Publications

infection with the persistent murine norovirus strain mnv-s99 suppresses ifn-beta release and activation of stat1 in vitro.	norovirus infection is the main cause of epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. although human norovirus (hunov) infection is self-limiting, it can persist for extended periods of time in immune deficient patients. due to the lack of robust cell culture and small animal systems, little is known about hunov pathogenicity. however, murine norovirus (mnv) can be propagated in cell culture and is used as a model to study norovirus infection. several mnv are known to persist in mice. in th ...	2016	27294868
select membrane proteins modulate mnv-1 infection of macrophages and dendritic cells in a cell type-specific manner.	noroviruses cause gastroenteritis in humans and other animals, are shed in the feces, and spread through the fecal-oral route. host cellular expression of attachment and entry receptors for noroviruses is thought to be a key determinant of cell tropism and the strict species-specificity. however, to date, only carbohydrates have been identified as attachment receptors for noroviruses. thus, we investigated whether host cellular proteins play a role during the early steps of norovirus infection. ...	2016	27264433
post-exposure antiviral treatment of norovirus infections effectively protects against diarrhea and reduces virus shedding in the stool in a mortality mouse model.	noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis across the world in all age groups and are linked to increased hospitalization and mortality in children, the elderly and immunocompromised. the development of specific antiviral treatment for norovirus gastroenteritis is urgently needed. we explored in a mouse model whether an inhibitor of norovirus replication could be used therapeutically post murine norovirus (mnv)-infection of mice. using the mnv, we previously discovered that the viral pol ...	2016	27252124
antiviral effect of vitamin a on norovirus infection via modulation of the gut microbiome.	the effect and underlying mechanism of vitamin a on norovirus infection are largely unknown. this study aimed to investigate how vitamin a administration affects the gut microbiome after norovirus infection. here, we demonstrate that treatment with either retinol or retinoic acid (ra) inhibits murine norovirus (mnv) replication using both in vitro and in vivo models. compositional changes in the gut microbiome associated with ra administration and/or norovirus infection were also investigated. o ...	2016	27180604
current tools for norovirus drug discovery.	rapid transmission of norovirus often occurs due to its low infectious dosage, high genetic diversity and its short incubation time. the viruses cause acute gastroenteritis and may lead to death. presently, no effective vaccine or selective drugs accepted by the united states food and drug administration (fda) are available for the treatment of norovirus. advances in the development of norovirus replicon cell lines, gii.4-sydney hunov strain human b cells, and murine and gnotobiotic pig noroviru ...	2016	27108716
lack of transmission of murine norovirus to mice via in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and ovary transplantation.	since its discovery in 2003, murine norovirus (mnv) is still endemic in many rodent animal facilities. our aim was to determine the risk of transmission of mnv (91% homology to mnv3) to embryo recipients and pups via assisted reproductive technologies, especially those which compromise the integrity of the zona pellucida. in vitro fertilization (ivf), assisted in vitro fertilization (aivf) with reduced glutathione, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and ovary transplantation were performed. murin ...	2016	26972226
inactivation of murine norovirus-1 in the edible seaweeds capsosiphon fulvescens and hizikia fusiforme using gamma radiation.	this study investigated the effects of gamma radiation (3-10 kgy) upon the inactivation of murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1), a human norovirus (nov) surrogate. the edible green and brown algae, fulvescens (capsosiphon fulvescens) and fusiforme (hizikia fusiforme), respectively, were experimentally contaminated with 5-6 log10 plaque forming units (pfu)/ml mnv-1. the titer of mnv-1 significantly decreased (p < 0.05) as the dose of gamma radiation increased. mnv-1 titer decreased to 1.16-2.46 log10 pfu/m ...	2016	26919820
histologic lesions induced by murine norovirus infection in laboratory mice.	murine noroviruses (mnvs) are highly prevalent in laboratory mice, can cause persistent infections, and have been shown to infect macrophages, dendritic cells, and b cells. to address the potential impact of mnv infection on research outcomes, numerous studies have been conducted with various mouse models of human disease and have generated mixed results, ranging from no impact to significant disease. many of these studies included histologic evaluations after mnv infection, and these results ha ...	2016	26792844
advances toward a norovirus antiviral: from classical inhibitors to lethal mutagenesis.	human noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, yet there are no licensed antivirals. there is an urgent need for norovirus therapeutics, particularly for chronic infections in immunocompromised individuals, but also a potential need for prophylactic use in epidemics. continued research has led to the identification of compounds that inhibit norovirus replication in vitro and, at least in some cases, are also effective in vivo against murine norovirus. progress has included c ...	2016	26744429
a conserved interaction between a c-terminal motif in norovirus vpg and the heat-1 domain of eif4g is essential for translation initiation.	translation initiation is a critical early step in the replication cycle of the positive-sense, single-stranded rna genome of noroviruses, a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans. norovirus rna, which has neither a 5´ m7g cap nor an internal ribosome entry site (ires), adopts an unusual mechanism to initiate protein synthesis that relies on interactions between the vpg protein covalently attached to the 5´-end of the viral rna and eukaryotic initiation factors (eifs) in the host cell. for mur ...	2016	26734730
viability and heat resistance of murine norovirus on bread.	contaminated bread was the cause of a large-scale outbreak of norovirus disease in japan in 2014. contamination of seafood and uncooked food products by norovirus has been reported several times in the past; however the outbreak resulting from the contamination of bread products was unusual. a few reports on the presence of norovirus on bread products are available; however there have been no studies on the viability and heat resistance of norovirus on breads, which were investigated in this stu ...	2016	26485672
inactivation kinetics and mechanism of a human norovirus surrogate on stainless steel coupons via chlorine dioxide gas.	acute gastroenteritis caused by human norovirus is a significant public health issue. fresh produce and seafood are examples of high-risk foods associated with norovirus outbreaks. food contact surfaces also have the potential to harbor noroviruses if exposed to fecal contamination, aerosolized vomitus, or infected food handlers. currently, there is no effective measure to decontaminate norovirus on food contact surfaces. chlorine dioxide (clo2) gas is a strong oxidizer and is used as a decontam ...	2015	26475110
murine norovirus infection variably alters atherosclerosis in mice lacking apolipoprotein e.	macrophages play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. murine noroviruses (mnv) are highly prevalent in research mouse colonies and infect macrophages and dendritic cells. our laboratory found that mnv4 infection in mice lacking the ldl receptor alters the development of atherosclerosis, potentially confounding research outcomes. therefore, we investigated whether mnv4 likewise altered atherosclerosis in apoe(-/-) mice. in the presence of oxidized ldl, mnv4 infection of apoe(-/-) bon ...	2015	26473341
a cell-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) sensor reveals inter- and intragenogroup variations in norovirus protease activity and polyprotein cleavage.	the viral protease represents a key drug target for the development of antiviral therapeutics. because many protease inhibitors mimic protease substrates, differences in substrate recognition between proteases may affect their sensitivity to a given inhibitor. here we use a cell-based fret sensor to investigate the activity of different norovirus proteases upon cleavage of various norovirus cleavage sites inserted into a linker region separating cyan fluorescent protein and yellow fluorescent pr ...	2015	26363064
artifact-free quantification and sequencing of rare recombinant viruses by using drop-based microfluidics.	recombination is an important driver in the evolution of viruses and thus is key to understanding viral epidemics and improving strategies to prevent future outbreaks. characterization of rare recombinant subpopulations remains technically challenging because of artifacts such as artificial recombinants, known as chimeras, and amplification bias. to overcome this, we have developed a high-throughput microfluidic technique with a second verification step in order to amplify and sequence single re ...	2015	26247541
inactivation of human norovirus and its surrogates on alfalfa seeds by aqueous ozone.	alfalfa sprouts have been associated with numerous foodborne outbreaks. previous studies investigated the effectiveness of aqueous ozone on bacterially contaminated seeds, yet little is known about the response of human norovirus (hunov). this study assessed aqueous ozone for the disinfection of alfalfa seeds contaminated with hunov and its surrogates. the inactivation of viruses without a food matrix was also investigated. alfalfa seeds were inoculated with hunov genogroup ii, tulane virus (tv) ...	2015	26219375
application of water-assisted ultraviolet light processing on the inactivation of murine norovirus on blueberries.	in this study, a novel set-up using water-assisted uv processing was developed and evaluated for its decontamination efficacy against murine norovirus (mnv-1) inoculated on fresh blueberries for both small and large-scale experimental setups. blueberries were skin-inoculated with mnv-1 and treated for 1-5 min with uv directly (dry uv) or immersed in agitated water during uv treatment (water-assisted uv). the effect of the presence of 2% (v/v) blueberry juice or 5% crushed blueberries (w/w) in wa ...	2015	26210533
heat-denatured lysozyme inactivates murine norovirus as a surrogate human norovirus.	human norovirus infects humans through the consumption of contaminated food, contact with the excrement or vomit of an infected person, and through airborne droplets that scatter the virus through the air. being highly infectious and highly viable in the environment, inactivation of the norovirus requires a highly effective inactivating agent. in this study, we have discovered the thermal denaturing capacity of a lysozyme with known antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, as well ...	2015	26134436
virucidal efficacy of treatment with photodynamically activated curcumin on murine norovirus bio-accumulated in oysters.	norovirus (nov) is one of the most important seafood- and water-borne viruses, and is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks. in the present study we investigated the effect of curcumin as a sensitizer to photodynamic treatment both in buffer and in oysters against murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1), a surrogate of nov. mnv-1 cultured in buffer and mnv-1 bio-accumulated in oysters were irradiated with a novel led light source with a wavelength of 470nm and an energy of 3.6j/cm(2). inactivation ...	2015	26117199
repurposing of rutin for the inhibition of norovirus replication.	drug repurposing is a strategy employed to circumvent some of the bottlenecks involved in drug development, such as the cost and time needed for developing new molecular entities. noroviruses cause recurrent epidemics and sporadic outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with significant mortality and economic costs, but no treatment has been approved to date. herein, a library of molecules previously used in humans was screened to find compounds with anti-noroviral activity. antiviral testing fo ...	2015	26112762
control of human norovirus surrogates in fresh foods by gaseous ozone and a proposed mechanism of inactivation.	fresh produce is a major concern for transmission of foodborne enteric viruses as it is normally consumed with no heat treatments and minimal other processing to ensure safety. commonly used sanitizers are ineffective at removing foodborne viruses from fresh produce. thus the use of gaseous ozone for viral inactivation was investigated. ozone has great potential for improved food safety because of four benefits: it is a potent sanitizer, it is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, it ...	2015	25998824
transfer of acanthamoeba spp. to fresh produce from water and environmental surfaces.	human noroviruses (hunov) are the primary cause of food-borne disease outbreaks in the united states. the most frequent commodities implicated in hunov outbreaks are leafy greens where contamination may occur during production and harvesting practices. with respect to the transmission of hunov to fresh produce, one hypothesis is that free-living amoebae that are ubiquitous in the environment (soil, sediments and water) can serve as vehicles of contamination through interaction with viruses. here ...	2015	25996169
destruction of the capsid and genome of gii.4 human norovirus occurs during exposure to metal alloys containing copper.	human norovirus (hunov) represents a significant public health burden worldwide and can be environmentally transmitted. copper surfaces have been shown to inactivate the cultivable surrogate murine norovirus, but no such data exist for hunov. the purpose of this study was to characterize the destruction of gii.4 hunov and virus-like particles (vlps) during exposure to copper alloy surfaces. fecal suspensions positive for a gii.4 hunov outbreak strain or gii.4 vlps were exposed to copper alloys o ...	2015	25979897
isolation and analysis of rare norovirus recombinants from coinfected mice using drop-based microfluidics.	human noroviruses (hunovs) are positive-sense rna viruses that can cause severe, highly infectious gastroenteritis. hunov outbreaks are frequently associated with recombination between circulating strains. strain genotyping and phylogenetic analyses show that noroviruses often recombine in a highly conserved region near the junction of the viral polyprotein (open reading frame 1 [orf1]) and capsid (orf2) genes and occasionally within the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) gene. although genotyp ...	2015	25972549
effects of murine norovirus on atherosclerosis in ldlr(-/-) mice depends on the timing of infection.	we previously reported that murine norovirus (mnv), a virus prevalent in united states research institutions, increased atherosclerotic lesion size in ldlr(-/-) mice when the mice were infected 8 wk after feeding an atherogenic diet. to determine whether the timing of mnv infection relative to atherosclerosis development altered the disease phenotype and to examine potential mechanisms by which mnv influences the disease process, we fed ldlr(-/-) mice an atherogenic diet for 16 wk. three days af ...	2015	25926396
detection of viable murine norovirus using the plaque assay and propidium-monoazide-combined real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	human norovirus (hunov) is the most common cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. the lack of a virus culture system makes it difficult to determine the viability of norovirus by only reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) or real-time quantitative rt-pcr (qrt-pcr). the aim of this study was to investigate the detection of viable murine norovirus (mnv) by combining propidium monoazide (pma) or ethidium monoazide (ema) with qrt-pcr. mnv (5.21log10pfu/ml) was subjected to heat treat ...	2015	25920568
molecular chaperone hsp90 is a therapeutic target for noroviruses.	human noroviruses (hunov) are a significant cause of acute gastroenteritis in the developed world, and yet our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in norovirus replication and pathogenesis has been limited by the inability to efficiently culture these viruses in the laboratory. using the murine norovirus (mnv) model, we have recently identified a network of host factors that interact with the 5' and 3' extremities of the norovirus rna genome. in addition to a number of well-known ce ...	2015	25855731
murine norovirus replication induces g0/g1 cell cycle arrest in asynchronously growing cells.	many viruses replicate most efficiently in specific phases of the cell cycle, establishing or exploiting favorable conditions for viral replication, although little is known about the relationship between caliciviruses and the cell cycle. microarray and western blot analysis of murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1)-infected cells showed changes in cyclin transcript and protein levels indicative of a g1 phase arrest. cell cycle analysis confirmed that mnv-1 infection caused a prolonging of the g1 phase and ...	2015	25810556
structure determination of murine norovirus ns6 proteases with c-terminal extensions designed to probe protease-substrate interactions.	noroviruses are positive-sense single-stranded rna viruses. they encode an ns6 protease that cleaves a viral polyprotein at specific sites to produce mature viral proteins. in an earlier study we obtained crystals of murine norovirus (mnv) ns6 protease in which crystal contacts were mediated by specific insertion of the c-terminus of one protein (which contains residues p5-p1 of the ns6-7 cleavage junction) into the peptide binding site of an adjacent molecule, forming an adventitious protease-p ...	2015	25755927
evaluation of the swab sampling method to recover viruses from fomites.	the monitoring of virus contamination on fomites, especially at hospitals has been used for a more effective evaluation of the microbiological quality of surfaces. swab sampling is the method used currently, although the use of an internal control process (icp) has not yet been assessed. the aim of this study is to determine the recovery rate of murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) and bacteriophage pp7 on different surfaces in order to assess their potential use as an icp. for this purpose both viruses w ...	2015	25704597
efficacy and mechanisms of murine norovirus inhibition by pulsed-light technology.	pulsed light is a nonthermal processing technology recognized by the fda for killing microorganisms on food surfaces, with cumulative fluences up to 12 j cm(-2). in this study, we investigated its efficacy for inactivating murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) as a human norovirus surrogate in phosphate-buffered saline, hard water, mineral water, turbid water, and sewage treatment effluent and on food contact surfaces, including high-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and stainless steel, free or in ...	2015	25681193
electron beam inactivation of tulane virus on fresh produce, and mechanism of inactivation of human norovirus surrogates by electron beam irradiation.	ionizing radiation, whether by electron beams or gamma rays, is a non-thermal processing technique used to improve the microbial safety and shelf-life of many different food products. this technology is highly effective against bacterial pathogens, but data on its effect against foodborne viruses is limited. a mechanism of viral inactivation has been proposed with gamma irradiation, but no published study discloses a mechanism for electron beam (e-beam). this study had three distinct goals: 1) e ...	2015	25590261
does alteration in biodiversity really affect disease outcome? - a debate is brewing.	how changes in biodiversity alter the transmission of infectious diseases is presently under debate. epidemiologists and ecologists have put a lot of effort to understand the mechanism behind biodiversity-disease relationship. two important mechanisms, i.e. dilution and amplification theories have in some manner made it clear that biodiversity and disease outcome have an intimate relationship. the dilution effect theory seems to answer some overarching questions, but paucity of information about ...	2015	25561877
effect of uv light on the inactivation of recombinant human adenovirus and murine norovirus seeded in seawater in shellfish depuration tanks.	shellfish depuration is a process that aims to eliminate pathogens from mollusk tissues. seawater disinfection during the depuration process is important and ultraviolet (uv) light treatment is the most used method worldwide. viral models are usually employed as surrogates of fastidious viruses in viability studies. the aim of this study was to employ methods based on green fluorescent protein (gfp) fluorescence and plaque forming units to detect, respectively, recombinant adenovirus (radv-gfp) ...	2015	25528135
heat inactivation of a norovirus surrogate in cell culture lysate, abalone meat, and abalone viscera.	the current study examined the effects of temperature and heat treatment duration on murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1) from both viral cell culture lysate (7-8 log10 pfu) and experimentally contaminated abalone meat and viscera (5-6 log10 pfu) as a model of human norovirus (nov). mnv-1 titers in cell culture lysate, abalone meat, and abalone viscera were gradually reduced to 1.93-4.55, 1.79-3.00, and 2.26-3.26 log10 pfu/ml, respectively, after treatment at 70 °c for 1-10 min. treatment at 85 °c for 1-5 ...	2015	25526718
a high-throughput drop microfluidic system for virus culture and analysis.	high mutation rates and short replication times lead to rapid evolution in rna viruses. new tools for high-throughput culture and analysis of viral phenotypes will enable more effective studies of viral evolutionary processes. a water-in-oil drop microfluidic system to study virus-cell interactions at the single event level on a massively parallel scale is described here. murine norovirus (mnv-1) particles were co-encapsulated with individual raw 264.7 cells in 65 pl aqueous drops formed by flow ...	2015	25522923
expanding the role of the virome: commensalism in the gut.	viruses affect host physiology beyond causing acute disease, thereby giving rise to the concept that the virome is a component of the microbiome. however, the role of the enteric virome is understudied relative to the fast-paced research examining commensal bacteria in the intestine. in this article, i discuss our recent work on murine norovirus indicating that an animal virus in the intestine can provide many of the signals to the host that have been attributed to commensal bacteria. our findin ...	2015	25505079
inactivation of murine norovirus on a range of copper alloy surfaces is accompanied by loss of capsid integrity.	norovirus is one of the most common causes of acute viral gastroenteritis. the virus is spread via the fecal-oral route, most commonly from infected food and water, but several outbreaks have originated from contamination of surfaces with infectious virus. in this study, a close surrogate of human norovirus causing gastrointestinal disease in mice, murine norovirus type 1 (mnv-1), retained infectivity for more than 2 weeks following contact with a range of surface materials, including teflon (po ...	2015	25452290
the microfluidic chip module for the detection of murine norovirus in oysters using charge switchable micro-bead beating.	sample preparation has recently been an issue in the detection of food poisoning pathogens, particularly viruses such as norovirus (nov), in food because of the complexity of foods and raw fresh materials. here, we demonstrate a total analytical microfluidic chip module to automatically perform a series of essential processes (cell concentration, lysis (rna extraction), nucleic acid amplification, and detection) for the fast but sensitive detection of norovirus in oysters. the murine nov spiked ...	2015	25449875
commensal microbes and interferon-λ determine persistence of enteric murine norovirus infection.	the capacity of human norovirus (nov), which causes >90% of global epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis, to infect a subset of people persistently may contribute to its spread. how such enteric viruses establish persistent infections is not well understood. we found that antibiotics prevented persistent murine norovirus (mnov) infection, an effect that was reversed by replenishment of the bacterial microbiota. antibiotics did not prevent tissue infection or affect systemic viral replication but ...	2015	25431490
interferon-λ cures persistent murine norovirus infection in the absence of adaptive immunity.	norovirus gastroenteritis is a major public health burden worldwide. although fecal shedding is important for transmission of enteric viruses, little is known about the immune factors that restrict persistent enteric infection. we report here that although the cytokines interferon-α (ifn-α) and ifn-β prevented the systemic spread of murine norovirus (mnov), only ifn-λ controlled persistent enteric infection. infection-dependent induction of ifn-λ was governed by the mnov capsid protein and corre ...	2015	25431489
study of the virucidal potential of organic peroxyacids against norovirus on food-contact surfaces.	this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of four different peroxyacids, namely peracetic (paa), perpropionic (ppa), perlactic (pla), and percitric (pca) for inactivating viruses in suspension or attached to stainless steel or polyvinyl chloride surfaces. the test virus was a proxy for human norovirus, namely murine norovirus 1. plaque-forming units in suspension (10(7) per ml) were treated with 50-1,000 mg l(-1) peroxyacid (equilibrium mixture of organic acid, hydrogen peroxide, peroxya ...	2015	25416069
regulation of norovirus virulence by the vp1 protruding domain correlates with b cell infection efficiency.	human noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis across the globe, but the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for disease are not well established. the availability of a murine norovirus model system provides the opportunity to elucidate viral and host determinants of virulence in a natural host. for example, previous studies have revealed that the protruding domain of the murine norovirus capsid protein vp1, specifically residue 296 of vp1, regulates virulent infection. we identified a p ...	2015	26719276
oral norovirus infection is blocked in mice lacking peyer's patches and mature m cells.	a critical early step in murine norovirus (mnv) pathogenesis is crossing the intestinal epithelial barrier to reach the target cells for replication, i.e., macrophages, dendritic cells, and b cells. our previous work showed that mnv replication decreases in the intestines of mice conditionally depleted of microfold (m) cells. to define the importance of peyer's patch (pp) m cells during mnv pathogenesis, we used a model of balb/c mice deficient in recombination-activating gene 2 (rag2) and the c ...	2015	26581993
survival and transfer of murine norovirus within a hydroponic system during kale and mustard microgreen harvesting.	hydroponically grown microgreens are gaining in popularity, but there is a lack of information pertaining to their microbiological safety. the potential risks associated with virus contamination of crops within a hydroponic system have not been studied to date. here a human norovirus (hunov) surrogate (murine norovirus [mnv]) was evaluated for its ability to become internalized from roots to edible tissues of microgreens. subsequently, virus survival in recirculated water without adequate disinf ...	2015	26567309
a membrane-based electro-separation method (mbes) for sample clean-up and norovirus concentration.	noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne illnesses in the united states. enhanced methods for detecting noroviruses in food matrices are needed as current methods are complex, labor intensive and insensitive, often resulting in inhibition of downstream molecular detection and inefficient recovery. membrane-based electro-separation (mbes) is a technique to exchange charged particles through a size-specific dialysis membrane from one solution to another using electr ...	2015	26513464
abiotic stress and phyllosphere bacteria influence the survival of human norovirus and its surrogates on preharvest leafy greens.	foodborne outbreaks of human noroviruses (hunovs) are frequently associated with leafy greens. because there is no effective method to eliminate hunov from postharvest leafy greens, understanding virus survival under preharvest conditions is crucial. the objective of this study was to evaluate the survival of hunov and its surrogate viruses, murine norovirus (mnv), porcine sapovirus (sav), and tulane virus (tv), on preharvest lettuce and spinach that were subjected to abiotic stress (physical da ...	2015	26497461
attachment and localization of human norovirus and animal caliciviruses in fresh produce.	fresh produce is a high risk food for human norovirus (nov) contamination. to help control this pathogen in fresh produce, a better understanding of the interaction of human nov and fresh produce needs to be established. in this study the attachment of human nov and animal caliciviruses (murine norovirus, mnv-1; tulane virus, tv) to fresh produce was evaluated, using both visualization and viral enumeration techniques. it was found that a human nov gii.4 strain attached efficiently to the romain ...	2015	26188496
norovirus cross-contamination during preparation of fresh produce.	infection with human norovirus (hunov) is considered a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide. foodborne hunov outbreaks may result from consumption of food contaminated by an infected food handler in the foodservice environment, in which bare-hand contact, lack of hand washing, and inadequate cleaning and disinfection are common contributing factors. the goal of this study was to examine cross-contamination of a hunov surrogate, murine norovirus (mnv-1), during common procedures used in pr ...	2015	25590260
effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on the internalization and dissemination of human norovirus surrogates in growing romaine lettuce.	human norovirus (nov) is the major causative agent of fresh-produce-related outbreaks of gastroenteritis; however, the ecology and persistence of human nov in produce systems are poorly understood. in this study, the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on the internalization and dissemination of two human nov surrogates (murine norovirus 1 [mnv-1] and tulane virus [tv]) in romaine lettuce were determined. to induce abiotic stress, romaine lettuce was grown under drought and flood conditions t ...	2015	25956773
culture-independent evaluation of nonenveloped-virus infectivity reduced by free-chlorine disinfection.	the inability of molecular detection methods to distinguish disinfected virions from infectious ones has hampered the assessment of infectivity for enteric viruses caused by disinfection practices. in the present study, the reduction of infectivity of murine norovirus s7-pp3 and mengovirus vmc0, surrogates of human noroviruses and enteroviruses, respectively, caused by free-chlorine treatment was characterized culture independently by detecting carbonyl groups on viral capsid protein. the amount ...	2015	25681178
detection and quantification of airborne norovirus during outbreaks in healthcare facilities.	noroviruses are responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. noroviruses gii can infect humans via multiple routes including direct contact with an infected person, fecal matter, or vomitus, and contact with contaminated surfaces. although norovirus is an intestinal pathogen, aerosols could, if inhaled, settle in the pharynx and later be swallowed. the aims of this study were to investigate the presence of norovirus gii bioaerosols during gastroenteritis outbreaks in ...	2015	25900175
removal properties of human enteric viruses in a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (mbr) process.	in order to evaluate removal properties of human enteric viruses from wastewater by a membrane bioreactor (mbr), influent, anoxic and oxic mixed liquor, and membrane effluent samples were collected in a pilot-scale anoxic-oxic mbr process for 16 months, and concentrations of enteroviruses, norovirus gii, and sapoviruses were determined by real-time pcr using murine norovirus as a process control. mixed liquor samples were separated into liquid and solid phases by centrifugation, and viruses in t ...	2015	25770448
protective role of murine norovirus against pseudomonas aeruginosa acute pneumonia.	the murine norovirus (mnv) is a recently discovered mouse pathogen, representing the most common contaminant in laboratory mouse colonies. nevertheless, the effects of mnv infection on biomedical research are still unclear. we tested the hypothesis that mnv infection could alter immune response in mice with acute lung infection. here we report that co-infection with mnv increases survival of mice with pseudomonas aeruginosa acute lung injury and decreases in vivo production of pro-inflammatory c ...	2015	26338794
infection of murine macrophages by salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg blocks murine norovirus infectivity and virus-induced apoptosis.	gastroenteritis caused by bacterial and viral pathogens constitutes a major public health threat in the united states accounting for 35% of hospitalizations. in particular, salmonella enterica and noroviruses cause the majority of gastroenteritis infections, with emergence of sporadic outbreaks and incidence of increased infections. although mechanisms underlying infections by these pathogens have been individually studied, little is known about the mechanisms regulating co-infection by these pa ...	2015	26658916
evaluation of virus inactivation by formaldehyde to enhance biosafety of diagnostic electron microscopy.	formaldehyde (fa) fixation of infectious samples is a well-established protocol in diagnostic electron microscopy of viruses. however, published experimental data that demonstrate virus inactivation by these fixation procedures are lacking. usually, fixation is performed immediately before the sample preparation for microscopy. the fixation procedure should transform viruses in a non-infectious but nonetheless structurally intact form in order to allow a proper diagnosis based on morphology. fa ...	2015	25674771
inactivation of murine norovirus-1 and hepatitis a virus on fresh meats by atmospheric pressure plasma jets.	in the current study, inactivation effect of atmospheric pressure plasma (app) jets (10s-20min) was investigated against murine norovirus (mnv-1), as a norovirus (nov) surrogate and hepatitis a virus (hav) associated with three types of fresh meats (beef loin, pork shoulder and chicken breast). the quality characteristics of fresh meats, such as surface color, moisture content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (tbars) were also examined. after 5-20min of treatment with app jets, the red ...	2015	28455013
a synergy effect of trisodium phosphate and ethanol on inactivation of murine norovirus 1 on lettuce and bell pepper.	the synergy effect of trisodium phosphate (tsp) and ethanol against murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1), as a surrogate for human noroviruses, on fresh produces was evaluated. more than 2% (w/v) of tsp effectively inactivated mnv-1. the single treatment of 1% tsp or 30% ethanol for 30 min was not effective on mnv-1; however, cotreatment showed inactivation of mnv-1 on stainless steel and the produces of lettuce and bell pepper under 15 min. the results suggest that cotreatment of tsp and ethanol at a low ...	2015	26323270
evidence of the internalization of animal caliciviruses via the roots of growing strawberry plants and dissemination to the fruit.	human norovirus (nov) is the leading cause of foodborne disease in the united states, and epidemiological studies have shown that fresh produce is one of the major vehicles for the transmission of human nov. however, the mechanisms of norovirus contamination and persistence in fresh produce are poorly understood. the objective of this study is to determine whether human nov surrogates, murine norovirus (mnv-1) and tulane virus (tv), can attach and become internalized and disseminated in strawber ...	2015	25662970
the murine norovirus core subgenomic rna promoter consists of a stable stem-loop that can direct accurate initiation of rna synthesis.	all members of the caliciviridae family of viruses produce a subgenomic rna during infection. the subgenomic rna typically encodes only the major and minor capsid proteins, but in murine norovirus (mnv), the subgenomic rna also encodes the vf1 protein, which functions to suppress host innate immune responses. to date, the mechanism of norovirus subgenomic rna synthesis has not been characterized. we have previously described the presence of an evolutionarily conserved rna stem-loop structure on ...	2015	25392209
evaluation of the porcine gastric mucin binding assay for high-pressure-inactivation studies using murine norovirus and tulane virus.	we compared the results of high-hydrostatic-pressure (hhp) inactivation of murine norovirus type 1 (mnv-1) and tulane virus (tv) obtained by a porcine gastric mucin binding assay followed by quantitative reverse transcription-pcr (referred to here as the pgm-mb/pcr assay) and a plaque assay and evaluated hhp inactivation of a human norovirus (hunov) genogroup i genotype 1 (gi.1) strain and a hunov gii.4 strain by using the pgm-mb/pcr assay. viruses were treated at different pressure levels for 2 ...	2015	25362063
prophylactic treatment with the nucleoside analogue 2'-c-methylcytidine completely prevents transmission of norovirus.	norovirus outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis are highly prevalent, extensive and can disturb the functioning of health institutions, leading to the closure of hospital wards and causing life-threatening infections in long-term care facilities. there is no vaccine available; hence there is a pressing need for antivirals for the treatment (in immunodeficient patients) and prophylaxis of norovirus infections. we explored in a mouse model whether an inhibitor of norovirus replication can prevent/red ...	2015	25228588
norovirus and rotavirus survival in urine collected from a public ecological sanitation system in ouagadougou, burkina faso.	urine from urine-diversion toilets (udts) is routinely used as fertilizer for urban agriculture in ouagadougou, burkina faso. because urine from udts can be accidentally spoiled by feces, we determined whether virulent enteric viruses could persist in urine that is used for agricultural purposes and pose a threat to human health. urine samples (n = 60) were first collected from 42 udts during the months of january and february 2012 in ouagadougou and screened negative for the presence of norovir ...	2015	25408534
interactions between human norovirus surrogates and acanthamoeba spp.	human noroviruses (hunovs) are the most common cause of food-borne disease outbreaks, as well as virus-related waterborne disease outbreaks in the united states. here, we hypothesize that common free-living amoebae (fla)-ubiquitous in the environment, known to interact with pathogens, and frequently isolated from water and fresh produce-could potentially act as reservoirs of hunov and facilitate the environmental transmission of hunovs. to investigate fla as reservoirs for hunov, the interaction ...	2015	25841006
treatment with a nucleoside polymerase inhibitor reduces shedding of murine norovirus in stool to undetectable levels without emergence of drug-resistant variants.	prolonged norovirus shedding may occur in certain patients, such as organ transplant recipients. we established a mouse model for persistent norovirus infection (using the mouse norovirus mnv.cr6 strain). the nucleoside viral polymerase inhibitor 2'-c-methylcytidine (2cmc), but not favipiravir (t-705), reduced viral shedding to undetectable levels. viral rebound was observed after stopping treatment, which was again effectively controlled by treatment with 2cmc. no drug-resistant variants emerge ...	2015	26711754
ceramide formation mediated by acid sphingomyelinase facilitates endosomal escape of caliciviruses.	our recent results demonstrated that bile acids facilitate virus escape from the endosomes into the cytoplasm for successful replication of porcine enteric calicivirus (pec). we report a novel finding that bile acids can be substituted by cold treatment for endosomal escape and virus replication. this endosomal escape by cold treatment or bile acids is associated with ceramide formation by acid sphingomyelinase (asm). asm catalyzes hydrolysis of sphingomyelin into ceramide, which is known to des ...	2015	25985440
propidium monoazide reverse transcriptase pcr and rt-qpcr for detecting infectious enterovirus and norovirus.	presently there is no established cell line or small animal model that allows for the detection of infectious human norovirus. current methods based on rt-pcr and rt-qpcr detect both infectious and non-infectious virus and thus the conclusions that may be drawn regarding the public health significance of positive findings are limited. in this study, pma rt-pcr and rt-qpcr assays were evaluated for selective detection of infectious poliovirus, murine norovirus (mnv-1), and norwalk virus. viruses ...	2015	25796356
concentration of enteric viruses in large volumes of water using a cartridge-type mixed cellulose ester membrane.	a viral adsorption-elution method using a flat/disk-type electronegative membrane (diameter of 47-90 mm) has been widely utilized to concentrate viruses in relatively small volumes of water (up to 10 l) due to limited filtration area. in the present study, we aimed to develop a virus concentration method that is based on the same principle and yet allows concentration of large volumes of water using a cartridge-type electronegative membrane. we modified two electronegative membrane-based methods ...	2015	25326201
nlrp6 regulates intestinal antiviral innate immunity.	the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (nlrp) 6 maintains gut microbiota homeostasis and regulates antibacterial immunity. we now report a role for nlrp6 in the control of enteric virus infection. nlrp6(-/-) and control mice systemically challenged with encephalomyocarditis virus had similar mortality; however, the gastrointestinal tract of nlrp6(-/-) mice exhibited increased viral loads. nlrp6(-/-) mice orally infected with encephalomyocarditis virus had increased mortality ...	2015	26494172
rapid, simple and efficient method for detection of viral genomes on raspberries.	in recent years, foodborne viruses, especially human noroviruses (nov) and hepatitis a virus (hav), have been increasingly reported as the causes of foodborne disease outbreaks. soft red fruits, especially raspberries, have a high incidence among the types of food concerned. due to low infectious doses and low concentrations of enteric viruses in food samples, it is necessary to have an efficient and rapid detection method to implement prevention measures. a standard method for virus detection a ...	2015	26318917
removal of surrogate bacteriophages and enteric viruses from seeded environmental waters using a semi-technical ultrafiltration unit.	experiments to determine the removal of viruses in different types of water (surface water from two reservoirs for drinking water treatment, treated groundwater and groundwater contaminated with either 5 or 30 % of wastewater) by ultrafiltration were performed with a semi-technical ultrafiltration unit. concentrations of human adenoviruses (hadvs), murine norovirus (mnv), and the bacteriophages ms2, φx174 and prd1 were measured in the feed water and the filtrate, and log removal values were calc ...	2015	25786890
recovery of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus from plasmids encoding emcv ires in stable cell lines expressing t7 polymerase.	reverse genetics systems constitute one of the most important and powerful tools to study the molecular biology of viruses. we developed a new strategy for the recovery of murine norovirus from a single plasmid in which a bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase (t7pol) promoter for transcription and an emcv ires for efficient translation were engineered immediately upstream of the viral genome. infectious noroviruses were recovered following transfection of the newly designed plasmid into nonpermissive ...	2015	25698463
effect of temperature and relative humidity on the survival of foodborne viruses during food storage.	millions of people suffer from foodborne diseases throughout the world every year, and the importance of food safety has grown worldwide in recent years. the aim of this study was to investigate the survival of hepatitis a virus (hav) and viral surrogates of human norovirus (hunov) (bacteriophage ms2 and murine norovirus [mnv]) in food over time. hav, mnv, and ms2 were inoculated onto either the digestive gland of oysters or the surface of fresh peppers, and their survival on these food matrices ...	2015	25576612
development of lactobacillus paracasei harboring nucleic acid-hydrolyzing 3d8 scfv as a preventive probiotic against murine norovirus infection.	the protein 3d8 single-chain variable fragment (3d8 scfv) has potential anti-viral activity due to its ability to penetrate into cells and hydrolyze nucleic acids. probiotic lactobacillus paracasei engineered to secrete 3d8 scfv for oral administration was used to test the anti-viral effects of 3d8 scfv against gastrointestinal virus infections. we found that injection of 3d8 scfv into the intestinal lumen resulted in the penetration of 3d8 scfv into the intestinal villi and lamina propria. 3d8 ...	2015	25487889
antimicrobial activity of bismuth subsalicylate on clostridium difficile, escherichia coli o157:h7, norovirus, and other common enteric pathogens.	previous studies have shown bismuth subsalicylate (bss) has antimicrobial properties, but few studies have addressed the mechanism of action. furthermore, following bss ingestion other bismuth salts form throughout the gastrointestinal tract including bismuth oxychloride (biocl) that also act upon enteric pathogens. to further understand the antimicrobial activity of bismuth in infectious diarrhea, the antimicrobial effect of bss and biocl on clostridium difficile, salmonella, shigella, shiga to ...	2015	25901890
recovery and disinfection of two human norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus and murine norovirus, from hard nonporous and soft porous surfaces.	human norovirus is a leading cause of foodborne disease and can be transmitted through many routes, including environmental exposure to fomites. in this study, both the recovery and inactivation of two human norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv) and murine norovirus (mnv), on hard nonporous surfaces (glass) and soft porous surfaces (polyester and cotton) were evaluated by both plaque assay and reverse transcription quantitative pcr method. two disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (8.25%) ...	2015	26408133
antiviral effects of grape seed extract against feline calicivirus, murine norovirus, and hepatitis a virus in model food systems and under gastric conditions.	grape seed extract (gse) has antiviral activities against hepatitis a virus (hav) and human norovirus surrogates (feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) and murine norovirus (mnv-1)). the objectives of this study were to determine (1) time and dose-dependence of gse against fcv-f9, mnv-1, and hav at room temperature (rt) and 37 °c over 24 h; and (2) gse effects in model foods (apple juice (aj) and 2% milk) and simulated gastric conditions at 37 °c. viruses at ∼5 log pfu/ml were treated with 0.5-8 mg/ml gse ...	2015	26338111
efficacy of common disinfectant/cleaning agents in inactivating murine norovirus and feline calicivirus as surrogate viruses for human norovirus.	the efficacies of disinfection by sodium hypochlorite, accelerated hydrogen peroxide (ahp), and quaternary ammonium compound (quat) commonly used in health care facilities were determined using the surrogate viruses murine norovirus (mnv-1) and feline calicivirus (fcv).	2015	26254499
enteric viral surrogate reduction by chitosan.	enteric viruses are a major problem in the food industry, especially as human noroviruses are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. chitosan is known to be effective against some enteric viral surrogates, but more detailed studies are needed to determine the precise application variables. the main objective of this work was to determine the effect of increasing chitosan concentration (0.7-1.5% w/v) on the cultivable enteric viral surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv-f9), murine norov ...	2015	26162243
aqueous extracts of hibiscus sabdariffa calyces decrease hepatitis a virus and human norovirus surrogate titers.	hibiscus sabdariffa extract is known to have antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and antimicrobial properties. however, their effects against foodborne viruses are currently unknown. the objective of this study was to determine the antiviral effects of aqueous extracts of h. sabdariffa against human norovirus surrogates (feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) and murine norovirus (mnv-1)) and hepatitis a virus (hav) at 37 °c over 24 h. individual viruses (~5 log pfu/ml) were incubated with 40 or 100 mg/ml of aqueo ...	2015	26143492
physicochemical stability profile of tulane virus: a human norovirus surrogate.	human norovirus (hunov) is estimated to cause 19-21 million illnesses each year in the us. a major limitation in hunov research is the lack of an in vitro culture system; therefore, surrogate viruses including murine norovirus (mnv) and feline calicivirus (fcv) are used to study hunov. here, we aim to establish the physiochemical properties of tulane virus (tv)—a newer hunov surrogate.	2015	26104882
feline calicivirus, murine norovirus, porcine sapovirus, and tulane virus survival on postharvest lettuce.	human norovirus (hunov) is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses, with an increasing number of outbreaks associated with leafy greens. because hunov cannot be routinely cultured, culturable feline calicivirus (fcv), murine norovirus (mnv), porcine sapovirus (sav), and tulane virus (tv) have been used as surrogates. these viruses are generated in different cell lines as infected cell lysates, which may differentially affect their stability. our objective was to uniformly compare the survival o ...	2015	26002891
thermal inactivation kinetics of human norovirus surrogates and hepatitis a virus in turkey deli meat.	human noroviruses (hnov) and hepatitis a virus (hav) have been implicated in outbreaks linked to the consumption of presliced ready-to-eat deli meats. the objectives of this research were to determine the thermal inactivation kinetics of hnov surrogates (murine norovirus 1 [mnv-1] and feline calicivirus strain f9 [fcv-f9]) and hav in turkey deli meat, compare first-order and weibull models to describe the data, and calculate arrhenius activation energy values for each model. the d (decimal reduc ...	2015	25956775
evaluation of natural compounds of plant origin for inactivation of enteric viruses.	essential oils (eos) and some of their main compounds have demonstrated extensive antimicrobial activity in a wide range of food spoilage or pathogenic fungi, yeast and bacteria. the aim of this study was to assess the antiviral activity of zataria multiflora boiss. (zataria) and origanum vulgare (oregano) eos on hepatitis a virus (hav) and the effect of thymol, an active compound of thymus vulgaris and oregano, on norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv) and murine norovirus (mnv), and ha ...	2015	25636749
tenacity of human norovirus and the surrogates feline calicivirus and murine norovirus during long-term storage on common nonporous food contact surfaces.	the transfer of human norovirus (hnv) to food via contaminated surfaces is highly probable during food production, processing, and preparation. in this study, the tenacity of hnv and its cultivable surrogates feline calicivirus (fcv) and murine norovirus (mnv) on two common nonporous surface materials at two storage temperatures was directly compared. virus titer reduction on artificially inoculated stainless steel and plastic carriers was monitored for 70 days at room temperature and at 7°c. vi ...	2015	25581201
murine norovirus 1 (mnv1) replication induces translational control of the host by regulating eif4e activity during infection.	protein synthesis is a tightly controlled process responding to several stimuli, including viral infection. as obligate intracellular parasites, viruses depend on the translation machinery of the host and can manipulate it by affecting the availability and function of specific eukaryotic initiation factors (eifs). human norovirus is a member of the caliciviridae family and is responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks. previous studies on feline calicivirus and murine norovirus 1 (mnv1) demonstra ...	2015	25561727
rhesus enteric calicivirus surrogate model for human norovirus gastroenteritis.	human noroviruses are one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. due to the lack of an efficient human norovirus cell culture system coupled with an animal model, human norovirus research mainly relies on human volunteer studies and surrogate models. current models either utilize human norovirus-infected animals including the gnotobiotic pig or calf and the chimpanzee models, or employ other members of the family caliciviridae including cell culture propagable surrogate calicivi ...	2015	25502652
the effect of carvacrol on enteric viruses.	carvacrol, a monoterpenic phenol, is said to have extensive antimicrobial activity in a wide range of food spoilage or pathogenic fungi, yeast and bacteria. the aim of this study was to assess its antiviral activity on norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv), murine norovirus (mnv), and hepatitis a virus (hav), as well as its potential in food applications. initially, different concentrations of carvacrol (0.25, 0.5, 1%) were individually mixed with each virus at titers of ca. 6-7 log tci ...	2015	25310265
presence of pathogenic enteric viruses in illegally imported meat and meat products to eu by international air travelers.	one hundred twenty two meat samples confiscated from passengers on flights from non-european countries at the international airport of bilbao (spain) were tested for the presence of the main foodborne viral pathogens (human noroviruses genogroups i and ii, hepatitis a and e viruses) during 2012 and 2013. a sample process control virus, murine norovirus, was used to evaluate the correct performance of the method. overall, 67 samples were positive for at least one enteric viruses, 65 being positiv ...	2015	25951793
detection of hepatitis e virus in pork liver sausages.	hepatitis e infection is regarded as an emerging public-health concern. the disease is normally self-limiting (mortality rate 1%), but chronic infections have recently been observed in transplanted patients. the etiological agent hev is a small rna virus infecting both humans and animals. in humans, the disease may be food-borne and pig is a main reservoir for zoonotic strains. in the present study, we evaluated the presence of hev and swine fecal cross-contamination in pork liver sausages sold ...	2015	25462920
survival of porcine teschovirus as a surrogate virus on pork chops during storage at 2°c.	due to the lack of an efficient cultivation system, little is known about the stability and inactivation of hepatitis e virus (hev). in addition, there is a lack of information on which cultivable virus(es) are suitable as model or surrogate viruses for hev. murine norovirus (mnv) and f-rna coliphage ms2 are potential surrogates and f-rna coliphages are a potential indicator for enteric viruses. however, the numbers of f-rna coliphages excreted by swine are relatively low. in contrast, porcine t ...	2015	25461604
solar water disinfection (sodis): impact on hepatitis a virus and on a human norovirus surrogate under natural solar conditions.	this study evaluates the effectiveness of solar water disinfection (sodis) in the reduction and inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) and of the human norovirus surrogate, murine norovirus (mnv-1), under natural solar conditions. experiments were performed in 330 ml polyethylene terephthalate (pet) bottles containing hav or mnv-1 contaminated waters (10(3) pfu/ml) that were exposed to natural sunlight for 2 to 8 h. parallel experiments under controlled temperature and/or in darkness conditions ...	2015	26415666
ultraviolet-c efficacy against a norovirus surrogate and hepatitis a virus on a stainless steel surface.	in this study, the effects of 10-300 mws/cm(2) of ultraviolet radiation (uv-c) at 260 nm were investigated for the inactivation of two foodborne viruses: murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1; a human norovirus [nov] surrogate) and hepatitis a virus (hav). we used an experimentally contaminated stainless steel surface, a common food-contact surface, to examine the effects of low doses of uv-c radiation on mnv-1 and hav titers. the modified gompertz equation was used to generate non-linear survival curves an ...	2015	26184763
mathematical model for viral depuration kinetics in shellfish: an useful tool to estimate the risk for the consumers.	enteric virus depuration from shellfish is a complex biological process that may be influenced by biological properties of the mollusc and/or virus species. on the basis of previous experimental data, a mathematical model was developed to characterize the kinetics of viral elimination during the depuration process. the experimental data consisted on twenty depuration trials, each with 60 kg of manila clams (venerupis philippinarum) and mediterranean mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis) previously ...	2015	25846934
determination of which virus to use as a process control when testing for the presence of hepatitis a virus and norovirus in food and water.	noroviruses (genogroup i (nov gi) and genogroup ii (nov gii)) and the hepatitis a virus (hav) are frequently involved in foodborne infections worldwide. they are mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route, direct person-to-person contact or consumption of contaminated water and foods. in food virology, detection methods are currently based on identifying viral genomes using real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-qpcr). one of the general requirements for detecting these viruses in food involve ...	2015	25771512
a comparative study of digital rt-pcr and rt-qpcr for quantification of hepatitis a virus and norovirus in lettuce and water samples.	sensitive and quantitative detection of foodborne enteric viruses is classically achieved by quantitative rt-pcr (rt-qpcr). recently, digital pcr (dpcr) was described as a novel approach to genome quantification without need for a standard curve. the performance of microfluidic digital rt-pcr (rt-dpcr) was compared to rt-qpcr for detecting the main viruses responsible for foodborne outbreaks (human noroviruses (nov) and hepatitis a virus (hav)) in spiked lettuce and bottled water. two process co ...	2015	25725459
method for hev detection in raw pig liver products and its implementation for naturally contaminated food.	it is now recognized that hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is not confined to developing countries. hev infection is a growing public health concern in industrialized countries where the disease is mainly autochthonous, caused by hev genotypes 3 and 4 and is today considered to be zoonotic. hev causes acute hepatitis in humans, predominantly through contamination of food and water. due to the low concentrations found in food and water samples, an efficient and rapid virus concentration method i ...	2014	24553051
effect of handling and storage conditions and stabilizing agent on the recovery of viral rna from oral fluid of pigs.	there is an increasing interest in using oral fluid to determine herd health and documenting the circulation of viruses in commercial swine populations but little is known about the stability of viruses in oral fluid. hepatitis e virus (hev) is a zoonotic virus which is widespread in swine herds. information on optimal handling methods such as heat treatments, freezing and rna stabilization agents is needed to prevent or minimize degradation of viral rna by degradative enzymes. the objectives of ...	2014	24384096
small molecule deubiquitinase inhibitors promote macrophage anti-infective capacity.	the global spread of anti-microbial resistance requires urgent attention, and diverse alternative strategies have been suggested to address this public health concern. host-directed immunomodulatory therapies represent one approach that could reduce selection for resistant bacterial strains. recently, the small molecule deubiquitinase inhibitor wp1130 was reported as a potential anti-infective drug against important human food-borne pathogens, notably listeria monocytogenes and noroviruses. util ...	2014	25093325
wipes coated with a singlet-oxygen-producing photosensitizer are effective against human influenza virus but not against norovirus.	transmission of enteric and respiratory viruses, including human norovirus (hnov) and human influenza virus, may involve surfaces. in food preparation and health care settings, surfaces are cleaned with wipes; however, wiping may not efficiently reduce contamination or may even spread viruses, increasing a potential public health risk. the virucidal properties of wipes with a singlet-oxygen-generating immobilized photosensitizer (ips) coating were compared to those of similar but uncoated wipes ...	2014	24814795