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molecular prevalence of babesia bigemina and trypanosoma evansi in dairy animals from punjab, india, by duplex pcr: a step forward to the detection and management of concurrent latent infections.specific duplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was employed on 411 (386 cattle and 25 buffaloes) blood samples of dairy animals from 9 districts of punjab, india, for simultaneous detection of babesia bigemina and trypanosoma evansi. the results were compared and correlated with conventional giemsa stained thin blood smear (gstbs) examination and haematological alterations to know the clinical status and pathogenicity of infections. the bg3/bg4 and tr3/tr4 primers were used in duplex pcr for b. ...201324069605
immune responses against rhaa86 in cross-bred cattle.tick vaccines are important component of integrated pest management for sustainable control of tick and tick born diseases. immune responses against rhaa86 (homologue of bm86) recombinant hyalomma tick antigen were determined in experimental crossbred calves. the humoral antibody responses of the calves were measured against rhaa86 in an optimized elisa format. the expression of the interferon gamma (ifn-γ), was also evaluated in the culture supernatant of blood culture from blood samples of the ...201326064021
screening and molecular cloning of a protective antigen from the midgut of haemaphysalis longicornis.vaccination is considered a promising alternative for controlling tick infestations. haemaphysalis longicornis midgut proteins separated by sds-page and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (pvdf) membrane were screened for protective value against bites. the western blot demonstrated the immunogenicity of 92 kda protein (p92). the analysis of the p92 amino acid sequence by lc-ms/ms indicated that it was a h. longicornis paramyosin (hl-pmy). the full lenghth cdna of hl-pmy was obtained by ra ...201323864744
breeding strategies for tick resistance in tropical cattle: a sustainable approach for tick control.about 80 % of world cattle population is under the risk of ticks and tick borne diseases (ttbds). losses caused by bovine tick burdens in tropical countries have a tremendous economic impact on production systems. chemical control of disease has been found to be ineffective and also involving large cost. to reduce our reliance on these chemical products, it is necessary to embark on programs that include habitat management, genetic selection of hosts, and development of a strain capable of induc ...201325698850
identification of a novel uncultured rickettsia species strain (rickettsia species strain tselenti) in cyprus.in a previous study conducted in cyprus, various spotted fever group rickettsia species were detected and identified in ticks by molecular analysis. among them, a partially characterized rickettsia species was detected in hyalomma anatolicum excavatum and rhipicephalus turanicus ticks. we report characterization of this rickettsial strain by using polymerase chain reaction sequencing analysis of partial citrate synthase a, outer membrane protein a, outer membrane protein b, and 17-kd protein gen ...201323438767
prevalence of theileria annulata infection in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum collected from crossbred cattle of ludhiana, punjab.the prevalence of theileria infection in tick vector hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum collected from healthy animals of ludhiana district, punjab was recorded to assess the natural infection level of theilerial parasite in the field condition. a total of 60 semi-engorged h. a. anatolicum were collected from cattle and their salivary glands were dissected out. one half of the salivary gland was stained with methyl green pyronin (mgp) and the other half was utilized for dna isolation for molecular d ...201325698861
prevalence of ixodid ticks on cattle, sheep and goats in ilam county, ilam province, iran.this survey was performed to find out the infestation rate of ixodidae ticks in domestic ruminants in ilam county during 21 march 2009 to 23 august 2009. sampling was performed in 25 villages and 15 animal farm from different areas of this county. a total of 1,316 ticks were collected from 416 cattle, 208 sheep and 147 goats. the overall prevalence of ticks was recorded: 43, 23.5, and 49/6 % in cattle, sheep, and goats respectively. the number of ticks that collected from cattle, sheep, and goat ...201325698857
investigations into ixodidae ticks in cattle in lahore, pakistan.a total of 2,160 cattle, comprising adults and calves of exotic, crossbred and indigenous breeds, were examined for tick infestation between 1996 and 2000. of these, 1 417 (65.6%) were infested with ticks, with a total of 220 (61%) from exotic breeds, 262 (72%) were crossbred and 172 (48%) were indigenous adult cattle. calves of exotic, crossbred and indigenous breeds were infested with ticks at the following rates: 246 (68%), 294 (82%) and 223 (62%), respectively. higher infestation levels were ...201322718335
molecular characterization of hao3, the homologue of the bm86 tick vaccine antigen, from the iranian isolate of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum tick is widely distributed in many parts of iran and while the commercial vaccines based on the application of midgut-derived recombinant bm86 antigen are used for its control, limited information about the efficiency of this vaccination in iran is available. herein, with the final aim of evaluation of bm86-based heterologous vaccination, as the primary step the bm86 homologue of the h. a. anatolicum (hao3) from an iranian isolate was characterized and compared wit ...201320599993
acaricidal activity of ethanolic extract from aerial parts of tagetes patula l. (asteraceae) against larvae and engorged adult females of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806).the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus is the species with the largest worldwide distribution and is proven to be involved in the transmission of pathogens such as babesia canis, ehrlichia canis, coxiella burnetii, rickettsia ricketsii, rickettsia conorii, among others. studies have demonstrated acquisition of resistance to some of the active principles used in commercial formulations of acaricides. tagetes patula (asteraceae) is a plant with highlighted economic and commercial importance due to the ...201223244493
immune response of bos indicus cattle against the anti-tick antigen bm91 derived from local rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks and its effect on tick reproduction under natural infestation.antigens of anti-tick vaccines are more efficacious for homologous challenge with local tick strains. cdna clones encoding for bm91 from local rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus strains were developed to immunize bos indicus cattle under field conditions. three groups of six animals each were injected with the antigen bm91, saline, and adjuvant, respectively. animals were immunized three times at 3-week intervals and a fourth time after six months. the anti-bm91 antibody level, measured by elis ...201223213489
diagnosis of tropical bovine theileriosis by elisa with recombinant merozoite surface protein of theileria annulata (tams1).theileria annulata merozoite surface protein (tams1) and native soluble piroplasm antigen of an indian isolate of t. annulata were used to optimize an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect anti-theileria antibodies in cross-bred cattle experimentally infected with sporozoites or immunized with macroschizonts of the homologous strain of the parasite. the recombinant protein has showed similar antibody titre when compared with the sonicated merozoite/piroplasm antigen in an elisa. if ...201224505176
serological evaluation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in humans with high-risk professions living in enzootic regions of isfahan province of iran and genetic analysis of circulating strains.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a zoonotic viral disease that is asymptomatic in infected livestock, but causes a serious threat to humans with a mortality rate up to 50%. although the cchf virus (cchfv) is often transmitted by ticks, livestock-to-human and human-to-human transmission also occurs. in the current study, we focused on cchf in the province of isfahan, located in the center of iran and deemed to be the second most infected province. human and livestock sera and resident ti ...201222217167
prevalence and seasonal variation in ixodid ticks on cattle of mathura district, uttar pradesh.considering the economic impact of various ticks species on livestock, the present study was conducted for epidemiological characterize of common ticks infesting indian zebu cattle between july 2010 and june 2011 period at various locations of mathura region of india. a total of 2,515 zebu cattle were examined on random basis throughout the year. the overall prevalence of ticks infestation in cattle was 60.07 %. the highest prevalence was reported in september (75 %) while the lowest was in janu ...201224431564
prevalence of parasitic infections in cattle of ludhiana district, punjab.a total of 862 cattle were sampled for both haematological (703) and coprological (159) investigations at the large animal clinics, gadvasu, ludhiana, punjab, india. examination of giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears exhibited that 22.9 % (161/703) of cattle were infected with haematozoa comprising theileria annulata (14.65 %), trypanosoma evansi (0.28 %), babesia bigemina (1.56 %) and anaplasma marginale (8.53 %) while mixed infection appeared in 2.13 % (15/703) animals. the prevalence of to ...201224082538
acute bilateral proptosis in a cross bred calf naturally infected with theileria annulata.ever since 1970, bovine tropical theleriosis has been recognized major constraint to livestock improvement programme in the semi- arid and enzootic areas of rajasthan. in contrast to other apicomplexan protozoan infections of blood, pathophysiological impact of theileria annulata has been incriminated to in situ intra-leucocytic development of the pathogen. in continuation with recent manifestations documented on trans-placental t. annulata in a 3 day old cross bred calf and cerebral form of bov ...201224082531
detection, isolation and confirmation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in human, ticks and animals in ahmadabad, india, 2010-2011.in january 2011, human cases with hemorrhagic manifestations in the hospital staff were reported from a tertiary care hospital in ahmadabad, india. this paper reports a detailed epidemiological investigation of nosocomial outbreak from the affected area of ahmadabad, gujarat, india.201222616022
turning sickness in a cross bred cow naturally infected with theileria annulata.bovine tropical theileriosis (btt) has been since long recognized as a persistent major constraint on genetic improvement programme of native cattle breeds under "operation flood". the disease accounts for high mortality in dairy cattle especially calves. a cross bred cow (rathi × holestein), aged 3 years and weighing ~300 kg, owned by a person from weaker sections of the society, initially suffered from ruminal hypotonocity, severe dyspnoea, frothy discharge, lacrymation, cessation of defaecati ...201224082533
modelling the transmission dynamics of theileria annulata: model structure and validation for the turkish context.a mathematical model that describes the transmission dynamics of theileria annulata is proposed that consists of 2 host components: the hyalomma tick population and a compartmental model of t. annulata infection in the cattle population. the model was parameterized using data describing tick infestation and the infection status of cattle in turkey from 2006 to 2008. the tick attachment rates are highly seasonal and because of the temporal separation of infectious and susceptible ticks virtually ...201222309815
current situation of tropical theileriosis in the sudan.tropical theileriosis has long been recognized as a hindrance to the development of sound dairy industry in the sudan and is a cause of major economic losses. serological surveys indicated that theileria annulata infection is widespread in the country but the disease mostly affects exotic dairy breeds and their crosses with indigenous breeds. the disease has recently been identified in darfur and southern parts of blue nile state in dairy farms around large urban areas where it has never been de ...201222565402
vaccine potential of recombinant antigens of theileria annulata and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum against vector and parasite.in an attempt to develop vaccine against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and theileria annulata, three antigens were expressed in prokaryotic expression system and protective potentiality of the antigens was evaluated in cross bred calves. two groups (grs. 1 and 4) of male cross-bred (bos indicus × bos taurus) calves were immunized with rhaa86, a bm86 ortholog of h. a. anatolicum, while one group of calves (gr. 2) were immunized with cocktails of two antigens viz., surface antigens of t. annulata ...201222546546
molecular detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae associated with ixodid ticks in egypt.tick-borne diseases comprise a complex epidemiological and ecological network that connects the vectors, pathogens, and a group of host species. the aim of this study was to identify bacteria from the genus rickettsia associated with ixodid ticks infesting camels and cows in egypt. ticks were collected from 6 different localities: qina, giza, qalet el nakhl, new valley, el arish, and minufia, from july to october 2008. species were identified using pcr, followed by sequencing. the glta and rompa ...201222217182
acaricide resistance status in indian isolates of hyalomma anatolicum.the multi host tick, hyalomma anatolicum, is the commonest hyalomma species in india and cattle serves as the main host of this species. a study to evaluate the acaricide resistance of h. anatolicum to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and diazinon was conducted in 20 areas located in three agro climatic regions known to have abundance of the species. results obtained by the "larval packet test" (lpt) showed a low grade resistance (level-i, rf <5) in the tick species to both deltamethrin and cypermethr ...201222760859
efficacy of rbm86 against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (ivri-i line) and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (ivri-ii line) infestations on bovine calves.with an aim to evaluate the protective potentiality of rbm86 against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus indian veterinary research institute (ivri)-i line and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ivri-ii line infestations on crossbred (bos indicus × bos taurus) calves, 20 animals of 3 months of age were randomly divided in to four equal groups and maintained in tick-proof conditions. animals of groups 1 and 2 were immunized with 2 ml of rbm86 (100 μg)-based vaccine (procured from revetmex s.a. de c.v ...201222422293
tick paralysis: first zoonosis record in egypt.tick paralysis caused by the secretion of toxin with saliva while taking a blood meal is an important veterinary disease, but is rare in humans. although it has certain geographical proclivities, it exists worldwide. tick paralysis was demonstrated for the first time in egypt among four children living in rural area at giza governorate. the clinical pictures were confused with rabies; myasthensia gravis; botulism; diphtheritic polyneuropathy encountered in rural areas. the recovery of tick infes ...201222662597
comparative efficacy of rhaa86 and rbm86 against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus are the most economically important tick species in india and other tropical and subtropical regions of the world and transmit pathogens causing animal and human diseases. we demonstrated that vaccination of animal by rhaa86 could be used for the control of both h. a. anatolicum and r. (b.) microplus infestations. by comparing the efficacy of rhaa86 and rbm86, it was observed that vaccine based on rhaa86 will be more effectiv ...201222313386
gene silencing in tick cell lines using small interfering or long double-stranded rna.gene silencing by rna interference (rnai) is an important research tool in many areas of biology. to effectively harness the power of this technique in order to explore tick functional genomics and tick-microorganism interactions, optimised parameters for rnai-mediated gene silencing in tick cells need to be established. ten cell lines from four economically important ixodid tick genera (amblyomma, hyalomma, ixodes and rhipicephalus including the sub-species boophilus) were used to examine key p ...201222773071
first survey of hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) on cattle, sheep and goats in boeen zahra and takistan counties, iran.to carry out the distribution survey of hard ticks of livestock in boeen zahra and takistan counties of qazvin province from april 2010 to september 2010.201223569956
tick-box for 3'-end formation of mitochondrial transcripts in ixodida, basal chelicerates and drosophila.according to the trna punctuation model, the mitochondrial genome (mtdna) of mammals and arthropods is transcribed as large polycistronic precursors that are maturated by endonucleolytic cleavage at trna borders and rna polyadenylation. starting from the newly sequenced mtdna of ixodes ricinus and using a combination of mitogenomics and transcriptional analyses, we found that in all currently-sequenced tick lineages (prostriata, metastriata and argasidae) the 3'-end of the polyadenylated nad1 an ...201223077630
association of environmental traits with the geographic ranges of ticks (acari: ixodidae) of medical and veterinary importance in the western palearctic. a digital data set.we compiled information on the distribution of ticks in the western palearctic (11°w, 45°e; 29°n, 71°n), published during 1970-2010. the literature search was filtered by the tick's species name and an unambiguous reference to the point of capture. records from some curated collections were included. we focused on tick species of importance to human and animal health, in particular: ixodes ricinus, dermacentor marginatus, d. reticulatus, haemaphysalis punctata, h. sulcata, hyalomma marginatum, h ...201222843316
detection and identification of putative bacterial endosymbionts and endogenous viruses in tick cell lines.as well as being vectors of many viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, ticks harbour a variety of microorganisms which are not known to be pathogenic for vertebrate hosts. continuous cell lines established from ixodid and argasid ticks could be infected with such endosymbiotic bacteria and endogenous viruses, but to date very few cell lines have been examined for their presence. dna and rna extracted from over 50 tick cell lines deposited in the roslin w ...201222743047
morphometric study on male specimens of hyalomma anatolicum (acari: ixodidae) in west of iran.hyalomma anatolicum is the well-known hard tick, which is one of the most important livestock and human pathogens vector, wide range in host and distributed in all over the hyalomma geographic fauna as well as in iran. taxonomy of the hyalomma ssp. is debatable whereas their identification is a problematic work. the reasons for this claim is time consuming delpy's researches in iran also schulze school, feldman-muhsam and the russian tick workers. we would like to understand morphometric variati ...201122808415
theileria ovis discovered in china.a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using 989/990 primers was conducted to identify a newly isolated theileria sp. in xinjiang province of china. the target dna fragments of the complete 18s rrna gene were cloned and sequenced. the phylogenetic relationship of newly isolated theileria spp. was inferred based on the 18s rrna gene. the results showed that the new theileria sp. belonged to the cluster of theileria ovis. moreover, the findings were confirmed by t. ovis species-specific pcr. an expecte ...201120619262
beauveria bassiana: synergistic effect with acaricides against the tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (acari: ixodidae).owing to the need to combat the spread of chemical acaricide resistance in ticks, we evaluated the efficacy of a mixture of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana at17 and acaricides for the control of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum in china. a mixture of b. bassiana at17 at the concentration of 10(8)conidia/ml and the synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin at concentrations of 2500, 250, 25, 5, 2.5, 0.5 and 0.25ppm was tested in vitro. the germination capability, vegetative growth, conidia p ...201121440547
tick-borne bacteria in mouflons and their ectoparasites in cyprus.the cypriot mouflon (ovis orientalis ophion), a once almost extirpated species of wild sheep, is under strict surveillance because it can be threatened by likely transmission of pathogenic bacteria, such as anaplasma spp., rickettsia spp., and coxiella burnetii, primarily from domestic ungulates. we collected 77 blood samples from cypriot mouflons and 663 of their ectoparasites (rhipicephalus turanicus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, hyalomma margin ...201121441182
hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae) imbibe bovine blood in vitro by utilizing an artificial feeding system.hard ticks have great importance because of blood feeding and transmitting dangerous human and animal diseases. each year, they cause a lot of economical damage to the livestock industry. control of ticks and tick-borne diseases is a major priority in most parts of the world and many studies have been done in this field. we know that studying haemoparasites and assessing the effect of different compounds on ticks requires a lot of money, support and sometimes it is time consuming. considering al ...201121474247
virulence of beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae and paecilomyces lilacinus to the engorged female hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum tick (acari: ixodidae).the tick is a common ectoparasite of livestock and humans, and is responsible for the transmission of pathogens among hosts. direct and indirect impacts of ticks include limiting the sustainable development of the animal husbandry industry and detrimental effects on human health. despite these negative effects, the main method of controlling ticks remains the application of chemical acaricides, which can lead to ambient pollution and the development of tick resistance to them. the biocontrol of ...201121511397
first confirmed report of outbreak of malignant ovine theileriosis among goats in sudan.an outbreak of malignant ovine theileriosis among goats was confirmed and documented. in this outbreak, 16 out of 22 (72.7%) goats died within 4 days showing clinical signs of malignant ovine theileriosis as well as in the postmortem findings. the goats were reared in a mixed flock with sheep in atbara town, northern sudan. the infection was detected microscopically and confirmed serologically by ifa test and molecularly by pcr technique using specific primer for theileria lestoquardi. hyalomma ...201121537979
species diversity and geographic distribution of hard ticks (acari: ixodoidea: ixodidae) infesting domestic ruminants, in qazvin province, iran.this report presents the results of the first faunistic study of hard ticks in qazvin province of iran. the primary objective was to determine the species diversity and geographic distribution of hard ticks that parasitize domestic ruminants. information about the abiotic preferences of these species has been provided. a total of 286 cattle, 1,053 goats, and 2,050 sheep were examined in 13 villages in 28 flocks distributed throughout the studied areas. total direct body collections of ticks were ...201121805220
acaricidal efficacy of synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of ocimum canum against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and hyalomma marginatum isaaci (acari: ixodidae).the use of acaricides had limited efficacy in reducing tick infestations and is often accompanied by serious drawbacks, including the selection of acaricide resistant ticks, contamination of environment, and milk and meat products with drug residues. the present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activities to determine the efficacy of synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) utilizing aqueous leaf extract of ocimum canum sims (labiatae) against the larvae of hyalomma anatolicum ...201121789583
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever: a molecular survey on hard ticks (ixodidae) in yazd province, iran.to determine the rate of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) infection in hard ticks (ixodidae) in yazd province of iran.201121771418
hard ticks on one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) and their seasonal population dynamics in southeast, iran.the primary objective of this study was to determine the diversity and intensity of ticks found on camels (camelus dromedarius) and their seasonal population dynamics in kerman, southeast of iran. for this purpose, a total of 426 tick specimens were collected from 217 infested camels in southeast of iran during activating seasons of ticks (april 2009 to march 2010). the species collected from camel were hyalomma dromedarii (84.7%), hyalomma marginatum (8.7%), hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (5.4%) ...201121720786
spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks in cyprus.in two surveys conducted from march 1999 to march 2001 and from january 2004 to december 2006, a total of 3,950 ticks (belonging to ten different species) were collected from seven domestic and wild animals (goat, sheep, cattle, dog, fox, hare, and mouflon) from different localities throughout cyprus. in order to establish their infection rate with spotted fever rickettsiae (sfg), ticks were pooled and tested by polymerase chain reaction targeting glta and ompa genes, followed by sequencing anal ...201121833539
spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks collected from wild animals in israel.we report molecular evidence for the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) in ticks collected from roe deer, addax, red foxes, and wild boars in israel. rickettsia aeschlimannii was detected in hyalomma marginatum and hyalomma detritum while rickettsia massiliae was present in rhipicephalus turanicus ticks. furthermore, a novel uncultured sfgr was detected in haemaphysalis adleri and haemaphysalis parva ticks from golden jackals. the pathogenicity of the novel sfgr for humans is unk ...201122049050
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in various ixodid tick species from a highly endemic area.Ticks are major vectors of numerous diseases affecting animals and humans. Presence of various tick-borne pathogens such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in various tick species was documented. CCHF is a severe tick-borne illness caused by the CCHFV which is a member of the Nairovirus genus (family: Bunyaviridae). Presence of CCHFV was shown in the most prevalent ixodid tick species such as Hyalomma marginatum and Rhiphicephalus bursa in Turkey. In the present study, prevalence a ...201122119389
expression of recombinant hao3 from an iranian isolate of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum in pichia pastoris and evaluation of its antigenicity.hyalomma anatolicumanatolicum tick is considered as one of the main problem of ruminants' productivity in endemic countries such as parts of africa, the middle east and india. the disease is economically important and hence, its control and eradication is a priority. this problem reinforces the need for alternative approach like vaccine to control tick infestations instead of continuous application of acaricide which led to the natural selection of the acaricide-resistant ticks. therefore, the p ...201122079373
tick cell lines for study of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and other arboviruses.abstract continuous cell lines derived from many of the vectors of tick-borne arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance are now available. their role as tools in arbovirus research to date is reviewed and their potential application in studies of tick cell responses to virus infection is explored, by comparison with recent progress in understanding mosquito immunity to arbovirus infection. a preliminary study of propagation of the human pathogen crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cc ...201121955214
pcr-detection of coxiella burnetii in ticks collected from sheep and goats in southeast iran.there is a little data on coxiella burnetii (q fever agent) in iran. ticks may play a significant role in the transmission of c. burnetii among animals. the aim of this study was to use polymerase chain reaction for the detection of c. burnetii in ticks collected in southeast iran.201122808404
prevalence of theileria annulata infection in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum in punjab state, india.the study was conducted to assess the prevalence of theileria infection in tick vectors collected from healthy animals to record the natural infection level of theilerial parasite in the field condition. a total of 156 male and 110 semi-engorged female of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were collected from cattle and buffaloes of two different agro climatic zones of punjab, dissected and their salivary glands were stained with methyl green pyronin (mgp) stain. the prevalence, intensity and abunda ...201021526034
bm86 homologues and novel ataq proteins with multiple epidermal growth factor (egf)-like domains from hard and soft ticks.tick control on livestock relies principally on the use of acaricides but the development of acaricide resistance and concerns for environmental pollution underscore the need for alternative control methods, for instance through the use of anti-tick vaccines. two commercial vaccines based on the recombinant bm86 protein from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks were developed. partial protection of the bm86 vaccine against other rhipicephalus (boophilus) and hyalomma tick species suggests t ...201020647015
cloning and characterization of a ribosomal protein l24 from haemaphysalis longicornis eggs.a fragment of ribosomal protein l24 was obtained from the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cdna) library of haemaphysalis longicornis eggs. the complete sequence of the clone was subsequently obtained using rapid amplification of the cdna ends (race). ribosomal protein l24 from h. longicornis had a high percentage similarity to this protein from different species. conserved domains were also identified in rpl24. real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis showed that this gene is expr ...201020676684
variability of powassan virus cultured in tissue explants and organism of hyalomma anatolicum ticks.the variability of powassan virus was studied during successive passages in hyalomma anatolicum ticks or prolonged reproduction in their tissue explants. it had been shown that in the course of tick passages and during reproduction in the explants, pathogenicity of the virus in respect to causing acute disease in mice after peripheral inoculation was decreased, while virus ability to cause death after intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation remained unchanged. in mice infected with the original strain ...20102864833
the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus bm86 gene plays a critical role in the fitness of ticks fed on cattle during acute babesia bovis infection.abstract:201021092112
prevalence of ixodid ticks on cattle and sheep southeast of iran.a survey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of hard tick species (acari: ixodidae) on cattle and sheep southeast of iran. a total of 972 ticks were collected from 280 infested cattle and 1,207 ticks were collected from 632 infested sheep during activating seasons of ticks in 2008-2009. the species collected from cattle were hyalomma marginatum marginatum (50.92%), hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (25.61%), hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (8.12%), hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum (1.85%), and ...201021113660
life cycle of hyalomma anatolicum koch, 1844 (acari: ixodidae) fed on rabbits, sheep and goats.some aspects of the biology of the tick hyalomma anatolicum fed on rabbits, sheep and goats were studied. the non-feeding stages were maintained under laboratory conditions at 20-36°c and 75% relative humidity. the longest feeding periods of larvae and nymphs of h. anatolicum were observed when fed on rabbits (mean 4.58 ± 0.51 and 7 ± 1.15 days, respectively) while the longest feeding periods of females were observed on goats (9.61 ± 1.21). the pre-oviposition period (4.8 ± 0.42 days) and pre-ec ...201021277088
ultrastructural study of muscles fibers in tick hyalomma (hyalomma) anatolicum anatolicum (ixodoidea: ixodidae).in the present study, ticks were obtained from a colony maintained at 28 degrees c and 75% relative humidity in at the department of biology, university college umm al-qura university, saudi arabia and the transmission electron microscope technique (tem) was used to describes the ultrastructure and description of muscle of the of ixodid tick hyalomma (hyalomma) anatolicum anatolicum. the results showed that muscles of the unfed ticks hyalomma (hyalomma) anatolicum anatolicum in longitudinal sect ...201021313907
tick infestation rate of sheep and their distribution in abdanan county, ilam province, iran, 2007-2008.ticks are hematophagous arthropod belonging to the class of arachnids. ticks are also one of the major vectors of pathogens to animal and human. this study was conducted to determine tick infestation rate of sheep in abdanan during 2007-2008.201022808401
experimental transmission of theileria ovis by hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.the experimental transmission of a newly isolated theileria ovis is described. hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum nymphs developed from larvae engorged on sheep infected with t. ovis were able to transmit the t. ovis to splenectomized sheep. meanwhile, h. anatolicum anatolicum adults developed from nymphs engorged on sheep infected with t. ovis were also able to transmit t. ovis to splenectomized sheep. these experiments suggested that t. ovis could be transmitted by a h. anatolicum anatolicum, and ...201020165879
efficacy of rhaa86, an orthologue of bm86, against challenge infestations of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.in an attempt to develop vaccine against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, the protective efficacy of rhaa86 was evaluated against experimental challenge infestations of homologous tick species and lethal dose of theileria annulata. following challenge, a significant difference of 20.9% (p < 0.01) in the dropping per cent of ticks fed on immunized and control animals was recorded. a statistically significant reduction of 49.6 mg (p < 0.01) in the weight of ticks fed on immunized animals in compari ...201020537118
experimental transmission of theileria lestoquardi by developmental stages of hyalomma anatolicum ticks.theileria-free hyalomma anatolicum larvae were fed on a naturally infected sheep with theileria lestoquardi. resulting flat nymphs of the tick were able to transmit t. lestoquardi infection upon feeding to 3/3 susceptible sheep. adults emerging from the same batch of larvae were also infective to 3/3 susceptible sheep when they had the infection during their larval feeding. transmission of t. lestoquardi to sheep was confirmed through clinical monitoring, examination of blood and lymph node biop ...201020607288
differentiation of two ovine babesia based on the ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences.the first and second internal transcribed spacers (its1, its2) as well as the intervening 5.8s coding region of the rrna gene for six babesia spp. isolated from different geographic origins were characterized. varying degrees of its1 and its2 intra- and inter-species sequence polymorphism were found among these isolates. phylogenetic analysis of the its1-5.8s gene-its2 region clearly separated the isolates into two clusters. one held an unidentified babesia sp. transmitted by hyalomma anatolicum ...200918977349
cloning, expression and immunoprotective efficacy of rhaa86, the homologue of the bm86 tick vaccine antigen, from hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.the bm86 homologue of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum izatnagar isolate was cloned and expressed in methylotropic yeast pichia pastoris as intracellular, glycosylated and particulated form. it was named as rhaa86, the first recombinant protein of h. a. anatolicum. seven epidermal growth factor-like domains predicted in haa86 were structurally similar with that of its bm86 counterpart. the identity between the corresponding egf like domains of bm86 and haa86 were ranging from 51.3% to 78.3%. the m ...200919222782
molecular detection and identification of ehrlichia and anaplasma species in ixodid ticks.a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay followed by partial sequencing of the 16s ribosomal rna gene was performed for the presence of ehrlichia and/or anaplasma. a total of 242 ixodid ticks were collected from domestic ruminants and their shelters, as well as humans, and their individual salivary glands were dissected out for dna. from the 242 ticks analyzed, six (2.47%), comprising three hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, one rhipicephalus bursa, and two rhipicephalus sanguineus, were positive. o ...200919247690
cell lines from the soft tick ornithodoros moubata.primary cell cultures (n = 16) were initiated from tissues of embryonic and neonatal larval ornithodoros moubata following methods developed for hard ticks. after maintenance for 20-25 months in vitro, cell multiplication commenced in surviving cultures, leading to the establishment of six cell lines designated ome/ctvm21, 22, 24, 25, 26 and 27. all lines are maintained at 28 degrees c, with subculture at 2-8 week intervals. the cultures comprise heterogeneous populations of large cells of 15-10 ...200919252822
a novel sphingomyelinase-like enzyme in ixodes scapularis tick saliva drives host cd4 t cells to express il-4.tick feeding modulates host immune responses. tick-induced skewing of host cd4(+) t cells towards a th2 cytokine profile facilitates transmission of tick-borne pathogens that would otherwise be neutralized by th1 cytokines. tick-derived factors that drive this th2 response have not previously been characterized. in the current study, we examined an i. scapularis cdna library prepared at 18-24 h of feeding and identified and expressed a tick gene with homology to loxosceles spider venom proteins ...200919292772
the protozoan parasite theileria annulata alters the differentiation state of the infected macrophage and suppresses musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene (maf) transcription factors.the tick-borne protozoan parasite theileria annulata causes a debilitating disease of cattle called tropical theileriosis. the parasite predominantly invades bovine macrophages (m phi) and induces host cell transformation by a mechanism that has not been fully elucidated. infection is associated with loss of characteristic m phi functions and phenotypic markers, indicative of host cell de-differentiation. we have investigated the effect of t. annulata infection on the expression of the m phi dif ...200919303416
the relationship between spotted fever group rickettsiae and ixodid ticks.spotted fever group rickettsiae are predominantly transmitted by ticks. rickettsiae have developed many strategies to adapt to different environmental conditions, including those within their arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. the tick-rickettsiae relationship has been a point of interest for many researchers, with most studies concentrating on the role of ticks as vectors. unfortunately, less attention has been directed towards the relationship of rickettsiae with tick cells, tissues, and ...200919358804
[comparison of the ability to fertilize females by hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum males irradiated with gamma radiation from caesium 137 with non-irradiated males].in this study, hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum male ticks were subjected to gamma radiation with a dose of 10 gy emitted by a gamma-ray source of caesium 137. female ticks were divided into 3 groups and placed in rabbit ears to feed. in the first group, the females fed with normal and irradiated males, in the second group females fed only with irradiated males and in last group females fed with normal males. biological parameters such as the feeding period, weights, period of time from dropping u ...200919367545
a new ovine babesia species transmitted by hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.the pathogenicity and morphology of a large babesia species, babesia sp. xinjiang, are described here. the parasite has very low virulence for sheep, and caused no detectable clinical symptoms. splenectomized sheep infected with the parasite showed mild fever and low parasitemia and would recover gradually. if splenectomized sheep were immuno-suppressed with dexamethasone, the parasitemia could reach 8.5%, and death occurred. a splenectomized calf could not be infected with the babesia species. ...200919460377
in vitro and in vivo efficacies of ivermectin and cypermethrin against the cattle tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (acari: ixodidae).this study investigated the comparative efficacy of ivermectin and cypermethrin pour-on, for the treatment of hyalomma anatolicum (a.) anatolicum infestations in bovines. for examining acaricidal efficacy, 480 ticks were exposed in vitro to graded doses of both the acaricides and in vivo efficacy was examined in 360 tick-infested bovines treated at the recommended doses of ivermectin (ivm) and cypermethrin (cym) pour-on. the comparative quantitative assessment of tick burden was done on days 0, ...200919562374
the distribution of hyalomma spp. ticks from domestic ruminants in iran.the distribution of hyalomma species on domestic animals was studied in four zoogeoghraphical zones. nine hundred and ninety-two hyalomma ticks were collected from sheep, goats, cattle and camels. a total of seven tick species consisting of: hyalomma anatolicum koch, 1844 (28.93%), h. excavatum koch, 1844 (12.5%), h. asiaticum schulze & schlottke, 1930 (13.5%), h. marginatum koch, 1844 (27.01%), h. detritum schulze, 1919 (9.67%), h. schulzei olenev, 1931 (4.03%) and h. dromedary koch, 1844 (4.33 ...200919712158
prevalence and associated risk factors for bovine tick infestation in two districts of lower punjab, pakistan.bovine tick infestation is still a serious nuisance to livestock and the dairy industry of pakistan. the current paper reports the prevalence and associated risk factors for bovine tick infestation in the districts layyah and muzaffargarh of lower punjab, pakistan. a questionnaire-based survey was conducted to identify and to quantify variation in the prevalence of bovine tick infestation with respect to host (age, species, sex, and breed) and environmental (geographical area and climate) determ ...200919782414
identification of a synthetic peptide inducing cross-reactive antibodies binding to rhipicephalus (boophilus) decoloratus, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus bm86 homologues.the bm86 antigen, originally identified in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, is the basis of the only commercialized anti-tick vaccine. the long-term goal of our study is to improve bm86 based vaccines by induction of high levels of tick gut binding antibodies that are also cross-reactive with a range of bm86 homologues expressed in other important tick species. here we have used a bd86 derived synthetic peptide, bd86-3, to raise a series of mouse monoclonal antibodies. one of these mabs, nam ...200919808026
selection of reference genes for quantitative rt-pcr studies in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks and determination of the expression profile of bm86.for accurate and reliable gene expression analysis, normalization of gene expression data against reference genes is essential. in most studies on ticks where (semi-)quantitative rt-pcr is employed, normalization occurs with a single reference gene, usually beta-actin, without validation of its presumed expression stability. the first goal of this study was to evaluate the expression stability of commonly used reference genes in rhipicephalus appendiculatus and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplu ...200920040102
laboratory study on biological control of ticks (acari: ixodidae) by entomopathogenic indigenous fungi (beauveria bassiana).chemical control method using different acaricides as spray, dipping solution or pour-on is routinely used for controlling ticks. biological control agents are favorable due to their safety for animals and environment. entomopathogenic fungi such as beauveria bassiana are well known for controlling ticks. in this study, two iranian indigenous strains of b. bassiana (b. bassiana 5197 and b. bassiana evin) were selected and grown on specific media. the pathogenic effects of these strains were eval ...200922808380
the role of saliva in tick feeding.when attempting to feed on their hosts, ticks face the problem of host hemostasis (the vertebrate mechanisms that prevent blood loss), inflammation (that can produce itching or pain and thus initiate defensive behavior on their hosts) and adaptive immunity (by way of both cellular and humoral responses). against these barriers, ticks evolved a complex and sophisticated pharmacological armamentarium, consisting of bioactive lipids and proteins, to assist blood feeding. recent progress in transcri ...200919273185
ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting camels (camelus dromedarius) in northern sudan.monthly total body tick collections from 13-20 camels were conducted for 2 consecutive years (2000-2001) in northern sudan. tick populations were correlated with locality, season, predeliction site, sex and coat colour. hyalomma dromedarii was found to be the predominant (89%) tick species infesting the camels. other tick species found in very low numbers were hyalomma impeltatum (7.7%), hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (3.3%), hyalomma truncatum (0.29%), hyalomma marginatum rufipes (0.25%), rhipi ...200920698438
[molecular analysis of the antigenic sequence (sbm7462®) from bm86 of the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and similarity with rhipicephalus sanguineus and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum].the vaccination represents optimum method evaluated with effective cost to prevent economic losses and to increase the duration and quality of life of the production animals. . diverse vaccines are produced from the intestinal protein bm86 of the rhipicephalus. (b.) microplus. the knowledge of the conservation of the gene bm86 is very important to evaluate the vaccine efficiency and the possibility of reaction crossed between different species of ticks. samples of r. (b.) microplus come from dif ...200820059809
exploring the mialome of ticks: an annotated catalogue of midgut transcripts from the hard tick, dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae).ticks are obligate blood feeders. the midgut is the first major region of the body where blood and microbes ingested with the blood meal come in contact with the tick's internal tissues. little is known about protein expression in the digestive tract of ticks. in this study, for analysis of global gene expression during tick attachment and feeding, we generated and sequenced 1,679 random transcripts (ests) from cdna libraries from the midguts of female ticks at varying stages of feeding.200819021911
progress in development of vaccine against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum-indian scenario.hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, a three host tick vector transmitting the causative agent of bovine tropical theileriosis, is widely distributed throughout india. as a component of integrated control measures against the tick vector, attempts have been made to identify candidate protein molecules for development of an anti-tick vaccine in the different stages of this tick species. by strategic methods of isolation of the targeted molecules using affinity purification of proteins showing reactivi ...200819178893
demonstration of strain-specific cd8 t cell responses to theileria annulata.the present study set out to examine the nature and specificity of the bovine cd8 t cell response at the clonal level in a group of eight animals immunized with a cloned population of theileria annulata. the results demonstrated that immunized animals generated parasite-specific cd8 t cells that produced ifn in response to parasite stimulation but had highly variable levels of cytotoxicity for parasitized cells. the study also demonstrated that these parasite-specific cd8 t cells could be propag ...200818498311
identification of a novel babesia sp. from a sable antelope (hippotragus niger harris, 1838).babesiosis in a sable antelope (hippotragus niger harris, 1838) was first reported in 1930; the parasite was named babesia irvinesmithi. recently, specimens from an adult sable that presented with a sudden onset of disease and that subsequently died during immobilization were submitted for molecular characterization. microscopic examination of thin blood smears revealed the presence of small piroplasms. dna was extracted from blood samples; the v4 variable region of the 18s rrna gene was amplifi ...200818508943
effect of peganum harmala (wild rue) extract on experimental ovine malignant theileriosis: pathological and parasitological findings.malignant theileriosis of sheep is a highly fatal, acute or subacute disease is caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite, theileria hirci. in this investigation ten healthy male lambs aged 5-6 months were randomly divided into two groups, a and b and were kept in isolated tick-proof pens. they were treated for internal and external parasite before commencement of the experiment. the lambs were experimentally infected with t. hirci by placing ticks hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum infected with ...200818575066
growth of tick-borne encephalitis virus (european subtype) in cell lines from vector and non-vector ticks.we undertook a comparative study of the susceptibility of different tick cell lines to infection with the european subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), prototype strain neudoerfl. the growth of tbev was investigated in lines derived from vector ixodes ricinus l. ticks (ire/ctvm18, 19, and 20), as well as non-vector ticks, namely ixodes scapularis say (ide2), boophilus microplus canestrini (bme/ctvm2), hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum koch (hae/ctvm9), rhipicephalus appendiculatus neuma ...200818602711
genetic analysis of the m rna segment of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains in turkey.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus is member of the genus nairovirus of the family bunyaviridae. all members of the family bunyaviridae are enveloped viruses containing tripartite, negative polarity, single-stranded rna. cchf is characterized by high case mortality, occurring in asia, africa, the middle east and europe. during recent years, outbreaks have been reported in turkey. however, little information is available on the genetic diversity of cchf virus in turkey. in this study, a ...200817955162
man-threatening viruses isolated from ticks in saudi arabia.to determine tick viruses transmissible to man in saudi arabia.200718060218
prevalence of ixodid ticks on cattle in mazandaran province, iran.a survey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of hard tick species (acari: ixodidae) on cattle in mazandaran province, iran. a total of 953 ticks were collected from 86 infested cattle during activating seasons of ticks during 2004-2005. nine species were identified: boophilus annulatus (51.3%), rhipicephalus bursa (16.8%), haemaphysalis punctata (6.3%), ixodes ricinus (6.8%), hyalomma marginatum (12.5%), hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (5.2%), hyalomma asiaticum (0.6%), hyalomma detritum ...200718165714
distribution and population dynamics of ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting sheep in sennar state, sudan.a cross-sectional survey of ticks infesting sheep was conducted in sennar state, sudan. a total body collection of ticks was carried out at five localities sennar town, singa, dinder, abu naama and um banein on two types of desert sheep (watish and ashgar) on two farms at each locality at two monthly intervals for one year starting july 2002 to may 2003. four tick genera and eight species were identified. they were amblyomma lepidum, hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, hyalomma truncatum, rhipicepha ...200718453239
purification and characterization of two larval glycoproteins from the cattle tick, boophilus annulatus.the present study was conducted to identify new target immunogenic molecules from the larval stage of the cattle tick, boophilus annulatus (acari: ixodidae). two specific larval glycoproteins (glps) were isolated by two-step affinity chromatography. the larval immunogens were first purified with cnbr-sepharose coupled to rabbit anti-larval immunoglobulins, and the glycoproteins were then purified with con-a sepharose. these glycoproteins have molecular weights of approximately 32 and 15 kda with ...200717519572
biological activities of chamomile (matricaria chamomile) flowers' extract against the survival and egg laying of the cattle fever tick (acari ixodidae).in the present work, the potential of acaricidal activity of chamomile flowers' extract was studied against engorged rhipicephalus annulatus tick under laboratory condition. for this purpose, the engorged females of rhipicephalus annulatus were exposed to two-fold serial dilutions of chamomile flowers' extract (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0% and 8.0%) using "dipping method" in vitro. the engorged ticks were immersed in different plant dilutions (five ticks for each dilution) for 1 min and they were imme ...200717726752
a survey of ticks (acari:ixodidae) on cattle, sheep and goats in the dohuk governorate, iraq.a survey on hard ticks affecting cattle, sheep, and goats was done in dohuk governorate from march 2005 until february 2006 in three areas (dohuk surrounding area, barwary balla near turkish border, and eqre). the species collected from cattle were hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and hyalomma anatolicum marginatum, while the species collected from sheep and goats were rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus turanicus, haemaphysalis parva, and hyalomma spp. the occurrences of the ticks in the three are ...200717823824
ticks status in central asia with a special emphasis on uzbekistan.uzbekistan is located between the greatest rivers of central asia and shares borders with kazakhstan to the west and to the north, kyrgyzstan and tajikistan to the east, and afghanistan and turkmenistan to the south. the climate is severely continental and arid, with hot summers and cold winters. these climatic particularities of uzbekistan determine the distribution of tick fauna. the ixodidae family of ticks is represented by 23 species in uzbekistan. these ticks, as ectoparasites, cause signi ...200717823825
laboratory rearing of theileria annulata-free hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks.hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum is a three-host tick which transmits theileria annulata infection in indian cattle. laboratory rearing of ixodid ticks is an essential requirement of any laboratory engaged with research on ticks and tick borne diseases. the entomology laboratory of indian veterinary research institute is fully equipped with all the facilities and skilled manpower to maintain a homogenous h. a. anatolicum population throughout the year. the continuous supply of eggs, larvae and adu ...200717851768
infectivity rate and transmission potential of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks for babesia equi infection.the infectivity rate of babesia equi in the salivary glands of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum was assessed. the hungry nymphs were fed on a donkey experimentally infected with b. equi. the engorged dropped-off nymphs were collected at different levels of parasitaemia and kept in bod incubator. after ecdysis, the hungry adults were prefed on rabbits for different time intervals, thereafter the salivary glands were dissected out and acini were examined after methyl green pyronin (mgp) staining. a ...200717112671
gene silencing of the tick protective antigens, bm86, bm91 and subolesin, in the one-host tick boophilus microplus by rna interference.the use of rna interference (rnai) to assess gene function has been demonstrated in several three-host tick species but adaptation of rnai to the one-host tick, boophilus microplus, has not been reported. we evaluated the application of rnai in b. microplus and the effect of gene silencing on three tick-protective antigens: bm86, bm91 and subolesin. gene-specific double-stranded (dsrna) was injected into two tick stages, freshly molted unfed and engorged females, and specific gene silencing was ...200717196597
[mono- and mixed infection by the tick-borne encephalitis and powassan viruses of tissue explants from ticks of the genus hyalomma].the paper presents results of virusological and electron microscope studies of the reproduction of viruses of tick-borne encephalitis and povassan at mono- and mixed persistent infection of explants of imaginal tissues of hyalomma anatolicum and h. dromedarii with these viruses. the virus reproduction in explants was observed within 208 to 217 days after the infection. joint reproduction of two model viruses within 1-2 months after the infection can take place and after that the inhibition of th ...20076328401
an investigation into the distribution, host-preference and population density of ixodid ticks affecting domestic animals in bangladesh.to study the distribution, host-preference and population density of ixodid ticks in bangladesh, an attempt was made to collect adult ticks from various host animals in three distinct topographic zones, viz. flood plains, hills and steppe 'barind'. five species of ixodid ticks were recorded, namely, boophilus microplus (56.3%), haemaphysalis bispinosa (11.3%), rhipicephalus sanguineus (14.7%), hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (15.0%) and amblyomma testudinarium (2.8%). the data showed that b. micr ...200617243476
prevalence of theileria spp. infection in sheep in south khorasan province, iran.the prevalence of theileria spp. infection was studied in sheep in the south khorasan province in iran from 2003 to 2004. a total of 840 sheep from 34 flocks were clinically examined and investigated for the presence of theileria spp. in the appropriate blood smears and any tick species on the body of the animals. in this study, 11.9% of sheep were infected with theileria spp., with a parasitemia of 0.02-0.1%. differences in the infection rates were statistically significant among different area ...200616730905
[genetic monitoring of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in kazakhstan and tajikistan in 2001-2003].blood specimens obtained from 32 cchf patients were tested for the presence of cchf virus markers. in addition, 3210 ticks of the genera hyalomma asiaticum, hyalomma anatolicum, and dermacentor niveus were examined to identify the cchf virus antigen and rna. this material was obtained during the 2001-2003 local outbreaks of cchf in kazakhstan and tajikistan. the nucleotide sequence in the region 983-1282 of s segment of the cchf virus for 12 wild type strains was determined. the phylogenetic rel ...200616756002
rickettsial agents in egyptian ticks collected from domestic animals.to assess the presence of rickettsial pathogens in ticks from egypt, we collected ticks from domestic and peridomestic animals between june 2002 and july 2003. dna extracts from 1019 ticks were tested, using pcr and sequencing, for anaplasma spp., bartonella spp., coxiella burnetii, ehrlichia spp., and rickettsia spp. ticks included: 29 argas persicus, 10 hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, 55 hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, 174 hyalomma dromedarii, 2 hyalomma impeltatum, 3 hyalomma marginatum rufipe ...200617004028
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