviruses (covs) consist of six strains, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), newly found coronavirus (sars-cov-2) has rapidly spread leading to a global outbreak. the ferret (mustela putorius furo) serves as a useful animal model for studying sars-cov/sars-cov-2 infection and developing therapeutic strategies. a holistic approach for distinguishing differences in gene signatures during disease progression is lacking. the present study discovered gene expression ...202032615317
genetic evolution analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus and coronavirus from other species.the corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a public health emergency of international concern. however, so far, there are still controversies about the source of the virus and its intermediate host. here, we found the novel coronavirus was closely related to coronaviruses derived from five wild animals, including paguma larvata, paradoxurus hermaphroditus, civet, aselliscus stoliczkanus and rhinolophus sinicus, and was in th ...202032169673
comparative tropism, replication kinetics, and cell damage profiling of sars-cov-2 and sars-cov with implications for clinical manifestations, transmissibility, and laboratory studies of covid-19: an observational study.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) was reported from china in january, 2020. sars-cov-2 is efficiently transmitted from person to person and, in 2 months, has caused more than 82 000 laboratory-confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and 2800 deaths in 46 countries. the total number of cases and deaths has surpassed that of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). although both covid-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars ...202032835326
differential tropism of sars-cov and sars-cov-2 in bat cells.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 did not replicate efficiently in 13 bat cell lines, whereas severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replicated efficiently in kidney cells of its ancestral host, the rhinolophus sinicus bat, suggesting different evolutionary origins. structural modeling showed that rbd/rsace2 binding may contribute to the differential cellular tropism.202032730733
sars-cov-2: structural diversity, phylogeny, and potential animal host identification of spike glycoprotein.to investigate the evolutionary history of the current pandemic outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a total of 137 genomes of coronavirus strains with release dates between january 2019 and 25 march 2020, were analyzed. to investigate the potential intermediate host of the sars-cov-2, we analyzed spike glycoprotein sequences from different animals, with particular emphasis on bats. we performed phylogenetic analysis and structural reconstruction of the spike ...202032374452
clinical and pathological findings in sars-cov-2 disease outbreaks in farmed mink (neovison vison).sars-cov-2, the causative agent of covid-19, caused respiratory disease outbreaks with increased mortality in 4 mink farms in the netherlands. the most striking postmortem finding was an acute interstitial pneumonia, which was found in nearly all examined mink that died at the peak of the outbreaks. acute alveolar damage was a consistent histopathological finding in mink that died with pneumonia. sars-cov-2 infections were confirmed by detection of viral rna in throat swabs and by immunohistoche ...202032663073
impact of covid-19 on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.previous outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (sars-cov-1) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) have been associated with unfavourable pregnancy outcomes. sars-cov-2 belongs to the human coronavirus family, and since this infection shows a pandemic trend it will involve many pregnant women.202033148440
systematic review and meta-analysis of smell and taste disorders in covid-19.loss of smell and taste are considered potential discriminatory symptoms indicating triaging for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and early case identification. however, the estimated prevalence essential to guide public health policy varies in published literature. this meta-analysis aimed to estimate prevalence of smell and taste loss among covid-19 patients.202032964177
covid-19 in hematological malignancy patients: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.covid-19 is an international outbreak of the respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the diseases themselves, as well as the intensity of chemotherapy, lead to significant immunosuppression, leading hematological malignancy patients susceptible to infections.202032871864
global psychological implications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19). what can be learned from italy. reflections, perspectives, opportunities.on december 31, 2019, the chinese authorities announced that in the city of wuhan, hubei province, central-eastern china, a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology had developed. a new coronavirus (sars-cov-2) that causes serious problems like pneumonia and even death, has been discovered. this new disease (covid-19) has spread also in italy starting from the first recognized case on february 20. beyond its biological implications, this coronavirus allows us many psychological reflections ...202032849079
generation of chicken igy against sars-cov-2 spike protein and epitope mapping.this new decade has started with a global pandemic of covid-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), precipitating a worldwide health crisis and economic downturn. scientists and clinicians have been racing against time to find therapies for covid-19. repurposing approved drugs, developing vaccines and employing passive immunization are three major therapeutic approaches to fighting covid-19. chicken immunoglobulin y (igy) has the potential to be used as neutral ...202033134398
non-respiratory presentations of covid-19, a clinical review.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2 or covid-19) is a highly infectious viral syndrome currently threatening millions of people worldwide. it is widely recognized as a disease of the pulmonary system, presenting with fever, cough, and shortness of breath. however, a number of extrapulmonary manifestations have been described in the literature.202033039218
can immunization of hens provide oral-based therapeutics against covid-19?in the current worldwide pandemic situation caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and the newest coronavirus disease (covid-19), therapeutics and prophylactics are urgently needed for a large population. some of the prophylaxis strategies are based on the development of antibodies targeting viral proteins. igy antibodies are a type of immunoglobulin present in birds, amphibians, and reptiles. they are usually obtained from egg yolk of hyper-immunized hens and ...202032872186
a scalable topical vectored vaccine candidate against sars-cov-2.the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) caused an ongoing unprecedented global public health crises of coronavirus disease in 2019 (covid-19). the precipitously increased death rates, its impact on livelihood and trembling economies warrant the urgent development of a sars-cov-2 vaccine which would be safe, efficacious and scalable. owing to unavailability of the vaccine, we propose a de novo synthesized avian orthoavulavirus 1 (aoav-1)-based topical respiratory vaccine ...202032846910
coronaviruses: an updated overview of their replication and pathogenesis.coronaviruses (covs), enveloped positive-sense rna viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large rna genome, and a unique replication strategy. covs cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs, and upper respiratory tract and kidney disease in chickens to lethal human respiratory infections. most recently, the novel coronavirus, sars-cov-2, which was first identified in wuhan, china in december 2019 ...202032833200
one-step nested rt-pcr for covid-19 detection: a flexible, locally developed test for sars-cov2 nucleic acid detection.due to the coronavirus pandemic, identifying the infected individuals has become key to limiting its spread. virus nucleic acid real-time rt-pcr testing has become the current standard diagnostic method but high demand could lead to shortages. therefore, we propose a detection strategy using a one-step nested rt-pcr.202032794453
[coronavirus: from common cold to severe pulmonary failure].in december 2019 a new human coronavirus emerged in wuhan, china, which is known as sars-cov‑2. the clinical course of the disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) ranges from mild respiratory symptoms to severe lung failure. the virus is currently rapidly spreading around the world and pushing health systems to the limits of their capacity due to the exponential increase in the number of cases. the origin of sars-cov‑2 lies in the bat coronavirus pool and has now emerged in the huma ...202032292213
the progression of sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov2): mutation in the receptor binding domain of spike gene.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov2) is a positive-sense single-stranded rna (+ssrna) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). the viral genome encodes twelve genes for viral replication and infection. the third open reading frame is the spike (s) gene that encodes for the spike glycoprotein interacting with specific cell surface receptor - angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) - on the host cell membrane. most recent studies identified a single point mutation in ...202033163249
diagnostic salivary tests for sars-cov-2.the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection relies on the detection of viral rna by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) performed with respiratory specimens, especially nasopharyngeal swabs. however, this procedure requires specialized medical personnel, centralized laboratory facilities, and time to provide results (from several hours up to 1 d). in addition, there is a non-negligible risk of viral transmission for the ...202033131360
kinetics and isotype assessment of antibodies targeting the spike protein receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 in covid-19 patients as a function of age, biological sex and disease severity.there is an incomplete understanding of the host humoral immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus (cov)-2, which underlies covid-19, during acute infection. host factors such as age and sex as well as the kinetics and functionality of antibody responses are important factors to consider as vaccine development proceeds. the receptor-binding domain of the cov spike (rbd-s) protein mediates host cell binding and infection and is a major target for vaccine design to el ...202033072323
analysis of sars-cov-2 mutations in mexico, belize, and isolated regions of guatemala and its implication in the diagnosis.the genomic sequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) worldwide are publicly available and are derived from studies due to the increase in the number of cases. the importance of study of mutations is related to the possible virulence and diagnosis of sars-cov-2. to identify circulating mutations present in sars-cov-2 genomic sequences in mexico, belize, and guatemala to find out if the same strain spread to the south, and analyze the specificity of the primers use ...202033049069
high-resolution structure and biophysical characterization of the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein dimerization domain from the covid-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.unprecedented by number of casualties and socio-economic burden occurring worldwide, the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the worst health crisis of this century. in order to develop adequate countermeasures against covid-19, identification and structural characterization of suitable antiviral targets within the sars-cov-2 protein repertoire is urgently needed. the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (n) is a multi ...202033039147
minimize glycemic fluctuation decrease the risk of severe illness and death in patients with covid-19.the recent coronavirus disease (covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and has been spreading rapidly throughout the continents. the insights in how this viral disease affects general population is thus urgently needed. diabetes mellitus is one of the leading threats for morbidity and mortality globally. infection of coronavirus in diabetic patients may trigger acute hyperglycemia due to increased secretion of hyperglycemic hormones, extensive applica ...202033026669
a rise in facial nerve palsies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.an increase in spontaneous lower motor neuron facial nerve (viith cranial nerve) palsies was seen during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak in our emergency clinic. this led us to perform a single-centre cohort review.202032998780
mass spectrometry and structural biology techniques in the studies on the coronavirus-receptor interaction.mass spectrometry and some other biophysical methods, have made substantial contributions to the studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and human proteins interactions. the most interesting feature of sars-cov-2 seems to be the structure of its spike (s) protein and its interaction with the human cell receptor. mass spectrometry of spike s protein revealed how the glycoforms are distributed across the s protein surface. x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron mic ...202032927621
evolution of early sars-cov-2 and cross-coronavirus immunity.the novel coronavirus, sars-coronavirus (cov)-2 (sars-cov-2), has caused over 17 million infections in just a few months, with disease manifestations ranging from largely asymptomatic infection to critically severe disease. the remarkable spread and unpredictable disease outcomes continue to challenge management of this infection. among the hypotheses to explain the heterogeneity of symptoms is the possibility that exposure to other coronaviruses (covs), or overall higher capability to develop i ...202032878931
more than loss of taste and smell: burning watering eyes in coronavirus disease 2019.to evaluate ocular symptoms in european non-hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and to investigate associations with the demographic data as well as nasal and general physical symptoms.202032835793
a rational design of a multi-epitope vaccine against sars-cov-2 which accounts for the glycan shield of the spike glycoprotein.the ongoing global health crisis caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the virus which leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has impacted not only the health of people everywhere, but the economy in nations across the world. while vaccine candidates and therapeutics are currently undergoing clinical trials, there is yet to be a proven effective treatment or cure for covid-19. in this study, we have presented a synergistic computational platform, including ...202032793875
closing the serological gap in the diagnostic testing for covid-19: the value of anti-sars-cov-2 iga antibodies.during coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, the early diagnosis of patients is a priority. serological assays, in particular immunoglobulin (ig)m and igg anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), have today several applications but the interpretation of their results remains an open challenge. given the emerging role of the iga isotype in the covid-19 diagnostics, we aimed to identify the sars-cov-2 iga antibodies in a covid-19 population seronegative for igm. a ...202032790181
results from a survey in healthy blood donors in south eastern italy indicate that we are far away from herd immunity to sars-cov-2.here we present results from a survey on anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) seroprevalence in healthy blood donors from a low incidence coronavirus disease 2019 area (apulia region, south eastern italy). among 904 subjects tested, only in nine cases (0.99%) antibodies against sars-cov-2 were demonstrated. all the nine seropositive patients were negative for the research of viral rna by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swabs. these d ...202032790086
expert panel consensus statement on the applications and precaution strategies of bronchoscopy in patients with covid-19.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a novel coronavirus with higher transmissibility compared with sars coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus. coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by sars-cov-2 is an unprecedented global crisis that has not been experienced, which is still disrupting health systems, economies, and societies around the world by the rapid spread. bronchoscopy plays an important role in diagnosis and thera ...202032769235
engineering human ace2 to optimize binding to the spike protein of sars coronavirus 2.the spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) on host cells to initiate entry, and soluble ace2 is a therapeutic candidate that neutralizes infection by acting as a decoy. by using deep mutagenesis, mutations in ace2 that increase s binding are found across the interaction surface, in the asparagine 90-glycosylation motif and at buried sites. the mutational landscape provides a blueprint for understanding the sp ...202032753553
placental sars-cov-2 in a pregnant woman with mild covid-19 disease.the full impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) on pregnancy remains uncharacterized. current literature suggests minimal maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. covid-19 manifestations appear similar between pregnant and nonpregnant women. we present a case of placental severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) virus in a woman with mild covid-19 disease, then review the literature. reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect ...202032749712
attenuated novel sars coronavirus 2 infection in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient on ruxolitinib.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars cov-2) has a high death rate in patients with comorbidities or in an immunocompromised state. we report a mild and attenuated sars cov-2 infection in a patient who is 17 months post stem cell transplantation and maintained on the jak/stat inhibitor ruxolitinib, a proposed novel therapy for sars cov-2 pneumonia.202032727701
coinfection of other respiratory pathogens and hiv in covid-19 patients: is there a pattern?the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has led to the elaboration of multiple studies to increase knowledge and understanding, hence, having the ability to accomplish an adequate and timely diagnosis and give an optimal treatment according to the patient's condition. the clinical manifestations of covid-19 pose a series of challenges both in understanding and delimiting the disease secondary to the sars-cov-2 infection. this is due to the fact that th ...202032706411
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