Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| biosecurity gaps likely aided h5n2 spread. | 2015 | 26390526 | |
| ontario: index case of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 in ontario. | 2015 | 26246626 | |
| prognosis of possible reassortments in recent h5n2 epidemic influenza in usa: implications for computer-assisted surveillance as well as drug/vaccine design. | the recent h5n2 flu epidemic in us midwest has led to deaths of millions of turkeys and farm bred poultry. while no human infections are reported to date, the rapid mutations in flu viruses can lead to more pathogenic subtypes. we have investigated such possibilities and have shown that h5n4, h5n9 and h5n6 are the most likely candidates for next round of viral reassortments, amongst which h5n9, if reassorted from asiatic strains, could be highly pathogenic. we discuss here possibilities of antic ... | 2015 | 26202885 |
| programming of influenza vaccine broadness and persistence by mucoadhesive polymer-based adjuvant systems. | the development of an anti-influenza vaccine with the potential for cross-protection against seasonal drift variants as well as occasionally emerging reassortant viruses is essential. in this study, we successfully generated a novel anti-influenza vaccine system combining conserved matrix protein 2 (sm2) and stalk domain of hemagglutinin (ha2) fusion protein (sm2ha2) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-pga)-based vaccine adjuvant systems that can act as a mucoadhesive delivery vehicle of sm2ha2 as well ... | 2015 | 26216889 |
| public health's role in response to an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2-minnesota, 2015. | 2015 | 27437426 | |
| mucosally administered lactobacillus surface-displayed influenza antigens (sm2 and ha2) with cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) induce broadly protective immune responses against divergent influenza subtypes. | the development of a universal influenza vaccine that provides broad cross protection against existing and unforeseen influenza viruses is a critical challenge. in this study, we constructed and expressed conserved sm2 and ha2 influenza antigens with cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) on the surface of lactobacillus casei (pgsa-cta1sm2ha2/l. casei). oral and nasal administrations of recombinant l. casei into mice resulted in high levels of serum immunoglobulin g (igg) and their isotypes (igg1 & igg ... | 2015 | 26210951 |
| rapid emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtypes from a subtype h5n1 hemagglutinin variant. | in 2014, novel highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5n2, h5n5, h5n6, and h5n8 viruses caused outbreaks in asia, europe, and north america. the h5 genes of these viruses form a monophyletic group that evolved from a clade 2.3.4 h5n1 variant. this rapid emergence of new h5nx combinations is unprecedented in the h5n1 evolutionary history. | 2015 | 25897518 |
| antiviral effects of novel herbal medicine kiom-c, on diverse viruses. | in order to identify new potential antiviral agents, recent studies have advocated thorough testing of herbal medicines or natural substances that are traditionally used to prevent viral infections. antiviral activities and the mechanism of action of the total aqueous extract preparation of kiom-c, a novel herbal medicine, against diverse types of viruses were investigated. in vitro antiviral activity against a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) (pr8), vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), and newcastle diseas ... | 2015 | 25942440 |
| epimedium koreanum nakai displays broad spectrum of antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo by inducing cellular antiviral state. | epimedium koreanum nakai has been extensively used in traditional korean and chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases. despite the plant's known immune modulatory potential and chemical make-up, scientific information on its antiviral properties and mode of action have not been completely investigated. in this study, the broad antiviral spectrum and mode of action of an aqueous extract from epimedium koreanum nakai was evaluated in vitro, and moreover, the protective effect against diverg ... | 2015 | 25609307 |
| pathogenesis and transmission of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 and h5n8 viruses in ferrets and mice. | a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 virus, first detected in january 2014 in poultry and wild birds in south korea, has spread throughout asia and europe and caused outbreaks in canada and the united states by the end of the year. the spread of h5n8 and the novel reassortant viruses, h5n2 and h5n1 (h5nx), in domestic poultry across multiple states in the united states pose a potential public health risk. to evaluate the potential of cross-species infection, we determined the pa ... | 2015 | 26223637 |
| serological survey for avian influenza in turkeys in three states of southwest nigeria. | since the first outbreak of avian influenza (ai) in nigeria in 2006, there has been continuous monitoring of the disease in chickens with little attention given to turkeys. as part of on-going surveillance for ai in southwest nigeria, we used a competitive elisa to detect anti-ai virus antibodies in 520 turkey sera obtained from poultry farms in oyo, osun, and ondo states while haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against low pathogenic ai viruses (lpaivs) were detected using h3n8 and h5n2 su ... | 2015 | 26664747 |
| evolutionary dynamics and global diversity of influenza a virus. | the increasing number of zoonotic infections caused by influenza a virus (iav) subtypes of avian origin (e.g., h5n1 and h7n9) in recent years underscores the need to better understand the factors driving iav evolution and diversity. to evaluate the current feasibility of global analyses to contribute to this aim, we evaluated information in the public domain to explore iav evolutionary dynamics, including nucleotide substitution rates and selection pressures, using 14 iav subtypes in 32 differen ... | 2015 | 26311890 |
| genedia multi influenza ag rapid test for detection and h1, h3, and h5 subtyping of influenza viruses. | rapid identification and subtype determination of influenza virus is important in managing infected patients. rapid influenza diagnostic tests (ridts) are widely used in this manner, but most can only detect influenza a and b viruses without subtyping. a new ridt, genedia multi influenza ag rapid test (genedia), was developed for detection of influenza a and b viruses and also subtyping of influenza a to h1, h3, h5 which has not been possible with other ridts. | 2015 | 26540461 |
| pandemic preparedness with live attenuated influenza vaccines based on a/leningrad/134/17/57 master donor virus. | continuously evolving avian influenza viruses pose a constant threat to the human public health. in response to this threat, a number of pandemic vaccine candidates have been prepared and evaluated in animal models and clinical trials. this review summarizes the data from the development and preclinical and clinical evaluation of pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines (laiv) based on russian master donor virus a/leningrad/134/17/57. laiv candidates of h5n1, h5n2, h7n3, h1n1 and h2n2 subtype ... | 2015 | 25555687 |
| a comparative analysis of host responses to avian influenza infection in ducks and chickens highlights a role for the interferon-induced transmembrane proteins in viral resistance. | chickens are susceptible to infection with a limited number of influenza a viruses and are a potential source of a human influenza pandemic. in particular, h5 and h7 haemagglutinin subtypes can evolve from low to highly pathogenic strains in gallinaceous poultry. ducks on the other hand are a natural reservoir for these viruses and are able to withstand most avian influenza strains. | 2015 | 26238195 |
| identification and characterization of a highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza a virus during an outbreak in vaccinated chickens in egypt. | highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) h5n1 viruses continue to be a major veterinary and public health problem in egypt. continued surveillance of these viruses is necessary to devise strategies to control the spread of the virus and to monitor its evolutionary patterns. this is a report of the identification of a variant strain of hpai h5n1 virus during an outbreak in 2010 in vaccinated chicken flocks in a poultry farm in assiut, egypt. vaccination of chickens with an oil-emulsified inacti ... | 2015 | 26363196 |
| adaptive mutations in pb2 gene contribute to the high virulence of a natural reassortant h5n2 avian influenza virus in mice. | the highly pathogenic a/chicken/hebei/1102/2010 (hb10) h5n2 virus is a natural reassortant derived from circulating h5n1 and endemic h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv). to evaluate the potential of its interspecies transmission, we previously serially passaged the non-virulent hb10 virus in the mouse lung and obtained a high virulence variant (hb10-ma). genomic sequencing revealed five mutations (ha-s227n, pb2-q591k, pb2-d701n, pa-i554v and np-r351k) that distinguished hb10-ma virus from its par ... | 2015 | 26315686 |
| assessment of immune responses to h5n1 inactivated influenza vaccine among individuals previously primed with h5n2 live attenuated influenza vaccine. | during the past decade, a number of h5 subtype influenza vaccines have been developed and tested in clinical trials, but most of them induced poor serum antibody responses prompting the evaluation of novel vaccination approaches. one of the most promising ones is a "prime-boost" strategy, which could result in the induction of prompt and robust immune responses to a booster influenza vaccine following priming with homologous or heterologous vaccine strains. in our study we evaluated immunogenici ... | 2015 | 26697973 |
| serial passage in ducks of a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from a chicken reveals a high mutation rate in the hemagglutinin that is likely due to selection in the host. | a comparative study of the ability of three low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) isolates to be transmitted from duck to duck was performed. pekin ducks were inoculated with two lpaiv isolates from chickens (a/ck/pa/13609/93 [h5n2], h5n2-ck; a/ck/tx/167280-4/02 [h5n3], h5n3-ck) and one isolate from a wild bird (a/mute swan/ mi/451072/06 [h5n1], h5n1-wb). during the establishment of the passage model, only two viruses (h5n1, h5n2) were able to be transmitted from duck to duck. transmissio ... | 2015 | 26179620 |
| nomenclature updates resulting from the evolution of avian influenza a(h5) virus clades 2.1.3.2a, 2.2.1, and 2.3.4 during 2013-2014. | the a/goose/guangdong/1/96-like hemagglutinin (ha) genes of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5) viruses have continued to rapidly evolve since the most recent update to the h5 clade nomenclature by the who/oie/fao h5n1 evolution working group. new clades diverging beyond established boundaries need to be identified and designated accordingly. | 2015 | 25966311 |
| genetic evolution of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in domestic poultry in vietnam between 2011 and 2013. | in spite of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 vaccination campaigns for domestic poultry, h5n1 viruses continue to circulate in vietnam. to estimate the prevalence of avian influenza virus in vietnam, surveillance was conducted between november 2011 and february 2013. genetic analysis of 312 highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses isolated from poultry in vietnam was conducted and possible genetic relationships with strains from neighboring countries were investigated. as previously re ... | 2015 | 25743422 |
| cleavage site stability of egyptian highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in backyard chickens during 2009-2011. | two distinguishable subclades of h5n1 (classic and variant strains) are cocirculating among the poultry populations in egypt despite the intensive vaccination programs. a study to investigate the genetic relationship between avian influenza virus (aiv) isolates from backyard chickens in sharkia (2009-2011), subclades, and commercially available vaccines was carried out. | 2015 | 24560697 |
| impact of vaccination on infection with vietnam h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in hens and the eggs they lay. | high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infections in chickens negatively impact egg production and cause egg contamination. previously, vaccination maintained egg production and reduced egg contamination when challenged with a north american h5n2 hpaiv. however, asian h5n1 hpaiv infection has some characteristics of increased pathogenicity compared to other h5 hpaiv such as more rapid drop and complete cessation in egg production. sham (vaccinated at 25 and 28 weeks of age), inactivate ... | 2015 | 25657093 |
| outbreaks of avian influenza a (h5n2), (h5n8), and (h5n1) among birds--united states, december 2014-january 2015. | during december 15, 2014-january 16, 2015, the u.s. department of agriculture received 14 reports of birds infected with asian-origin, highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) (h5n2), (h5n8), and (h5n1) viruses. these reports represent the first reported infections with these viruses in u.s. wild or domestic birds. although these viruses are not known to have caused disease in humans, their appearance in north america might increase the likelihood of human infection in the united states. human ... | 2015 | 25654614 |
| vaccine protection of chickens against antigenically diverse h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza isolates with a live hvt vector vaccine expressing the influenza hemagglutinin gene derived from a clade 2.2 avian influenza virus. | vaccination is an important tool in the protection of poultry against avian influenza (ai). for field use, the overwhelming majority of ai vaccines produced are inactivated whole virus formulated into an oil emulsion. however, recombinant vectored vaccines are gaining use for their ability to induce protection against heterologous isolates and ability to overcome maternal antibody interference. in these studies, we compared protection of chickens provided by a turkey herpesvirus (hvt) vector vac ... | 2015 | 25613723 |
| [testing of apathogenic influenza virus h5n3 as a poultry live vaccine]. | four h5n2 experimental vaccine strains and the apathogenic wild duck h5n3 influenza virus a/duck/ moscow/4182/2010 (dk/4182) were tested as a live poultry vaccine. experimental strains had the hemagglutinin of the a/vietnam/1203/04 strain lacking the polybasic ha cleavage site or the hemagglutinin from attenuated virus (ku/ at) that was derived from the highly pathogenic influenza virus a/chicken/kurgan/3/2005 (h5n1). the hemagglutinin of the ku-at has the amino acid substitutions asp54/asn and ... | 2015 | 26665435 |
| genetic stability of live attenuated vaccines against potentially pandemic influenza viruses. | ensuring genetic stability is a prerequisite for live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv). this study describes the results of virus shedding and clinical isolates' testing of phase i clinical trials of russian laivs against potentially pandemic influenza viruses in healthy adults. | 2015 | 26432909 |
| emergence of novel clade 2.3.4 influenza a (h5n1) virus subgroups in yunnan province, china. | from december 2013 to march 2014, a major wave of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak occurred in poultry in yunnan province, china. we isolated and characterized eight highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) viruses from poultry. full genome influenza sequences and analyses have been performed. sequence analyses revealed that they belonged to clade 2.3.4 but did not fit within the three defined subclades. the isolated viruses were provisional subclade 2.3.4.4e. the provisional subclad ... | 2015 | 25917492 |
| genomic and phylogenetic characterization of novel, recombinant h5n2 avian influenza virus strains isolated from vaccinated chickens with clinical symptoms in china. | infection of poultry with diverse lineages of h5n2 avian influenza viruses has been documented for over three decades in different parts of the world, with limited outbreaks caused by this highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. in the present study, three avian h5n2 influenza viruses, a/chicken/shijiazhuang/1209/2013, a/chicken/chiping/0321/2014, and a/chicken/laiwu/0313/2014, were isolated from chickens with clinical symptoms of avian influenza. complete genomic and phylogenetic analyses demo ... | 2015 | 25723387 |
| development of a dual-protective live attenuated vaccine against h5n1 and h9n2 avian influenza viruses by modifying the ns1 gene. | an increasing number of outbreaks of avian influenza h5n1 and h9n2 viruses in poultry have caused serious economic losses and raised concerns for human health due to the risk of zoonotic transmission. however, licensed h5n1 and h9n2 vaccines for animals and humans have not been developed. thus, to develop a dual h5n1 and h9n2 live-attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv), the ha and na genes from a virulent mouse-adapted avian h5n2 (a/wb/korea/ma81/06) virus and a recently isolated chicken h9n2 (a/ck ... | 2015 | 25959557 |
| reassortant highly pathogenic influenza a h5n2 virus containing gene segments related to eurasian h5n8 in british columbia, canada, 2014. | in late november 2014 higher than normal death losses in a meat turkey and chicken broiler breeder farm in the fraser valley of british columbia initiated a diagnostic investigation that led to the discovery of a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2 virus. this virus, composed of 5 gene segments (pb2, pa, ha, m and ns) related to eurasian hpai h5n8 and the remaining gene segments (pb1, np and na) related to north american lineage waterfowl viruses, represents the first ... | 2015 | 25804829 |
| serological comparison of antibodies to avian influenza viruses, subtypes h5n2, h6n1, h7n3 and h7n9 between poultry workers and non-poultry workers in taiwan in 2012. | in taiwan, avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5n2, h6n1 and h7n3 have been identified in domestic poultry, and several strains of these subtypes have become endemic in poultry. to evaluate the potential of avian-to-human transmission due to occupational exposure, an exploratory analysis of aiv antibody status in poultry workers was conducted. we enrolled 670 poultry workers, including 335 live poultry vendors (lpvs), 335 poultry farmers (pfs), and 577 non-poultry workers (npws). serum antibod ... | 2015 | 25761403 |
| previous infection with virulent strains of newcastle disease virus reduces highly pathogenic avian influenza virus replication, disease, and mortality in chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) are two of the most important viruses affecting poultry worldwide and produce co-infections especially in areas of the world where both viruses are endemic; but little is known about the interactions between these two viruses. the objective of this study was to determine if co-infection with ndv affects hpaiv replication in chickens. only infections with virulent ndv strains (mesogenic pigeon/1984 or velogenic ca/2 ... | 2015 | 26394750 |
| clinical testing of pre-pandemic live attenuated a/h5n2 influenza candidate vaccine in adult volunteers: results from a placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind phase i study. | this study describes a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled phase i clinical trial of a/h5n2 live attenuated influenza vaccine in healthy volunteers. | 2015 | 26296497 |
| phenotypic and genetic characterization of avian influenza h5n2 viruses with intra- and inter-duck variations in taiwan. | human infections with avian influenza viruses (aivs) have frequently raised global concerns of emerging, interspecies-transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. waterfowl, the predominant reservoir of influenza viruses in nature, harbor precursors of different genetic lineages that have contributed to novel pandemic influenza viruses in the past. | 2015 | 26263554 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the norovirus p particle-m2e chimeric vaccine in chickens. | the ectodomain of the influenza matrix protein 2 (m2e) is highly conserved across strains and has been shown to be a promising candidate for universal influenza vaccine in the mouse model. in this study, we tested immune response and protective efficacy of a chimeric norovirus p particle containing the avian m2e protein against challenges with three avian influenza (ai) viruses (h5n2, h6n2, h7n2) in chickens. two-week-old specific pathogen free chickens were vaccinated 3 times with an m2e-p part ... | 2015 | 26232342 |
| sequence and phylogenetic analyses of five low pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 viruses isolated in china. | five h5n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) were isolated in xianghai national nature reserve, jilin province, china in october 2011. they were all identified as low pathogenic aivs (lpaivs) based on their deduced amino acid sequences at the cleavage site of ha protein. phylogenetic analysis revealed that all gene segments clustered in the eurasian lineage and that the nucleotide homology of the five isolates was greater for ha and na genes than for the genes for internal proteins pb2, pb1, pa, m, ... | 2015 | 26104330 |
| [effect of amino acid substitutions in small subunit of avian h5n2 influenza virus hemagglutinin on selection of the mutants resistant to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies]. | changes associated with the resistance to physical and chemical factors in the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a viruses may play an important role in the selection of different influenza variants during circulation in nature. here, we studied the escape mutants of influenza virus a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/84 (h5n2) that were selected by the monoclonal antibody. the escape mutant m4f11(4) carried a single amino acid substitution in large subunit (ha1) of the ha, s145p1, and two ones, m4g10(10 ... | 2015 | 26065262 |
| novel eurasian highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5 viruses in wild birds, washington, usa, 2014. | novel eurasian lineage avian influenza a(h5n8) virus has spread rapidly and globally since january 2014. in december 2014, h5n8 and reassortant h5n2 viruses were detected in wild birds in washington, usa, and subsequently in backyard birds. when they infect commercial poultry, these highly pathogenic viruses pose substantial trade issues. | 2015 | 25898265 |
| changing risk awareness and personal protection measures for low to high pathogenic avian influenza in live-poultry markets in taiwan, 2007 to 2012. | outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (lpai, hpai) h5n2 in chickens have occurred in taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. fully understanding the different awareness, attitudes and protective behaviors adopted by workers in live-poultry markets (lpmws) and local community residents (crs) to face the challenges of lpai and hpai is very important to minimize viral adaptations to human populations. | 2015 | 26104109 |
| complete genome sequence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n2) associated with an outbreak in commercial chickens, iowa, usa, 2015. | a novel reassortant influenza a virus (h5n2) was first detected in british columbia, canada, in december 2014. the virus rapidly spread along the waterfowl migration flyways in the united states, causing multiple hpai outbreaks in poultry. here, we present the complete genome sequence of hpaiv-h5n2 from a commercial chicken flock in iowa. | 2015 | 26067961 |
| extended transmission of two h5/h7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens. | transmission experiments are useful for investigating the mechanisms of low pathogenic notifiable avian influenza virus (lpnai) transmission. in this study, the hypothesis that inoculation-infected chickens are more infectious than contact-infected chickens was tested. to this end, extended transmission experiments with one h5n2 and one h7n1 lpaiv which had previously been characterized in a series of standard transmission experiments were conducted in specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. for ... | 2015 | 24924291 |
| recognition of dual targets by a molecular beacon-based sensor: subtyping of influenza a virus. | a molecular beacon (mb)-based sensor to offer a decisive answer in combination with information originated from dual-target inputs is designed. the system harnesses an assistant strand and thermodynamically favored designation of unpaired nucleotides (uns) to process the binary targets in "and-gate" format and report fluorescence in "off-on" mechanism via a formation of a dna four-way junction (4wj). by manipulating composition of the uns, the dynamic fluorescence difference between the binary t ... | 2015 | 25879394 |
| isolation of novel sequences targeting highly variable viral protein hemagglutinin. | rapid evolution is a hallmark of the viral kingdom and a major concern for developing universal vaccines. the isolation of substantial numbers of viral sequence variants at highly variable viral protein domains remains a major challenge. we previously developed a combinatorial method for the isolation of novel sequences to cope with rapid viral variations at the g-h loop of foot and mouth disease virus vp1 protein [1]. here we present a modification of that method in its application in the rando ... | 2015 | 26150973 |
| [determination of influenza virus h5n1 and h7n9 using masa technology]. | to set up a new rapid method for the rapid determination of influenza virus h5n1 and h7n9 basing on the multi-analyte suspension array (masa) technology. sequence analysis and design of degenerate primers and specific probes were set in the comparison and analysis of h5, n1, h7 and n9 genes. in combination with masa technology, these primers and probes were used for the determination of samples of h5n1 and h7n9 and other subtypes ( h1n1, ph1n1, h5n2, h3n2 and h9n2). we developed a rapid determin ... | 2015 | 26951004 |
| avian influenza virus with hemagglutinin-neuraminidase combination h8n8, isolated in russia. | we report the genome sequence of an avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h8n8, isolated in russia. the genome analysis shows that all genes belong to aiv eurasian lineages. the pb2 gene was similar to a mongolian low-pathogenic (lp) aiv h7n1 and a chinese high-pathogenic (hp) aiv h5n2. | 2014 | 24903874 |
| mucosal vaccination with recombinant lactobacillus casei-displayed cta1-conjugated consensus matrix protein-2 (sm2) induces broad protection against divergent influenza subtypes in balb/c mice. | to develop a safe and effective mucosal vaccine against pathogenic influenza viruses, we constructed recombinant lactobacillus casei strains that express conserved matrix protein 2 with (pgsa-cta1-sm2/l. casei) or without (pgsa-sm2/l. casei) cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) on the surface. the surface localization of the fusion protein was verified by cellular fractionation analyses, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. oral and nasal inoculations of recombinant l. casei into mice re ... | 2014 | 24714362 |
| environmental correlates of h5n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak heterogeneity in domestic poultry in italy. | italy has experienced recurrent incursions of h5n2 avian influenza (ai) viruses in different geographical areas and varying sectors of the domestic poultry industry. considering outbreak heterogeneity rather than treating all outbreaks of low pathogenicity ai (lpai) viruses equally is important given their interactions with the environment and potential to spread, evolve and increase pathogenicity. this study aims at identifying potential environmental drivers of h5n2 lpai outbreak occurrence in ... | 2014 | 24466241 |
| multiplex evaluation of influenza neutralizing antibodies with potential applicability to in-field serological studies. | the increased number of outbreaks of h5 and h7 lpai and hpai viruses in poultry has major public and animal health implications. the continuous rapid evolution of these subtypes and the emergence of new variants influence the ability to undertake effective surveillance. retroviral pseudotypes bearing influenza haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) envelope glycoproteins represent a flexible platform for sensitive, readily standardized influenza serological assays. we describe a multiplex as ... | 2014 | 25101305 |
| characterization of a novel highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza virus isolated from a duck in eastern china. | during surveillance for avian influenza viruses (aivs) in live-poultry markets (lpms) in eastern china in 2013, one h5n2 aiv was isolated from a duck. phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin of this strain belongs to clade 2.3.4 and received its genes from h5, h3 and h6 aivs of poultry in china. the virulence of this strain was examined in chickens and mice, and it was found to be highly pathogenic in chickens but demonstrated moderate pathogenicity in mice. these results suggest tha ... | 2014 | 25091744 |
| differential microrna expression following infection with a mouse-adapted, highly virulent avian h5n2 virus. | micrornas (mirnas) are known to regulate various biological processes, including expression of cellular gene and virus-induced inflammation. recently, studies have indicated that some mirnas could regulate influenza virus replication. due to differential sensitivities of influenza a virus strains to different species (avian and mammalian), variations in host responses may be observed. therefore, we investigated and compared the differences in global host mirna expression in mouse lungs infected ... | 2014 | 25266911 |
| a chicken influenza virus recognizes fucosylated α2,3 sialoglycan receptors on the epithelial cells lining upper respiratory tracts of chickens. | influenza viruses recognize sialoglycans as receptors. although viruses isolated form chickens preferentially bind to sialic acid α2,3 galactose (saα2,3gal) glycans as do those of ducks, chickens were not experimentally infected with viruses isolated from ducks. a chicken influenza virus, a/chicken/ibaraki/1/2005 (h5n2) (ck/ibr) bound to fucose-branched saα2,3gal glycans, whereas the binding towards linear saα2,3gal glycans was weak. on the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tracts of chi ... | 2014 | 24889232 |
| characterization of a low pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 virus isolated from a turkey breeder flock in manitoba, canada. | in november 2010, an outbreak of avian influenza (ai) due to the h5n2 subtype virus occurred in a turkey breeder farm in northern manitoba, canada. the only clinical signs observed were depression, decrease in food consumption, and loss of egg production. the hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage (ha(0)) site of the isolated h5n2 virus was pqretr/glf, consistent with low pathogenic ai viruses. the intravenous pathogenicity index of this virus was zero. whole-genome sequencing of two isolates that originat ... | 2014 | 24758106 |
| influenza a(h5n2) virus antibodies in humans after contact with infected poultry, taiwan, 2012. | six persons in taiwan who had contact with poultry infected with influenza a(h5n2) showed seroconversion for the virus by hemagglutinin inhibition or microneutralization testing. we developed an elisa based on nonstructural protein 1 of the virus to differentiate natural infection from cross-reactivity after vaccination; 2 persons also showed seroconversion by this test. | 2014 | 24750594 |
| interspecies transmission of canine influenza virus h5n2 to cats and chickens by close contact with experimentally infected dogs. | the novel h5n2 influenza virus, ca/sd/jt01/09, was isolated from the dog exhibiting respiratory signs in china in 2009. dog to dog transmission of the novel h5n2 was previously confirmed. but interspecies transmission of the virus between dogs and the other animals has still remained unclear. to determine whether the virus can be transmitted directly from dogs to cats and chickens, we conducted contact exposure experiments. susceptible cats and chickens were housed in the room which the novel h5 ... | 2014 | 24656135 |
| emergence and evolution of avian h5n2 influenza viruses in chickens in taiwan. | sporadic activity by h5n2 influenza viruses has been observed in chickens in taiwan from 2003 to 2012. the available information suggests that these viruses were generated by reassortment between a mexican-like h5n2 virus and a local enzootic h6n1 virus. yet the origin, prevalence, and pathogenicity of these h5n2 viruses have not been fully defined. following the 2012 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks, surveillance was conducted from december 2012 to july 2013 at a live-poultry ... | 2014 | 24623422 |
| [the use of apoptosis inducers in the therapy of experimental influenza infection and preventing of chronic post-influenza lung damage]. | influenza is a respiratory infection widely spread around the world. influenza complications are various in nature and in most cases involve the excessive proliferation of cells in respiratory tract as a factor of pathogenesis. in the present work the efficacy of the use of apoptosis inducer 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphtalenecarboxylic acid (ahpn) for prophylaxis of chronic damage on the stage of post- influenza pneumonia has been studied. mice were infected with influenza virus a/ ... | 2014 | 25509421 |
| subclinical highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection among vaccinated chickens, china. | subclinical infection of vaccinated chickens with a highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n2) virus was identified through routine surveillance in china. investigation suggested that the virus has evolved into multiple genotypes. to better control transmission of the virus, we recommend a strengthened program of education, biosecurity, rapid diagnostics, surveillance, and elimination of infected poultry. | 2014 | 25418710 |
| circulation of the low pathogenic avian influenza subtype h5n2 virus in ducks at a live bird market in ibadan, nigeria. | to monitor carrier hosts of avian influenza in nigeria, we randomly collected cloaca swab specimens from 155 ducks at a live bird market (lbm) in ibadan, southwest nigeria, between july 2011 and july 2012. | 2014 | 25671118 |
| genetic analysis of an h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from a chicken in a live bird market in northern vietnam in 2012. | in august 2012, a/chicken/vietnam/oie-2215/2012 (h5n2) was isolated from a chicken in a live bird market (lbm) in northern vietnam. intravenous pathogenicity test revealed that this virus is highly pathogenic in chickens. the pa, ha, np and m, pb2 and na, and pb1 and ns genes of the isolate were phylogenetically closely related to those of a/duck/vietnam/oie-2202/2012 (h5n1) of clade 2.3.2.1, a/chicken/vietnam/oie-1611/2012 (h9n2) and a/chicken/vietnam/oie-2468/2012 (h9n2), respectively. all of ... | 2014 | 23986117 |
| bird to human transmission biases and vaccine escape mutants in h5n1 infections. | the avian influenza a h5n1 virus occasionally infects humans, with high mortality rates. although all current human infections are from avian-to-human transmission, it has been shown that h5n1 can be evolved to transmit between mammals, and is therefore a pandemic threat. for h5n1 surveillance, it is of interest to identify the avian isolates most likely to infect humans. in this study, we develop a method to identify mutations significantly associated with avian to human transmission. | 2014 | 24988306 |
| h5-based dna constructs derived from selected highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus induce high levels of humoral antibodies in muscovy ducks against low pathogenic viruses. | h5 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) infection in domestic ducks is a major problem in duck producing countries. their silent circulation is an ongoing source of potential highly pathogenic or zoonotic emerging strains. to prevent such events, vaccination of domestic ducks might be attempted but remains challenging. currently licensed vector vaccines derived from h5n1 hpaiv possess clade 0, clade 2.2 or clade 2.3.4 ha sequences: selection of the best ha candidate inducing the largest ... | 2014 | 24762011 |
| adaptation of a natural reassortant h5n2 avian influenza virus in mice. | it is reported that the h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a/chicken/hebei/1102/2010 (hb10) is a natural reassortant between circulating h5n1 and endemic h9n2 influenza viruses. to evaluate the potential of its interspecies transmission, the wild-type hb10 was adapted in mice through serial lung passages. increased virulence was detectable in 5 sequential lung passages in mice and a highly virulent mouse-adapted strain (hb10-ma) with a 50% mouse lethal dose of 10(2.5) 50% egg infectiou ... | 2014 | 25037995 |
| broad cross-reactive epitopes of the h5n1 influenza virus identified by murine antibodies against the a/vietnam/1194/2004 hemagglutinin. | there is an urgent need for a rapid diagnostic system to detect the h5 subtype of the influenza a virus. we previously developed monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the h5 hemagglutinin (ha) for use in a rapid diagnostic kit. in this study, we determined the epitopes of the anti-h5 ha murine mabs om-b, ay-2c2, and yh-1a1. binding assays of the mabs to different strains of h5 has indicated that om-b and ay-2c2 cross-reacted with has from clades 1, 2.1.3.2, 2.2, and 2.3.4, whereas yh-1a1 failed t ... | 2014 | 24945805 |
| enzootic genotype s of h9n2 avian influenza viruses donates internal genes to emerging zoonotic influenza viruses in china. | avian influenza viruses of subtype h9n2 are widely prevalent in poultry in many asian countries, and the segmented nature of the viral genome results in multiple distinct genotypes via reassortment. in this study, genetic evolution of h9n2 viruses circulating in eastern china during 2007-2013 was analyzed. the results showed that the diversity of the gene constellations generated six distinct genotypes, in which a novel genotype (s) bearing the backbone of a/chicken/shanghai/f/98-like viruses by ... | 2014 | 25457363 |
| heterosubtypic protective immunity against widely divergent influenza subtypes induced by fusion protein 4sm2 in balb/c mice. | regular reformulation of currently available vaccines is necessary due to the unpredictable variability of influenza viruses. therefore, vaccine based on a highly conserved antigen with capability of induction of effective immune responses could be a potential solution. influenza matrix protein-2 (m2) is highly conserved across influenza subtypes and a promising candidate for a broadly protective influenza vaccine. for the enhancement of broad protection, four tandem copies of consensus m2 gene ... | 2014 | 24502341 |
| consequence of cryptosporidiosis on the immune response of vaccinated broiler chickens against newcastle disease and/or avian influenza. | the consequence of cryptosporidiosis on the immune response of vaccinated chickens against newcastle disease and/or avian influenza was studied by using 240, 1 day old, male, white hy-line chicks and divided into 8 groups and subgroups. each group or subgroup was consisting of 30 chicks (15 × 2 replicates). the first and second groups were kept as unvaccinated control, g1uninfected and g2 infected. g3, g4 and g5 contained 2 subgroups a&b (g3a, g3b, g4a, g4b, g5a and g5b). chicks of subgroup a we ... | 2014 | 24993748 |
| long-term variation in influenza a virus prevalence and subtype diversity in migratory mallards in northern europe. | data on long-term circulation of pathogens in wildlife populations are seldom collected, and hence understanding of spatial-temporal variation in prevalence and genotypes is limited. here, we analysed a long-term surveillance series on influenza a virus (iav) in mallards collected at an important migratory stopover site from 2002 to 2010, and characterized seasonal dynamics in virus prevalence and subtype diversity. prevalence dynamics were influenced by year, but retained a common pattern for a ... | 2014 | 24573857 |
| antibody response to dna vaccine against h5n1 avian influenza virus in broilers immunized according to three schedules. | broiler type chickens were immunized intramuscularly with a dna vaccine encoding hemagglutinin (ha) from h5n1 avian influenza virus. the chickens were divided into four groups: control group which was not immunized, a group which obtained only one dose, and two groups which were immunized twice, one group with a boost two weeks after the priming and the other four weeks. blood samples were collected at several time points and the dynamics of the humoral response to the vaccine was studied. high ... | 2014 | 25180224 |
| chasing notifiable avian influenza in domestic poultry: a case report of low-pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses in two belgian holdings. | in december 2008, bird species in two geographically distant holdings were found positive for h5 viruses following the annual avian influenza serological screening in belgium. the virological tests performed identified in one holding a low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) virus subtype h5n2, and a h5 lpai virus was identified by real-time pcr and direct sequencing at the second holding. the first farm was an outdoor mixed holding housing ornamental birds and poultry (n = 6000) and the second a ... | 2014 | 23347839 |
| tracking socioeconomic vulnerability using network analysis: insights from an avian influenza outbreak in an ostrich production network. | the focus of management in many complex systems is shifting towards facilitation, adaptation, building resilience, and reducing vulnerability. resilience management requires the development and application of general heuristics and methods for tracking changes in both resilience and vulnerability. we explored the emergence of vulnerability in the south african domestic ostrich industry, an animal production system which typically involves 3-4 movements of each bird during its lifetime. this syst ... | 2014 | 24498004 |
| human h5n2 bird flu infection: fact or fallacy? | 2014 | 25183136 | |
| chicken dendritic cells are susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses which induce strong cytokine responses. | infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in birds and mammals is associated with severe pathology and increased mortality. we hypothesize that in contrast to low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) infection, hpai infection of chicken dendritic cells (dc) induces a cytokine deregulation which may contribute to their highly pathogenic nature. infection of dc with lpai h7n1 and h5n2 resulted in viral rna and np expression without increase in time, in contrast to hpai h7n1 and h5n2 ... | 2013 | 23178410 |
| origin and molecular characterization of the human-infecting h6n1 influenza virus in taiwan. | in june 2013, the first human h6n1 influenza virus infection was confirmed in taiwan. however, the origin and molecular characterization of this virus, a/taiwan/2/2013 (h6n1), have not been well studied thus far. in the present report, we performed phylogenetic and coalescent analyses of this virus and compared its molecular profile/characteristics with other closely related strains. molecular characterization of h6n1 revealed that it is a typical avian influenza virus of low pathogenicity, whic ... | 2013 | 24136722 |
| effect of passive immunization on immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccination against a mexican low-pathogenic avian h5n2 influenza virus. | despite the use of vaccines, low-pathogenic (lp) h5n2 influenza viruses have continued to circulate and evolve in chickens in mexico since 1993, giving rise to multiple genetic variants. antigenic drift is partially responsible for the failure to control h5n2 influenza by vaccination; the contribution of maternal antibodies to this problem has received less attention. | 2013 | 23889740 |
| excessive cytokine response to rapid proliferation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses leads to fatal systemic capillary leakage in chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) cause lethal infection in chickens. severe cases of hpaiv infections have been also reported in mammals, including humans. in both mammals and birds, the relationship between host cytokine response to the infection with hpaivs and lethal outcome has not been well understood. in the present study, the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses a/turkey/italy/4580/1999 (h7n1) (ty/italy) and a/chicken/netherlands/2586/2003 (h7n7) (ck/nl) and the low ... | 2013 | 23874602 |
| the impact of viral tropism and housing conditions on the transmission of three h5/h7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens. | in this study, shedding and transmission of three h5/h7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) in poultry was characterized and the impact of floor system on transmission was assessed. transmission experiments were simultaneously conducted with two groups of animals housed on either a grid or a floor covered with litter. transmission was observed for h5n2 a/ch/belgium/150vb/99 lpaiv. this virus was shed almost exclusively via the oropharynx and no impact of floor system was seen. transm ... | 2013 | 23398968 |
| early regulation of viral infection reduces inflammation and rescues mx-positive mice from lethal avian influenza infection. | differing sensitivity of influenza a viruses to antiviral effects of the myxovirus resistance (mx) protein implies varying global gene expression profiles in the host. the role of mx protein during lethal avian influenza (ai) virus infection was examined using mx1-deficient c57bl/6 (b6-mx1(-/-)) and congenic mx1-expressing (b6-mx1(+/+)) mice infected with a virulent, mouse-adapted avian h5n2 ab/korea/ma81/07 (av/ma81) virus. after infection, b6-mx1(+/+) mice were completely protected from lethal ... | 2013 | 23395090 |
| dog to dog transmission of a novel influenza virus (h5n2) isolated from a canine. | in 2009, an influenza virus (iv), a/canine/shandong/jt01/2009 (ca/sd/jt01/09), was isolated from the dog exhibiting respiratory signs in china, and was a novel h5n2. intraspecies transmission of the virus in dog population had thus far remained unclear. to determine whether the novel h5n2 was transmitted among dogs, we conducted contact exposure and inoculation experiments. susceptible dogs were housed in the room which the novel h5n2 infected dogs were housed in. as a result, the direct contact ... | 2013 | 22906528 |
| genetic changes that accompanied shifts of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses toward higher pathogenicity in poultry. | avian influenza viruses (aiv) of h5 and h7 subtypes exhibit two different pathotypes in poultry: infection with low pathogenic (lp) strains results in minimal, if any, health disturbances, whereas highly pathogenic (hp) strains cause severe morbidity and mortality. lpaiv of h5 and h7 subtypes can spontaneously mutate into hpaiv. ten outbreaks caused by hpaiv are known to have been preceded by circulation of a predecessor lpaiv in poultry. three of them were caused by h5n2 subtype and seven invol ... | 2013 | 23863606 |
| prolonged excretion of a low-pathogenicity h5n2 avian influenza virus strain in the pekin duck. | h5n2 strains of low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (lpaiv) have been circulating for at least 17 years in some mexican chicken farms. we measured the rate and duration of viral excretion from pekin ducks that were experimentally inoculated with an h5n2 lpaiv that causes death in embryonated chicken eggs (a/chicken/mexico/2007). leghorn chickens were used as susceptible host controls. the degree of viral excretion was evaluated with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction ( ... | 2013 | 23820212 |
| a novel lactococcal vaccine expressing a peptide from the m2 antigen of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus prolongs survival of vaccinated chickens. | a cost-effective and efficacious influenza vaccine for use in commercial poultry farms would help protect against avian influenza outbreaks. current influenza vaccines for poultry are expensive and subtype specific, and therefore there is an urgent need to develop a universal avian influenza vaccine. we have constructed a live bacterial vaccine against avian influenza by expressing a conserved peptide from the ectodomain of m2 antigen (m2e) on the surface of lactococcus lactis (ll). chickens wer ... | 2013 | 23766929 |
| serologic evidence of avian influenza virus infections among nigerian agricultural workers. | nigeria has had multiple incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) h5n1 virus into its poultry population since 2006. this study aimed to determine if nigerians exposed to poultry had evidence of avian influenza virus transmission to man. between 2008 and 2010, 316 adult farmers and open market workers and 54 age-group matched, non-animal exposed controls were enrolled in a prospective, population-based study of zoonotic influenza transmission in four towns in southeastern nigeria ... | 2013 | 23400898 |
| genome sequence of a novel reassortant h3n2 avian influenza virus from domestic mallard ducks in eastern china. | the h3 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) can provide genes for human influenza virus through gene reassortment, which raises great concerns in terms of its potential threat to human health. here, we report the complete genome sequence of a novel h3n2 aiv isolated from domestic ducks in the jiangsu province of eastern china in 2004, which is a natural recombinant virus whose genes are derived from h3n8, h5n1, h5n2, h11n2, h4n6, and h1n1 aivs. this genome will help to understand the epidemiology ... | 2013 | 23580713 |
| adjuvant efficacy of momv against avian influenza virus infection in mice. | highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses are found chiefly in birds and have caused severe disease and death in infected humans. development of influenza vaccines capable of inducing heterosubtypic immunity against a broad range of influenza viruses is the best option for the preparedness, since vaccination remains the principal method in controlling influenza viral infections. here, a momv-adjuvanted recombinant h5n2 (rh5n2) whole virus antigen vaccine with a/environment/korea/w149/06(h5n ... | 2013 | 24173647 |
| critical role of segment-specific packaging signals in genetic reassortment of influenza a viruses. | the fragmented nature of the influenza a genome allows the exchange of gene segments when two or more influenza viruses infect the same cell, but little is known about the rules underlying this process. here, we studied genetic reassortment between the a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2, mo) virus originally isolated from human and the avian a/finch/england/2051/91 (h5n2, en) virus and found that this process is strongly biased. importantly, the avian ha segment never entered the mo genetic background alone b ... | 2013 | 24043788 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of cold-adapted x-31 live attenuated pre-pandemic h5n1 influenza vaccines. | despite global efforts to control influenza viruses, they have taken a heavy toll on human public health worldwide. among particular threats is highly pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza virus (hpai) due to not only its high mortality in humans but also possible human-to-human transmission either through reassortment with other human influenza viruses such as 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus, or by genetic mutations. with the aim of developing effective vaccines against the h5n1 viruses, we genera ... | 2013 | 23742997 |
| antiviral activity of stachyflin on influenza a viruses of different hemagglutinin subtypes. | the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza viruses is a possible target for antiviral drugs because of its key roles in the initiation of infection. although it was found that a natural compound, stachyflin, inhibited the growth of h1 and h2 but not h3 influenza viruses in mdck cells, inhibitory activity of the compound has not been assessed against h4-h16 influenza viruses and the precise mechanism of inhibition has not been clarified. | 2013 | 23587221 |
| an in vitro network of intermolecular interactions between viral rna segments of an avian h5n2 influenza a virus: comparison with a human h3n2 virus. | the genome of influenza a viruses (iav) is split into eight viral rnas (vrnas) that are encapsidated as viral ribonucleoproteins. the existence of a segment-specific packaging mechanism is well established, but the molecular basis of this mechanism remains to be deciphered. selective packaging could be mediated by direct interaction between the vrna packaging regions, but such interactions have never been demonstrated in virions. recently, we showed that the eight vrnas of a human h3n2 iav form ... | 2013 | 23221636 |
| the characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in northern vietnam from 2006 to 2009. | due to concerns that wild birds could possibly spread h5n1 viruses, surveillance was conducted to monitor the types of avian influenza viruses circulating among the wild birds migrating to or inhabiting in northern vietnam from 2006 to 2009. an h5n2 virus isolated from a eurasian woodcock had a close phylogenetic relationship to h5 viruses recently isolated in south korea and japan, suggesting that h5n2 has been shared between vietnam, south korea, and japan. an h9n2 virus isolated from a chines ... | 2013 | 24054984 |
| serological investigation of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 in ostriches (struthio camelus). | an ostrich farm of 929 birds that tested polymerase chain reaction-positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 in a single sample was designated for culling, despite no evidence of sero-conversion as assessed by haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests. a month later and immediately prior to culling, all birds were bled and tested with an idexx avian influenza virus (aiv) nucleoprotein (np)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and a high sero-prevalence was detected. to addr ... | 2013 | 23607480 |
| emerging multiple reassortant h5n5 avian influenza viruses in ducks, china, 2008. | three highly pathogenic h5n5 avian influenza viruses (hpai), a/duck/guangdong/wy11/2008 (wy11), a/duck/guangdong/wy19/2008 (wy19), and a/duck/guangdong/wy24/2008 (wy24) were isolated from ducks in southern china in april 2008. here, we characterized these viruses by performing sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of their viral genes, assessing their virulence in ducks and mice, and performing cross-protection experiments in chickens. sequence analysis revealed that the ha genes of these h5n5 vi ... | 2013 | 24080350 |
| complete genome sequence of avian influenza virus a/chicken/jiangsu/1001/2013(h5n2), demonstrating continuous reassortance of h5n2 in china. | avian influenza virus a/chicken/jiangsu/1001/2013(h5n2) was identified from a healthy chicken in an eastern china poultry market. whole-genome analysis demonstrated that the h5n2 virus originated from a reassortance between a previous a/chicken/hebei/1102/2010(h5n2) virus and an endemic h5n1 virus. the results indicated that continuing reassortance of h5n2 has been occurring in domestic poultry of china. | 2013 | 23868124 |
| selection and characterization of dna aptamers for use in detection of avian influenza virus h5n1. | aptamers are artificial oligonucleotides (dna or rna) that can bind to a broad range of targets. in diagnostic and detection assays, aptamers represent an alternative to antibodies as recognition agents. the objective of this study was to select and characterize dna aptamers that can specifically bind to avian influenza virus (aiv) h5n1 based on systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) and surface plasmon resonance (spr). the selection was started with an ssdna (single-s ... | 2013 | 23523887 |
| proteins of duck influenza virus responsible for acquisition of pathogenicity in chickens. | influenza virus rgvac1sub-p0 (h5n1) (rgvac1-p0), in which a pair of dibasic amino acid residues was introduced at the cleavage site of the ha of a reassortant of h5n2 and h7n1 viruses of duck origin, was low pathogenic in chickens. vac1sub-p3 (h5n1) (vac1-p3) was selected as a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus by 3 consecutive passages in chickens from low pathogenic strain rgvac1-p0. comparison of amino acid sequences of the virus proteins and experimental infection of chickens with a ser ... | 2013 | 23434880 |
| systemic distribution of different low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses in chicken. | since we were able to isolate viable virus from brain and lung of h7n1 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) infected chickens, we here examined the distribution of different lpaiv strains in chickens by measuring the viral ai rna load in multiple organs. subtypes of h5 (h5n1, h5n2), h7 (h7n1, h7n7) and h9 (h9n2), of chicken (h5n2, h7n1, h7n7, h9n2), or mallard (h5n1) origin were tested. the actual presence of viable virus was evaluated with virus isolation in organs of h7n7 inoculated ch ... | 2013 | 23324567 |
| complete genomic sequence of a novel reassortant h4n2 avian influenza virus isolated from domestic ducks in jiangsu, china. | here, we report the complete genomic sequence of a novel reassortant h4n2 influenza virus isolated from domestic ducks in the jiangsu province of china in 2011. phylogenetic analysis showed that all the viral genes except for hemagglutinin (ha) were highly homologous to the clade 2.3.4 h5n2 viruses. the data suggest that genetic reassortment occurred between h4 and h5n2 avian influenza viruses, which highlights the role of domestic poultry as a reassortment vessel in china. | 2013 | 23516214 |
| evaluation of the u.s. department of agriculture's egg pasteurization processes on the inactivation of high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus and velogenic newcastle disease virus in processed egg products. | globally, 230,662 metric tons of liquid egg products are marketed each year. the presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) or newcastle disease in an exporting country can legitimately inhibit trade in eggs and processed egg products; development and validation of pasteurization parameters are essential for safe trade to continue. the hpai virus (hpaiv) a/chicken/pennsylvania/1370/1983 (h5n2) and velogenic newcastle disease virus (vndv) ampv-1/chicken/california/s01212676/2002 were in ... | 2013 | 23575126 |
| effect of oseltamivir carboxylate consumption on emergence of drug-resistant h5n2 avian influenza virus in mallard ducks. | oseltamivir carboxylate (oc) has been detected in environmental waters at various levels during recent influenza seasons in humans, reflecting levels of usage and stability of this drug. in consideration of the role of waterfowl as hosts for influenza viruses that may contribute to human infections, we evaluated the effect of consumption of low doses of oc on development of oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus mutants in mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos) infected with two different low-pathoge ... | 2013 | 23459475 |
| recombinant m2e protein-based elisa: a novel and inexpensive approach for differentiating avian influenza infected chickens from vaccinated ones. | available avian influenza (aiv) serological diagnostic tests cannot distinguish vaccinated from naturally infected birds. differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals (diva) is currently advocated as a means of achieving the full control of h5n1. in this study, for the first time, recombinant ectodomain of m2 protein (m2e) of avian influenza virus (h5n1 strain) was used for the diva serology test. m2e was cloned into pmal-p4x vector and expressed in e. coli cells. we used western blot to ... | 2013 | 23437243 |